Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mark pool (no water)'
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1
Bullock, Gillian. "Disinfection of swimming pool water." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2003. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/108.
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Results from this study, which has investigated the impact of the treatment technologies of chlorination, ozonation and UV irradiation on pool water quality are reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of these technologies in an unbiased way using a unique protocol, and to calculate a mass balance across the pool system. Data refer to a protocol based on operation of a 2.2m (cubed) capacity pilot swimming pool, which allows the comparison of technologies applied with reference to the propensity to generate the chlorinated disinfection by-products (DBPs) of chloramines and trihalomethanes (THMs). The protocol makes use of a specially developed body fluid analogue (BFA), containing simulant endogenous organic matter, with a soiling analogue consisting of commercial humic acid (HA). Using this analogue, levels of organic carbon (OC) and chloramines similar to those recorded in real pools have been obtained, along with somewhat lower levels of THMs. Results revealed conventional chlorination leads to steady-state TOC and DBP levels following an equilibrium period of 200-600 hours, with concentration values which are dependent on BFA loading rate. Following equilibration nitrate is the only DBP accumulating in the pool water, accounting for between 4% and 28% of the ammoniacal nitrogen loaded into the pool depending upon the operating conditions (primarily the Cl:N ratio). Both UV irradiation and ozonation, the latter combined with downstream adsorption, provide a similar efficacy in reducing chloramine levels, with their effect on THM and nitrate formation being highly dependent on the pH level and chlorine dose rate. This study builds on previous experimentation by including a more rigorous analysis of ozone-GAC with respect to DBP formation, a unique analysis of UV irradiation and a more comprehensive mass balance calculation of C, Cl and N across the pool. The study has established that no accumulation of carbon takes place in the pool, contrary to postulations made in previous published studies, and that the balance between the chloramines and THM DBPs is significantly affected by the HA loading.
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Skibinski, Bertram. "Swimming pool water treatment with conventional and alternative water treatment technologies." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-233929.
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To mitigate microbial activity in swimming pools and to assure hygienic safety for bathers, pool systems have a re-circulating water system ensuring continuous water treatment and disinfection by chlorination. A major drawback associated with the use of chlorine as disinfectant is its potential to react with organic matter (OM) present in pool water to form potentially harmful disinfection by-products (DBP).
In this thesis, the treatment performance of different combinations of conventional and novel treatment processes was compared using a pilot scale swimming pool model that was operated under reproducible and fully controlled conditions. The quality of the pool water was determined in means of volatile DBPs and the concentration and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC).
Further, overall apparent reaction rates for the removal of monochloramine (MCA), a DBP found in pool water, in granular activated carbon (GAC) beds were determined using a fixed-bed reactor system operated under conditions typical for swimming pool water treatment. The reaction rates as well as the type of reaction products formed were correlated with physico-chemical properties of the tested GACs.
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Taylor, Kevin Emory. "An experimental investigation of a bubbling three-phase pool." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17265.
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Black, S. H. "Disinfection by-product formation from swimming pool water disinfection." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284924.
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Karlström, Viktor. "Mathematical Analysis of Peformance Fees with High-Water Mark." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-124075.
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Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this thesis is to give the investors a better understanding on how to interpret the costs of funds with performance fee with high-water mark and give some guidelines when comparing funds with different fee structures, i.e. mutual funds and hedge funds. Mathematical approaches – Two mathematical approaches are used in the study. The first approach is to describe the high-water mark contract as a partial differential equation, which has the characteristics of Black-Scholes equation. The second approach is to numerically simulate the evolution of a fund’s value. During the development of the fund’s value the cost of the fees are calculated and discounted. Findings – It is found that the expected cost of the performance fee with high-water mark, vary a lot. An example is when the volatility increases the expected cost of performance fee drastically raises while the management fee is unchanged. Another interesting finding is that the order of when the fees’ are charged affects the expected cost of the performance fee. Conclusion – The guidelines for the investor is to invest in a fund with a performance fee in low volatile markets and a fund with just the management fee in high volatile markets. Another impact is the time step which the high-water mark level is controlled. The investor wants these controls as infrequently as possible. If the controls are done at a daily basis the expected cost of the performance fee is higher than in a monthly control. It is also concluded that the Normanbelopp of a fund with a performance fee should not be trusted. Key-words:
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Talari, Kiran. "LIQUID CRYSTAL THERMOGRAPHY STUDIES IN WATER POOL BOILING AT SUBATMOSPHERIC PRESSURES." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3388.
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A pool boiling experimental facility has been designed and built to investigate nucleate pool boiling in water under sub atmospheric pressure. Liquid crystal thermography, a non intrusive technique, is used for the determination of surface temperature distributions. This technique uses encapsulated liquid crystals that reflect definite colors at specific temperatures and viewing angle. Design of the test section is important in this experimental study. Since a new TLC is required for every new set of test conditions, a permanently sealed test section is not an option. The real challenge is to design a leak proof test section which is flexible so that it can be taken apart easily. A plexiglass test section, including a top chamber with an internal volume of 60.9 x 60.9 x 66.4 mm and a bottom plate of 5.5mm thickness is designed and assembled together using quick grips. In the test section, water is boiled using 85.0mm x 16.0mm and 0.050mm thick Fecralloy® as the heating element. The TLC sheet is attached to the bottom plate and the heating element is placed on top of TLC so that the temperature distribution of the heating element during boiling can be interpreted from TLC. A camera system fast enough to capture the thermal response of the TLC and an arrangement to capture both hue of the TLC and growth of the bubble on the same frame has been designed and successfully used. This system allowed recording of position, size and shape of the bubble with synchronized surface temperature. In order to get hue vs. temperature relation, in-situ calibration of the TLC is performed for each test condition with the present experimental setup and lighting conditions. It is found that the calibration curve of the TLC at atmospheric pressure is different from the calibration curve of the same TLC at subatmospheric pressures. The maximum temperature difference between the two curves for the same hue is found to be only 0.6°C. The experiment is run at four different test conditions of subatmospheric pressure and low heat flux. It is run at system pressures of 6.2kPa (0.89Psi) and 8.0kPa (1.16Psi) with a constant heat flux of 1.88kW/m2 and 2.70kW/m2, and a constant heat flux of 2.70kW/m2, 3.662kW/m2 and 4.50 kW/m2 respectively. Analysis of nucleating surface temperatures using thermochromic liquid crystal technique is performed for these test conditions and the bubble dynamics is studied. The temperature distribution is quite varied in each case and the temperature is at its maximum value at the center of the bubble and it decreases radially from the center. The dry spot observed during the experiments indicates that the process of evaporation of the microlayer is dominant at subatmospheric pressures. It is observed that at very low pressure and heat flux the bubble growth is accompanied by the neck formation. Boiling parameters such as bubble frequency, bubble size and contact are also analyzed and a summary of these results for four different test conditions is presented and the relevant differences between the cases are discussed and the effect of increase in pressure and heat flux is noted.M.S.
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering;
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Bradley, Patrick Joseph. "Suburban pool house~desert bath house a regionally-appropriate water concious living unit; justification for the single-family swimming pool." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192293.
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Gonzalez, de Macias Ma Refugio. "Plankton and physiochemical factors in a vernal pool." Scholarly Commons, 1989. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2183.
