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Journal articles on the topic 'Markedness'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 April 2022

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1

Chaudron, Craig, and Kate Parker. "Discourse Markedness and Structural Markedness." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 12, no. 1 (March 1990): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100008731.

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This study investigates second language acquisition of English noun phrases in discourse, examining the effect of discourse markedness and structural markedness on the development of noun phrase use. English L2 noun phrase forms are examined within three universal discourse contexts: current, known, and new reference to topics. The targeted noun phrases forms include ø anaphora, pronouns and nouns with markers of definiteness and indefiniteness, including left dislocation and existential phrases. Based on expectedness within discourse, the least marked discourse context is reference to a current topic, and the most marked context is the introduction of a new referent as topic. Based on formal complexity, ø anaphora is the least marked structural form, and left-dislocated and existential noun phrases are the most marked. Free production and elicited imitation recall tasks, involving picture sequences that manipulated the three discourse contexts, were used to test Japanese learners' acquisition of noun phrase forms. They were evaluated by comparison with NS production. The results support predictions that L2 learners distinguish between discourse contexts, acquiring more targetlike forms in the least marked context first, and that they acquire the least marked structural forms earlier than the more marked ones.

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2

Allan, W. Scott, and Laurie Bauer. "Markedness, markedness inversion, and dependency phonology." Australian Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 2 (December 1991): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07268609108599460.

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3

Urciuoli, Bonnie. "Neoliberalizing markedness." HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 6, no. 3 (December 2016): 201–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14318/hau6.3.016.

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4

McCarthy, John J. "Comparative markedness." Theoretical Linguistics 29, no. 1-2 (January 24, 2003): 1–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/thli.29.1-2.1.

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5

Næss, Åshild. "What markedness marks: the markedness problem with direct objects." Lingua 114, no. 9-10 (September 2004): 1186–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2003.07.005.

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6

Lehrer, Adrienne. "Markedness and antonymy." Journal of Linguistics 21, no. 2 (September 1985): 397–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002222670001032x.

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Standard treatments of antonymy regularly state that of a pair of antonyms, one member is marked while the other one is unmarked. Certain semantic and syntactic properties are predicated of the unmarked (or in some cases of the marked) member of the pair. A few examples are given, usually 20 or so, which bear out the predictions.

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7

Suastini, Ni Wayan, Ketut Artawa, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, and I. Ketut Darma Laksana. "Translation and Markedness." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 6, no. 4 (October 31, 2018): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.6n.4p.28.

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Translation is a task which involves different aspects of linguistics. Producing equivalent degree of markedness is one of linguistic competences which should be owned by the translators. This ability has a contribution in maintaining the thematic structure and the propositional meaning through the translation process. The present study is a descriptive analytical corpus-based aimed to analyze (1) the translation of English marked structures, those are passive, it-cleft, existential and pseudo-cleft into Indonesian, and (2) the ways presenting the thematic structures in the target language. The development of English marked sentences involves thematization process, therefore analyzing the ways in translating these marked sentences and transferring the thematic structures to their Indonesian counterparts are interesting to be conducted. The corpus found in an English book entitled The Intelligent Investor and its Indonesian translation. The corpus is a parallel data consists of 191 marked English sentences and their Indonesian translations. Comparative analysis conducted to the data showed that 78.5% of the marked English sentences were translated into marked sentences in Indonesian. Translating the marked English sentences into Indonesian marked sentences supported the process of preserving the information.

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8

van de Weijer, Jeroen, and Marjoleine Sloos. "Acquiring markedness constraints." Linguistics in the Netherlands 2013 30 (November 18, 2013): 188–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.30.14van.

