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1
Schaden, Gerhard. "Say hello to markedness." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3224/.
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In this paper, it will be shown that Bi-directional Optimality Theory (BOT) runs into problems of undergeneration when confronted with a certain class of partial-blocking phenomena. The empirical problem used to illustrate this is the cross-linguistic variation of one-step past-referring tenses. It will be argued that the well-known ‘present perfect puzzle’ is a sub-problem of it. The solution to the cross-linguistic variation of these tenses involves blocking of the marked tense. The relevant notion of ‘markedness’, while underivable synchronically, is argued to be linked to diachronic learning processes similar to those investigated by Benz (2006).
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Schuster, Peter. "Relevance theory meets markedness considerations on cognitive effort as a criterion for markedness in pragmatics /." Frankfurt am Main : Lang, 2003. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51984646.html.
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Nae, Niculina. "Markedness, Relevance and Acceptability in Translation." Graduate School of International Development. Nagoya University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/6249.
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Causley, Trisha Kathleen. "Complexity and markedness in optimality theory." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0004/NQ41121.pdf.
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Korchin, Paul D. "Markedness in Canaanite and Hebrew verbs /." Winona Lake (Ind.) : Eisenbrauns, 2008. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41275806w.
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Tangeman, A., M. Counts, B. Asher, and A. Lynn Williams. "The Role of Markedness in Cluster Acquisition." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2005. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2082.
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Pavesi, M. G. "A study of markedness in second language acquisition." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.374133.
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Lee, Christopher. "Consumer Linguistics: A Markedness Approach to Numerical Perceptions." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/18352.
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Marketing is about numbers but not necessarily just a number. From a big crowd to a half empty arena, adjectives carry numerical associations. The research within this dissertation builds on that idea while focusing on markedness, a linguistics theory, which has been called the evaluative superstructure of language. For example, asking "How tall is the person?" is not an indication that the person is tall but merely a neutral way to ask about a person's height. Tall, in this case, is considered an unmarked term given its neutral meaning. Asking "How short is the person?" however, implies the person is actually short in addition to asking for their height. Linguistics literature has touched on the power of language in numerical estimations but has not fully explored it, nor has linguistics literature transitioned to the marketing literature.
Study 1 begins to explore markedness in a consumer setting by using Google Trends to show that unmarked terms, such as tall, are searched more frequently than marked terms, such as short. Study 2 shows that using an unmarked term results in significantly higher estimates of crowd size than using a marked term but is not significantly different than using a neutral term. Study 3 incorporates numerical anchors, which reduce the markedness effects. Study 4 illustrates how an unmarked term results in a wider range of crowd size estimates than a marked term. Study 5 shows how markedness effects are largely eliminated based on the source of the message (team) and capacity constraint of the arena. Study 6 incorporates time to show that markedness effects are stronger in a judgment framed as per day than per year. Studies 7, 8 and 10 show how a marked term, such as half empty, results in significantly different numerical estimates over time. This effect is eliminated when reference to a point in time, such as "at halftime", is removed (study 9). These findings highlight the role of markedness in consumer judgment and have important implications for a variety of marketing theories.
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Reimers, Paula Mami. "The role of markedness in the acquisition of phonology." Thesis, University of Essex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425937.
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Kang, Yoonjung. "The phonetics and phonology of coronal markedness and unmarkedness." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8844.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 2000.Includes bibliographical references (p. 191-202).
This thesis investigates place feature restrictions in oral and nasal stop consonants with a special focus on the asymmetrical behavior of coronal and noncoronal stops. Two conflicting patterns of place restriction in outputs are attested: coronal unmarkedness and coronal markedness. This thesis shows that coronal unmarkedness is truly a default pattern of place restriction. Coronal unmarkedness is not confined to specific segmental contexts or to languages with a particular inventory structure. In addition, the coronal unmarked pattern is attested through diverse phonological processes such as assimilation, place neutralization, segmental and featural deletion, metathesis, vowel syncope and morpheme structure constraints. This follows from the context-free place markedness hierarchy proposed by Prince and Smolensky (1993). These constraints can conjoin freely with any context-specific constraints. Such conjunction predicts neutralization to coronal place to be attested in any position where place contrast reduction is found. On the other hand, although coronal markedness is also attested through diverse phonological processes such as assimilation, place neutralization, segmental and featural deletion, metathesis and morpheme structure constraints, it is found only in nonprevocalic positions and only in languages without a sub-coronal place contrast. I propose that unlike the default markedness constraint hierarchy, the reversed markedness hierarchy is projected from a perceptibility scale of place features and is therefore context-specific. I argue that a coronal stop in nonprevocalic position in a single-coronal language is perceptually less salient than noncoronal stops in corresponding positions due to a preferential weakening of tongue body articulation for coronal stops in these positions. Also discussed in this thesis is the effect of nasality of stops on the degree of place restrictions. A nasal stop tends to allow fewer place contrasts than an oral stop and a stop followed by an oral stop tends to allow fewer place contrasts than one followed by a nasal stop. Finally, previous approaches to coronal versus noncoronal asymmetry-Coronal Underspecification, Underspecification by Constraints and Perceptually Grounded Faithfulness Constraints are discussed and their inadequacy is demonstrated.
by Yoonjung Kang.
Ph.D.
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Stoltzfus, Daniel Paul. "Predictions on markedness and feature resilience in loanword adaptation." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25567.