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Recently the uniqueness of the vernal pool habitat has been recognized by several groups of biologists. A survey of the literature reveals that interest of botanists, but one notes a lack of information of plankton which are so fundamental in the food web. Therefore, a taxonomic survey of the plankton seems appropriate. In the present study, the abundance of the predominant species of plankton were studied during a seasonal and also diurnal cycle. A possible correlation of this information with some physicochemical factors was also tested. Because of time constraints this study was limited to one pool but hopefully other researchers will extend this work in the future.
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Lo, Ka Meng. "A novel design of underwater vehicle-manipulator systems for cleaning water pool." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2494142.
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Verma, Utkarsh. "Experimental study of saturated pool boiling in water with a fluorinated reagent." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1343085793.
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Ho, San-Ping. "Water spray suppression and intensification of high flash point hydrocarbon pool fires." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0829103-153046.
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Wilson, Reese Nathaniel. "Clarification of Recreational Pool Water using Biological Additives Produced by BiOWiSH(TM)." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1477.
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Effects of commercially available bacterial products were investigated on two common recreational pool contaminants: sunscreen and cyanuric acid (CYA). Microbial products developed by BiOWiSH Technologies, Inc. were tested for enhancing mechanical filtration and water clarification in bench-scale bioreactors, with conditions mimicking those of recreational pool water. Bacterial consortia included proprietary mixes of Bacillus, Lactobacillus and Pseudomonas, and other genera of bacteria. BiOWiSH products are either fermented on a solid substrate consisting of rice bran and soy meal, or they are mixed with a soluble diluent. Twenty-nine BiOWiSH products were tested throughout forty experiments.
Experiments were carried out to determine both the efficacy of BiOWiSH products for turbidity reduction and the mechanism by which BiOWiSH removes sunscreen from solution. In trials without mechanical filtration, the only product which showed a reduction in turbidity relative to the control, albeit inconsistently, was the solid substrate version of BiOWiSH Aqua FOGTM (Thai FOG). Experiments on BiOWiSH coupled with mechanical filtration showed a 79% average reduction of turbidity in the first 24 hrs. BiOWiSH products containing solid substrate, both active and abiotic, showed an average turbidity reduction of 90% in the first 24 hrs. In the same timeframe, soluble BiOWiSH products showed a 79% average reduction in turbidity. Thus, the solid v substrate provided an additional 11% reduction in turbidity over soluble products and un-amended mechanical filtration. Through experimentation and scanning electron microscopy, it was concluded that the primary mechanism of clarification by the solid substrate is adsorption of sunscreen to the substrate surface.
Further experiments were performed in anaerobic and aerobic environments to determine whether BiOWiSH products can remove cyanuric acid from solution through adsorption or biodegradation. Two measurement methods, turbidimetric and HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) were used to independently quantify CYA. A reverse-phase HPLC method was developed which utilizes a phosphate buffer and methanol for the separation of cyanuric acid from nitrate and other chemical species. The solid BiOWiSH Aqua FOG product (prod. in Thailand) interfered with the turbidimetric analysis, showing false decreases in CYA. Using HPLC, there was no measureable biodegradation or adsorption of CYA by BiOWiSH products in these bench-scale tests. Significant systematic error in the HPLC analysis prevented conclusive findings; therefore, the ability of BiOWiSH products to reduce CYA from solution remains inconclusive.
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Dutton, Marshall H. S. "Sanctity of Water." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299182750.
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Gresta, Matteo. "Simulazione numerica di sistemi di mitigazione water mist e water curtain per pool fire di gas naturale liquefatto." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/19814/.
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Ad oggi, il gas naturale è uno dei combustibili ritenuti più promettenti per il mercato dell'energia, grazie alle sue basse emissioni di composti inquinanti. Esso può essere portato in forma liquida (LNG) a -160 °C, riducendo la sua densità di circa 600 volte ed essere così facilmente stoccato in grandi quantità. Oggetto di analisi di questa tesi è quello di studiare i sistemi di mitigazione di possibili incendi derivanti dalla combustione delle pozze di LNG rilasciate accidentalmente dai sistemi di contenimento o dalle tubazioni: tra di essi i più efficaci si sono dimostrati essere il water mist, che può essere definito come una nube d’acqua sottoforma di spray da applicare sulla zona di fiamma, e il water curtain, ossia un sistema di spegnimento in cui l’acqua viene spruzzata ad una certa distanza dall’incendio in modo da impedire che le fiamme e il calore colpiscano eventuali bersagli particolarmente rischiosi, come ad esempio serbatoi infiammabili.
L’analisi di questi sistemi è stata fatta tramite software di calcolo grazie al quale è possibile effettuare simulazioni fluidodinamiche. In particolare, è stato utilizzato il software di simulazioni incendi Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS) sviluppato dal National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Dopo una preliminare fase di validazione supportata da dati sperimentali presenti in letteratura, è stato possibile sviluppare un modello capace di descrivere l’interazione tra sistemi di mitigazione a base acqua e incendi di pozza di LNG.
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Roux, Marzanne. "Water in Yeoville : considering fantasy and fragment in responsive urban placemaking." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60198.
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Johannesburg's urban fabric is characterised by fragmentation.
The natural landscape beyond and its remnants in the city are
absorbed in a diffuse urban landscape. In the development
of the public park in Yeoville, it is evident that an escalation in
the population exacerbates urban expansion characterised by
fragmentation and dissolution of the urban form.
The scheme proposes the use water for leisure as a means to
establish a relationship between the city's users and the natural
environment. In the pursuit of responsive urban place making
control is taken over the effect of fragmentation on urban
development in the park and the fantastical nature as well as the
use of water is considered in public urban spaces where it has
largely been absent.
An existing pool is the catalyst for the programme of swimming
and recreation where unbounded fantasy transcends the user
from the physical boundaries of the pools of water to become
one with the natural environment. The proliferation of existing
types of fragments fi nds expression in a series of courtyards that
are spatial types of enclosure that offer retreat and seclusion from
the context to meet the demands of the overburdened public
space. The use and inherent nature of water informed the form
and concept of water collection, storage, treatment and use
for swimming and cleansing and is central to the narrative of
navigation of the courts and pools.
The value of the architecture as a contextual response lies in the
exploration of the manifold relationships between the city user,
urban fabric and the natural environment and urban as well as
human scale at which the haptic experience unfolds.Johannesburg se stedelike weefsel word gekenmerk deur fragmentasie. Die natuurlike landskap en dit wat daarvan oor is in die stad word in 'n uiteenlopende en verbrokkelende stedelike landskap geabsorbeer. In die ontwikkeling van die publieke park in Yeoville, is dit ooglopend dat 'n styging in die bevolking stedelike groei wat gekenmerk word deur fragmentasie en ontbinding van stedelike weefsel, vererger. Die skema beoog om deur middel van water gebruik vir plesier 'n verhouding te vestig tussen die stedelike gebruiker en hul natuurlike omgewing. In die strewe na reaktiewe stedelike plekmaak word beheer geneem oor die effek wat fragmentasie op stedelike ontwikkeling in die park het en die fantastiese natuur sowel as die gebruik van water word oorweeg in publieke stedelike ruimtes waar dit grootliks nagelaat was. 'n Bestaande publieke swembad is die katalis vir 'n program van swem en ontspanning waar die gebruiker deur ontbonde fantasie fi siese grense van poele water oortref om een met hul natuurlike omgewing te word. Die doelbewuste voortbestaan en groei van bestaande fragment-tipes vind uitdrukking in 'n reeks binnehowe wat ruimtelike tipes van omsluiting - wat afsondering van die konteks te weeg bring - om die vereistes van oorlaaide publieke ruimtes te verlig. Die gebruik en inherente natuur van water het die vorm en konsep van water-opgaarding, berging, behandeling en gebruik vir swem en reiniging ingelig en is 'n kerngedagte in die narratief van ontdekking van die binnehowe en poele. Die waarde van die argitektuur as kontekstuele reaksie l? in die ondersoek na die meervoudige verhoudings tussen die stadsgebruiker, stedelike weefsel en die natuurlik omgewing op 'n stedelike sowel as 'n menslike skaal waar 'n tasbare ervaring ontvou.