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This paper questions the assumption made in classic Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993 [2004]) that markedness constraints are an innate part of Universal Grammar. Instead, we argue that constraints are acquired on the basis of the language data to which L1 learning children are exposed. This is argued both on general grounds (innateness is an assumption that should not be invoked lightly) and on the basis of empirical evidence. We investigate this issue for six general markedness constraints in French, and show that all constraints could be acquired on the basis of the ambient data. Second, we show that the order of acquisition of the marked structures matches the frequency of violations of the relevant constraints in the input quite well. This argues in favour of a phonological model in which constraints are acquired, not innate, i.e. a model in which grammatical notions such as constraints are derived from language use.

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9

Givón, T. "Markedness in Grammar." Studies in Language 15, no. 2 (January 1, 1991): 335–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.15.2.05giv.

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10

Steriade, Donca. "Orality and Markedness." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 19, no. 1 (June 25, 1993): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v19i1.1518.

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11

Blevins, James P. "Markedness and Agreement." Transactions of the Philological Society 98, no. 2 (November 2000): 233–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968x.00064.

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12

Finer, Daniel L. "A Markedness Miscellany." Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 34, no. 2 (February 1989): 192–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/027694.

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13

Hout, Katherine. "Dominance-as-markedness." Studies in African Linguistics 48, no. 2 (November 13, 2019): 206–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v48i2.118039.

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This paper examines a formal consequence of the assumption that dominance is equivalent to markedness (Casali 2016): if dominant ATR values are marked and therefore specified, while recessive values are unmarked and unspecified, then no phonological process in a language with ATR dominance should require reference to the recessive value. This claim is examined in light of new data and analyses of ATR harmony and three other vowel assimilation patterns in Bari (Eastern Nilotic; BFA). I demonstrate that all four of these processes are analyzable without reference to the recessive value of ATR, supporting the characterization of dominance as markedness, and markedness as specification

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14

White, Lydia. "Linguistic universals, markedness and learnability: comparing two different approaches." Interlanguage studies bulletin (Utrecht) 5, no. 2 (December 1989): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765838900500202.

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There are currently two different linguistically-based approaches to universals in second language acquisition, one stemming from typological universals (Greenberg, 1966) and the other from Chomskyan Universal Grammar. Associated with each approach is a concept of markedness. Typologists define markedness implicationally; current theories of language learnability define markedness in terms of the Subset Principle. Although coming from very different perspectives, these two definitions of markedness coincide in a number of predictions they make for L1 and L2 acquisition. Similarities and differences between these two approaches to markedness and acquisition are discussed in this paper.

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15

de Lacy, Paul. "Markedness conflation in Optimality Theory." Phonology 21, no. 2 (August 2004): 145–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675704000193.

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Markedness distinctions can be ignored. For example, in some languages stress avoids central vowels, and falls on high peripheral vowels, yet in the Uralic language Nganasan central and high peripheral vowels are treated in the same way: stress avoids both types equally. Such ‘conflation’ of markedness categories is not only language-specific, but also phenomenon-specific. In contrast, dominance relations in markedness hierarchies are universal; e.g. stress never seeks out a central vowel when a high peripheral vowel is available. This article argues that both language-specific conflation and universal markedness relations can be expressed in Optimality Theory. Constraints that refer to a markedness hierarchy must be freely rankable and mention a contiguous range of the hierarchy, including the most marked element. The empirical focus is sonority-driven stress in Nganasan and Kiriwina. In addition, Prince & Smolensky's (1993) fixed ranking theory of markedness hierarchies is shown to be unable to produce the full range of attested conflations.

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16

Jufrizal, Jufrizal. "GRAMMATICAL MARKEDNESS OF NON-VERBAL CONSTRUCTIONS IN MINANGKABAUNESE: A Grammatical Typological Study." Linguistik Indonesia 40, no. 1 (February 3, 2022): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v40i1.295.