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Normalement, un emprunt est adapté afin que ses éléments étrangers s’intègrent au système phonologique de la langue emprunteuse. Certains auteurs (cf. Miao 2005; Steriade 2001b, 2009) ont soutenu que, lors de l’adaptation d’une consonne, les traits de manière d’articulation sont plus résistants au changement que les traits laryngaux (ex. : le voisement) ou que ceux de place. Mes résultats montrent cependant que les traits de manière (ex. : [±continu]) sont impliqués dans les adaptations consonantiques aussi fréquemment que les autres traits (ex. [±voisé] et [±antérieur]). Par exemple, le /Z/ français est illicite à l’initiale en anglais. Les options d’adaptation incluent /Z/ → [z] (changement de place), /Z/ → [S] (changement de voisement) et /Z/ → [dZ] (changement de manière). Contrairement aux prédictions des auteurs précités, l’adaptation primaire en anglais est /Z/ → [dZ], avec changement de manière (ex. français [Zelatin] gélatine → anglais [dZElœtIn]). Plutôt qu’une résistance des traits de manière, les adaptations étudiées dans ma thèse font ressortir une nette tendance à la simplification. Mon hypothèse est que les langues adaptent les consonnes étrangères en en éliminant les complexités. Donc un changement impliquant l’élimination plutôt que l’insertion d’un trait marqué sera préféré. Ma thèse innove aussi en montrant qu’une consonne est le plus souvent importée lorsque sa stratégie d’adaptation primaire implique l’insertion d’un trait marqué. Les taux d’importation sont systématiquement élevés pour les consonnes dont l’adaptation impliquerait l’insertion d’un tel trait (ici [+continu] ou [+voisé]). Par exemple, /dZ/ en anglais, lorsque adapté, devient /Z/ en français après l’insertion de [+continu]; cependant, l’importation de /dZ/ est de loin préférée à son adaptation (89%). En comparaison, /dZ/ est rarement importé (10%) en germano-pennsylvanien (GP) parce que l’adaptation de /dZ/ à [tS] (élision du trait marqué [+voisé]) est disponible, contrairement au cas du français. Cependant, le /t/ anglais à l’initiale, lui, est majoritairement importé (74%) en GP parce que son adaptation en /d/ impliquerait l’insertion du trait marqué [+voisé]. Ma thèse permet non seulement de mieux cerner la direction des adaptations, mais repère aussi ce qui favorise fortement les importations sur la base d’une notion déjà établie en phonologie : la marque.A loanword is normally adapted to fit its foreign elements to the phonological system of the borrowing language (L1). Recently, some authors (e.g. Miao 2005; Steriade 2001b, 2009) have proposed that during the adaptation process of a second language (L2) consonant, manner features are more resistant to change than are non-manner features. A careful study of my data indicate that manner features (e.g. [±continuant]) are as likely to be involved in the adaptation process as are non-manner [±voice] and [±anterior]. For example, French /Z/ is usually not tolerated word-initially in English. Adaptation options include /Z/ → [z] (change of place), /Z/ → [S] (change of voicing) and /Z/ → [dZ] (change of manner). The primary adaptation in English is /Z/ → [dZ] (e.g. French [Zelatin] gélatine → English [dZElœtIn]) where manner is in fact the less resistant. Instead, during loanword adaptation there is a clear tendency towards unmarkedness. My hypothesis is that languages overwhelmingly adapt with the goal of eliminating the complexities of the L2; a change that involves deletion instead of insertion of a marked feature is preferred. Furthermore, my thesis shows for the first time that a consonant is statistically most likely to be imported if its preferred adaptation strategy involves insertion of a marked feature (e.g. [+continuant] or [+voice]). For example, the adaptation of English /dZ/ is /Z/ in French after insertion of marked [+continuant], but /dZ/ is overwhelmingly imported (89%), instead of adapted in French. I argue that this is to avoid the insertion of marked [+continuant]. This contrasts with Pennsylvania German (PG) where English /dZ/ is rarely imported (10%). This is because unlike in French, there is an option to adapt /dZ/ to /tS/ (deletion of marked [+voice]) in PG. However, English word-initial /t/ is heavily imported (74%), not adapted, in PG because adaptation to /d/ involves insertion of marked [+voice]. Not only does my thesis better determine the direction of adaptations but it also establishes the circumstances where L2 consonants are most likely to be imported instead of being adapted, on the basis of a well-known notion in phonology: markedness.
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Vogel, Ralf, and Marco Zugck. "Counting Markedness : a corpus investigation on German free relative constructions." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3247/.
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This paper reports the results of a corpus investigation on case conflicts in
German argument free relative constructions. We investigate how corpus frequencies reflect the relative markedness of free relative and correlative constructions, the relative markedness of different case conflict configurations, and the relative markedness of different conflict resolution strategies. Section 1 introduces the conception of markedness as used in Optimality Theory. Section 2 introduces the facts about German free relative clauses, and section 3 presents the results of the corpus study. By and large, markedness and frequency go hand in hand. However, configurations at the highest end of the markedness scale rarely show up in corpus data, and for the configuration at the lowest end we found an unexpected outcome: the more marked structure is preferred.
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French, Margot Anne. "Markedness and the acquisition of pied-piping and preposition stranding." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63335.
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Alezetes, Elizabeth Dawn. "A Markedness Approach to Epenthesis in Arabic Speakers' L2 English." The University of Montana, 2007. http://etd.lib.umt.edu/theses/available/etd-05302007-151801/.
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This thesis explores how Cairene Arabic, Iraqi Arabic, and Najdi Arabic speakers deal with complex syllable margins in their L2 English. While previous studies have attributed Cairene and Iraqi speakers pronunciations of English syllables that contain consonant clusters to transfer of allowed syllable structures from their native language, this thesis illustrates that the universal markedness of consonant clusters could be a factor that motivates L2 speakers to simplify complex syllable margins. Universal markedness has to do with the frequency that a structure occurs cross-linguistically. Languages that allow complex syllable margins, such as English, also contain simple syllable margins. Many languages contain simple syllable margins but do not allow complex syllable margins; thus, complex syllable margins are more marked than simple syllable margins. A markedness approach to second language phonology would consider the markedness of complex syllable margins to be an important factor in whether L2 learners have difficulty with this structure. By using Optimality Theory (Prince and Smolensky 1993,McCarthy and Prince 1993), this thesis illustrates the role that markedness plays in Cairene Arabic, Iraqi Arabic, and Najdi Arabic. This thesis also presents the results of a study of L2 English data produced by native speakers of Najdi Arabic and uses the data to support a markedness approach for accounting for syllable errors in L2 English.
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Angulu, Elizabeth Mama. "Componential analysis of Hausa verbs of motion : markedness and deixis /." Access Digital Full Text version, 1985. http://pocketknowledge.tc.columbia.edu/home.php/bybib/10584869.
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Beck, David. "The typology of parts of speech systems, the markedness of adjectives." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ45730.pdf.
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Au, Yuk-Nui Aouda. "Markedness theories and syllable structure difficulties experienced by Cantonese learners of English." Thesis, University of Reading, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246442.
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Carnie, Andrew. "Some remarks on markedness hierarchies: a reply to Aissen 1999 and 2003." University of Arizona Linguistics Circle, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/126608.
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This short squib examines some problems with the Markedness Hierarchy approach of Aissen (1993, 2003) with respect to case and agreement marking systems. It argues that this approach, based on overt morphological exponence of marked forms both misses important Markedness relations that are not expressed morphologically, and fails to
account for certain morphological patterns.
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Liebal, Kristin. "Infants' and young children's understanding of common ground and markedness in communication." Leipzig Leipziger Univ.-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/998767654/04.
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Finney, Malcolm Arnold. "The theory of markedness, pied-piping and preposition-stranding in second language acquisition." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5449.
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McGarrell, Hedy M. "Markedness and the acquisition of preposition pied-piping and stranding: A longitudinal perspective." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/7506.
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This thesis represents an exploratory study of longitudinal performance data of second language acquisition, augmented by sentences from a grammaticality judgement task. The focus is on preposition pied-piping and stranding constructions as documented in a generative framework. The purpose of the study was to investigate these data within in the context of markedness theory associated with Universal Grammar in order to determine whether or not the postulated developmental sequence was reflected in the data. Preposition pied-piping and stranding have been investigated recently within this framework in cross-sectional studies and have provided researchers with inconclusive results. For the purposes of this thesis it was hypothesized that longitudinal data would provide clarification of the development and use of these constructions in the acquisition of English as a second language by adult learners. It was further assumed that the longitudinal study would permit additional insight into the acquisition of the constructions concerned that would lead to the formulation of hypotheses for future research. In addition to the longitudinal data from the learners, data from native speaker control groups were collected in order to validate the authenticity of the constructions the learners provided and to ensure that preposition stranding is used as anticipated in informal interaction. The results provide support for the developmental sequence postulated by markedness theory. They show that the learners go through a brief stage during which they accept and produce preposition pied-piping, but explicitly reject stranding. The analysis of the data shows that the five learners use the constructions under investigation less frequently than might be expected. This seems to suggest that transfer from the native languages involved, which have the unmarked but not the marked construction, is not an important factor although it cannot be ruled out. Some learners produced stranded versions but rejected them on the grammaticality task. This combined with the low frequency and the limited syntactic and lexical range of the utterances suggests that the learners produced at least some of the early stranded versions as unanalyzed chunks. Evidence of avoidance of the pied-piping and stranding constructions was also found. The native speaker control groups, who were given pied-piped and stranded versions of each of the learner utterances in order to decide which one they would likely have chosen, strongly favoured stranded constructions over pied-piped ones in most instances. In conclusion, the data provide support for the developmental sequence postulated in a theory of markedness. They also suggest a number of potential hypotheses for future research.
