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Journal articles on the topic 'Maritrema novaezealandensis'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 February 2022

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KEENEY, D. B., S. BOESSENKOOL, T. M. KING, T. L. F. LEUNG, and R. POULIN. "Effects of interspecific competition on asexual proliferation and clonal genetic diversity in larval trematode infections of snails." Parasitology 135, no. 6 (April 28, 2008): 741–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008004435.

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SUMMARYInteractions among different parasite species within hosts can be important factors shaping the evolution of parasite and host populations. Within snail hosts, antagonistic interactions among trematode species, such as competition and predation, can influence parasite abundance and diversity. In the present study we examined the strength of antagonistic interactions between 2 marine trematodes (Maritrema novaezealandensis and Philophthalmus sp.) in naturally infected Zeacumantus subcarinatus snails. We found approximately the same number of snails harbouring both species as would be expected by chance given the prevalence of each. However, snails infected with only M. novaezealandensis and snails with M. novaezealandensis and Philophthalmus sp. co-occurring were smaller than snails harbouring only Philophthalmus sp. In addition, the number of Philophthalmus sp. rediae was not affected by the presence of M. novaezealandensis sporocysts and the within-host clonal diversity of M. novaezealandensis was not influenced by the presence of Philophthalmus sp. Our results suggest that antagonistic interactions may not be a major force influencing the evolution of these trematodes and that characteristics such as host size and parasite infection longevity are shaping their abundance and population dynamics.

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KEENEY, DEVON B., JONATHAN M. WATERS, and ROBERT POULIN. "Microsatellite loci for the New Zealand trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis." Molecular Ecology Notes 6, no. 4 (July 7, 2006): 1042–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01426.x.

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KOEHLER, ANSON V., YURI P. SPRINGER, DEVON B. KEENEY, and ROBERT POULIN. "Intra- and interclonal phenotypic and genetic variability of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis." Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 103, no. 1 (April 18, 2011): 106–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01640.x.

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KOEHLER, ANSON V., ANNA G. GONCHAR, and ROBERT POULIN. "Genetic and environmental determinants of host use in the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis (Microphallidae)." Parasitology 138, no. 1 (July 21, 2010): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182010001022.

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SUMMARYFactors constraining host specificity are poorly understood. Intraspecific variation in host preferences in generalist parasites may reveal which factors affect patterns of host use, and thus the evolution of specialization. Here, laboratory experiments examined genetic variation in host preferences and the effect of a refugium against infection on host use. Firstly, 6 cercarial clones of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis (ranging widely in heterozygosities) were exposed simultaneously to 2 alternative hosts, the amphipods Heterophoxus stephenseni and Paracalliope novizealandiae, to assess host preferences and fitness correlations with parasite heterozygosity. All clones showed a distinct preference for H. stephenseni, though the extent of this preference varied among clones. No clear association was found between heterozygosity and either parasite infection success or preference for a particular host. Secondly, cercariae were exposed to the same 2 amphipods in both the presence and absence of sand (refugium for H. stephenseni). Without sand, infection levels were significantly higher in H. stephenseni than in P. novizealandiae. With sand, H. stephenseni was able to hide, offsetting the parasite's intrinsic preferences for this host. These results demonstrate the existence of genetic variation in host preferences, as well as the effect of environmental variables on observed patterns of host use.

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Hay, K. B., B. L. Fredensborg, and R. Poulin. "Trematode-induced alterations in shell shape of the mud snail Zeacumantus subcarinatus (Prosobranchia: Batillariidae)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, no. 4 (June 27, 2005): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405012002.

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The shell morphology of mud snails, Zeacumantus subcarinatus, both uninfected and infected by trematodes, was compared to determine if different trematode species induce different degrees of alteration in host shell shape. Snails harbouring either the echinostomatid Acanthoparyphium sp., or a double infection by the microphallid Maritrema novaezealandensis and an undescribed philophthalmid species, had a wider shell base relative to the rest of the shell spire, than uninfected snails or snails infected by only one of the latter two trematode species. These results are independent of any differences in shell length among the different infection groups. The findings of this study suggest that alterations in host shell morphology are species-specific trematode manipulations of host phenotype rather than a generalized host response to castrating trematodes.

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LLOYD, MELANIE M., and ROBERT POULIN. "Reproduction and caste ratios under stress in trematode colonies with a division of labour." Parasitology 140, no. 7 (February 27, 2013): 825–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182012002235.

