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Gwak, Dong-Gi, Kyon-Mo Yang, Min-Ro Park, Jehun Hahm, Jaewan Koo, Joonwoo Lee, and Kap-Ho Seo. "Marker-Based Method for Recognition of Camera Position for Mobile Robots." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041077.
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Position recognition is one of the core technologies for driving a robot because of differences in environment and rapidly changing situations. This study proposes a strategy for estimating the position of a camera mounted on a mobile robot. The proposed strategy comprises three methods. The first is to directly acquire information (e.g., identification (ID), marker size and marker type) to recognize the position of the camera relative to the marker. The advantage of this marker system is that a combination of markers of different sizes or having different information may be used without having to update the internal parameters of the robot system even if the user frequently changes or adds to the marker’s identification information. In the second, two novel markers are proposed to consider the real environment in which real robots are applied: a nested marker and a hierarchical marker. These markers are proposed to improve the ability of the camera to recognize markers while the camera is moving on the mobile robot. The nested marker is effective for robots like drones, which land and take off vertically with respect to the ground. The hierarchical marker is suitable for robots that move horizontally with respect to the ground such as wheeled mobile robots. The third method is the calculation of the position of an added or moved marker based on a reference marker. This method automatically updates the positions of markers after considering the change in the driving area of the mobile robot. Finally, the proposed methods were validated through experiments.
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Mandarani, Putri, Agung Putra Wilis, and Ganda Yoga Swara. "Pengaruh Point Vuforia Object Scanner Terhadap Karakteristik 3D Object untuk Menampilkan Informasi Berbasis Augmented Reality." Journal of Computer System and Informatics (JoSYC) 2, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.47065/josyc.v2i4.826.
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Augmented Reality (AR) applications are one of the current mobile app trends. Its ability to display information as if to make the user merge with the information provided. The specialty of the application is in the marker. One marker that is in great demand is known as markerless, such as 3D Object Tracking. In making this 3D Object-based AR application, one must pass a stage where a real object is taken at points or known as points to be used as markers. The application used at this stage of making markers is known as the vuforia object scanner. From the experience of making AR applications, it was found conditions where markers with a large number of points were not able to display information properly, a small number of points were able to display information well and sometimes the two conditions were opposite or comparable, i.e. a lot of points makes a good marker and a few points make a bad marker. This inconsistent condition becomes a problem in this study. The test results show that the points do not affect the marker's ability to display information, but are influenced by the characteristics of the object used as the marker. Tests conducted on randomly selected objects resulted in 2 parameters to be tested in this study, namely the texture and pattern of the object. Markers with good quality to be used as markers for 3D objects are markers with a hard texture, with a detection angle of 90° and 135° and with a regular pattern
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Chesnokov, Yu V. "GENETIC MARKERS: COMPARATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 3 (July 25, 2018): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-3-11-15.
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With the creation of the molecular markers allowing to carry out analysis of genotypes on the level initial genetic information – DNA, onset one of the most multifarious and one of the most large in number class of markers at the present day. It is concerned with that each separate nucleic acid sequence is unique on its structure. Set of molecular and genetic methods, named as DNA-fingerprinting, most wide used in modern investigations for solving different problems in different biological areas. In this connection, necessity in comparative classification of modern molecular and genetic markers is actual. Based on published literature material it shown data on different classifications of molecular markers. Determined definition of term “marker” in genetics and breeding. Gave the characters and distinctive features of genetic markers. It given the definition what is “good” genetic marker as well as kinds, categories, variations and types on heredity of molecular markers. Manifested by means of molecular markers polymorphisms can classified on polymorphism of sequence itself (including nucleotide substitution and insertion-deletion) and polymorphism the number of tandem repeat sequences in repeated regions. Moreover, molecular markers can classify on two variations: anonymous, for which nucleotide acid sequence unknown and for manifestation of the molecular marker its detection not necessary (for example, RAPD, AFLP, RFLP), and announce (or determined), for which nucleic acid sequence is known or can be detect during analysis (for example, SNP, CAPS, STS). However, in independence on using of molecular markers the choice of method of investigation will be depend on investigated plant species as well. The next influence of molecular and genetic methods on genetics and practical breeding of plants will be depend on results, which will be obtain, in particular, on revealing the possibility or not possibility of genotyping of individual on single genetic marker as wel as on economic price of obtain informative data.
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Yulita, Eva, Dwi Rukmini, and Widhiyanto Widhiyanto. "Comparison of the Use of Discourse Markers in English Speeches between Non-Native and Native Speakers of English." English Education Journal 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2021): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/eej.v11i1.42801.
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This study revealed the comparison of the use of discourse markers in English speeches between non-native and native speakers of English. The study focused on the types of discourse markers, the similarities and the differences between non-native and native speakers in using discourse markers. This study employed a qualitative research design with the data from the spoken discourse. The findings of the study showed that there were ten sub-categories of discourse markers that are practiced by non-native speakers, namely: assessment marker, manner of a speaking marker, evidential markers, hearsay markers, contrastive discourse markers, elaborative discourse markers, inferential discourse markers, discourse management markers, topic orientation markers, and attention markers. On the contrary, there were nine sub-categories of discourse markers that existed in English speeches, especially delivered by the native speakers such as assessment marker, manner of a speaking marker, evidential markers, hearsay markers, contrastive discourse markers, elaborative discourse markers, inferential discourse markers, topic orientation markers, and attention markers. The total of discourse markers produced by the non-native speakers was 301 utterances while native speakers of English were 269 utterances. Therefore, it is concluded that discourse markers were useful in English speeches either by non-native speakers or native speakers
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Lee, Tong Geon, Reza Shekasteband, Naama Menda, Lukas A. Mueller, and Samuel F. Hutton. "Molecular Markers to Select for the j-2–mediated Jointless Pedicel in Tomato." HortScience 53, no. 2 (February 2018): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12628-17.
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The jointless pedicel trait of tomato conferred by the j-2 gene is widely used in processing markets for stem-free removal of fruit to accommodate mechanized harvest. Although current utilization of j-2 for fresh-market tomato breeding is limited, interest in this trait may increase as breeders seek to address high labor costs through the development of mechanically harvestable cultivars for the fresh market. Yet, the introduction of this trait into new market classes heavily relies on phenotypic selection because there are presently no high-throughput methods available to genotype j-2. Reliable, high-throughput molecular markers to genotype the presence/absence of j-2 for selective breeding were developed. The molecular markers described here use the high-resolution DNA melting analysis (HRM) genotyping with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (dCAPS)–based genotyping. Two separate HRM-based markers target the j-2 on chromosome 12 or a linked sequence region 3.5 Mbp apart from the gene, and a dCAPS marker resides on the latter. We demonstrate the association between each marker and the jointless pedicel phenotype using segregating populations of diverse filial generations in multiple genetic backgrounds. These markers provide a useful resource for marker-assisted selection of j-2 in breeding populations.
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Liu, Boyang, and Jiro Tanaka. "Virtual Marker Technique to Enhance User Interactions in a Marker-Based AR System." Applied Sciences 11, no. 10 (May 12, 2021): 4379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11104379.
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In marker-based augmented reality (AR) systems, markers are usually relatively independent and predefined by the system creator in advance. Users can only use these predefined markers to complete the construction of certain specified content. Such systems usually lack flexibility and cannot allow users to create content freely. In this paper, we propose a virtual marker technique to build a marker-based AR system framework, where multiple AR markers including virtual and physical markers work together. Information from multiple markers can be merged, and virtual markers are used to provide user-defined information. We conducted a pilot study to understand the multi-marker cooperation framework based on virtual markers. The pilot study shows that the virtual marker technique will not significantly increase the user’s time and operational burdens, while actively improving the user’s cognitive experience.