Mini Dissertation (MArch (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Architecture
MArch (Prof)
Unrestricted
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Varga, Fanny. "For the Love of Water." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-223541.
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By shaping a project inspired by the way water excavates, erodes, and forms land masses, the project seeks to connect people with and give them a new relationship to the river through architecture. My methodology has consisted of exploring form and texture through castings, along with studying the geometries in nature that have resulted from the way water shapes landmasses. This project explores the meeting and contrast between linear geometries and geometries shaped by water. Some key words when talking about the way water affects masses are: erosion, excavation, and buoyancy.
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Liu, Xin. "Determination of the high water mark and its location along a coastline." Thesis, Curtin University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1201.
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The High Water Mark (HWM) is an important cadastral boundary that separates land and water. It is also used as a baseline to facilitate coastal hazard management, from which land and infrastructure development is offset to ensure the protection of property from storm surge and sea level rise. However, the location of the HWM is difficult to define accurately due to the ambulatory nature of water and coastal morphology variations. Contemporary research has failed to develop an accurate method for HWM determination because continual changes in tidal levels, together with unimpeded wave runup and the erosion and accretion of shorelines, make it difficult to determine a unique position of the HWM. While traditional surveying techniques are accurate, they selectively record data at a given point in time, and surveying is expensive, not readily repeatable and may not take into account all relevant variables such as erosion and accretion.In this research, a consistent and robust methodology is developed for the determination of the HWM over space and time. The methodology includes two main parts: determination of the HWM by integrating both water and land information, and assessment of HWM indicators in one evaluation system. It takes into account dynamic coastal processes, and the effect of swash or tide probability on the HWM. The methodology is validated using two coastal case study sites in Western Australia. These sites were selected to test the robustness of the methodology in two distinctly different coastal environments.
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Humeníková, Juliana. "Aplikace membránových metod pro recyklaci pracích vod z pískových filtrů bazénové technologie." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-442870.
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The diploma thesis deals with the application of membrane processes for the treatment of washing water from sand filters of pool technology to parameters suitable for its reuse, not only on a theoretical level, but also on a real example. The experimental part deals with the monitoring of relevant parameters given by Decree no. 568/2000 Sb. and other technologically significant water quality indicators. All monitored parameters in the reverse osmosis permeate reached satisfactory values and thus it was concluded that the effluent water is suitable for reuse. Instead of being discharged into the sewer, it is possible to recycle 70 to 80 % of the washed water per day thanks to the applied technology, which saves approximately 20 m3 of water per day.
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Heikkila, Tanya. "Managing common-pool resources in a public service industry: The case of conjunctive water management." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/279788.
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Water providers, public administrators, and policy-makers in the Western United States face consequential decisions regarding the use and management of limited water supplies for growing populations. A tool that water providers have employed to address this issue is conjunctive water management, or the coordinated use of ground and surface water supplies. Using the natural capacity of groundwater basins for storage of surface supplies, this method aims to enhance overall supplies and guard against drought. Implementing conjunctive water management, however, is not simple. Water providers operate under a complex array of institutional settings that affect conjunctive water management. This dissertation explains the development and implementation of conjunctive water management in the western United States in relation to the institutional arrangements that govern water resources. This dissertation looks to two literatures from a common research framework to evaluate conjunctive water management: the literature on public service industries and common-pool resource management theory. This dissertation identifies where the two literatures are weak and shows how the two theories can complement each other, helping resolve their respective weaknesses. Common-pool resource theory sets up criteria for sustainable resource management that requires matching institutional boundaries to natural resource boundaries. This dissertation explains how the criteria limit the theory's generalizability to large, complex systems. To resolve this weakness, the theory development section of this dissertation uses insights from public service industry theory on inter jurisdictional coordination. Second, this dissertation considers the weakness of public service industry theory in explaining coordination across jurisdictions. It borrows from common-pool resource literature to resolve this deficiency. The theory development section then derives hypotheses from the two literatures to explain how institutional arrangements affect conjunctive water management. The empirical section of this dissertation tests these hypotheses. In addition to testing the inferences from the theory development, the empirical analyses illustrate the different ways in which water providers coordinate the management of groundwater and surface water supplies in the West. Understanding these management outcomes in relation to their institutional settings has important policy implications for natural resource management in general.
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Skibinski, Bertram [Verfasser], Eckhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Worch, Martin [Gutachter] Jekel, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] Uhl. "Swimming pool water treatment with conventional and alternative water treatment technologies / Bertram Skibinski ; Gutachter: Martin Jekel, Wolfgang Uhl ; Betreuer: Eckhard Worch." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1154680460/34.
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Skibinski, Bertram [Verfasser], Eckhard Akademischer Betreuer] Worch, Martin [Gutachter] Jekel, and Wolfgang [Gutachter] [Uhl. "Swimming pool water treatment with conventional and alternative water treatment technologies / Bertram Skibinski ; Gutachter: Martin Jekel, Wolfgang Uhl ; Betreuer: Eckhard Worch." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1154680460/34.
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Graham, Philip Mark. "Modelling the water quality in dams within the Umgeni Water operational area with emphasis on algal relations / Philip Mark Graham." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1022.
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Based on many years of water quality (including algal) and water treatment cost data,
available at Umgeni Water, a study was undertaken to better understand the water
quality relationships in man made lakes within the company's operational area, and
to investigate how water quality affected the cost of treating water from these lakes.
The broad aims to the study were to:
identify the key environmental variables that were affecting algal populations
in lakes; and if these were significant to
establish predictive models relating algae to the water quality; and to
develop models relating the water quality in lakes to the cost of treating water
from the lakes.
Semi-quantitative models were developed relating algal abundances with important
environmental variables. In most cases, the models developed were related to algal
populations that were known to adversely affect water treatment. Direct algal impact
on water treatment processes was through the production of either taste and odour
forming compounds (requiring advanced water treatment, such as use of activated
carbon), or their ability to clog sand filters and so reduce filter run times (requiring
more frequent backwashing of filters).
Thereafter lake water quality parameters (which included water physico-chemistry
and algae) were investigated to determine which factors were most significantly
impacting on water treatment and hence treatment costs at selected water works
(WW) within the Umgeni Water operational area. Models were developed relating
raw water quality entering respective water works with costs incurred in treating that
water. The models allowed simulations to be developed illustrating how changes in
water quality might impact on water treatment costs. The impact of eutrophication
and contamination of rivers and lakes, and its subsequent impact on surface water
resources, was quantified.Thesis (Ph.D. (Botany))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.
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Sultanem, Nicolas. "Resilience Thinking For Common Pool Resources Management - Avoiding Drought Induced Disaster Threats in Indian Rajasthan." Thesis, KTH, Mark- och vattenteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190707.