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Stavropoulou, Pepi. "On the status of contrast : evidence from the prosodic domain." Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6606/.
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Recent models of Information Structure (IS) identify a low level contrast feature that functions within the topic and focus of the utterance. This study investigates the exact nature of this feature based on empirical evidence from a controlled read speech experiment on the prosodic realization of different levels of contrast in Modern Greek. Results indicate that only correction is truly contrastive, and that it is similarly realized in both topic and focus, suggesting that contrast is an independent IS dimension. Non default focus position is further identified as a parameter that triggers a prosodically marked
rendition, similar to correction.
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Woolford, Ellen. "Aspect splits and parasitic marking." Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3223/.
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Aspect splits can affect agreement, Case, and even preposition insertion. This paper discusses the functional ‘why’ and the theoretical ‘how’ of aspect splits. Aspect splits are an economical way to mark aspect by preserving or suppressing some independent element in one aspect. In formal terms, they are produced in the same way as coda conditions in phonology, with positional/contextual faithfulness.This approach captures the additive effects of cross-cutting splits. Aspect splits are analyzed here from Hindi, Nepali, Yucatec Maya, Chontal, and Palauan.
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Watson, Robin Montgomery. "Epicene Pronoun Use in Modern American English." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2358.
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Traditional prescriptive grammar for English states that the epicene or gender neutral pronoun for third person singular use is he. Research into speaker perceptions has clearly demonstrated that he is not perceived as neutral. Research has also shown traditionally proscribed epicene pronouns such as he or she and singular they to be commonly used, despite the long-standing proscriptions against them. The author examines the endurance of such proscribed options through the lens of markedness theory, considering the impact of cultural values on speakers' epicene pronoun choices. Gender in language is also considered, as well as Kuryłowicz‘s 4th Law of Analogy as a means for understanding patterns of language change. Second person pronoun change is considered as a model for understanding third person pronoun changes currently underway in Modern American English. The author conducts and reports on a corpus study designed to assess the current usage of three epicene pronouns in Modern American English, namely he or she and its variant she or he; one; and singular they. The results of the study are considered in terms of medium, spoken or written, and register, colloquial, standard, or formal. The study suggests that they is generally the preferred epicene pronoun, particularly in spoken language, but that one is the preferred epicene pronoun for formal writing.
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McKay, Nicholas. "A semiotic evaluation of musical meaning in the works of Igor Stravinsky : decoding syntax with markedness and prototypicality theory." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1998. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/23947/.
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Vogel, Ralf. "The simple generator." Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3233/.
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I argue that the shift of explanatory burden from the generator to the evaluator in OT syntax – together with the difficulties that arise when we try to formulate a working theory of the interfaces of syntax – leads to a number of assumptions about syntactic structures in OT which are quite different from those typical of minimalist syntax: formal features, as driving forces behind syntactic movement, are useless, and derivational and representational economy are problematic for both empirical and conceptual reasons. The notion of markedness, central in Optimality Theory, is not fully compatible with the idea of synactic economy. Even more so, seemingly obvious cases of blocking by structural economy do not seem to result from grammar proper, but reflect (economical) aspects of language use.
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Seibert, Andrew Douglas. "A SOCIOPHONETIC ANALYSIS OF L2 SUBSTITUTION SOUNDS OF AMERICAN ENGLISH INTERDENTAL FRICATIVES." OpenSIUC, 2011. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/700.
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Previous research done in sociophonetic variation of second language speakers has often looked at constraints of formality affecting degree of foreign accent and how this degree of formality can have effects on what speaking styles speakers choose to employ. Furthermore, other social constraints of convergence and divergence of speech affect speaker speaking style. However, no known previous research has examined interdental fricative /θ ð/ substitution based on each speaker's interlocutor. This study explores second language speakers' English interdental fricative substitution sounds in terms of sociophonetic variation of formality and speaker interlocutor(s). Five native language pairs of Arabic, Cantonese, French, Portuguese, and Vietnamese origin were part of the study, comprising ten participants in total. The study finds age of English onset, as verified by the literature, to be the most determining factor for accurate articulation of these marked fricatives. However, other constraints for substitution choice are at hand including phonological limitations and estimated linguistic experience based on demographic information given by survey participants. The primary aim of the study is to associate some of the interdental fricative substitutions with a social variable. Data for the study include recordings of each participant reading a poem by him/herself, a dialogue with the other same native language participant, and a dialogue with a native speaker of American English. The data analysis examined the replacement sounds in terms of native language background, linguistic experience variables, and phonological constraints. In addition, quantities and ratios of specific replacement sounds for each participant per recording and per native language pair were compared and contrasted to find if speech accommodation theory (SAT), as proposed by Giles et al. (1991), played a role in any of the participants' choices for substitution. The study finds both convergence and divergence of interdental fricative substitutions to be characteristic of speakers with less linguistic experience in English. An additional stronger finding is that most participants' most common sound substitutions for the voiced and voiceless interdental fricatives were independent in place and manner, the voiced most commonly replaced by dental and alveolar plosives [ḏ d] and the voiceless most commonly replaced by labiodental fricative [f], which could be an indication of each fricative's acoustic and phonemic representation in each non-native speaker's phonological component, supported by findings of Brannen (2002). Some literature suggests that varying values of [continuant] in speakers' native languages are the means by which speakers choose the replacement sounds they do. However, such an explanation cannot be the only valid one when inherent variability comes into play and different places and manners of articulation are chosen for both interdental fricatives.
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Alkhonini, Omar Ahmed. "CODA CONSONANT CLUSTER PATTERNS IN THE ARABIC NAJDI DIALECT." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1368.
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This study examines the coda clusters in Classical Arabic and how Najdi speakers, modern inhabitants of the central area of Saudi Arabia, pronounce them. Fourteen Najdi participants were asked to read a list of thirty-one words that took into account falling, equal, and rising sonority clusters, consisting of obstruents, nasals, liquids, and glides. The instrument contained one, two, and three steps of sonority for each level of sonority (falling and rising) to determine the minimal sonority distance used in Najdi Arabic. Specifically, obstruent + nasal, nasal + liquid, and liquid + glide were included for falling sonority clusters of one step, obstruent + liquid and nasal + glide were used for falling sonority clusters of two steps, and only obstruent + glide for falling sonority clusters of three steps. To test the rising sonority clusters, the elements in the clusters were transposed for each combination; for example, instead of using obstruent + nasal, clusters of nasal + obstruent were considered. However, for equal sonority clusters, only obstruent + obstruent and nasal + nasal were examined. Obstruents were dealt with separately in the instrument at first to see whether they caused any difference in the results. The results showed that the subjects added epenthesis in the rising sonority clusters and equal sonority clusters containing sonorants. However, they did not add epenthesis in the falling sonority clusters or equal sonority clusters containing obstruents. Thus, no matter the distance in sonority between the two segments in the rising sonority clusters (one, two, or three steps), the participants always epenthesized them. In addition, no matter how many sonority steps there were between the two segments in the falling sonority clusters, the participants always produced them without modification. In case of equal sonority, when the two segments of the cluster were sonorants, the participants added epenthesis; however, when the two segments of the cluster were obstruents, the participants produced them without modification.