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Adewibowo, Dio, Imranuddin ., and Azwandi . "A STUDY OF DISCOURSE MARKERS USED IN THE THESES BACKGROUND WRITTEN BY THE STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF BENGKULU UNIVERSITY (ACADEMIC YEAR DECEMBER 2016)." Journal of English Education and Teaching 2, no. 3 (February 14, 2019): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33369/jeet.2.3.89-97.
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This research was aimed at finding the types of Discourse Markers used by the students and investigating the accuracy of Discourse Markers by the students of English Education Study program graduated in December 2016 at the University of Bengkulu. This research was a descriptive study. The subjects in this research were 10 theses background from the students of English Education Study Program who graduated in December 2016. The result of this research shows that there were four types of Discourse Markers used by the students based on Bruce Fraser’s theory such as Inferential markers, temporal markers, elaborative markers and contrastive markers. The most dominant marker used by the students was Inferential markers with 42%. This research also found that the most accurate marker used was Temporal markers with 78.57% and the lowest accurate marker was Elaborative markers with 52.17%.
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Koops, Christian, and Arne Lohmann. "A quantitative approach to the grammaticalization of discourse markers." International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 20, no. 2 (August 17, 2015): 232–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijcl.20.2.04koo.
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This article takes a quantitative approach to the grammar of English two-part discourse marker sequences like oh well, you know I mean, etc. We investigate the internal ordering preferences of such sequences in spoken American English corpus data from the perspective of grammaticalization. From this perspective, the development of many discourse markers can be understood as involving a process of increasing syntactic de-categorialization (Hopper 1991) as the grammaticalizing element loses its original grammatical constraints and comes to function as a marker at the level of discourse. We test the hypothesis that discourse marker grammaticalization results in largely unconstrained ordering possibilities. Our analysis shows that, on the contrary, discourse marker sequencing is highly constrained. We interpret these constraints in terms of Auer’s (1996) model of discourse marker grammaticalization. Discourse marker sequencing is characterized by strong persistence of a marker’s original syntactic category and reflects its specific grammaticalization trajectory.
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Abecasis, Gonçalo R., and Janis E. Wigginton. "Handling Marker-Marker Linkage Disequilibrium: Pedigree Analysis with Clustered Markers." American Journal of Human Genetics 77, no. 5 (November 2005): 754–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/497345.
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ZHAO, H., D. NETTLETON, M. SOLLER, and J. C. M. DEKKERS. "Evaluation of linkage disequilibrium measures between multi-allelic markers as predictors of linkage disequilibrium between markers and QTL." Genetical Research 86, no. 1 (August 2005): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001667230500769x.
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Effectiveness of marker-assisted selection (MAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping using population-wide linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers and QTL depends on the extent of LD and how it declines with distance in a population. Because marker–QTL LD cannot be observed directly, the objective of this study was to evaluate alternative measures of observable LD between multi-allelic markers as predictors of usable LD of multi-allelic markers with presumed biallelic QTL. Observable LD between marker pairs was evaluated using eight existing measures and one new measure. These consisted of two pooled and standardized measures of LD between pairs of alleles at two markers based on Lewontin's LD measure, two pooled measures of squared correlations between alleles, one standardized measure using Hardy–Weinberg heterozygosities, and four measures based on the chi-square statistic for testing for association between alleles at two loci. In simulated populations with a range of LD generated by drift and a range of marker polymorphism, marker–marker LD measured by a standardized chi-square statistic (denoted χ2′) was found to be the best predictor of useable marker–QTL LD for a group of multi-allelic markers. Estimates of the level and decline of marker–marker LD with distance obtained from χ2′ were linearly and highly correlated with usable LD of those markers with QTL across population structures and marker polymorphism. Corresponding relationships were poorer for the other marker–marker LD measures. Therefore, when LD is generated by drift, χ2′ is recommended to quantify the amount and extent of usable LD in a population for QTL mapping and MAS based on multi-allelic markers.
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Nugrahani, Veronica Esti, and Barli Bram. "Metadiscourse Markers in Scientific Journal Articles." Langkawi: Journal of The Association for Arabic and English 6, no. 1 (June 25, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/lkw.v6i1.1528.
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This paper aimed to investigate the use of metadiscourse markers in scientific journal articles. Data of this qualitative research consisted of metadiscourse markers collected from eight journal articles of a special edition published by LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching. The collected metadiscourse markers used in the journal articles were analyzed using discourse analysis based on ten metadiscourse marker categories. Results showed that the analysed journal articles contained 708 metadiscourse markers, with more interactive metadiscourse markers, reaching 529 occurrences, than interactional metadiscourse markers, occurring 179 times. Transitions, such as “but” and “thus”, with 249 occurrences, were the most frequently-used metadiscourse marker and boosters, such as “in fact” and “definitely”, with 24 occurrences, were the least productive marker. Thus, readers can gain a better understanding of the use of metadiscourse markers when using English. It is expected that English language learners and instructors can benefit from the results of this study, particularly concerning the use of metadiscourse markers in academic writing.
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Blakemore, Diane. "Are apposition markers discourse markers?" Journal of Linguistics 32, no. 2 (September 1996): 325–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700015917.
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This paper aims to re-assess the notion DISCOURSE MARKER as it is applied to a subset of so-called apposition markers. It is argued that the classification of markers of reformulation as discourse markers alongside expressions like but and so is incoherent from a semantic point of view, since this ignores the distinction between PROCEDURAL and CONCEPTUAL meaning. Moreover, this classification is based on an account of discourse which is not only based on an insufficiently general account of context, but which is also difficult to maintain in the light of the use of these expressions in parenthetical nominal appositions. An alternative account is developed in the framework of Sperber & Wilson's Relevance Theory building on recent work on the meaning of parentheticals and sentence adverbials.
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Khatoon, Arifa, Sumeet Verma, Gayatri Wadiye, and Anuprita Zore. "Molecular markers and their potentials." International Journal of Bioassays 5, no. 01 (January 1, 2016): 4706. http://dx.doi.org/10.21746/ijbio.2016.01.003.
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The use of molecular markers, revealing polymorphism at the DNA level, has been playing an increasing part in plant molecular biotechnology and their genetic studies. There are three different types of markers viz. morphological, biochemical and DNA based molecular markers. These DNA based markers are differentiating in two types 1. Non PCR based (RFLP) and 2. PCR based markers (RAPD, AFLP, SSR, SNP etc.). Amongst others, the microsatellite DNA marker is one of the most widely used marker due to its easy use by simple PCR, followed by a denaturing gel electrophoresis. SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) is nowadays is the one which is used mainly. In this review, we are going to discuss about the biochemical and molecular markers which are recently developed, the important characteristics of molecular markers their advantages, disadvantages and the applications of these markers in comparison with other markers types.
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Sakita, Tomoko I. "Discourse markers as stance markers." Pragmatics and Cognition 21, no. 1 (November 1, 2013): 81–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.21.1.04sak.
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Stance is inherent in conversational interaction and is interactional in nature. When speakers take a stance, they pay attention to both prior stances and stance relations, as well as to the anticipated consequences of their stancetaking. They manage stance relations as a way of dealing with the “sociocognitive relations” of intersubjectivity (Du Bois 2007). Using the dialogic framework proposed by Du Bois, this paper shows that the discourse marker well in American English works as a resource for the management of relationships among stances. With its referential and grammatical flexibility, it is uniquely characterized as a meta-stance marker because, rather than indexing a specific stance, it negotiates and regulates stance relations. Well is analyzed in two contextual categories: first, at stance divergence among utterances, and second, at stance shifts embedded in topic shift.