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The markedness theory has been becoming an important tool to directly link formal (structural) linguistic data and properties across languages. Markedness is one of the criteria which is used to determine the asymmetry of grammatical constructions in languages being learnt. So far, typological analyses on the non-verbal grammatical constructions in Minangkabaunese[1] have not been particularly based on the markedness theory yet. Therefore, the markedness analysis on the grammatical constructions of Minangkabaunese is linguistically meaningful. This article specifically analyzes and discusses the markedness values of the non-verbal constructions in Minangkabaunese based on markedness theories developed and used in Linguistic Typology. Two questions as the basis for data analysis and discussion are: (i) what are the unmarked and marked non-verbal constructions of Minangkabaunese based on formal and functional markedness analysis?; and (ii) how are the unmarked and marked constructions of Minangkabaunese functionally used in communication in its speech community? The data presented in this article are the basic-clause constructions which were collected through the execution of a field research in West-Sumatera and supported by a library study. The result of data analysis reveals that the non-verbal grammatical constructions without copula are the formal and functional unmarked constructions in Minangkabaunese. Meanwhile, the constructions with copula are those of formaly and functionally marked.[1] A main local language originally spoken by Minangkabaunese in West Sumatera, Indonesia

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17

이용성. "Markedness Oriented Candidate Chains." Korean Journal of Linguistics 34, no. 3 (September 2009): 671–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18855/lisoko.2009.34.3.010.

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18

Tobin, Yishai, and Edwin L. Battistella. "The Logic of Markedness." Language 74, no. 4 (December 1998): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/417005.

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19

Lombardi, Linda. "Coronal epenthesis and markedness." Phonology 19, no. 2 (August 2002): 219–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675702004323.

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Coronals have been claimed to behave as unmarked consonants in epenthesis. However, it is well known that the glottal consonants ([h ʔ]) are frequently epenthetic, and the empirical basis for the claim about coronal epenthesis has been weak, with only a single example commonly cited. I will show that coronals can in fact occur as epenthetic segments, but only in specific situations showing the classic signs of constraint conflict. I will argue that these patterns can be accounted for in Optimality Theory using fully specified Place in the representations and extending Smolensky's (1993) universally ranked *PLACE hierarchy so that the glottals have the least marked Place. The result will be that when all other things are equal, glottals will be the ideal epenthetic consonant, but when some higher-ranked requirement makes epenthesising a glottal impossible, the still relatively low-ranked position of *COR means that coronals will be the next best way to satisfy Place markedness.

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20

Vaux, Bert, and Bridget Samuels. "Laryngeal markedness and aspiration." Phonology 22, no. 3 (December 2005): 395–436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675705000667.

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We argue that the common phonological assumptions that (i) plain voiceless consonants are less marked than voiceless aspirates and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes unaspirated voiced and voiceless members are incorrect. A wide range of phonetic and internal and external phonological evidence suggests instead that (i) the maximally unmarked single-series stop is unspecified for laryngeal features and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes aspirated and unaspirated stops, and the aspirated series may be the unmarked member of this set.

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21

Kaplan, Aaron. "Variation through markedness suppression." Phonology 28, no. 3 (December 2011): 331–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675711000200.

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Certain optional phonological processes may apply to any number of the potential targets in a form, yielding outputs in which the process applies to a proper subset of the available loci. Such patterns are incompatible with OT-based frameworks that produce variation by providing multiple constraint rankings. While one ranking may favour exhaustive application and another no application, no ranking favours application at just some loci. The framework presented here, Markedness Suppression, solves this problem:evalmay ignore any violation mark assigned by designated markedness constraints, creating variation by manipulating candidates' violation profiles. By ignoring different violation marks on different evaluations, the full range of attested forms is produced, including ones with intermediate levels of process application. Markedness Suppression achieves better empirical coverage than competing frameworks, in terms of both producing the correct range of variants and modelling their output frequencies.

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22

Lee, Hanjung. "Markedness and Pronoun Incorporation." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 26, no. 1 (September 25, 2000): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v26i1.1144.

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23

Irmen, Lisa, and Nadja Roßberg. "Gender Markedness of Language." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23, no. 3 (September 2004): 272–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261927x04266810.

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24

Van Langendonck, Willy. "Ergativity, Markedness and Prototypes." Universals of Language 4 (January 1, 1989): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.4.11van.