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SUMMARYTrematodes form clonal colonies in their first intermediate host. Individuals are, depending on species, rediae or sporocysts (which asexually reproduce) and cercariae (which develop within rediae or sporocysts and infect the next host). Some species use a division of labour within colonies, with 2 distinct redial morphs: small rediae (non-reproducing) and large rediae (individuals which produce cercariae). The theory of optimal caste ratio predicts that the ratio of caste members (small to large rediae) responds to environmental variability. This was tested in Philophthalmus sp. colonies exposed to host starvation and competition with the trematode, Maritrema novaezealandensis. Philophthalmus sp. infected snails, with and without M. novaezealandensis, were subjected to food treatments. Reproductive output, number of rediae, and the ratio of small to large rediae were compared among treatments. Philophthalmus sp. colonies responded to host starvation and competition; reproductive output was higher in well-fed snails of both infection types compared with snails in lower food treatments and well-fed, single infected snails compared with well-fed double infected snails. Furthermore, the caste ratio in Philophthalmus sp. colonies was altered in response to competition. This is the first study showing caste ratio responses to environmental pressures in trematodes with a division of labour.

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KEENEY, DEVON B., JONATHAN M. WATERS, and ROBERT POULIN. "Clonal diversity of the marine trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis within intermediate hosts: the molecular ecology of parasite life cycles." Molecular Ecology 16, no. 2 (October 18, 2006): 431–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2006.03143.x.

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Fredensborg, B. L., and R. Poulin. "In vitro cultivation of Maritrema novaezealandensis (Microphallidae): the effect of culture medium on excystation, survival and egg production." Parasitology Research 95, no. 5 (January 29, 2005): 310–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-004-1293-3.

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MacLeod, C. D., H. L. Doyle, and K. I. Currie. "Technical Note: Maximising accuracy and minimising cost of a potentiometrically regulated ocean acidification simulation system." Biogeosciences 12, no. 3 (February 5, 2015): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-713-2015.

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Abstract. This article describes a potentiometric ocean acidification simulation system which automatically regulates pH through the injection of 100% CO2 gas into temperature-controlled seawater. The system is ideally suited to long-term experimental studies of the effect of acidification on biological processes involving small-bodied (10–20 mm) calcifying or non-calcifying organisms. Using hobbyist-grade equipment, the system was constructed for approximately USD 1200 per treatment unit (tank, pH regulation apparatus, chiller, pump/filter unit). An overall tolerance of ±0.05 pHT units (SD) was achieved over 90 days in two acidified treatments (7.60 and 7.40) at 12 °C using glass electrodes calibrated with synthetic seawater buffers, thereby preventing liquid junction error. The performance of the system was validated through the independent calculation of pHT (12 °C) using dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity data taken from discrete acidified seawater samples. The system was used to compare the shell growth of the marine gastropod Zeacumantus subcarinatus infected with the trematode parasite Maritrema novaezealandensis with that of uninfected snails at pH levels of 7.4, 7.6, and 8.1.

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KEENEY, D. B., K. BRYAN-WALKER, N. KHAN, T. M. KING, and R. POULIN. "The influence of clonal diversity and intensity-dependence on trematode infections in an amphipod." Parasitology 136, no. 3 (January 21, 2009): 339–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182008005416.

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SUMMARYIndividual animals are often infected not only by different parasite species, but also by multiple genotypes of the same parasite species. Genetic relatedness among parasites sharing a host is expected to modulate their strategies of resource exploitation, growth and virulence. We experimentally examined the effects that genetic diversity and infection intensity had on host mortality, infectivity and growth of the marine trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis in amphipod hosts. The presence of 2 versus 1 parasite genotype during infection did not influence subsequent host mortality, had different effects on infectivity among genotypes and did not influence growth or variation in parasite growth. Density-dependent growth reductions revealed that the number of parasites infecting a host was more important than their genetic relatedness. Temperature, host size, and host sex influenced the degree to which density-dependent factors affected parasite growth. Our results suggest that the effects of parasite relatedness vary among parasite genotypes in this trematode species, and reveal that many factors play an important role during parasite development and transmission.

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MacLeod, C. D., H. L. Doyle, and K. I. Currie. "Technical Note: Maximising accuracy and minimising cost of a potentiometrically regulated ocean acidification simulation system." Biogeosciences Discussions 11, no. 5 (May 28, 2014): 7659–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-11-7659-2014.

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Abstract. This article describes a potentiometric ocean acidification simulation system which automatically regulates pH through the injection of 100% CO2 gas into temperature-controlled seawater. The system is ideally suited to long-term experimental studies of the effect of acidification on biological processes involving small-bodied (10–20 mm) calcifying or non-calcifying organisms. Using hobbyist grade equipment, the system was constructed for approximately USD 1200 per treatment unit (tank, pH regulation apparatus, chiller, pump/filter unit). An overall accuracy of ±0.05 pHT units (SD) was achieved over 90 days in two acidified treatments (7.60 and 7.40) at 12 °C using glass electrodes calibrated with salt water buffers, thereby preventing liquid junction error. The accuracy of the system was validated through the independent calculation of pHT (12 °C) using dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity (AT) data taken from discrete acidified seawater samples. The system was used to compare the shell growth of the marine gastropod Zeacumantus subcarinatus infected with the trematode parasite Maritrema novaezealandensis with that of uninfected snails, at pH levels of 7.4, 7.6, and 8.1.