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Drought related problems are a major stress source on the livelihood of communities in several areas of the world. Due to inefficient water resources management people leave their traditional habitat in search for security in larger agglomerations. This creates a big stress on the carrying capacity of urban centers and leaves deserted rural areas incapacitated. Setting Sustainable Development Goals as targets to reach, using Resilience Thinking to provide for resilience, adaptability and transformability, and planning for Integrated Water Resources Management can be a solution to reduce this outmigration. Rajasthan is a state in India where communities have been surviving with very little available water for ages. Contemporaneous implementations in parts of Rajasthan fulfill the framework set for this study. After identifying a promising SES in terms of drought resilience a field investigation was conducted for adequate assessment and model of resilient SES was reverse engineered from the findings. Reading thru this document one can explore the uniqueness of Rajasthan water governance from pasts long gone and to the current date. In the end of the study strategic adaptive planning recommendations can be found for creating a similar SES.
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DePoy, Richard Mark. "Physical, chemical and biological factors affecting the survival of fingernail clams in pool 8, upper Mississippi River." Virtual Press, 1996. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1014860.
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1 examined the temporal and spatial distribution of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and un-ionized ammonia (NH,) in sediment pore water and compared the temporal and spatial patterns of TAN and NH, in overlying surface water with those in pore water, to determine if they were reaching concentrations known to be deleterious to fingernail clams. Pore water was obtained by core extraction and subsequent centrifugation. TAN and NI-I3 in pore water were measured from May through December 1994, at ninety two sites in pool 8, upper Mississippi River, to a depth of five centimeters below the sediment-water interface. TAN and NH3 in pore water were significantly different among sampling dates; with the greatest concentrations occurring in the summer months. Tan and N1-I3 in pore water was significantly greater in impounded open water and backwater side channel habitats and least in main channel border habitat. Tan and NH3 in surface water were significantly less than those in pore water from all of the habitats studied. Analysis of sediment substrate physical features, found that fingernail clam density and occupance were correlated to texture, with fingernail clams preferring silt loam and loam textures. Analysis of the data determined fingernail clams have a preference for particular water depths. It was found that a positive correlation exists between the occurrence and abundance of may flies and fingernail clams. Additionally, this study found a positive correlation between the density of dead fingernail clams (as per empty shells) and the abundance of live fingernail clams. Sites that contained a mean NI-I, concentration below 36 ug/L possessed the largest numbers of fingernail clams. When the mean un-ionized ammonia was above 36 ug/l, fingernail clam density declined precipitously-- 36 ug/L NH3 is the concentration demonstrated to inhibit growth of fingernail clams in laboratory studies. Mean concentrations of NH, in pore water at sites containing fingernail clams was 40 ug/L and ranged from 3 to 100 ug/L. At sites where fingernail clams were nonexistent, NH3 ranged from 3 to 375 ug/L with a mean of 57 ugfL. Mean un-ionized ammonia concentrations at sites containing fingernail clams were significantly different from and consistently lower than sites without fingernail clams.Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management
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Malatji, Masadiki Violet. "A situational analysis of pool car management : the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry, Limpopo Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/851.
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Thesis (MBA) --University of Limpopo, 2008Despite crucial strategic value of fleets, most organizations have relegated the management of their vehicles as being very low on their list of priorities. Consequently, they are entrusting unsuitable people with management of their fleet. Without proper management, huge amounts of money are wasted through fuel fraud and with repairs being done too late or not at all, leaving expensive vehicles idle for months (Barrow 1999).It has been observed that managing fleets with the emphasis on bookkeeping and finance, rather than operational realities, leads to huge and unnecessary costs and massive fraud (Barrow 1998). Efficiency in fleet management is about having a fleet that works directly to support the organizational goals. It is imperative that a study was conducted to analyze the situation of pool cars in the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) in the Limpopo Province to ensure the efficiency in its fleet management
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Golden, James Hollis. "Ammonia - water desorption in flooded columns." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/44884.
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Refrigeration systems employing the NH3-H2O absorption cycle provide cooling using a thermal energy input. This cycle relies on the zeotropic nature of the refrigerant - absorbent pair: because of the difference in boiling temperatures between NH3 and H2O, they can be separated through selective boiling in the desorber. Desorbers with counter-current flow of the solution and generated vapor enable efficient heat and mass transfer between the two phases, reducing the absorbent content in the generated vapor.
Flow visualization experiments at temperatures, concentrations and pressures representative of operating conditions are necessary to understand the heat and mass transfer processes and flow regime characteristics within the component. In this study, a Flooded Column desorber, which accomplishes desorption of the refrigerant vapor through a combination of falling-film and pool boiling, was fabricated and tested. Refrigerant-rich solution enters the top of the component and fills a column, which is heated by an adjacent heated microchannel array. The vapor generated within the component is removed from the top of the component, while the dilute solution drains from the bottom.
Flow visualization experiments showed that the Flooded Column desorber operated most stably in a partially flooded condition, with a pool-boiling region below a falling-film region. It was found that the liquid column level was dependent on operating conditions, and that the pool-boiling region exhibits aggressive mixing between the vapor and solution phases.
Heat transfer coefficients were calculated from the data for the pool-boiling region, and were compared with the predictions of several mixture pool-boiling correlations from the literature. The correlations from the literature were in general unable to predict the data from this study adequately. It was found that the Flooded Column desorber yielded higher heat transfer coefficients within the pool-boiling region than those predicted by these correlations. Therefore, modifications to existing mixture boiling correlations are suggested based on the findings of this study. The resulting modified correlation predicts 33 of the 35 data points from this study within ±40%, with an average absolute error of 19%.
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Schultz, Johanna. "Riskbedömning av förorenad mark : - MIFO fas 2 över Küllers handelsträdgård." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-230009.
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Verksamheter och industrier som pågått under de senaste århundradena har bidragit till utvecklingen och välståndet idag, men också lämnat tusentals förorenade områden bakom sig. Även om verksamheterna sedan länge avvecklats föreligger en risk att hälso- och miljöskadliga ämnen som använts av dem fortfarande finns kvar i marken. Sveriges länsstyrelser har idag identifierat ca 80 000 områden som är misstänkt eller konstaterat förorenade. Arbetet pågår för att utreda vilka av dem som kan ha skadliga effekter för människors hälsa, naturresurser eller den biologiska mångfalden. Utredningarna görs med hjälp av Naturvårdsverkets metodik för inventering av förorenad mark, förkortat MIFO. Metoden innebär att området som undersöks placeras i en riskklass. Riskklassningen fungerar som ett prioriteringsverktyg över vilka områden man ska börja med när det gäller vidare åtgärder och sanering. Syftet med detta kandidatarbete är att göra en riskbedömning och riskklassning över Küllers handelsträdgård som var verksam i Uppsala från 1930-talet fram till slutet av 1960-talet. Under den verksamma perioden var det vanligt att syntetiskt framställda klororganiska ämnen med särskilt hälso- och miljöfarliga egenskaper användes som bekämpningsmedel. På grund av att många sådana ämnen har långlivade egenskaper, kan skadliga halter av dessa ämnen finnas kvar i marken än idag. Jordprover som insamlades av konsultföretaget WSP Environmental på uppdrag av Länsstyrelsen i Uppsala under 2013 visade att rester av sådana bekämpningsmedel förekom i marken på området. Det aktuella området utgörs idag av bostäder, vilket innebär att människor i hög grad riskerar att exponeras för föroreningarna. Riskbedömningen har baserats på provtagningsresultaten och som grund har Naturvårdsverkets metodik för inventering av förorenad mark använts. På grund av att höga halter av vissa miljö- och hälsoskadliga ämnen påträffades i jordproverna har området placerats i riskklass 2 – stor risk.