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Torres, FÃbio Fernandes. "Os domÃnios funcionais do gerÃndio em LÃngua Portuguesa." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=13574.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorFundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
Esta tese trata do estudo das construÃÃes gerundivas em LÃngua Portuguesa, a partir de dados provenientes dos sÃculos XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX e XX, sob o suporte teÃrico do Funcionalismo LinguÃstico Norte-americano, para cumprir trÃs objetivos principais: a) constituir um corpus diacrÃnico, de natureza e caracterÃstica semelhantes, determinado por parÃmetros bem regulares, para se analisar o funcionamento das construÃÃes gerundivas nas variedades do PortuguÃs europeu e brasileiro, em perspectiva sincrÃnica e diacrÃnica, garantindo-se uma amostra equÃnime do material analisado; b) descrever o domÃnio funcional aspecto-temporal do gerÃndio, no qual sÃo codificadas as funÃÃes de tempo, aspecto e modalidade; c) descrever o domÃnio funcional aspecto-circunstancial do gerÃndio, em que sÃo expressas as circunstÃncias associadas a aspecto. Foram encontradas 3.910 ocorrÃncias de gerÃndio, das quais 1.671 estÃo distribuÃdas no domÃnio aspecto-temporal e 2.239 estÃo distribuÃdas no domÃnio aspecto-circunstancial. As construÃÃes gerundivas foram submetidas a tratamento estatÃstico no programa Goldvarx, cuja frequÃncia de uso foi verificada a partir das seguintes categorias: valores semÃntico-sintÃticos, valores circunstanciais, noÃÃes temporais, noÃÃes aspectuais, modalidade, relevo discursivo, sÃculo e variedade do PortuguÃs. Os resultados foram avaliados mediante o PrincÃpio da MarcaÃÃo, proposto por GivÃn (1990, 1991), e revelaram que: no domÃnio funcional aspecto-temporal, o gerÃndio adjetivo e o gerÃndio coordenado apresentam-se como categorias nÃo-marcadas; o gerÃndio independente, o gerÃndio imperativo e o gerÃndio conectivo como categorias intermediÃrias; e o gerÃndio narrativo e o gerÃndio descritivo como categorias marcadas. No domÃnio funcional aspecto-circunstancial, as circunstÃncias de modo, tempo, causa sÃo categorias nÃo-marcadas; as circunstÃncias de consequÃncia, condiÃÃo e finalidade sÃo categorias intermediÃrias; e as circunstÃncias de concessÃo, proporÃÃo, comparaÃÃo e conformidade sÃo circunstÃncias marcadas.
This thesis deals with the study of constructions with gerund in Portuguese, researched from data from XVI, XVII, XVIII, XIX and XX centuries, by the theoretical perspective of North American Functionalism, to get three main purposes: a) to compose a diachronic corpus of similar nature and characteristic, determined by regular parameters in order to analyze the functioning of the constructions with gerund in Brazilian and European Portuguese, in synchronic and diachronic perspective, establishing an equal sample of the material analyzed; b) to describe the tense-aspect functional domain of gerund, in which the functions of tense, aspect and modality are codified; c) to describe the aspect-circumstantial functional domain of the gerund in which the circumstances are associated with the aspect. It was found 3,910 ocurrences of gerund, 1,671 from them are distributed in tense-aspect domain and 2,239 are distributed in circumstantial-aspect domain. The gerund constructions were submitted to statistical analysis in Goldvarx program, whose frequency of use was verified from the following categories: syntactic-semantic values, circumstantial values, tense notions, aspect notions, modality, grounding, century and variety of Portuguese. The results were analyzed by Markedness Principle, proposed by GivÃn (1990, 1991), and they have revealed that: in the tense-aspect functional domain, the adjective gerund and coordinated gerund appear as marked categories; independent gerund, imperative gerund and connective gerund as intermediate categories; and the narrative and descriptive gerund as marked categories. In the circumstantial-aspect functional domain, the circumstances of mood, tense, cause are non- marked categories; the circumstances of consequence, condition and finality are intermediate categories; and the circumstances of concession, proportion, comparison and conformity are marked circumstances.
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BROWN, BREIGHAN MOIRA. "“Transforming Chaos”: Modes of Ambiguity in Tchaikovsky’s Symphony No. 5 in E Minor." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1187004301.
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Gonzalez, Johnson Aracelis Maydee. "Dialectal Allophonic Variation in L2 Pronunciation." OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/783.
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This thesis investigated the realization of the English voiceless post-alveolar affricate and the voiceless post-alveolar fricative in native Panamanian speakers learning English as a second language. The Spanish of Panama has a typical deaffrication process where the post-alveolar affricate phoneme is mostly pronounced as a fricative; as a result, the Spanish affricate has two allophones, the voiceless post-alveolar affricate and the voiceless post-alveolar fricative that occur in free variation in the Spanish of Panama. The word positions tested were word initially and finally only. Thus, the purpose of the study was to determine the dominant sound in the Spanish of Panama, to identify dialectal allophonic transfer from the Spanish of Panama, and to verify the accomplishment of the phonemic split in English through the frequency of usage of the target sounds. Subsequently, in order to exemplify the deaffrication phonological process of Panama, I developed and discussed a Feature Geometry of the Spanish language along with the Underspecified consonants of the Spanish language. In addition, I tested three main theories about acquisition of contrastive target sounds, Markedness, and similarity and dissimilarity of sounds. The results showed that these Panamanian learners of English produced the English voiceless post-alveolar fricative significantly more target appropriately than the English voiceless post-alveolar affricate. This indicates that the dominant sound in the Spanish of Panama is the dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, which I suggest may become the default post-alveolar phoneme in the Spanish of Panama. Subsequently, the high frequency of the voiceless post-alveolar fricative also indicates that the participants transferred their Panamanian Spanish dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, into English and more importantly, they have not reached the phonemic split for these two English target sounds. Taking the dialectal allophone, the voiceless post-alveolar fricative, as the default post-alveolar phoneme in the Spanish of Panama, The Markedness Differential Hypothesis (Eckman, 1977) accounts for the observed trends described as follows: the learning of the less marked sound (English voiceless post-alveolar fricative) was easier to acquire and the learning of the more marked sound (English voiceless post-alveolar affricate) was difficult to acquire.
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Olsen, Michael Lee. "THE REALIZATION OF FINAL STOPS IN INTERLANGUAGE: MORE EVIDENCE FOR UNIVERSAL GRAMMAR." OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1450.
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This master's thesis investigated realizations of typologically marked structures (word final stops) in the interlanguages of 15 ESL learners across Arabic, Brazilian-Portuguese and Japanese first languages (L1s). In general, previous theories of markedness (see Eckman's MARKEDNESS DIFFERENTIAL HYPOTHESIS and STRUCTURAL CONFORMITY HYPOTHESIS) and transfer (such as Major's ONTOGENY MODELS) were upheld in that more marked structures proved more problematic than less marked areas. Where uniformity of modification strategies was found, OPTIMALITY THEORY was implemented to illustrate process of acquisition undertaken during interlanguage development. In an isolated speech task, participants who demonstrated acquisition of more marked structures (ie., voiced final stops) were also successful with their less marked counterparts (voiceless final stops), but not vice versa. In connected speech, more advanced participants' modifications of target structures (such as assimilation of voicing and place of articulation) were more similar to patterns exhibited by native speakers of the target language while less advanced participants' productions (ie., lack of intervocalic voicing) were more reflective of their L1. These findings support the hypothesis that interlanguages adhere to universal grammar and, thus, behave as natural languages. Finally, future directions such as potential research of L1/L2 perception issues and pedagogical implications of the study's results are explored.