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Sorscher, Steve. "Molecular Markers of Molecular Markers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 25 (September 1, 2019): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.19.00746.
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Cheon, Kyeong-Seong, Young-Min Jeong, Hyoja Oh, Jun Oh, Do-Yu Kang, Nyunhee Kim, Eungyeong Lee, et al. "Development of 454 New Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) Markers for Temperate japonica Rice Varieties." Plants 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2020): 1531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9111531.
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Temperate japonica rice varieties exhibit wide variation in the phenotypes of several important agronomic traits, including disease resistance, pre-harvest sprouting resistance, plant architecture, and grain quality, indicating the presence of genes contributing to favorable agronomic traits. However, gene mapping and molecular breeding has been hampered as a result of the low genetic diversity among cultivars and scarcity of polymorphic DNA markers. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP) markers allow high-throughput genotyping for marker-assisted selection and quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping within closely related populations. Previously, we identified 740,566 SNPs and developed 771 KASP markers for Korean temperate japonica rice varieties. However, additional markers were needed to provide sufficient genome coverage to support breeding programs. In this study, the 740,566 SNPs were categorized according to their predicted impacts on gene function. The high-impact, moderate-impact, modifier, and low-impact groups contained 703 (0.1%), 20,179 (2.7%), 699,866 (94.5%), and 19,818 (2.7%) SNPs, respectively. A subset of 357 SNPs from the high-impact group was selected for initial KASP marker development, resulting in 283 polymorphic KASP markers. After incorporation of the 283 markers with the 771 existing markers in a physical map, additional markers were developed to fill genomic regions with large gaps between markers, and 171 polymorphic KASP markers were successfully developed from 284 SNPs. Overall, a set of 1225 KASP markers was produced. The markers were evenly distributed across the rice genome, with average marker density of 3.3 KASP markers per Mbp. The 1225 KASP markers will facilitate QTL/gene mapping and marker-assisted selection in temperate japonica rice breeding programs.
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Nam, Vu Tuan, Pham Le Bich Hang, Nguyen Nhat Linh, Luu Han Ly, Huynh Thi Thu Hue, Nguyen Hai Ha, Ha Hong Hanh, and Le Thi Thu Hien. "Molecular markers for analysis of plant genetic diversity." Vietnam Journal of Biotechnology 18, no. 4 (May 24, 2021): 589–608. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1811-4989/18/4/15326.
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Genetic diversity plays an important role in diversity conservation at multiple levels and supports to monitor and assess genetic variation. In plants, genetic diversity provides the ability to adapt and respond to environmental conditions that helps plants to survive through changing environments. Genetic diversity analyses based on molecular genetic markers are effective tools for conservation and reintroduction of rare and endangered species. In recent years, the development of various chemical and molecular techniques for studying genetic diversity has received great attention. While biochemical markers are primarily used in the diagnosis of pathogens, DNA markers have been developed and widely applied for identification of species and population based on the genotype of an organism that is more stable and not easily affected by the environmental factors. PCR-based molecular marker tools, such as restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are used for analysing the difference in the targeted DNA sequences. With the rapid and robust development of genomic sequencing technology it is now possible to obtain and analyse DNA sequences of the whole genome of studied organisms. However, each type of DNA markers has different principles, as well as the pros and cons of specificity. In this article, we review methods and point out DNA markers, which are considered as reliable and widely used tools for the detection of genetic variation. In addition, we present the application of DNA marker in analysing genetic diversity of wild, domestic and medicinal plants, as well as some perspectives on the future of DNA marker’s application in the analysis of genetic diversity.
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Stalker, H. T., and L. G. Mozingo. "Molecular Markers of Arachis and Marker-Assisted Selection." Peanut Science 28, no. 2 (January 1, 2001): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-28-2-13.
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Abstract Many agronomic traits are difficult to select in Arachis hypogaea L. by conventional selection techniques, and marker-assisted selection offers an additional tool for obtaining improved germplasm lines. Molecular markers allow more efficient selection and offer a mechanism to eliminate undesirable traits associated with hybridizing diverse genotypes. The cultivated peanut has been analyzed by several marker systems, including RFLPs, RAPDs, AFLPs, and SSRs. Variation has been observed among diverse genotypes in approximately 5% of the markers analyzed, but the number is much lower between pairs of A. hypogaea lines. Conversely, a large amount of variation has been observed among Arachis species. Molecular maps have been constructed independently in two laboratories by utilizing Arachis species; however, a map of the cultivated peanut will be very difficult and costly to produce. Studies of advanced-generation inter-specific hybrids have shown that A. cardenasii genes can be incorporatead into most linkage groups of A. hypogaea, indicating that A. hypogaea is not an allotetraploid in the classical sense where chromosomes from donor species are nonhomologous. Other molecular studies have identified A. duranensis and A. ipaensis as likely progenitor species of A. hypogaea. Associations of molecular markers with genes conditioning disease and insect resistances have been detected, and these investigations are beginning to be productive for selecting improved breeding lines and cultivars of peanut.
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Chiu, Sung Kay, Ming Hua Hsieh, and Chi Meng Tzeng. "Unique marker finder algorithm generates molecular diagnostic markers." International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications 7, no. 1 (2011): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbra.2011.039168.
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Jones, R. G., J. H. Barth, and H. Mitchell. "Tumour Markers: Same Marker, Different Assay, Different Result." Clinical Oncology 11, no. 4 (August 1999): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/clon.1999.9052.
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Cheremisinova, Maria. "Компаративно-аттенуативная полисемия в финно-угорских языках." Ural-Altaic Studies 46, no. 3 (2022): 75–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37892/2500-2902-2022-46-3-75-95.
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The topic of this paper is comparative and attenuative polysemy in Finno-Ugric languages. In some Finno-Ugric languages comparative markers have attenuative meaning (‘a little bit, slightly’) as well. This paper focuses on three markers exhibiting such a polysemy: -ges in Beserman (Permic), -šək in Kazym Khanty (Ugric) and -rak in Hill Mari (Mari). These markers can be used in comparative constructions, have attenuative function and can be attached to the markers of negation. The markers can be used crosscategorically, therefore I also describe compatibility of the markers in different functions. In comparative constructions, all of the markers can be attached to adjectives and adverbs, while in Beserman it is also possible for the marker -ges to be combined with verbs, nouns and pronouns. However, in Kazym Khanty the marker -šək has attenuative meaning even in comparative constructions. In attenuative function, the markers in all three languages can attach to adjectives, adverbs, postpositions (or relational nouns), while in Beserman and Hill Mari verbs can be modified by the markers as well. Finally, comparative-attenuative markers in all of the languages can be attached to the markers of negation. In this function, the most common context allowing the use of the marker is the context meaning ‘not yet’: it appears in all of the described languages. In Kazym Khanty the marker -šək can also express the meaning of emphatic negation (‘no way’) when making a reference to future or present.
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Amalia, Rosaria Mita, Elvi Citraresmana, and Nurul Hikmayaty Saefullah. "Discourse markers in diplomatic setting: Ministerial dialogue between Australia and Indonesia." Studies in English Language and Education 8, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 346–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/siele.v8i1.18350.