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25

Harbour, Daniel. "Descriptive and explanatory markedness." Morphology 21, no. 2 (June 17, 2010): 223–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-010-9167-0.

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26

Hanafiah, Ridwan, Muhammad Yusuf, and Aprilza Aswani. "Theme Markedness in EFL Students’ Recount Texts: A Systemic Functional Analysis." SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 1, no. 1 (January 25, 2018): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v1i1.3.

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This study is aimed to discover the types and the dominant type of theme markedness in EFL students’ recount texts based on the theory of systemic functional linguistics. Qualitative content analysis approach was utilized in this study. Writing sheets were utilized as the instruments of collecting the data. The data were in the form of clauses taken from 33 recount texts written by second-year students of English literature department of University of Sumatera Utara. Based on the analysis, it was discovered that there were 1144 clauses in the data. Then, in terms of theme markedness, marked theme (MT) had 213 occurrences (18.62%) and unmarked theme (UMT) had 931 occurrences (81.38%). The conclusion can be drawn that there were 2 types of markedness namely marked theme (MT) and unmarked theme (UMT), and the dominant type of theme markedness was unmarked theme (UMT). It means that the students dominantly used unmarked theme in their recount texts.Keywords: markedness, theme, recount text, systemic functional, content analysis

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27

Muñoz, Carmen. "Markedness and the Acquisition of Referential Forms." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 17, no. 4 (December 1995): 517–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100014431.

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This paper is based on a study by Chaudron and Parker (1990) on the effect of discourse markedness and structural markedness on the development of noun phrase use. In the previous study, it was found that zero anaphora, the least marked form on the two counts, did not fulfill the general predictions drawn from the two markedness scales, and no explanation was offered for that phenomenon. The research presented here partially replicates that study but focuses on the use of zero anaphora in written text, distinguishing between pragmatically constrained and syntactically constrained zero anaphora. Our findings are discussed in light of this distinction, and an explanation lying in the interaction among markedness, the L1, and the L2 is proposed.

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28

김선회. "Markedness constraint demotion and comparative markedness: a case of chain shift production error." Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology 15, no. 1 (May 2009): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17959/sppm.2009.15.1.3.

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29

Burness, Phillip, and Kevin McMullin. "Post-nasal voicing in Japanese classifiers as exceptional triggering: implications for Indexed Constraint Theory." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 65, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 471–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.26.

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AbstractIndexed constraints are often used in constraint-based phonological frameworks to account for exceptions to generalizations. A point of contention in the literature on constraint indexation revolves around indexed markedness constraints. While some researchers argue that only faithfulness constraints should be indexed, others argue that markedness constraints should be eligible for indexation as well. This article presents data from Japanese for which a complete synchronic analysis requires indexed markedness constraints but argues that such constraints are only necessary in cases where a phonological repair applies across a morpheme boundary. We then demonstrate that algorithms for learning grammars with indexed constraints can be augmented with a bias towards faithfulness indexation and discuss the advantages of incorporating such a bias, as well as its implications for the debate over the permissibility of indexed markedness constraints.

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30

Green, Antony D. "independence of phonology and morphology: the Celtic mutations." ZAS Papers in Linguistics 32 (January 1, 2003): 47–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.32.2003.186.

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One of the most important insights of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993) is that phonological processes can be reduced to the interaction between faithfulness and universal markedness principles. In the most constrained version of the theory, all phonological processes should be thus reducible. This hypothesis is tested by alternations that appear to be phonological but in which universal markedness principles appear to play no role. If we are to pursue the claim that all phonological processes depend on the interaction of faithfulness and markedness, then processes that are not dependent on markedness must lie outside phonology. In this paper I will examine a group of such processes, the initial consonant mutations of the Celtic languages, and argue that they belong entirely to the morphology of the languages, not the phonology.

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31

Al-Azzawi, Qasim Obayes, and Salih Mahdi Addai. "Antonymous Adjectives Markedly Used." Journal of University of Babylon 26, no. 4 (January 16, 2018): 493–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.29196/jub.v26i4.644.