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Remes, H. (Hannu). "Muodot kontrastissa:suomen ja viron vertailevaa taivutusmorfologiaa." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514291500.
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Abstract In my study I have taken a contrastive look at Finnish and Estonian inflectional morphology as evidenced in their literary forms. In its perspective the present study differs from the contrastive linguistic research as it is commonly practiced in Finland, in which the objects of research have usually been the relations between Finnish and a morphologically poorer Indo-European language. The languages now in comparison are both morphologically rich languages, viz., Finnish and Estonian, and they also share a common historical background. The objective of my study is twofold: the primary goal is to obtain theoretical information about the relations of inflectional morphology that pertain between these two languages and, secondly, to acquire pedagogically applicable data for language teaching purposes. In order to achieve these goals, it is essential to find out how and to what extent Finnish and Estonian differ from each other morphologically, where the differences come from and how the changes have affected these languages typologically. The results show that by comparing languages it is also possible to discover such features that would not have been possible to detect by just focusing on one language. Natural morphology and markedness theory have served as the theoretical bases for this study. Even in the common grammatical categories there are differences in the markedness relations between Finnish and Estonian. Contrastive research usually deals with a synchronic comparison of languages. However, in analyses of morphological relations between Finnish and Estonian it has turned out practical to relate the synchronic phenomena to their historical background. By adopting this procedure, we are able to unveil the strategic solutions that have taken the languages in different directions. These solutions are reflected in synchronic differences and they can also be indications of typological differentiation. The reasons underlying morphological divergence between Finnish and Estonian can often be found in the developments that have taken place in Estonian: phonological changes can have led to changes in morphological structures and even to morphological innovations. The complete morphologicalization of consonantal gradation and the birth of internal inflection are two of the important processes that Estonian has undergone. To some extent, differences have also been caused by conscious development and standardization of the two languages. A comparison of inflectional morphology in Finnish and Estonian nouns shows that the singular and plural genitive forms have a more focal position in Estonian than they have in Finnish. I will also show in more detail, both diachronically and from the point of view of markedness, the nature of the relationship between the three plural types of Estonian compared to the two types in Finnish. In verb morphology there are important differences, for example, in the passive construction, the mood system and past tense relations as well as in the selection and morphology of the infinite forms. A characteristic feature of Estonian is the weakening of the category for person: many finite verb forms are without the person suffix altogether, or it is optional. The present analysis shows that the relations between Finnish and Estonian paradigm types are quite complex. For instance, many Finnish two-stem word-types are parallel to an Estonian type that has evolved into a single-stem type. However, Estonian can have developed a secondary consonant stem type, which has no equivalent in the Finnish paradigms. There is also ample evidence for one Finnish paradigm having its parallels in two or more types in Estonian. This is the case, for instance, in the two-syllable e contracted nouns and contracted verbs. In addition, a path of development in Estonian may also have led to merging of two paradigm types, such as the coalescence of us quality terms and action termsTiivistelmä Tarkastelen tutkimuksessani kontrastiivisesti suomen ja viron taivutusmorfologiaa niiden kirjakielisen edustuksen pohjalta. Lähtökohdiltaan työni poikkeaa Suomessa yleensä harjoitetusta kontrastiivisesta tutkimuksesta, jossa kohteina ovat olleet tavallisesti suomen ja jonkin usein morfologialtaan köyhemmän indoeurooppalaisen kielen suhteet. Nyt vertailtavina ovat paljolti yhteisen taustan omaavat läheiset sukukielet, suomi ja viro, jotka ovat morfologialtaan rikkaita. Tutkimukseni päämäärä on kahtalainen: ensisijaisena tavoitteena on saada teoreettista tietoa kielten taivutusmorfologisista suhteista, mutta toiseksi myös pedagogisesti hyödynnettävissä olevaa tietoa kielenopetuksen tarpeisiin. Keskeistä on sen selvittäminen, miten ja missä määrin suomi ja viro poikkeavat toisistaan morfologisesti ja mistä erot johtuvat sekä miten muutokset ovat vaikuttaneet kieliin typologisesti. Tulokset osoittavat, että kieliä vertailemalla niistä voidaan saada selville sellaisiakin seikkoja, jotka eivät olisi havaittavissa vain yhteen kieleen keskittymällä. Tutkimukseni teoreettisena viitekehyksenä on luonnollinen morfologia ja tunnusmerkkisyysteoria. Suomen ja viron välillä ilmenee yhteisissäkin kielioppikategorioissa eroja tunnusmerkkisyyssuhteissa. Kontrastiivisen tutkimuksessa on tavallisesti kyse kielten synkronisesta vertailusta. Suomen ja viron morfologisten suhteiden selvittämisessä on osoittautunut tarkoituksenmukaiseksi synkronisten ilmiöiden suhteuttaminen historialliseen taustaan. Tällöin näkyvät kieliä eri suuntaan vieneet strategiset ratkaisut, jotka nyt kuvastuvat synkronisina eroina ja voivat olla osoituksena typologisesta erilaistumisesta. Suomen ja viron morfologisten erojen syynä on usein etenkin virossa tapahtunut kehitys: äänteenmuutokset ovat voineet johtaa kielen muotorakenteessa muutoksiin, myös morfologisiin innovaatioihin. Tärkeitä prosesseja ovat virossa olleet astevaihtelun täydellinen morfologistuminen ja sisäisen taivutuksen synty. Niin ikään eroja on jossain määrin aiheuttanut kielten tietoinen kehittäminen ja normittaminen. Suomen ja viron nominien taivutusmorfologian vertailu osoittaa, että virossa erityisesti yksikön ja monikon genetiivimuodoilla on järjestelmässä huomattavasti keskeisempi asema kuin suomessa. Esitän myös lähemmin, millainen on viron kolmen monikkotyypin suhde suomen kahteen tyyppiin sekä diakronisesti että tunnusmerkkisyyden kannalta. Verbimorfologiassa kielten kesken on tärkeitä eroja muun muassa passiivissa, modusjärjestelmässä, imperfektityyppien suhteissa sekä infiniittimuotojen valikoimassa ja morfologiassa. Virolle leimallista on persoonakategorian heikkeneminen: monet finiittiset verbimuodot ovat vailla persoonapäätettä tai sellainen on valinnainen. Suomen ja viron paradigmatyyppien suhteet osoittautuvat varsin kirjaviksi. Monia suomen kaksivartaloisia sanatyyppejä vastaa virossa yksivartaloiseksi kehittynyt tyyppi. Toisaalta viroon on voinut syntyä sekundaaria konsonanttivartaloisuutta, jollaiselta suomen paradigmoista puuttuu vastine. On myös useita esimerkkejä siitä, että yhtä suomen paradigmatyyppiä, esimerkiksi kaksitavuisia e-supistumanomineja sekä supistumaverbejä, vastaa virossa kaksi tai useampia tyyppejä. Kehitys on virossa voinut johtaa myös kahden paradigmatyypin, kuten us-ominaisuudennimien ja -teonnimien, yhdistymiseen
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Jessen, Ashlee Marie. "The Effect of the Semantic Depth of Spanish Verbs on Processing Demands of Filler-Gap Relationships in Noun Clauses." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3502.