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Romanchuk, Bradley J. "Computational Modeling of Bubble Growth Dynamics in Nucleate Pool Boiling for Pure Water and Aqueous Surfactant Solutions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406809980.
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Slaby, Jiri Carleton University Dissertation Engineering Mechanical. "Design, construction and results of a loss-of-pool-water experiment with a simulated SES-10 reactor." Ottawa, 1993.
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Ge, Muyang. "Three Essays on Land Property Rights, Water Trade, and Regional Development." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7492.
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This dissertation explores how property rights to a natural resource affect economic decisions for investment or sale, and how these decisions may in turn impact other areas of the economy. The first essay focuses on how incomplete land ownership on Indian Reservations in the United States affects landowner incentives to engage in agricultural production. The second essay explores how the transfer of water in arid regions via water right sales affects local labor markets and environmental outcomes. The third essay seeks to understand how shale-gas drilling has affected organic food production. This dissertation provides several policy implications. First, the findings suggest that the key to improving lagging agricultural development on American Indian land is to improve tribal farmers’ access to capital, so they can invest in agricultural systems (including irrigation) at the level of their neighbors enjoying fee-simple title. Second, while a potentially effective solution to reduce costly water shortfalls among high-value urban users, water sales from agricultural to urban users appear to simultaneously decrease employment and environmental quality in the water exporting region. Third, Drilling activities appear to discourage organic farming in Colorado. While farmers with mineral ownership benefit, identifying the direct causes of lost organic certification can inform policy that regulates negative externalities on organic farms caused by drilling.
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Gong, Yuhui. "Hedge Funds' Performance Fees and Investments." Digital WPI, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/410.
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The high-water mark provision in hedge fund managers' compensation raises concerns of investors, because they are worried about that fund managers would take unnecessarily high risk in the fund investment. In this paper, we theoretically analyze the optimal strategies for hedge fund managers who choose to maximize the expected power utility from fees in both discrete-time and continuous- time models. The results show that when approaching the fee payment date, hedge fund managers would take as much risk as they are allowed to in the fund investment. However, if hedge fund managers are given more time, they tend to be more conservative. In the continuous-time model, the optimal allocation of the fund in the risky asset depends on market conditions, which are measured by the state price density.
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Herrero, Ortega Sonia [Verfasser], Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Casper, Mark [Akademischer Betreuer] Gessner, Gabriel [Akademischer Betreuer] Singer, Mark [Gutachter] Gessner, Frédéric [Gutachter] Thalasso, and Hans Peter [Gutachter] Grossart. "Greenhouse gas formation and flux across boundaries in urban water bodies / Sonia Herrero Ortega ; Gutachter: Mark Gessner, Frédéric Thalasso, Hans Peter Grossart ; Peter Casper, Mark Gessner, Gabriel Singer." Berlin : Technische Universität Berlin, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202071600/34.
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Filich, Lukasz. "Modeling and Simulation of Thermal Stratification and Mixing induced by Steam Injection through Spargers into Large Water Pool." Thesis, KTH, Fysik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-170404.
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Mqayi, Singatha. "Performance of a residential swimming pool air source heat pump water heater installed in Fort Beaufort, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4835.
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Globally, there is growing concern about energy consumption and its diverse effects on the environment. In South Africa, the current status quo is unfavourable in the domain of energy, hence the Department of Energy, Eskom and NERSA have embarked on supporting energy efficiency technologies nationwide as a strategic goal in reducing demand on the national grid. Due to the non conservative consumption of electricity from the grid and the insufficient supply to meet its demand, the importation of crude oil is very certain. In addition, the current and most popular technology for pool water heating in the said country is the resistive element which is inefficient and non-cost-effective. The energy consumption of residential swimming pool water heating is very massive, and tariff structure shows a constant rise. Furthermore, there's a current electricity crisis during the Eskom evening peak. Hence, a reliable, efficient, cost-effective and renewable energy technology such as an air source heat pump is required as a retrofit to the existing resistive element. Furthermore, mathematical modelling is a tool that can be used to mimic the dynamic behaviour of a physical or process system. It is a computational language or mathematical equation used to predict the dynamic behaviour of physical systems [Tangwe et al., 2015]. Various methods such as numerical methods have been considered as the particular types of mathematical modelling which have been employed to predict the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. However, they were unreliable and expensive. Consequently, this research focused on the experimental determination of the viability and development of a mathematical model to predict the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. The benefit of the development and building of this model was attributed to its low cost and credibility to forecast the performance of swimming pool ASHP water heater. Also, this robust mathematical model can be used by an energy service company and system manufacturer to compute the dynamic coefficient of performance of the swimming pool ASHP water heater. Following the above-mentioned information, the research sought to provide a permanent solution to the Eskom evening peak constraint. This is because energy-efficiency, serves as the bridging block between conventional and renewable energy sources needed by Eskom in a bid to provide a balance energy mix and sustainable energy. The implementation of a swimming pool ASHP water heater guaranteed a conducive environment for the population due to the reduction in environmental pollution.
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Sang, Lijuan. "Chemical Decontamination of Outdoor Pool Water using Oxone® and the Impact of Nanoparticles from Personal Care Products." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1385114554.
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Saugūnaitė, Vaida. "Kauno miesto uždaro tipo baseinų aplinkos įvertinimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080821_100231-02884.
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Įvadas. Pasirinktoji darbo tema - aktuali nūdienos visuomenės praktinio gyvenimo kontekste. Teoriniu požiūriu - tai galimybė išsamiai išnagrinėti kelis dalykus - nustatyti ir įvertinti uždaro tipo baseinų aplinkos higieninius veiksnius visuomenės sveikatos specialisto ir vartotojo aspektu bei įvertinti požiūrį į teikiamų baseinų paslaugų kokybę.
Darbo tikslas. Nustatyti ir įvertinti uždaro tipo baseinų aplinkos higieninius veiksnius visuomenės sveikatos specialisto ir vartotojo aspektu.
Uždaviniai.
• Ištirti ir įvertinti uždaro tipo baseinų aplinkos higieninius veiksnius;
• Įvertinti baseinų vandens paruošimo kokybę ir kontrolę;
• Įvertinti paslaugų vartotojų požiūrį į baseinų teikiamų paslaugų kokybę.
Tyrimo metodika. Atlikta mokslinės literatūros apžvalga bei anoniminė anketinė apklausa. Anketų duomenys buvo apdoroti naudojant statistinį duomenų analizės paketą SPSS 13.0. ir MS EXEL programa. Duomenų analizė darbe pateikiama lentelėmis ir paveikslais.
Rezultatai. Tyrimo duomenimis nustatyta, kad dauguma respondentų baseinuose lankosi žiem�� ir pavasarį. Daugiau nei pusė apklaustųjų respondentų teigė, kad nėra patenkinti persirengimo kambarių patalpų švara. Pastebėta, baseinų lankytojai prieš pradėdami lankyti baseiną, neapsilanko pas gydytoją dėl grybelio profilaktikos. Net 10,8 proc. apklaustųjų teigė, kad po apsilankymo baseine teko užsikrėsti grybelinėmis infekcijomis.