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The concept of “markedness in the work of Prague school linguists refers to relationships between two complementary or antonymous terms which can be distinguished by the presence of a feature (+a versus -a). Such a position can occur at various linguistic levels. Markedness contrasts for example, can arise at the morphological level, when one of the two words is derived from the other and therefore contains an explicit formal marker such as a prefix (profitable - unprofitable). Markedness contrasts also appear at the semantic level in many pairs of gradable antonymous adjectives, especially scalar ones.

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32

Jensen, Eva Skafte. "Markedness, participation and grammatical paradigms: Jakobson and Hjelmslev revisited." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 2 (October 2012): 145–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586512000170.

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The topic of this paper is markedness theory as initially developed in early works by Jakobson and Hjelmslev. The aim is to show how this early theory is (still) useful in the analysis of language-particular grammatical paradigms, and, further, to investigate which aspects of this early theory of markedness might still benefit from further refinements. One major point of this paper is to reinforce the notion of participation (a term originally suggested by Hjelmslev) as crucial in the understanding of markedness theory. Another major point is to show how the markedness relations of a paradigm depend not only on the members of the paradigm in question but also on the contexts in which the members of the paradigm are being used. Examples from Modern Danish grammar are given as illustration. The approach is functional-structural in the sense of Engberg-Pedersen et al. (1996).

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33

Battistella, Edwin, Olga Mišeska Tomić, and Olga Miseska Tomic. "Markedness in Synchrony and Diachrony." Language 67, no. 3 (September 1991): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/415068.

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34

VAN LANGENDONCK, W. "Markedness, Prototypes and Language Acquisition." Cahiers de l'Institut de Linguistique de Louvain 12, no. 3 (December 1, 1986): 39–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/cill.12.3.2017070.

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35

Szigetvári, Péter. "The markedness of the unmarked." Acta Linguistica Hungarica 53, no. 4 (December 2006): 433–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aling.53.2006.4.3.

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36

안미연. "Comparative markedness in Korean palatalization." Studies in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology 20, no. 1 (April 2014): 99–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.17959/sppm.2014.20.1.99.

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37

Zonneveld, Wim. "Phonological markedness and distinctive features." Journal of Phonetics 16, no. 2 (April 1988): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0095-4470(19)30483-8.

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38

Cairns, Charles E. "Phonotactics, markedness and lexical representation." Phonology 5, no. 2 (August 1988): 209–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095267570000227x.

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The theory proposed here, the Markedness Theory of Syllable Structure (MTSS), provides an account of syllabic phonotactics, wherein not only are features defining phonological content underspecified, but also those which determine the number and order of segments. The descriptive basis of MTSS in this paper consists of the minimally redundant underlying representations (URs) of stressed syllables in English. These forms are parsimoniously accounted for by a theory in which content features are associated with prosodic nodes in UR, and which contains an algorithm which maps UR prosodic nodes, specified for feature content, into strings of timing units (x's on the skeletal tier), with fully specified syllabic structures on the prosodic tier.

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39

Brown, Jason. "Laryngeal assimilation, markedness and typology." Phonology 33, no. 3 (December 2016): 393–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675716000191.

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Current typologies of voice assimilation between obstruents include languages that exhibit either assimilation to voicelessness (a type of emergence of the unmarked effect) or onset-controlled patterns, where the value controlling the change is in the onset obstruent. In either case, this type of local assimilation is considered to result in (contextually) unmarked structures. This article presents data that highlights a previously unrecognised pattern: assimilation resulting in voicing (an ‘emergence of the marked’ effect). This pattern has implications for how markedness is expressed in grammar. It is argued here that voicing is a privative feature, and that faithfulness constraints regulating the feature [voice] yield a rich typology that includes emergence of both marked and unmarked patterns. In addition, this typology yields benefits that are lost if voicing is considered a binary feature. This is illustrated by extending the dynamics of this voicing typology to other laryngeal features, such as [spread glottis].