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This descriptive research discusses the use of discourse markers in a diplomatic setting between the governments of Indonesia and Australia during a Joint Press Conference between Indonesia-Australia Foreign and Defence Ministers. The particular aims of this research are to identify and analyze forms of discourse markers employed by the representatives of each government and describe the most frequent discourse markers used by these representatives. The data were collected from the transcript of the Joint Press Conference between Indonesia and Australia Foreign and Defence Ministers (2+2) Dialogue. The data are classified based on the typology of discourse markers and analyzed to identify their function within the diplomatic discourse. The data are input into the AntConc corpus analysis toolkit for analysis. The results show that the Foreign and Defence Ministers of Indonesia employed three forms of discourse markers, namely textual discourse marker, interpersonal discourse marker, and cognitive discourse marker, whereas the Foreign and Defence Ministers of Australia only applied textual discourse marker and cognitive discourse marker. Both representatives employed textual discourse markers more frequently than other forms of discourse markers. Discourse markers partially control how meaning is constructed by showing turns between speakers, joining concepts, displaying attitude, and finally, controlling communication. By understanding the discourse markers in ministerial dialogues, spectators can learn to find clues in the change of direction in their talks to better understand the conversation that affects the policies and citizens of both countries involved.
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Lozano-Ramírez, Nerida, Susanne Dreisigacker, Carolina P. Sansaloni, Xinyao He, Sergio Sandoval Islas, Paulino Pérez-Rodríguez, Aquiles Carballo Carballo, Cristian Nava-Díaz, Masahiro Kishii, and Pawan K. Singh. "Genome-Wide Association Study for Resistance to Tan Spot in Synthetic Hexaploid Wheat." Plants 11, no. 3 (February 5, 2022): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030433.
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Synthetic hexaploid wheat (SHW) has shown effective resistance to a diversity of diseases and insects, including tan spot, which is caused by Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, being an important foliar disease that can attack all types of wheat and several grasses. In this study, 443 SHW plants were evaluated for their resistance to tan spot under controlled environmental conditions. Additionally, a genome-wide association study was conducted by genotyping all entries with the DArTSeq technology to identify marker-trait associations for tan spot resistance. Of the 443 SHW plants, 233 showed resistant and 183 moderately resistant reactions, and only 27 were moderately susceptible or susceptible to tan spot. Durum wheat (DW) parents of the SHW showed moderately susceptible to susceptible reactions. A total of 30 significant marker-trait associations were found on chromosomes 1B (4 markers), 1D (1 marker), 2A (1 marker), 2D (2 markers), 3A (4 markers), 3D (3 markers), 4B (1 marker), 5A (4 markers), 6A (6 markers), 6B (1 marker) and 7D (3 markers). Increased resistance in the SHW in comparison to the DW parents, along with the significant association of resistance with the A and B genome, supported the concept of activating epistasis interaction across the three wheat genomes. Candidate genes coding for F-box and cytochrome P450 proteins that play significant roles in biotic stress resistance were identified for the significant markers. The identified resistant SHW lines can be deployed in wheat breeding for tan spot resistance.
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Pinsky, Paul F., and Claire S. Zhu. "Building Multi-Marker Algorithms for Disease Prediction–-The Role of Correlations among Markers." Biomarker Insights 6 (January 2011): BMI.S7513. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bmi.s7513.
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A widely held viewpoint in the field of predictive biomarkers for disease holds that no single marker can provide high enough discrimination and that a panel of markers, combined in some type of algorithm, will be needed. Motivated by a recent study where 27 additional markers for ovarian cancer, many of which had good predictive value alone, failed to substantially increase the predictive ability of the primary marker of CA125, we explore the effect of additional markers on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). We develop a statistical model based on the multivariate normal distribution and linear algorithms and use it to explore how the magnitude and direction of statistical correlation among the markers (in diseased and in non-diseased) is critical in determining the added predictive value of additional markers. We show mathematically and empirically that if the additional marker(s) is negatively correlated with the primary marker, then it will always be able to provide increased AUC when combined with the primary marker (as compared to that obtained with the primary marker alone), even if it has little predictive ability on its own. In contrast, if the additional marker(s) is positively correlated with the primary marker, then it is unlikely to substantially increase the AUC when combined with the primary marker, even when it has good predictive ability on its own. Thus, univariate analyses alone may not be the best approach in choosing which markers to combine in a predictive panel of markers; patterns of statistical correlation should be considered in ranking top-performing biomarkers.
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Risliawati, Andari, Eny I. Riyanti, Puji Lestari, Dwinita W. Utami, and Tiur S. Silitonga. "Development of SSR Marker Set to Identify Fourty Two Indonesian Soybean Varieties." Jurnal AgroBiogen 11, no. 2 (August 9, 2016): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v11n2.2015.p49-58.
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<p>Profile of molecular marker can be used for variety identification, genetic purity monitoring of germplasm and additional<br />requirement in proposing intellectual property protection. DNA fingerprinting of soybean had been applied at the ICABIOGRADIAARD<br />since 2004 using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers which were run automatically by CEQ 8000 Genetic Analyzer<br />platform based on capillary electrophoresis system. This method had produced unique DNA fingerprints of the varieties tested,<br />but the marker set to efficiently identify the varieties had not yet been developed. This study aimed to develop a set of SSR<br />markers as a tool to identify the Indonesian soybean varieties. Fourty two soybean varieties were analyzed using 14 random SSR<br />markersA total of 168 alleles that were obtained from the polymorphism analysis. The average of polymorphic information<br />content (PIC) value observed was 0.7337 per SSR locus. Based on marker reproducibility rate, PIC value, number of rare alleles,<br />frequency of dominant alleles, and percentage of SSR fragment detected by genetic analyzer, we identified five SSR markers i.e.<br />Satt414, Satt147, Satt308, Satt009, and Satt516 as a SSR marker set to be used for soybean variety identification purposes. This<br />marker set was used to develop the identity (ID) of the 42 Indonesian soybean varieties.</p>
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Teneva, A., and M. P. Petrovic. "Application of molecular markers in livestock improvement." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 26, no. 3-4 (2010): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah1004135t.
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With recent developments in DNA technologies, a large number of genetic polymorphisms at DNA sequence level has been introduced over the last decades as named DNA-based markers. The discovery of new class of DNA profiling markers has facilitated the development of marker-based gene tags, mapbased cloning of livestock important genes, variability studies, phylogenetic analysis, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of favourable genotypes, etc. The most commonly used DNA-based markers have advantages over the traditional phenotypic and biochemical markers since they provide data that can be analyzed objectively. In this article the main applications of molecular markers in present-day breeding strategies for livestock improvement - parentage determination, genetic distance estimation, genetic diversity, gene mapping and marker-assisted selection have been reviewed.
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Alkhimova, Svitlana, and Illia Davydovych. "Accuracy assessment of marker recognition using ultra wide angle camera." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 2(65) (June 16, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2022.259068.
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Modern devices that support augmented reality technology are widely used in various fields of human activity, including medicine. Head mounted displays may provide an attractive alternative to traditional surgery navigation systems because allow users to stand at the first point of view and interact with objects in their surroundings naturally. Thus, the object of research in this study is recognition accuracy of fiducial markers in zones where ultra-wide angle camera distort the most. This is motivated by the need to increase user workspace for interaction with markers compare to the workspace provided with such popular augmented reality device as Microsoft HoloLens 2. In this study, the recognition accuracy is evaluated using ArUco square markers with taking into account different marker sizes and their positions in the camera view space. The marker positions include the center of the camera view space as well as such zones where lenses distort the most as top left, top right, bottom left, and bottom right corners. Obtained results show that recognition accuracy is good enough to be applicable for surgical navigation and failures referred to the distortion occurs are available in less than 0.2 % of all cases. This gives a possibility to increase workspace for interaction with markers compare to the Microsoft HoloLens 2. At the same time, the workspace for interaction could not reach the actual view space of the camera since recognition fails in cases where marker’s body is partially visible in the captured image (i. e., marker position is at the image boundaries).