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This study explored the relationship between syntax and semantics in an effort to provide evidence against a strict theory of the Autonomy of Syntax. The evidence was provided by an acceptability survey given to 20 native, adult Mexicans who ranked both declarative and wh-questions which manifested a filler-gap relationship where the gap was located in an embedded noun clause. The main verbs were controlled for semantic depth by being ranked within verbal categories according to external evidence of markedness or semantic depth. The primary hypothesis was that semantically deeper verbs would add to the already increased strain on working memory associated with filler-gap processing, thereby resulting in decreased acceptability. The results of the survey showed that, while this hypothesis held true to some degree, further research will be required to confirm the results and to further understand the intricate interactions between syntax and semantics.
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Almalki, Hussain. "Acoustic Investigation of Production of Clusters by Saudi Second Language Learners of English." FIU Digital Commons, 2014. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1235.
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Production errors made by second language (L2) learners of English have been attributed to markedness, L1 transfer or input frequency (cf. Major, 2001; Edwards & Zampini, 2008; Baptista, Rauber, & Watkins, 2009). This thesis examines the production of 17 English initial consonant clusters (e.g., /pr/ in “pray”) in a markedness relationship, whereby clusters with greater sonority distance between the first and second consonants are unmarked and clusters with smaller sonority distance between the first and second consonants are marked, by two groups of Saudi Arabian L2 English learners. It also explores the effect of input frequency and L1 transfer. Participants were asked to read 60 sentences and their reading was recorded for acoustic analysis. Analysis showed that “prothesis” was always used to simplify the clusters, and that, the duration of the prothetic vowel tended to get longer when clusters become more marked. Intermediate participants had greater degree of difficulty in producing the clusters and tended to insert a longer prothetic vowel in general. Markedness explained the performance on #sC clusters; however, performance on non #sC clusters was best explained by L1 transfer. Results further indicated that input frequency was irrelevant to this study.
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Shain, Cory A. "Differential Object Marking in Paraguayan Guaraní." The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1243450139.
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Trotter, William. "Translation Salience: A Model of Equivalence in Translation (Arabic/English)." University of Sydney. School of European, Asian and Middle Eastern Languages, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/497.
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The term equivalence describes the relationship between a translation and the text from which it is translated. Translation is generally viewed as indeterminate insofar as there is no single acceptable translation - but many. Despite this, the rationalist metaphor of translation equivalence prevails. Rationalist approaches view translation as a process in which an original text is analysed to a level of abstraction, then transferred into a second representation from which a translation is generated. At the deepest level of abstraction, representations for analysis and generation are identical and transfer becomes redundant, while at the surface level it is said that surface textual features are transferred directly. Such approaches do not provide a principled explanation of how or why abstraction takes place in translation. They also fail to resolve the dilemma of specifying the depth of transfer appropriate for a given translation task. By focusing on the translator�s role as mediator of communication, equivalence can be understood as the coordination of information about situations and states of mind. A fundamental opposition is posited between the transfer of rule-like or codifiable aspects of equivalence and those non-codifiable aspects in which salient information is coordinated. The Translation Salience model proposes that Transfer and Salience constitute bipolar extremes of a continuum. The model offers a principled account of the translator�s interlingual attunement to multi-placed coordination, proposing that salient information can be accounted for with three primary notions: markedness, implicitness and localness. Chapter Two develops the Translation Salience model. The model is supported with empirical evidence from published translations of Arabic and English texts. Salience is illustrated in Chapter Three through contextualized interpretations associated with various Arabic communication resources (repetition, code switching, agreement, address in relative clauses, and the disambiguation of presentative structures). Measurability of the model is addressed in Chapter Four with reference to emerging computational techniques. Further research is suggested in connection with theme and focus, text type, cohesion and collocation relations.
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Horn, af Åminne Adam. "Viljen I veta? : Om verbens pluralböjning i sydvästsvenska dialekter." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för nordiska språk, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-255446.
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Så sent som vid 1900-talets början var pluralböjningen av verb ännu fullt levande på ett stort område i södra och västra Götaland. Den här studien undersöker det här pluralområdet på ett geografiskt, kronologiskt, och morfologiskt plan. Syftet är att fastställa var pluralformer fortfarande användes vid tiden för förra sekelskiftet, vilka ändelser som förekom och deras eventuella variation över tid, samt hur och när pluralböjningen slutligen försvann. Studien undersöker också pluralböjningens kronologiska utveckling i ljuset av morfologiska teorier om markering ('markedness'), för att på så sätt lämna ett bidrag till historisk-morfologisk teoribildning. Studiens huvudsakliga material utgörs av samlingarna till Ordbok över Sveriges dialekter på Institutet för språk och folkminnen i Uppsala. Ur dessa har pluralformer från tre specifika verb excerperats och analyserats. Studien preciserar området där pluralböjning förekom vid 1900-talets början och definierar fyra pluralparadigm som förekom inom detta, som vart och ett kan anses spegla olika historiska skeden i pluralformernas historiska utveckling. Kronologiskt är det möjligt att urskilja en geografisk tillbakagång tillsammans med morfologisk förenkling. Den morfologiska utvecklingen sammanfaller med de för studien aktuella teorierna och visar på att mer markerade ändelser har ersatts av mindre markerade. Dessa processer skedde dock långsamt, och var inte anledningen till att pluralböjningen slutligen försvann, vilket i stället tillskrivs riksspråklig påverkan.
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Steinvall, Anders. "English Colour Terms in Context." Doctoral thesis, Umeå University, Modern Languages, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-86.
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This thesis examines usage of English colour terms in context, based on an extensive computerised text corpus, the Bank of English. It describes the ways in which English colour terms may be used to refer to nuances outside their normal area of designation and to attributes outside the colour domain. Usage patterns are analysed on three different levels: with regard to the overall frequency of occurrences, nominal domains and individual tokens, respectively.
Cognitive linguistics supplies the theoretical framework employed in the analyses of the observed patterns. The study identifies three types of usage where colour terms refer to peripheral colour nuances or to concepts outside the colour domain: classifying, figurative and marked usage.
When a colour term has a classifying function, it can be used outside the normal area of designation. This usage is analysed as a type of reference-point construction where a term referring to a salient point in the colour domain is used to subcategorise an entity whose actual colour may be only a peripheral member of the category named by the colour term. An analysis of the OED and the Bank of English shows that this type of usage is primarily restricted to a few of the most salient basic terms.
This study points to the close affinities between classifying and figurative usage. Figurative expressions of colour terms frequently have a classifying function. I argue that figurative meanings are derived through two types of metonymy: +SALIENT ATTRIBUTE FOR OBJECT+ and +SALIENT CONCRETE ATTRIBUTE FOR SALIENT ABSTRACT ATTRIBUTE+.
Marked usage arises when specific colour terms are used in nominal domains where the specificity is not expected. This phenomenon is consequently confined to non-basic colour terms.
On the basis of the established patterns of usage and the frequency of occurrences, this thesis suggests that the colour category may be analysed as a radial category, with the basic colour terms forming the centre.
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Philipsson, Anders. "Interrogative Clauses and Verb Morphology in L2 Swedish : Theoretical Interpretations of Grammatical Development and Effects of Different Elicitation Techniques." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Centre for Research on Bilingualism, Stockholm University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6847.