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40

Mazurkewich, Irene. "Syntactic Markedness and Language Acquisition." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 7, no. 1 (February 1985): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100005131.

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the role played by linguistic universals in second language acquisition. Research reported here focuses on the acquisition of dative structures and dative questions in a passive context in English by French and Inuit (Eskimo) students. Data were also elicited from native English-speaking students to serve as the norm. The data are interpreted within the theory of markedness and core grammar, as well as Case theory. The results of the testing, showing that unmarked forms are acquired before marked ones, are consistent with the predictions made by the theory of markedness and the property of adjacency which is crucial for Case assignment.

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41

White, Lydia. "Markedness and Second Language Acquisition." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 9, no. 3 (October 1987): 261–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263100006689.

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In this paper, various definitions of markedness are discussed, including the difference in the assumptions underlying psychological and linguistic approaches to markedness. It is proposed that if one adopts a definition derived from theories of language learnability, then the second language learner's prior linguistic experience may predispose him or her towards transferring marked structures from the first language to the second, contrary to usual assumptions in the literature that suggest that second language learners will avoid marked forms. To test this hypothesis, adult and child learners of French as a second language were tested using grammaticality judgment tasks on two marked structures, preposition stranding and the double object construction, which are grammatical in English but ungrammatical in French, to see if they would accept French versions of these structures. It was found that the second language learners did not accept preposition stranding in French but did accept the double object construction, suggesting that transfer takes place only with one of the two marked structures. In addition, the children took tests on these structures in their native language to see if they perceived them as in any sense psycholinguistically marked. Results show that they do not treat marked and unmarked structures differently in the native language. It is suggested that the concept of markedness may cover a range of phenomena that need to be further clarified and investigated.

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42

Hume, Elizabeth. "Markedness: A Predictability-Based Approach." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 30, no. 1 (June 25, 2004): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v30i1.948.

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43

Haskell, Todd R., Cade D. Mansfield, and Katherine M. Brewer. "Linguistic markedness and category learning." Language and Cognitive Processes 26, no. 8 (October 2011): 1022–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.503438.

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44

Berent, Iris. "Is markedness a confused concept?" Cognitive Neuropsychology 34, no. 7-8 (November 17, 2017): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2017.1422485.

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45

Machan, Tim William. "Defining Markedness in Middle English." Yearbook of Langland Studies 30 (January 2016): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.yls.5.111396.

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46

Nevins, Andrew. "Marked Targets versus Marked Triggers and Impoverishment of the Dual." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 3 (July 2011): 413–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00052.

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This article discusses morphological markedness as a trigger and target of postsyntactic feature-deletion operations (impoverishment; Bobaljik 2003, Bonet 1991, Halle 1997, Halle and Marantz 1993, Harley 2008, Noyer 1992, 1998) and, taking number as a case study, argues that dual is more marked than plural, in accordance with traditional and more recent approaches to inflectional morphology. In a system that employs abstract binary features, dual may be represented by a combination of the features [−singular, −augmented] (Conklin 1962, Noyer 1992), and the feature [−augmented] is marked in the context of [−singular]. This article draws a formal distinction between markedness-targeted impoverishment and markedness-triggered impoverishment, arguing that the latter is an important diagnostic for morphological markedness. Exemplification comes from syncretisms either directed at or conditioned by the dual in Sámi, Sorbian, Slovenian, Warlpiri, and Zuni, the last of which has been argued by Cowper (2005) to show that dual is less marked than plural.

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Ristic, Bojana, Nicola Molinaro, and Simona Mancini. "Agreement attraction in Serbian." Linguistic Perspectives on Morphological Processing 11, no. 2 (July 18, 2016): 242–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.11.2.04ris.