Išvados. Remiantis atlikto tyrimo rezultatais galima teigti, kad baseinų lankytojai nepakankamai... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The selected theme of the work is relevant in the present practical life of society. From the theoretical point of view, it provides a possibility to investigate thoroughly a few subjects – to evaluate and to determine hygienic factors of closed-type water pools from the position of a public health specialist and from the position of a user, and to evaluate view to quality of services provided by closed-type water pools. Aim of the study. To determine and to evaluate hygienic factors of closed-type water pool environment from the point of view of a public health specialist and user. Objectives. • To investigate and to evaluate hygienic factors of closed-type water pools; • To evaluate quality of water-pool water preparation and control; • To evaluate views to quality of services provided by water pools. Methods. A review of scientific literature and a questionnaire survey is performed. Data of the questionnaire survey were processed usable the statistical data analysis software SPSS 13.0 and MS EXEL application. Data analysis is presented in the work in the form of tables and diagrams. Results. The investigation has shown that most respondents visit water pools in winter and spring. More than half of respondents stated that they were not satisfied with cleanness of changing rooms. It was noticed that visitors don’t visit doctors due to fungi prophylactics before going to water-pools/ even 10,8 percent of respondents stated that they had fungal infections after visiting... [to full text]
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Kinnear, Matthew. "The effects of discharge and slope on hyporheic flow in step-pool morphologies using cold water as a tracer." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43209.
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The hyporheic zone is a transitional area between surface and groundwater systems that supports both a wide range of species ranging from bacteria to incubating fish embryos. A better understanding of the movement and extent of flows through the subsurface may lead to innovative habitat restoration techniques to make streams more productive and to enhance aquatic stream biology. While the majority of studies thus far have examined the hyporheic zone in low gradient streams with pool-riffle and dune-like morphology, this study has investigated hyporheic flow in a steep stream with step-pool morphology. A series of flume experiments were conducted which examined the effect of discharge and slope on hyporheic flow in step-pool channels using cold water as a tracer. The channel consisted of 3 step-pool units with 64mm sized steps, discharges between 0.3-4.5L/s and slopes of 8% and 4%. The results indicated the water moving along steeper slopes and the moderate discharges produced the deepest flows while downwelling at the base of steps was related to the stream discharge. Results produced by a model using hydraulic head measurements were inconsistent of those produced by temperature sensors. The model suggested hyporheic downwelling flows are largely unaffected by discharge while increases in residence times are related to decreases in discharge. We found the temperature tracer to provide a more accurate representation of hyporheic flows than that derived from piezometric measurements though the former procedure would be difficult to replicate in field experiments. This experiment emphasizes the importance of topography and roughness elements along the channel surface in dictating the locations and magnitude of downwelling and hyporheic exchange.
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Peng, Di [Verfasser], and H. [Akademischer Betreuer] Horn. "Disinfection by-products and the application potential of nanofiltration in swimming pool water treatment / Di Peng ; Betreuer: H. Horn." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1124068716/34.
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Slabá, Jana. "Vzduchotechnika bazénových hal." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392055.
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The diploma thesis is focused on the description of the properties of humid air, its evaporation and its chemical composition. Calculation of the amount of evaporated water from the water surface or condensate evaporation during the drying process using domestic appliances, for rooms with permanent humidity and wet operation. In the theoretical part I will deal specifically with the methods of calculation of the evaporation and the properties of the inner microclimate depending on the external conditions with its influence on the building structures and the persons who will be present in such a microclimate. A solution of the air-conditioning unit is taken from the bachelor's thesis and three other variants of air-conditioning units are designed, which are compared in the framework of the optimal and economical solution for operation in the pool environment. The experimental part is focused on specific examples of calculation and measurement. The measurement deals with year-round moisture measurements in damp rooms in family buildings, specifically in bathrooms. Another part of the experimental measurement will be the determination of the amount of evaporated water from a domestic appliance designed to dry the laundry in a condensing manner. And the main, fundamental measurement is the amount of evaporated water on a particular model of the pool hall.
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Olivier, Tomás, and Tomás Olivier. "Institutional Design and Adaptation in Regional-Scale Common-Pool Resource Institutions: Securing Access to High-Quality Drinking Water in Boston, New York, Portland, and San Francisco." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625646.
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This dissertation develops and assesses hypotheses regarding the design and adaptation of institutions for maintaining the quality of a shared natural resource at regional scales. The analysis is centered on arrangements created by governmental actors for deciding how to jointly govern a resource producing high-quality drinking water. The cases studied are Boston (Massachusetts), New York City (New York), Portland (Oregon), and San Francisco (California). Drinking water in each of these cities is provided unfiltered, and it is sourced from lands located in other jurisdictions. To maintain water quality, both providers and landowners in the watersheds have reached agreements defining how to jointly govern the resource. This dissertation studies the design of these arrangements. Studying these dynamics, particularly in a federal regime, highlights the limits that governmental actors face in making decisions with other governments at different levels.
The dissertation contains three empirical papers addressing aspects of design in these arrangements. The empirical chapters are structured as separate papers that follow a common theme. Throughout the dissertation, insights from various research traditions are brought in to complement the analysis of institutional design. The studies in this dissertation combine arguments from the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework, Common-Pool Resource Theory, Transaction Cost Economics, social network analysis, Adaptive Governance, and theories of information processing stemming from the Punctuated Equilibrium literature in public policy.
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Ruščák, Matej. "Městské lázně." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215708.
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Project tries to answer the question what place does municipal baths have in contemporary society on a specific case of baths with relationship to river and surrounding neighbourhood. This baths are a place for recreation and socialization with accent on social apects. Baths build on proven experience from local baths tradition (european/roman) as well as exotic (arabic, asian). In the same time it articulates them in contemporary language and adjusts them to conditions of contemporary society.
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Iverfelt, Ulrika. "Släckvattenpartiklars spridning i mark och grundvatten : En studie av brandgenererade partiklars egenskaper och påverkan på föroreningsspridning." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225116.