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STUDER, A., M. D. LAMARE, and R. POULIN. "Effects of ultraviolet radiation on the transmission process of an intertidal trematode parasite." Parasitology 139, no. 4 (January 5, 2012): 537–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011002174.

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SUMMARYThe transmission of parasites takes place under exposure to a range of fluctuating environmental factors, one being the changing levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Here, we investigated the effects of ecologically relevant levels of UVR on the transmission of the intertidal trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis from its first intermediate snail host (Zeacumantus subcarinatus) to its second intermediate amphipod host (Paracalliope novizealandiae). We assessed the output of parasite transmission stages (cercariae) from infected snail hosts, the survival and infectivity of cercariae, the susceptibility of amphipod hosts to infection (laboratory experiments) and the survival of infected and uninfected amphipod hosts (outdoor experiment) when exposed to photo-synthetically active radiation only (PAR, 400–700 nm; no UV), PAR+UVA (320–700 nm) or PAR+UVA+UVB (280–700 nm). Survival of cercariae and susceptibility of amphipods to infection were the only two steps significantly affected by UVR. Survival of cercariae decreased strongly in a dose-dependent manner, while susceptibility of amphipods increased after exposure to UVR for a prolonged period. Exposure to UVR thus negatively affects both the parasite and its amphipod host, and should therefore be considered an influential component in parasite transmission and host-parasite interactions in intertidal ecosystems.

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Saldanha, I., T. L. F. Leung, and R. Poulin. "Causes of intraspecific variation in body size among trematode metacercariae." Journal of Helminthology 83, no. 3 (September 2009): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x09224175.

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AbstractInequalities in body size among adult helminths can result in inequalities in reproductive output, with consequences for population dynamics and genetics. These inequalities can result from growth differences among larval worms inside intermediate hosts that persist into the adult stage. Here, we investigate the effects of both host body size and intensity of infection on the sizes of metacercariae of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis (Microphallidae) inside their second intermediate host, the isopod Paridotea ungulata (Idoteidae). Among the more than 1500 metacercariae recovered and individually measured, there was no relationship between the mean diameter of metacercarial cysts per isopod and isopod body length. However, intensity of infection correlated negatively with the mean diameter of cysts within an isopod, i.e. metacercariae in crowded infections attained smaller sizes on average. In contrast, the variability in cyst sizes per isopod, measured as the coefficient of variation, was independent of both isopod body length and infection intensity. Our results show that a disproportionate number of relatively small metacercariae come from the relatively few hosts in which a large fraction of all metacercariae are aggregated. The combination of aggregation and intensity-dependent growth generates inequalities in sizes among metacercariae that will be passed on to adult worm populations in definitive hosts.

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KOEHLER, ANSON V., and ROBERT POULIN. "Clone-specific immune reactions in a trematode-crustacean system." Parasitology 139, no. 1 (October 14, 2011): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182011001739.

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SUMMARYVariability of immune responses is an essential aspect of ecological immunology, yet how much of this variability is due to differences among parasite genotypes remains unknown. Here, variation in immune response of the crab, Macrophthalmus hirtipes, is examined as a function of experimental exposure to 10 clonal cercarial lineages of the trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis. Our goals were (1) to assess the variability of the host immune reaction elicited by 10 parasite clones, (2) to test if the heterozygosity–fitness correlation, whereby organisms with higher heterozygosities achieve a higher fitness than those with lower heterozygosities, applies to heterozygous parasites eliciting weak immune responses, and (3) to see how concomitant infections by other macroparasites influence the crab's immune response to cercariae. Parasite clones were distinguished and heterozygosities calculated using 20 microsatellite markers. We found that exposure to cercariae resulted in increased haemocyte counts, and that although interclonal differences in immune response elicited were detected, parasite heterozygosity did not correlate with host immune response. Additionally, the presence of other pre-existing parasites in hosts did not influence their immune response following experimental exposure to cercariae. Overall, the existence of variability in immune response elicited by different parasite clones is promising for future ecological immunology studies using this system.

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Martorelli, Sergio R., Brian L. Fredensborg, Kim N. Mouritsen, and Robert Poulin. "DESCRIPTION AND PROPOSED LIFE CYCLE OF MARITREMA NOVAEZEALANDENSIS N. SP. (MICROPHALLIDAE) PARASITIC IN RED-BILLED GULLS, LARUS NOVAEHOLLANDIAE SCOPULINUS, FROM OTAGO HARBOR, SOUTH ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND." Journal of Parasitology 90, no. 2 (April 2004): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1645/ge-3254.

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