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Asymmetric number attraction effects have been typically explained via a privative markedness account: plural nouns are more marked than singular ones and thus stronger attractors. However, this account does not explain results from tripartite systems, in which a third number value is available, like paucal. Here we tested whether attraction effects can be driven by specific markedness sub-components, such as frequency/naturalness of use, using Serbian, in which participles can agree with masculine subjects in singular, plural and paucal. We first conducted a naturalness judgment task, finding the following naturalness/frequency pattern: singular,plural<paucal. In a subsequent forced-choice task, we presented participants with preambles containing a singular, a plural or a paucal headnoun (the castle[Sg] /two castles[Pauc] /the castles[Pl]) modified by singular/plural/paucal attractors (with the window[Sg] /with two windows[Pauc] /with the windows[Pl]). Three options were provided to complete the sentence (resembles[Sg] /resemble[Pauc] /resemble[Pl] gothic architecture).Both accuracy and reaction times (RTs) were collected. Accuracy data reflected the naturalness/frequency pattern, with paucal being the strongest attractor, and plural and singular attracting equally. However, reaction times showed a difference between singular and plural, suggesting co-influence of both frequency/naturalness and morphological markedness. We emphasize the necessity of re-defining markedness and testing attraction through different markedness sub-components (i.e. frequency/naturalness) to explain attraction cross-linguistically.

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Orzechowska, Paula, and Paulina Zydorowicz. "Frequency effects and markedness in phonotactics." Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 55, no. 1 (March 26, 2018): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/psicl-2019-0006.

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Abstract In this paper, we take up the challenge of exploring the relationship between markedness and frequency in phonotactics. The study is based on word-initial and word-final consonant clusters in Polish and English. The aim of this study is threefold. First, we establish logarithmic frequencies for word-initial and final consonant clusters compiled from two resources, a dictionary (or paradigm) and a written corpus. Second, we examine the preferability status of clusters in three frequency bands (high, mid, low) in terms of two phonotactic principles, i.e. sonority and Net Auditory Distance. Finally, we test the correlations between degrees of markedness and frequency. The present paper extends our previous studies on comparative Polish–English phonotactics, where markedness and frequency constitute the core of the analysis. The study shows that there is no relationship between cluster markedness and its frequency. As to frequencies, Polish and English differ from each other with respect to the distribution of clusters in the dictionary list, while the disproportions are neutralized in usage.

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Goldrick, Matthew, and Robert Daland. "Linking speech errors and phonological grammars: insights from Harmonic Grammar networks." Phonology 26, no. 1 (May 2009): 147–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709001742.

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AbstractPhonological grammars characterise distinctions between relatively well-formed (unmarked) and relatively ill-formed (marked) phonological structures. We review evidence that markedness influences speech-error probabilities. Specifically, although errors result in unmarked as well as marked structures, there is a markedness asymmetry: errors are more likely to produce unmarked outcomes. We show that stochastic disruption to the computational mechanisms realising a Harmonic Grammar (HG) can account for the broad empirical patterns of speech errors. We demonstrate that our proposal can account for the general markedness asymmetry. We also develop methods for linking particular HG proposals to speech-error distributions, and illustrate these methods using a simple HG and a set of initial consonant errors in English.

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Chen, Xinru, and Zhuo Chen. "Between the marked and the unmarked: twin semiotic paradoxes of the barrage in China’s livestreaming fandom." Media, Culture & Society 42, no. 5 (November 8, 2019): 727–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0163443719876617.

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As one of the most popular online media in China, personal livestreaming attracts massive attention and effects on human social communication in multiple novel ways. This article explores the semiotic mechanism of the barrage, a special form of commenting, on China’s livestreaming platforms. Drawing on cultural semiotic theories, it discusses the impact of the barrage by the fandom of China’s livestreaming. Two interrelated semiotic paradoxes are created by two interrelated forms of markedness from the use of the barrage by Chinese livestreaming fans, that is, the markedness of time and the markedness of space. Through careful assessment of the use of the barrage in China’s livestreaming fandom, this article sheds new light on China’s livestreaming and its potential impact on the future of digital China.

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