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Temaja, I. Gede Bagus Wisnu Bayu. "Intransitive Verb Markers in Balinese." JURNAL ARBITRER 5, no. 2 (October 29, 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/ar.5.2.60-66.2018.
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This research investigated intransitive verb markers in Balinese. The objectives of the research were: 1) to identify various markers of intransitive verb construction, and 2) to identify the syntactic behaviours of the markers in marking the intransitive verb. The research was conducted in three stages: data collection, data analysis, and data display. The data were collected by applying interview method. The data were obtained from Balinese speakers, Balinese literature, as well as the researcher as a native speaker of Balinese. The data were analyzed by using the distributional method. The display of the results were done formally and informally. The results show that there are four intransitive verb markers consist of ma-, N- (ny-, ng-, and m-), ma-an, and ma-in markers. The occurrence of intransitive verb markers as in ma- and N- are located on the left of the verb while marker ma-an and ma-in are located on the left and right of the verb. The four markers categorize as bound morpheme and placed as a central marker. The marking direction of the entire markers is considered as markers of a central element that mark the verb itself in order to form intransitive verb construction.
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HAYES, B. J., A. J. CHAMBERLAIN, H. McPARTLAN, I. MACLEOD, L. SETHURAMAN, and M. E. GODDARD. "Accuracy of marker-assisted selection with single markers and marker haplotypes in cattle." Genetical Research 89, no. 4 (August 2007): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672307008865.
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SummaryA key question for the implementation of marker-assisted selection (MAS) using markers in linkage disequilibrium with quantitative trait loci (QTLs) is how many markers surrounding each QTL should be used to ensure the marker or marker haplotypes are in sufficient linkage disequilibrium (LD) with the QTL. In this paper we compare the accuracy of MAS using either single markers or marker haplotypes in an Angus cattle data set consisting of 9323 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyped in 379 Angus cattle. The extent of LD in the data set was such that the average marker–marker r2 was 0·2 at 200 kb. The accuracy of MAS increased as the number of markers in the haplotype surrounding the QTL increased, although only when the number of markers in the haplotype was 4 or greater did the accuracy exceed that achieved when the SNP in the highest LD with the QTL was used. A large number of phenotypic records (>1000) were required to accurately estimate the effects of the haplotypes.
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Shepherd, M., C. Bihua, and R. Henry. "Microsatellite markers for Eucalyptus pilularis (Subgenus Eucalyptus); sourcing genetic markers outside the subgenus." Silvae Genetica 62, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2013): 246–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2013-0030.
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AbstractMicrosatellite markers remain the most broadly used molecular marker in eucalypt genetics. A major advantage of microsatellite markers is that they often transfer readily between related taxa circumventing the need to develop new markers de novo in each species. Markers have been developed for a number of species of major economic importance, mainly from the Subgenus Symphyomyrtus, but these may also be available for use in species of lesser economic importance from other subgenera. Here we report on the sourcing of microsatellite markers for E. pilularis (Subgenus Eucalyptus (Formerly Monocalyptus)) from species outside the subgenus. Ninety-seven precent (60 out of 62) of loci that amplified in the source taxon (E. grandis) also amplified in the target taxon E. pilularis. By characterising them on a diversity panel (n=24) and a pedigree, a subset of 41 loci were distilled out that could be scored reliably and were polymorphic (Mean unbiased heterozygosity= 0.81). Predictions of efficient microsatellite marker transfer among eucalypts based on low evolutionary divergence have largely been borne out and are congruent with accumulating evidence of low sequence divergence within Eucalyptus. Upon this favourable background for microsatellite marker transfer, this study indicates highly efficient transfer is possible by identifying loci with broad PCR optima and adoption of approaches that favour cross-species transfer.
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Rasooyar, Hosna, and Esmail Hosseini. "Investigating interpersonal metadiscourse markers in English M.A. theses: The case of transition markers." Global Journal of Foreign Language Teaching 9, no. 4 (November 4, 2019): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/gjflt.v9i4.4089.
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This study aimed to know which types of transition markers (i.e., and, since, hence, in addition and then) were more frequently used in English M.A theses. To do this study, the researcher collected 30 English M.A theses which were written by Iranian students from Azad University of Kermanshah. Hyland’s (2005) interpersonal model of metadiscourse was used in this study. Identifying each type of transition markers was used more, the teacher analysed the so-called texts by utilising one of the Cutting-Edge softwares. Next, the frequency of transition markers was calculated by AntConc, one of the simplest and easiest corpus analysis toolkits. The outcome of the study was revealed that 6924 transition markers were found. The transition marker of ‘and’ was the most frequent and the transition marker of ‘hence’ was the least frequent. Furthermore, the results of Chi-square test indicated that transition markers were not equally used in English M.A theses. The implication of the study suggests that using concordance software can make English teachers aware of high-frequency and low-frequency vocabularies.
Keywords: AntConc software, metadiscourse, transition markers
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Da, Y., V. L. Jarrell, T. Wang, R. L. Fernando, M. B. Wheeler, and H. A. Lewin. "Multilocus analysis for gene-centromere mapping using first polar bodies and secondary oocytes." Genetics 139, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 1091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/139.2.1091.
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Abstract Polar body and oocyte typing is a new technique for gene-centromere mapping and for generating female linkage maps. A maximum likelihood approach is presented for ordering multiple markers relative to the centromere and for estimating recombination frequencies between markers and between the centromere and marker loci. Three marker-centromere orders are possible for each pair of markers: two orders when the centromere flanks the two markers and one order when the centromere is flanked by the two markers. For each possible order, the likelihood was expressed as a function of recombination frequencies for two adjacent intervals. LOD score for recombination frequency between markers or between the centromere and a marker locus was derived based on the likelihood for each gene-centromere order. The methods developed herein provide a general solution to the problem of multilocus gene-centromere mapping that involves all theoretical crossover possibilities, including four-strand double crossovers.
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Dunne, James J., Thomas K. Uchida, Thor F. Besier, Scott L. Delp, and Ajay Seth. "A marker registration method to improve joint angles computed by constrained inverse kinematics." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 28, 2021): e0252425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252425.
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Accurate computation of joint angles from optical marker data using inverse kinematics methods requires that the locations of markers on a model match the locations of experimental markers on participants. Marker registration is the process of positioning the model markers so that they match the locations of the experimental markers. Markers are typically registered using a graphical user interface (GUI), but this method is subjective and may introduce errors and uncertainty to the calculated joint angles and moments. In this investigation, we use OpenSim to isolate and quantify marker registration–based error from other sources of error by analyzing the gait of a bipedal humanoid robot for which segment geometry, mass properties, and joint angles are known. We then propose a marker registration method that is informed by the orientation of anatomical reference frames derived from surface-mounted optical markers as an alternative to user registration using a GUI. The proposed orientation registration method reduced the average root-mean-square error in both joint angles and joint moments by 67% compared to the user registration method, and eliminated variability among users. Our results show that a systematic method for marker registration that reduces subjective user input can make marker registration more accurate and repeatable.