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Silva, Washintiane Patricia B. da. "Conectores sequenciadores e e a? em contos e narrativas de experi?ncia pessoal escritos por alunos de ensino fundamental: uma abordagem sociofuncionalista." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16306.
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Previous issue date: 2013-08-02In this dissertation, based on two theoretical frameworks, American functionalism and variationist sociolinguistics, I take as subject the sequence connectors E and A?, which has the grammatical function of indicating retroactive-propeller sequenciation of information. I analyze the variable use of these connectors in texts written by students from two public schools in the city of Natal, RN, attending at the time of data collection (the year 2012), two distinct levels of basic education: the sixth and the ninth year. The students who contributed to this research wrote, as part of their activities in the classroom, texts of two narrative genres: narrative of personal experience (non-fictional) and short story (fictional). In addition, these students and their Portuguese teachers answered a test of linguistic attitude in which they gave their opinions regarding the appropriateness of the use of connectors E and A? in contexts of speech and writing marked by distinct degrees of formality. The results obtained by means of quantitative analysis showed different tendencies of linguistic, social and stylistic distribution of connectors E and A? in the narrative texts written by the students. I related these results to the action of two principles: the principle of persistence, linked to the process of change by grammaticalization, and the principle of stylistic markedness. Besides, I took into account the answers provided by students and teachers to the test of linguistic attitude for refine the interpretation of the results
Nesta disserta??o, apoiando-me em dois referenciais te?ricos, o do funcionalismo lingu?stico de vertente norte-americana e o da sociolingu?stica variacionista, tomo como objeto de estudo os conectores sequenciadores E e A?, que atuam na fun??o gramatical de indica??o de sequencia??o retroativo-propulsora de informa??es. Analiso o uso vari?vel desses conectores em textos escritos por alunos de duas escolas da rede p?blica da cidade de Natal-RN, que cursavam, ? ?poca da coleta de dados (o ano de 2012), duas s?ries distintas do ensino fundamental: o sexto e o nono ano. Os alunos que contribu?ram para a realiza??o desta pesquisa escreveram, como parte de suas atividades em sala de aula, textos de dois g?neros da esfera narrativa: narrativa de experi?ncia pessoal (de car?ter n?o ficcional) e conto (de car?ter ficcional). Al?m disso, esses alunos e seus professores de l?ngua portuguesa responderam a um teste de atitude lingu?stica em que opinaram sobre a adequa??o do uso dos conectores E e A? em contextos de fala e de escrita marcados por diferentes graus de formalidade. Os resultados, obtidos por meio de an?lise quantitativa, revelaram diferentes tend?ncias de distribui??o lingu?stica, social e estil?stica dos conectores E e A? nos textos narrativos escritos pelos alunos. Relacionei tais resultados ? a??o de dois princ?pios: o princ?pio da persist?ncia, vinculado ao processo de mudan?a por gramaticaliza??o, e o princ?pio da marca??o estil?stica. Al?m disso, levei em conta as respostas fornecidas por alunos e professores ao teste de atitude lingu?stica para refinar a interpreta??o dos resultados
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Neuser, Hannah. "Source Language of Lexical Transfer in Multilingual Learners : A Mixed Methods Approach." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Engelska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-142050.
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The study reported in this thesis investigates the source language of lexical transfer in multilingual learners using a mixed methods approach. Previous research has shown that the source language of crosslinguistic influence can be related to factors such as proficiency, recency/exposure, psychotypology, the L2 status, and item-specific transferability. The present study employed a mixed methods approach in order to best serve the particularities of each of the five factors under investigation. Multinomial logistic regression was emloyed to test the predictive power of the first four factors, thereby addressing the issue of confounding variables found in previous studies. A more exploratory qualitative analysis was used to investigate item-specific transferability due to the lack of prior empirical studies focusing on this aspect. Both oral and written data were collected, offering an analysis of modal differences in direct comparison. The results show a significant effect of proficiency and exposure, but inconsistent patterns for psychotypology. Most importantly, in this study of lexical transfer, a significant L1 status effect was found, rather than an L2 status effect. In addition, the statistical model predicted the source language of transfer better in the spoken than in the written mode. Finally, learners were found to assess, as well as actively improve, an item’s transferability in relation to target language norms and constraints. All of these findings contribute to our understanding of lexical organization, activation, and access in the multilingual mind.
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Wikström, Joakim. "El uso de adjetivos pre- y posnominales en el discurso coloquial de hablantes no nativos." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Romanska och klassiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-157880.
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El propósito de la presente monografía es investigar si un grupo de hablantes no nativos de español, todos de nivel muy avanzado, usan los adjetivos modificadores en su discurso espontáneo de una manera parecida a la nativa, y más particularmente en qué medida los colocan de manera idiomática delante o detrás del substantivo. El material usado consiste, por un lado, de entrevistas, en las cuales los participantes cuentan de sus propias vidas, y por el otro lado, de una tarea en la que comentan la acción en un videoclip de la película Tiempos Modernos (de Charlie Chaplin). Los participantes del estudio son diez suecos que residen en Chile desde hace por lo menos 5 años. La hipótesis es que, dada una constatada tendencia conservadora general en los hablantes de una segunda lengua que los llevaría a “ir por lo seguro“, los sujetos sobreusarían la opción no marcada, o sea, la posposición, en la colocación de los adjetivos. Los adjetivos están categorizados en dos grupos: uno de adjetivos cotidianos que tienden a anteponerse al sustantivo (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, pobre, puro, nuevo, viejo, alto), y los restantes adjetivos, que por defecto aparecen en posición posnominal (p.ej. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). Los resultados no apoyan la hipótesis, en el sentido de que los participantes no nativos tienden a sobreusar la posposición. Estos participantes son comparados con un grupo de control que consiste de diez hablantes de español L1 que residen en Chile. Un aspecto que discrepa en el grupo de hablantes no nativos es el uso del adjetivo grande, para el cual los no nativos prefieren la posposición. También destaca el hecho que los participantes nativos son más propensos a usar adjetivos en general en comparación con el grupo no nativo.The purpose of this thesis is to investigate to what extent a group of non-native Spanish speakers, all of whom are highly proficient users of L2 Spanish, use modifying adjectives in spontaneous discourse in a targetlike manner and, particularly, to what extent they place them idiomatically before or after the noun. The corpus used consists of interviews, in which the subjects talk about their lives, and another task in which they comment the action of a videoclip from the movie ‘Modern Times’ (by Charlie Chaplin). The subjects of the study are ten Swedes that have lived in Chile for at least 5 years. The assumption being the tendency for second language speakers to be generally conservative and choose to ‘go for what's safe’, it is hypothesized that the L2 users would overuse the unmarked option for placing adjectives, namely after the noun. The adjectives are divided into two categories: one consisting of everyday adjectives that strongly tend to be placed ahead of the noun (bueno, malo, pequeño, grande, nuevo, pobre, puro, viejo, alto) and the other of adjectives that appear in postposition by default (e.g. laboral, sueco, libre, desnudo, rápido, cultural, blanco, redondo, privado etc.). The results don’t support the hypothesis, in the sense that the non-native participants tend to overuse postposition. The L2 participants have been compared to a control group consisting of ten L1 Spanish speakers living in Chile. One aspect that differs in the non-native group is the use of grande, for which the non-native speakers, unlike the natives, prefer postposition. What also stands out is the fact that native speakers are more prone to using adjectives in general compared to the non-native group.