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Vid brand kan stora mängder med förorenande ämnen och partiklar bildas. Dessa kan, vid släckning av brand med vatten, ge upphov till kontaminerat släckvatten. För att förstå och kunna förutsäga föroreningsspridningen från släckvatten i mark och grundvatten krävs det att släckvattenpartiklars inverkan på föroreningsspridning utreds. Syftet med detta arbete var att öka kunskapen om de kemiska och fysiska egenskaper partiklar i släckvatten uppvisar samt hur partikelegenskaperna påverkar föroreningstransport i vattenmättad mark och grundvatten. Studien har genomförts i form av en fallstudie där släckvattenpartiklar från en enskild brand har undersökts. Utifrån partikelegenskaper finns två mekanismer som kan räknas som styrande för partikeltransport i mark och grundvatten: fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner samt silning. Mekanismernas inverkan på partikeltransporten beror bland annat på partiklarnas ytladdning och storlek. För att undersöka släckvattenpartiklarnas egenskaper utfördes analyser av partiklarnas storleksfördelning och zetapotential. För att förstå hur partiklarna påverkade föroreningsspridningen analyserades koncentration polycykliska aromatiska kolväten (PAH) och metaller. Utifrån dessa mätningar genomfördes kolonnförsök där släckvattenpartiklar transporterades genom kiselsand. Resultaten visade att medelvärdet för släckvattenpartiklarnas zetapotential var negativ. Släckvattenproverna som undersöktes innehöll höga koncentrationer av PAH och metaller. Då partiklarna filtrerades till två storleksfraktioner, större och mindre än 11 µm, återfanns högst koncentration PAH och metaller i släckvatten med partiklar > 11 µm. I kolonnförsöken transporterades partiklar med diameter ≤ 11 µm genom kiselsand medan större partiklar permanent immobiliserades. Mätningarna och transportförsöken indikerar att partiklar ≤ 11 µm, i mark med liknande egenskaper och förhållanden som under kolonnförsöken, skulle kunna transporteras utan påverkan av fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner. Den avgörande mekanismen för partikeltransport av partiklar med en diameter ≤ 11 µm i vattenmättad mark och grundvatten skulle då vara silning. Släckvattenpartiklarnas transport och på så sätt föroreningsspridningen blir då beroende av markens porstorlek samt partiklarnas diameter. Transportförsöken för partiklar > 11 µm pekade på att fysiokemiska partikel- och ytinteraktioner och/eller silning permanent immobiliserade de större partiklarna. Vid immobilisering av de större partiklarna skulle föroreningsspridning kunna begränsas. För att skapa en fullständig bild över vilka mekanismer som styr släckvattenpartiklarnas transport och på så vis föroreningsspridning under olika förhållanden behöver vidare undersökningar genomföras.A fire can generate large amounts of toxic compounds and particles. When a fire is extinguished with water these compounds and particles can be transferred to the water, generating contaminated fire-extinguishing water. To understand and predict contamination transport from fire-extinguishing water in soil and groundwater the effect of fire generated particles on contamination transport needs to be understood. The aim of this study was to increase the knowledge of the chemical and physical properties of particles in fire-extinguishing water and to examine how these properties effect contamination transport in soil and groundwater. The study was conducted as a case study where fire-extinguishing water from a single fire was examined. Considering particle properties, particle transport in soil and groundwater is regulated by two main mechanisms: physicochemical particle-surface interactions and straining. How the mechanisms effect the transport is controlled by, among other things, the surface charge of the particles and the size of the particles. To understand particle properties analysis of the size distribution and zeta potential were conducted. To understand how the particles influenced contamination transport concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and metal were measured. Column experiments were then conducted with the characterized particles. The results showed that the particles zeta potential was negative. The fire-extinguishing water contained high concentrations of metals and PAH. When the particles were filtrated into two sizes, larger and smaller than 11 um, the highest concentration PAH and metals were found on the larger particles. In the column experiment particles ≤ 11 µm were transported through the sand while larger particles were immobilized. The measurements and the transport experiments indicate that particles ≤ 11 µm, in soil with similar properties as in the column experiment, could be transported without influence of physicochemical particle-surface interactions. The main mechanism for particle transport for particles with a diameter ≤ 11 µm would then be straining. That means that the transport of particles and therefore contamination transport would depend on particle size and soil pore size. The transport experiment with particles > 11 µm indicated that physicochemical particle-surface interactions and/or straining immobilized larger particles. If larger particles are immobilized the contamination spreading would be limited. To fully understand what mechanism controls the transport of particles in fire-extinguishing water, and therefore the contamination transport, more studies need to be conducted.
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Said, Samy. "Irrigation in Africa : Water conflicts between large-scale and small-scale farmers in Tanzania, Kiru Valley." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-706.
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This paper deals with relationship between irrigation and agriculture and conflicts within an irrigation system and as well between other stakeholders concerning the water. Irrigated lands are up to 2.5 times more productive compared to rain-fed agriculture. They are important element in the agriculture sector in Sub-Saharan Africa, and have been favoured by governments and donor agencies for their high rate of return. Without proper technical equipments or support negative impacts on the environment are linked to irrigation activities. Furthermore, a case study was made in Tanzania, Kiru Valley, regarding the tension between big scale and small-scale farmers as result from the water decline. The results demonstrate that the institutions do not have the power to solve the conflict. It is difficult to define the different stakeholders and the boundaries of the area that affect the amount of water in the valley.
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Forrest, Eric Christopher. "Nanoscale modification of key surface parameters to augment pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux in water and dielectric fluids." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/52799.
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Thesis (S.M. and S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Nuclear Science and Engineering, 2009.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 123-130).
Surface effects on pool boiling heat transfer and the critical heat flux are well documented but poorly understood. This study investigates the pool boiling characteristics of various fluids, and demonstrates that surface effects can drastically alter the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient as well as the critical heat flux. Changes in surface morphology and surface chemistry are suspected to be the primary factors influencing pool boiling heat transfer. The relative impact of surface properties is shown to depend strongly upon the working fluid. To evaluate the effects of chemical constituency and surface texture on the pool boiling of water, nanoparticle thin-film coatings are applied to nickel and stainless steel substrates using the layer-by-layer assembly method. This study shows that such coatings, with thicknesses on the order of one micron or less, are capable of enhancing the critical heat flux of water up to 100%, and enhancing the nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient over 100%. Through the use of thin-film coatings, the importance of nanoscale surface texture, porosity, and chemical constituency on boiling mechanisms is revealed. Low surface tension dielectric fluids, including a recently developed fluorinated ketone with a low global warming potential, are tested to determine their pool boiling heat transfer capabilities. The potential for nanoparticle-based pool boiling enhancement in well-wetting dielectric fluids is investigated. The role of surface wettability and adhesion tension on the incipience of boiling, nucleate boiling, and critical heat flux are considered.
(cont.) Results indicate that the low global warming potential fluorinated ketone may be a viable alternative in the cooling of electronic devices. Additionally, results demonstrate that enhancement of boiling heat transfer is possible for well-wetting dielectric fluids, with 40% enhancement in the critical heat flux using dilute suspensions of aluminum or silica nanoparticles in the fluorinated ketone.
by Eric Christopher Forrest.
S.M.and S.B.
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Hamidov, Ahmad [Verfasser]. "Institutions of Collective Action for Common Pool Resources Management : Conditions for Sustainable Water Consumers Associations in Semi-Arid Uzbekistan / Ahmad Hamidov." Aachen : Shaker, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1080762965/34.
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Ericsson, Emma-Helena. "Are organohalogen compounds in backwash water from swimming pool facilities treatable? : An experimental investigation of removal capacities by different filter materials." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284338.