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Tanhuanpää, Pirjo, Ruslan Kalendar, Jaana Laurila, Alan H. Schulman, Outi Manninen, and Elina Kiviharju. "Generation of SNP markers for short straw in oat (Avena sativa L.)." Genome 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2006): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g05-100.
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Short straw is a desired trait in oat germplasm (Avena sativa L.). Marker-assisted selection, a key tool for achieving this objective, is limited by the presence and number of available markers. Here, we have attempted to develop markers sufficiently linked to a gene specifying short straw so that marker-assisted selection could be applied. Bulked-segregant analysis was used to identify anonymous PCR-based markers associated with the dwarfing gene Dw6 in an F2 population from the cross between A. sativa 'Aslak' and A. sativa 'Kontant'. One random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 1 retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) marker were found to be associated with height. These were converted into codominant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. The SNP–REMAP and the SNP–RAPD markers were located 5.2 and 12.6 cM from Dw6, respectively. They can be used in future efforts both to enhance oat germplasm by application of molecular markers and to determine the nature of the gene through positional cloning.Key words: Avena sativa, short straw, marker-assisted selection, RAPD, REMAP, SNP.
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Morrissy, Julie. "Markers." ASAP/Journal 1, no. 3 (2016): 382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/asa.2016.0032.
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Andriushkova, Natalia G., Volodymyr P. Shyrobokov, Nataliia S. Turchyna, Valentyna V. Melnyk, Olena V. Kuzminska, and Ludmyla V. Dolinchuk. "RESEARCH OF BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF ENTEROVIRUS STRAINS ASSOCIATED WITH ISCHEMIC STROKE." Wiadomości Lekarskie 73, no. 3 (2020): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36740/wlek202003102.
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Introduction: The research of biological properties of enteroviruses associated with ischemic stroke (IS) allows us to identify their intratypic differences. The aim: to identify genetic markers of strains of enteroviruses associated with IS. Materials and methods: 11 strains of enteroviruses isolated from the serum of patients with IS were identified in the virus neutralization test. Genetic markers of isolated strains (Abent, marker S, marker rct40) were determined. Results: Eleven strains of enteroviruses were isolated from the serum of patients with IS. Eight viruses: Coxsackie B viruses (serotypes 2, 3, 4) and ECHO viruses (serotypes 6, 9, 27 (two strains), 29) were identified in these strains. Other three strains of enteroviruses were unidentified. Different combinations of genetic markers were found. Seven strains of enteroviruses (Coxsackie B2, B3, ECHO 6, ECHO 9, ECHO 27 (two strains) and one unidentified virus) had virulence markers: Abent–, rct40+ and S−. Three strains (Coxsackie B4, ECHO 29, one unidentified virus) had markers: Abent–, rct40+, S+. Another one unidentified virus had markers: Abent+, rct40+, S –. Conclusions: All 11 isolates of enteroviruses associated with IS had rct40+ marker, 10 of the 11 isolates had marker Abent– and 8 of 11 isolates had marker S–. The research of genetic markers allows to perform typic and intratypic differentiation of strains of enteroviruses associated with the IS.
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Benchimol-Reis, Luciana L. "Molecular Markers in Plant Breeding." Journal of Agricultural Science 15, no. 3 (February 15, 2023): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v15n3p58.
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Molecular markers are an important tool for plant breeding. Since the 1980s, in response to the technology development, molecular marker approaches have been further diversified. The establishment of new-generation sequencing and high-throughput plant phenotyping has greatly decreased the time to genotype large numbers of individuals. For breeders who are not very familiar with molecular techniques and want to catch up with the advances in the field, this review offers basic knowledge. Each molecular marker technology has specific advantages as well as limitations. Molecular marker types, diversity studies, QTL mapping, associative mapping, marker-assisted backcrossing and genomic selection are explored. Marker application in plant breeding is also described. In the genome, molecular markers can detect the genetic architecture of a trait, but also identify candidate genes with an important role in plant breeding programs.
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Kusuma, Wahyu Teja, Ahmad Afif Supianto, and Herman Tolle. "Vertex markers: Modification of grid methods as markers to reproduce large size augmented reality objects to afford hands." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2020): 1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i1.pp1063-1069.
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The weakness of the research on developing Marker Based Augmented Reality applications found is using small digital content. Weakness is caused by the area of view of Augmented Reality cameras is limited by the placement of markers that are affordable to the user's hand. This study reproducing large digital objects by cutting large digital objects into many pieces. But to keep continuity accuracy between digital object pieces, this study aims to modify the grid method to become a vertex marker. Vertex marker is produced by removing the edge and using the vertex to place the marker. Vertex markers inherit the advantages of the Grid method. Therefore, vertex markers can be used to reproduce large digital objects accurately and can be reached by hand when displayed. The aim of this study is to measure the accuracy of the grid method that has been modified into a marker. The fundamental contributions and advantages of the vertex marker are innovations in the field of Marker Based Augmented Reality research.
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Papan, P., W. Chueakhunthod, O. Poolsawat, K. Arsakit, A. Tharapreuksapong, and P. A. Tantasawat. "Validation of molecular markers linked to Cercospora leaf spot disease resistance in mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek)." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 53, no. 4 (December 22, 2021): 749–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2021.53.4.16.
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Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) resistance is a highly desirable trait for mungbean (Vigna radiata [L.] Wilczek) production in Thailand. ‘V4718’ is a vital resistance source that shows high and stable resistance to CLS disease. A previous study identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) (qCLSC72V18-1) controlling CLS resistance and found the marker (I16274) that was located closest to the resistance gene by using F2:9 and F2:10 recombinant inbred line populations derived through a cross between ‘V4718’ and the susceptible variety ‘Chai Nat 72’ (‘CN72’). Here, we evaluated three newly reported simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and one InDel marker together with six previously identified markers that were linked to qCLSC72V18-1 to further identify the markers that were located close to this QTL. By performing bulk segregant analysis on two validation populations, we found that two SSR markers (Vr6gCLS037 and Vr6gCLS133) and one InDel marker (VrTAF5_indel) were putatively associated with CLS resistance. Of these markers, only the VrTAF5_indel marker showed a significant association with the CLS resistance gene with a logarithm of odds score > 3 across the phenotypic data for 2016 and 2018. QTL analysis with inclusive composite interval mapping revealed that the VrTAF5_indel marker was integrated into the genetic map with other previously identified markers. The I16274 and VrTAF5_indel markers flanking the QTL of interest accounted for 41.56%-60.38% of the phenotypic variation with genetic distances of 4.0 and 5.0 cM from the resistance gene, respectively. Both markers together permitted only 0.40% recombination with the CLS resistance gene in marker-assisted selection and thus could be useful in future breeding efforts for CLS resistance in mungbean.
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Ferrari, P., G. Ferrari, G. Castagnetti, A. Dotti, B. Baisi, and G. Galizia. "I markers biologici. Introduzione:Biological markers. Introduction." Urologia Journal 62, no. 2 (April 1995): 209–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039156039506200207.
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Molecular biology has made giant strides over the last ten years and provides an immense field of research. The Authors first review the concepts of neoplastic proliferation and transformation of the phenotype, analysing cell constitution and its relations with the intercellular space. The most important moment in molecular research was the identification of the growth factors and consequently the process of transduction of signals from the outside into the cell and the retroinhibiting mechanisms of the same signals. The terms oncogene and antioncogene are defined as well as their most significant expressions.