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Glaudert, Nathalie. "La complexité linguistique : essai de théorisation et d'application dans un cadre comparatiste." Phd thesis, Université de la Réunion, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716874.
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Cette thèse en linguistique théorique s'inscrit dans un cadre comparatiste. La première partie de notre thèse est un essai de théorisation de la mesure de la complexité linguistique. Nous y proposons une redéfinition de la théorie de la marque, socle de notre recherche transversale, qui prend en compte (1) les différentes définitions qu'elle a reçues au cours de son développement, (2) les apports que peuvent représenter d'autres modèles théoriques et (3) les critiques qui lui ont été faites jusqu'à notre présente étude. La seconde partie de notre thèse est un essai d'application de la théorie de la marque qui a pour objectif de tester son degré de validité dans plusieurs composantes du langage et dans des analyses intra- et intersystémiques de quelques langues indo-européennes et de l'océan Indien. Il s'agit aussi de cerner ses limites et de présenter les principes fonctionnels avec lesquels elle est en concurrence.
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de, Lacy Paul Valiant. "The formal expression of markedness." 2002. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3068550.
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This dissertation presents a formal theory of markedness, set within Optimality Theory. Two of the leading ideas are (a) hierarchical markedness relations may be ignored, but never reversed and (b) the more marked an element is, the greater the pressure to preserve it. ^ An example of (a) is found in sonority-driven stress systems. In Gujarati, low vowels attract stress away from mid vowels, while Nganasan's stress system makes no distinction between the two categories. So, while stressed mid vowels are more marked than stressed low vowels (as shown by Gujarati), that distinction can be conflated (as in Nganasan). However, in no language is the markedness relation reversed: stressed mid vowels are never preferred over stressed low vowels. ^ An example of (b) is found in Yamphu. /t/ is eliminated through a process of debuccalization. In contrast, the more marked segments /k/ and /p/ remain intact; these segments avoid the debuccalization process because they are highly marked and thereby excite greater preservation. ^ Ideas (a) and (b) are formally expressed as a set of constraint-formation conditions. For constraints on output structures (‘markedness’ constraints), if a constraint assigns a violation to an element p in scale S, then the constraint also assigns a violation to every element that is more marked than p in S. An analogous proposal applies to faithfulness (i.e. preservation) constraints: if a faithfulness constraint bans an unfaithful mapping from element p in scale S, then the constraint also bans unfaithful mappings from all elements that are more marked than p in S. The result is that—regardless of the constraints' ranking—more marked elements are both subject to more stringent output conditions and preserved more faithfully than lesser-marked ones. The constraints are also shown to allow distinctions between scale categories to be collapsed. ^ A wide range of phonological phenomena provide evidence for the theoretical proposals, including analyses and typologies of sonority-driven stress (Nganasan, Gujarati, Kiriwina, and Harar Oromo), tone-driven stress, vowel and consonant epenthesis, vowel reduction (Dutch), coda neutralization (Malay and Yamphu), Place assimilation (Catalan, Ponapean, Korean, Swedish, and Sri Lankan Portuguese Creole), and coalescence (Attic Greek and Pāli). ^
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Flack, Kathryn Gilbert. "The sources of phonological markedness." 2007. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3289221.
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A great deal of current work in phonology discusses the functional grounding of phonological patterns. This dissertation proposes that functional factors can motivate phonological constraints in two ways. ‘Functionally grounded’ constraints are induced from learners' immediate linguistic experience. ‘Formally grounded’ constraints generalize beyond literal functional facts; as learners do not have direct evidence for these constraints, they must be innate. As this proposal distinguishes between constraints which are and are not induced, questions about how learners induce constraints are also central. The dissertation describes a computational model in which virtual learners hear acoustically realistic segments, learn to identify these segments in a realistic way, and induce attested phonotactic constraints from this experience. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the proposed distinction between functionally and formally grounded constraints. Chapter 2 explores a novel class of functionally grounded constraints which impose parallel phonotactic restrictions on the edges of all prosodic domains. Restrictions on domain-initial η, ?, and h are discussed in particular detail. While these tend to reflect perceptual facts, individual constraints on marked domain-initial onsets cannot all be induced from learners' perceptual experience. For this reason, these domain-edge constraint schemata and all constraints belonging to the schemata are formally grounded. Chapters 3 and 4 turn to functionally grounded constraints. The empirical focus is a restriction on word-initial p found in languages including Cajonos Zapotec, Ibibio, and Moroccan Arabic. Chapter 3 presents experimental results showing that initial p is uniquely perceptually difficult and uniquely acoustically similar to initial b. These phonetic facts are taken to be the basis for initial p's phonological markedness. In order to show that the constraint *#P can be consistently induced by all learners, chapter 4 describes a computational model based on the acoustic and perceptual data collected in these experiments. Virtual learners are exposed to either pseudo-French, where word initial p is attested, or pseudo-Cajonos Zapotec, where there is no initial p. With only very conservative assumptions about the nature of learners' perceptual experience, the model consistently induces the constraint *# P from realistic input. Chapter 5 concludes, emphasizing the importance of testing these proposals empirically.
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Chou, Shu Ying, and 周淑櫻. "The Relation between Language Use and Linguistic Markedness in Chinese Spatial Terms." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/77305721033332286859.
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Niculina, Nae. "MARKEDNESS THEORY AND THE INTERPRETATION OF LITERATURE : A CASE STUDY IN JAPANESE LITERATURE." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/15854.
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Gragera, Antonio F. "The role of typological markedness in the acquisition of Spanish subjunctive and in language change." 2000. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI9988790.
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The present study has investigated the role of typological markedness in the processes of language change and language acquisition. In particular, the study focuses on changes within generations of speakers in the Puerto Rican community of Western Massachusetts regarding subjunctive mood, and the acquisition of this particular feature by speakers of Spanish as a second language. According to the typological school, markedness refers to universal categories that hold cross-linguistically (Greenberg 1966) in which certain functions are more frequent (less marked) and others less frequent (more marked). Studies in typology have favored the claim that the hierarchy of markedness of a particular feature relates to the hierarchy in which that feature is acquired as a first language (L1) as well as a second language (L2). Studies on bilingual communities in the United States have concluded that there is a change in progress among generations of speakers and that changes in a particular feature are related to the process of acquisition of that feature. The present study has questioned the extent to which these conclusions apply to modal selection in Spanish and the constraints that markedness might impose on the processes of language change and second language acquisition. Subjects (N = 87) were divided into two groups: (1) speakers of Spanish as L1, and (2) speakers of Spanish as L2. The first group is divided into generations of speakers. Knowledge of subjunctive use was measured by a grammaticality judgment test. The results of the test were statistically analyzed through logistic regression. The results of the statistical analyses for the grammaticality judgment test showed some evidence that in the process of recognition of the aspects that govern modal selection, L1 formal features of modal selection that appear later in the acquisition process are the first to weaken if the speaker is immersed in a L2 environment, and that this process is constrained by the marked character of some uses with respect to others. No conclusive evidence has been found to support the claim that L2 acquisition is patterned by markedness. However, the results indicate that in the second language acquisition process, markedness acts as a subconscious cognitive strategy.
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Gutíerrez-Bravo, Rodrigo. "Structural markedness and syntactic structure a study of word order and the left periphery in Mexican Spanish /." Diss., 2002. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/51214410.html.
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