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Organohalogen compounds are formed in swimming pool waters when natural organic matter, such as hair, urine or sweat etc., react with the used disinfectant (usually chlorine). Many of the organohalogen compounds are persistent and hazardous for human health and aquatic ecosystems. Backwash water from swimming pool facilities is often released to the sewer and contain these compounds. The connected wastewater treatment plant receives this water, where some of these compounds escapes the treatment process, into the recipient. It is therefore important to minimize the levels of organohalogen compounds in the influent water to the wastewater treatment plant. In this study, potential treatment techniques for organohalogen compounds at the swimming pool facility have been investigated. The main focus have been on an experimental column test with four filter materials applied (granular activated carbon, natural zeolites, PoloniteR and Zugol). Real backwash water was used. Furthermore, other techniques have been theoretically investigated as well. The activated carbon directly showed the most efficient removal efficiency (above 95 %), but all filter materials had a removal to a certain degree and became more efficient by time. The results further suggest that the more lipophilic organohalogen compounds are bound to particulate matter and highly affected by physical filtration. Another important conclusion is that the specific activated carbon used in the study is not suitable for the purpose, because it released very high levels of phosphorus in the beginning of the column test as well as showing some practical problems. However, other types of activated carbon exists. Next step recommended is to determine the lifetime of the filters.När människor badar i bassänger hamnar vanligtvis naturligt organiskt material i dem, såsom urin, svett, hår och hudflagor. Desinfektionsmedlet som tillsätts (oftast klor) har som syfte att avlägsna mikroorganismer, men när naturligt organiskt material hamnar i vattnet kommer också oavsiktliga reaktioner ske och halogenerade organiska föreningar bildas. Dessa föreningar kan kvantifieras via AOX måttet (adsorberbar organisk halogen), vilket är den samlade förekomsten av alla bundna organiska halogener i ett prov. AOX består således av flera hundra olika föreningar, varav vissa är mer lipofila och benämns EOX (extraherbar organisk halogen). Många av de föreningar inkluderade i AOX är bioackumulativa, persistenta och giftiga för akvatiska organismer, även i låga koncentrationer. Förutom att vara miljöfarliga för akvatiska ekosystem, kan de också vara skadliga för människans hälsa. Filtret som renar badvattnet i simhallar behöver backspolas regelbundet och backspolvattnet, som innehåller AOX, skickas vanligen till spillvattennätet. Vid avloppsreningsverket är det visat i ett tidigare examensarbete samt i andra rapporter att en del av de inkommande AOX ämnena även följer med det utgående, renade, vattnet ut i recipienten. Det är därmed av vikt att minimera ämnena redan vid källan, det vill säga på badanläggningen. I denna masteruppsats har behandlingstekniker för halogenerade organiska föreningar undersökts. Huvudfokus har varit på experimentella kolonntester för fyra filtermaterial (granulerat aktivt kol, naturliga zeoliter, PoloniteR och Zugol), men även andra tekniker har studerats teoretiskt. I testerna användes äkta backspolvatten från en simhall. Alla material reducerade AOX till viss del och visade på effektivare reducering efter hand. Det var dock tydligt att det aktiva kolet var mest effektivt och hade hög reducering redan i första mätningen, AOX-reduceringen låg på över 95 % (jämfört med det obehandlade backspolvattnet). Vad som dock var problematiskt med det aktiva kolet var att det släppte höga halter fosfor i början av kolonntestet, vilket också bekräftades med ett skaktest. Dessutom uppvisade materialet praktiska problem. Ur ett realistiskt perspektiv med dessa problem i åtanke, blir det inte hållbart i längden att använda detta specifika kol. Det finns dock många olika typer av aktivt kol, vilka förmodligen är mer lämpliga och som inte uppvisar dessa problem, och kan användas för detta ändamål. Vidare antyder det erhållna resultatet att de mer lipofila föreningarna av AOX (EOX) är bundet till partikulärt organiskt material och därmed påverkas väsentligt av mekanisk filtrering. Det är dock viktigt med en aktiv bindning. Projektet har påverkats av covid-19 pandemin med lägre antal folk på badhusen samt mindre tillgång till laboratoriet vid KTH. En föreslagen förbättring av metoden är att ha en kontinuerlig omblandning i förvaringskärlet med det obehandlade vattnet innan det tillförs kolonnerna. Vidare nämns det att modifierade zeoliter verkar lovande samt att nästa viktiga steg för projektet är att bestämma livstiden för filtermaterialen.
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Ericsson, Anna. "Water Availability and Distribution in Africa : Effects of the IFAD irrigation scheme in Kiru Valley, Tanzania." Thesis, Södertörn University College, School of Life Sciences, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-1286.
Full textAbstract:
The case study was made in the area of Kiru Valley, Tanzania, in order to study the conflicts over the water in the river Dodumera, and also to understand how the villages Mawemairo, Matufa and Mapea have been affected by the construction of the IFAD irrigation scheme. The aim was to connect the conflicts in the area with a general view of how water can create such conflicts. The method used in the case study was semi-structured interviews. The results from the interviews made with farmers and officials in Kiru Valley was analysed through general theories about water conflicts and theories about governing common-pool resources, such as Ostrom’s eight principles and the theory the Tragedy of the Commons. The analysis was also made through the IFAD poverty reduction strategy programme (PRSP). The conclusion made on the basis of this analysis was that the IFAD project, in Kiru Valley, was in correlation with the PRSP and an attempt to reduce poverty in the two villages Mawemairo and Matufa. The project has been very successful and has contributed to an increase of livelihood and development in the villages. However, the scheme has also affected other villages, such as Mapea. The scheme has contributed to a decrease of water availability in the Dodumera River for Mapea. Nowadays they only rely on rain-fed irrigation. The conflicts have been affected by the scheme, not so much in the quantity of the conflicts but more in the target of the conflicts. Before the construction of the scheme the conflicts was directed at the big-scale farmers, now they are directed at the scheme. On the other hand, the scheme has helped reducing the conflicts between the farmers in Mawemairo and Matufa. There are solutions to conflicts and water scarcity, such as more efficient irrigation techniques and Ostrom’s principles on governing the common-pool resources.
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Urban, Jaromír. "Studie rekonstrukce úpravny bazénových vod letního koupaliště Břeclav." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409712.
Full textAbstract:
The subject of the diploma thesis is to introduce the problems of communal spas, namely the treatment of water for swimming pools. Following is a proposal of reconstruction of the treatment plant for a real, operated area of the summer swimming pool. The thesis is divided into theoretical and practical part. At the beginning of the theoretical part I make research of the history of balneology, the effects of bathing and swimming on the human body, possible resources for spa purposes and hygiene requirements for these waters. I also describe commonly used methods of treatment of swimming pool water. In the practical part I first describe the summer swimming pool in the town of Břeclav. There is a description of the swimming pool, its history and equipment. In the next chapter I present the currently operated technological line. Based on a personal visit, the next chapter evaluates the technical condition of the plant. Based on this evaluation, a new technological line for treatment of swimming pool water of the Břeclav summer swimming pool is proposed.
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Vazquez, Diane Marie. "Experimental studies of the heat transfer characteristics of silica nanoparticle water-based dispersion in pool boiling using nichrome flat ribbons and wires." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4575.
Full textAbstract:
This work deals with a study of enhanced critical heat flux (CHF) and burnout heat flux (BHF) in pool boiling of water with suspended silica nanoparticles using ribbon-type and wire heaters. Previously our group and other researchers have reported three-digit percentage increase in critical heat flux in silica nanofluids. This study investigates the effect of various heater surface dimensions and cross-sectional shapes on pool boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and water-based nanofluids. CHF and BHF were analyzed for circular and rectangular cross-section nichrome wires and ribbons of increasing sizes in the range of 0.32mm to 2.38mm width, approaching a flat-plate scenario. Experimental trends showed that the CHF and BHF in water pool boiling decrease as heater surface area increases, and for similar surface area, the wire had a 25% higher CHF than that of the ribbon. For concentrations from 0.1vol% to 2vol%, various properties such as viscosity, pH, and surface tension as well as silica deposition on surface and glowing length of ribbon were measured in order to study the possible factors in the heat transfer behavior of nanofluids. The deposition of the particles on the wire allows high heat transfer through inter-agglomerate pores, resulting in a nearly 3-fold increase in burnout heat flux at very low concentrations. Results have shown a maximum of up to 340% CHF enhancement for ribbon-type heaters, and the relationship of CHF with respect to nanoparticle concentration has been found to be non-monotonic with a peak around 0.2vol% to 0.4vol%. Visualization of boiling experiments aided with determination of relative bubble sizes, nucleation, and flow regimes. The surface morphology of the heater was investigated using SEM and EDS analyses, and it was inferred that the 2vol% concentration deposition coating had higher porosity and rate of deposition compared with 0.2vol% case.ID: 028916806; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.S.M.E.)--University of Central Florida, 2010.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-83).
M.S.M.E.
Masters
Department of Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Mechanical Engineering
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Tran, Chi Thanh. "The Effective Convectivity Model for Simulation and Analysis of Melt Pool Heat Transfer in a Light Water Reactor Pressure Vessel Lower Head." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Division of Nuclear Power Safety, Royal Institute of Technology, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-10671.
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