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Reddy, Umesh K., Jun-kang Rong, Padma Nimmakayala, Gopinath Vajja, Mohammad A. Rahman, John Yu, Khairy M. Soliman, Katarzyna Heller-Uszynska, Andrzej Kilian, and Andrew H. Paterson. "Use of diversity arrays technology markers for integration into a cotton reference map and anchoring to a recombinant inbred line map." Genome 54, no. 5 (May 2011): 349–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g11-001.
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A diversity array technology (DArT) marker platform was developed for the cotton genome, to evaluate the use of DArT markers compared with AFLP markers in mapping and transferability across the mapping populations. We used a reference genetic map of tetraploid Gossypium L. that already contained ∼5000 loci, which coalesced into 26 chromosomes, to anchor newly developed DArT and AFLP markers with the aim of further improving utility and map resolution. Our results indicated that the percentage of polymorphic DArT markers that could be genetically mapped (78.15%) was much higher than that of AFLP markers (22.28%). Sequence analysis of DArT markers indicated that a majority matched known expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences from tetraploid and diploid Gossypium species. A total of 794 Arabidopsis genes were homologous with various DArT marker sequences. Chromosomes 5(A), 7(A), 19(D), 23(D), and 24(D) had more Arabidopsis syntenic DArT markers than the other chromosomes. Anchoring DArT markers from the reference map to a recombinant inbred line (RIL) map indicated that DArT markers will speed the building of maps in de novo RIL populations.
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van Winkel, Ruud, Albert F. G. Leentjens, and Frans R. J. Verhey. "Markers for depression in Alzheimer's disease." Acta Neuropsychiatrica 18, no. 1 (February 2006): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0924-2708.2006.00120.x.
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Objective:The aim of this study was to evaluate whether risk factors for depression in the general population are also markers for depression in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to identify additional disease-specific markers for depression in AD.Patients and methods:A logistic model of five risk factors for depression in the general population was constructed using the data of 217 patients with AD, of whom 63 (29%) suffered from major depressive disorder. In a next step, five potential disease-specific markers were individually added to this model to see whether the strength and predictive power of the model would improve.Results:The multivariate model of five risk factors for depression in the general population was not a good model to predict depression in AD. In this multivariate approach, only ‘a history of depression’ was an independent marker for depression. The only disease-specific variable that improved the logistic model was ‘disability due to AD’. An interaction between these two markers became apparent.Conclusions:Of the established risk factors for depression in the general population, only ‘a history of depression’ was found to be an independent marker for depression in AD. ‘Disability due to AD’ was the only disease-related marker for depression in AD, although this marker cannot be considered specific for AD. The importance of controlling for general risk factors for depression in the search for disease-specific markers for depression in AD is stressed.
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Procunier, J. D., M. A. Gray, N. K. Howes, R. E. Knox, and A. M. Bernier. "DNA markers linked to a T10 loose smut resistance gene in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." Genome 40, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 176–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g97-025.
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Screening for loose smut resistance in wheat is difficult. Selecting lines with DNA markers linked to loose smut resistance would be more reliable and less costly. Molecular markers linked to a race T10 loose smut resistance gene were identified using a F6 single seed descent segregating population. A RAPD marker and a RFLP marker were located on opposite flanks of the resistance gene and were shown to be loosely linked. The RAPD marker was converted to a user friendly polymorphic SCAR marker that represented a single genetically defined locus in hexaploid wheat. Using these two bracketing markers simultaneously, the error rate for T10 resistance selection due to crossing-over was reduced to 4%. These markers can be used for a faster and more reliable selection of T10 resistant plants than previous conventional loose smut ratings.Key words: wheat, marker, loose smut, SCAR.
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Willsmore, Kerrie L., Paul Eckermann, Rajeev K. Varshney, Andreas Graner, Peter Langridge, Margaret Pallotta, Judy Cheong, and Kevin J. Williams. "New eSSR and gSSR markers added to Australian barley maps." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 57, no. 9 (2006): 953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar05384.
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To enhance genetic maps of barley previously developed in Australia for identifying markers useable in molecular breeding, a new set of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and indel markers was added to the maps. These markers were developed through (i) database mining of barley expressed sequence tag (EST) sequences, (ii) comparative barley-rice genome analysis, and (iii) screening of a genomic library with SSR probes. The primer set selected for this study comprised 216 EST-SSR (eSSR) and 25 genomic SSR (gSSR) markers, which were screened for polymorphism on 4 doubled haploid (DH) or recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations. In total, 81 new markers were added to the maps, with good coverage on all 7 chromosomes, except 6H, which only had 2 new markers added. The marker order of previously published maps was re-evaluated by comparing recombination fractions calculated by 2 methods to discover the best position for each marker. The new SSR markers were then added to the updated maps. Several of these new markers are linked to important barley disease resistance genes such as those for cereal cyst nematode, spot form of net blotch, and leaf scald resistance, and are readily useable for marker-assisted barley breeding. The new maps are available on-line at www.genica.net.au.
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OKOŃ, Sylwia Magdalena, Tomasz OCIEPA, and Aleksandra NUCIA. "Molecular Identification of Pm4 Powdery Mildew Resistant Gene in Oat." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 46, no. 2 (January 24, 2018): 350–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha46210904.
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The selection of specific plants with desirable traits supported by molecular markers is one of the most important tools in modern breeding programs, which lead to reduce time and cost of selection. The aim of presented study was identification of dominant markers associated with Pm4 powdery mildew resistant gene in oat. To identify dominant silicoDArT markers for Pm4 gene, F2 mapping population ‘Av1860’ × ‘Fuchs’ were analyzed using DArTseq methodology. Among obtained 46 230 silicoDArT markers, 126 markers were high correlated with resistance to powdery mildew in oat conditioned by Pm4 gene. Among selected markers, 48 sequences have been chosen for potential conversion into specific STS markers. Finally, only 20 were suitable for primer design. As a result, 5 converted markers amplified expected products in resistant bulks, 3 of them segregated according to resistance in the whole population and shoved high correlation coefficient between marker and phenotype observation. Converted markers based on PCR could be used for identification of Pm4 gene in oat. Obtained results confirm the possibility of converting silicoDArT markers into PCR-based technique, which can be used in marker assisted selection (MAS).
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LIN, SHENG-CHE, TSAN-HSUN HUANG, FONG-CHIN SU, and YOU-LI CHOU. "MOTION ANALYSIS OF MOUTH MOVEMENT UTILIZING CHALLIS TECHNIQUE-EXPERIMENT MODEL AND CLINICAL STUDY USING VIDEO-BASED SYSTEM." Biomedical Engineering: Applications, Basis and Communications 14, no. 03 (June 25, 2002): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4015/s1016237202000206.
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An Expert Vision motion analysis system with five analog video cameras was used to evaluate the mouth movement during two facial animations (smile and puffy face). Sixteen skin markers were adhered to the face of subject according to the anatomic landmarks to represent the functional movement of the facial muscles. The trajectory of the four or eight peri-oral skin markers was simultaneously evaluated by Challis technique, instead of individual movement of single marker. The 4-marker method is a little less accurate than 8-marker method. But the 4-marker method can be incorporated as a part of our modality of facial motion analysis, including two/three dimensional displacement of individual marker and absolute/relative displacement of paired markers. It was much easy for data acqusition and no extra marker was needed in the whole modality of our facial motion analysis. Physicians can use this Challis technique to evaluate grouped movement of facial markers, as a whole, in different animation.
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Voronkova, E. V., N. V. Rusetskiy, V. I. Luksha, O. B. Gukasian, V. M. Zharich, and A. P. Yermishin. "Marker assisted selection of potato breeding lines with combination of PVY resistance genes from different wild species." Plant Biotechnology and Breeding 2, no. 4 (April 21, 2020): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.30901/2658-6266-2019-4-o1.
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Potato virus Y (PVY) is considered as one of the most harmful virus infections of this crop. Thus, it is a topical problem to breed potato varieties resistant against a wide range of PVY strains and to create initial breeding material that will have a combination of resistance genes from different species. The aim of the study was: (1) to genotype a collection of 376 breeding lines (BL), developed from complex interspecific hybrids, using DNA markers of PVY resistance genes, (2) to identify accessions with markers of resistance genes from different species for subsequent use in marker assisted selection (MAS), (3) to evaluate the suitability of DNA markers of PVY resistance genes for genotyping BL developed through interspecific hybridization. It was ascertained that the markers most widely represented in the collection were RYSC3 of the Ryadg gene (49.7%), Ry364 and RAPD38-530 of the Rychc gene (50.5% and 45.2%, respectively), and Yes3-3A of the Rysto gene (29.8%). The markers Ry186 of Rychc and GP122/EcoRV780 of Ryf-sto were found only in some accessions. The frequency of occurrence of BL that had markers of PVY resistance genes from two different species varied between 2.7% (Yes3-3a marker of Rysto and both two markers of Rychc) and 8.5-9.0% (RYSC3 marker of Ryadg and both two markers of Rychc, or only Ry364 marker of this gene). In total, the collection was found to contain 134 BL (47.6%) with markers of resistance genes from two different species. A combination of four markers for three genes of different origin (Ryadg, Rysto and Rychc) was found in 27 BL (7.2%). Extreme resistance to PVY of most BL (302 out of 357) was obviously determined by the presence in them of the currently used resistance genes detected by DNA markers applied in the study. Nevertheless, a significant part of accessions (55 of 61) that did not have any markers was resistant to PVY. At the same time, 13 BL (3.5%) with the markers were susceptible to the virus. Such a level of discrepancies is considered as acceptable for the initial MAS of breeding material. The obtained data on the presence of the markers of PVY resistance genes of different origin and their combination in BL ensures a more effective use of such BL in breeding in comparison with the BL resistant to the virus, though lacking corresponding markers.
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Stafne, Eric T., John R. Clark, and Kim S. Lewers. "MOLECULAR MARKER-DERIVED GENETIC SIMILARITY ANALYSIS OF A SEGREGATING BLACKBERRY POPULATION." HortScience 40, no. 3 (June 2005): 874b—874. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.3.874b.
Full textAbstract:
A tetraploid blackberry population that segregates for two important morphological traits, thornlessness and primocane fruiting, was tested with molecular marker analysis. Both randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to screen a population of 98 genotypes within the population plus the two parents, `Arapaho' and `Prime-Jim' (APF-12). RAPD analysis averaged 3.4 markers per primer, whereas SSR analysis yielded 3.0 markers per primer pair. Similarity coefficient derived from the Dice index averaged over all individuals was 63% for RAPD markers, 73% for SSR markers, and 66% for RAPD and SSR markers together. The average similarity coefficients ranged from a high of 72% to a low of 38% for RAPD markers, 80% to 57% for SSR markers, and 73% to 55% for both. Comparison of the parents indicated a similarity of 67% for RAPD markers, 62% for SSR markers, and 67% for both. This is similar to a previous study that reported the similarity coefficient at 66%. Although inbreeding exists within the population, the level of heterozygosity is high. Also, evidence of tetrasomic inheritance was uncovered within the molecular marker analysis. This population will be used to identify potential markers linked to both morphological traits of interest. Further genetic linkage analysis and mapping is needed to identify any putative markers.
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Li, Xiaomei, Dale R. Gardner, Michael H. Ralphs, and Richard R.-C. Wang. "Development of STS and CAPS markers for identification of three tall larkspurs (Delphinium spp.)." Genome 45, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g01-149.
Full textAbstract:
One cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) and nine sequence tagged site (STS) markers were developed for identifying tall larkspur (Delphinium spp.) plants in three species based on the DNA sequence of known species-specific RAPD markers. Four STS markers were used for identification of Delphinium occidentale, three STS markers for Delphinium barbeyi, and one CAPS and two STS markers for Delphinium glaucum. One hundred sixty-six individual plants collected at 19 locations in the western U.S.A. were tested using the STS and CAPS markers. Over 95% of the D. occidentale plants contained all four D. occidentale specific STS markers, whereas the remaining plants contained three of the four STS markers. Approximately 97% of D. barbeyi plants contained all three D. barbeyi specific STS markers, and the rest had two of the three STS markers. A small percentage of D. barbeyi plants contained one D. occidentale specific STS marker. Hybrid populations were characterized as having more D. occidentale specific than D. barbeyi specific STS markers, suggesting that the three hybrid populations are composed not of F1 hybrid plants of the parental species but of segregating offspring of different generations from original hybrids. This set of STS and CAPS markers for larkspur species should be useful in classification of unknown plant materials and the identification of hybrid populations.Key words: poisonous plants, RAPD, molecular marker, PCR.
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Kalejaiye, Abiola, and Wale Osisanwo. "Pragmatic Markers in an Appellate Court Judgment: General Brigadier, A.M Adekunle (Rtd) V. Rockview." American Journal of Law 4, no. 2 (October 19, 2022): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47672/ajl.1236.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: Linguistics is the scientific study of language; however its meta-implications in Appellate court judgment is yet to be given as much scholarly attention as other legal genres. Most studies on courtroom and particularly court judgement have focused on stylistic analysis, speech act and genre analysis; consequently studies on non-propositional meanings are still lean. Therefore, this study in the bid to further describe language of judges and account for how language is organised to achieve justice, investigated the nature and function pragmatic markers in a select Nigerian Appellate Court Judgement.
Methodology: Using a Purposive random sampling technique, the study selected a property case judgement titled General Brigadier, A.M Adekunle (Rtd) V. Rockview from the Nigerian Weekly Law Reports (1999-2004). It adopted Fraser’s 1996 Pragmatic Marker Theory and mixed method of analysis –The quantitative was used in analysing the frequencies of the types of pragmatic markers employed by the judge while pragmatic imports of the markers in the ApCJ were discussed qualitatively.
Findings: These analyses revealed that the selected ApCJ, though linguistic, is also replete with the four variants of pragmatic markers: Basic (44.9% marker), commentary (37.8%) and discourse markers (10.35%) and parallel (3.45%) identified by Fraser’s .The appellate judge used the basic markers particularly (the declarative markers) to build up the fact of the case and signal his opinions about them and the imperative markers were verdict pronounced. Commentary markers with (37.8%) were the second class of pragmatic marker observed in the (ApCJ). It comprised the following : Hearsay (3.45%), evidential (13.8%), contrastive markers (3.45%) assessment markers (13.7%) and emphasis marker (6.9%).The judge used more of evidential markers and assessment to predicate his judicial argumentation, implicitly justify the trial court’s judgement and thereby build logical bases for partly disallowing the appeal .
Recommendation: The language of ApCJs is laden with pragmatic markers which serve essentially to build up and issues of the case, provide judicial argumentation and ultimately construct the verdicts. Pragmatic makers are greatly exploited by the appellate judge for effective adjudication. Therefore applied linguists and Forensic experts should critically investigate them to ascertain the correctness of the ratio dicidendi and the judge’s obiter dictum -crucial variables for establishing judicial accountability and fairness.