Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marine'
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Belhamissi, Moulay. "Marine et marins d'Alger (1518-1830) /." Alger : Bibliothèque nationale d'Algérie, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37208815v.
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Lelchat, Florian. "Enzymes de dépolymérisation d'exopolysaccharides bactériens marins." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0070/document.
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Les exopolysaccharides (EPS) sont des biopolymères pouvant être synthétisés par les Eucaryotes, lesArchées et les Procaryotes. Au niveau bactérien les EPS peuvent être impliqués dans la constitution du biofilm (phénomène de biofouling) lors de la colonisation de nouveaux milieux. Ces biopolymères ont des propriétés physico-chimiques et biologiques spécifiques et innovantes à haut potentiel biotechnologique (agroalimentaire, santé, cosmétique, ingénierie environnementale ...). A l'opposé, leurs rôles écologiques lors de l'établissement de biofilms de souches potentiellement pathogènes peuvent rendre leur éradication compliquée.Les processus de dépolymérisation par voie enzymatique sont nécessaires pour réaliser l'élucidation structurale fine des EPS complexes, pour la production de dérivés bio-actifs calibrés à faible poids moléculaire ou pour empêcher la formation de biofilm. La mise en évidence de ces phénomènes enzymatiques sur des microorganismes modèles peut également permettre de mieux cerner les flux de matière au sein de certains compartiments biologiques en particulier en milieu marin. Néanmoins la complexité et grande diversité de structures des EPS rendent la recherche d’enzymes de dépolymérisation spécifiques difficile.Deux stratégies ont été employées pour trouver des sources d'enzymes.1. La voie bactérienne via l’utilisation de bactéries marines productrices d’EPS.2. La voie virale par la recherche de polysaccharidases de bactériophages marins. En plus d’EPS marins déjà connus, de nouveaux substrats (EPS) originaux ont été produits et caractérisés à partir de batéries marines d’intérêts biotechnologiques et/ou écologiques pour les besoins du projet. Un criblage enzymatique sur 11 souches bactériennes du genre Alteromonas a permis de mettre en évidence que 7 d’entre elles présentaient une activité de dépolymérisation endogène vis-à-vis de leur propre EPS. Une bioprospection a été réalisée afin de constituer une virothèque à partir d’hôtes bactériens producteurs d’EPS dans le but de fournir une source de Cazymes virales potentielles. Sur 33 bactériophages, 10 ont été sélectionnés pour leur capacité à rester infectieux lorsque leurs hôtes synthétisent des EPS. Finalement un système hôte/virus a été sélectionné.Les 5 virus (appelés Carin-1 à 5) infectant Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741 ont été étudiés au niveau de leurs traits de vie. Les capacités de dépolymérisation de Carin-1 et Carin-5 sur l'EPS L6 ont été explorés plus en détail. En parallèle, la structure chimique de l'EPS L6 a été intégralement élucidéeExopolysaccharides (EPSs) are a class of biopolymer synthesized by Eukarya, Archea and Procarya.Bacterial EPSs are involved in biofilm establishment and biofouling phenomenon. These polymers have physicochemical and biological properties suitable with biotechnological valorization. At the opposite, their involvment in biofouling of pathogenic strains can be problematic.Enzymatic depolymerization process are necessary for EPSs structural elucidation, Bioactive oligosaccharides production or to disrupt polysaccharidic biofilms. The highlight of enzymatic phenomenon can help to understand biogeochimical process in the ocean. Nevertheless the important structural diversity as well as their complexity make the sourcing of specific enzymes difficult.Two strategies were used to find enzymes.1. The bacterial way by using EPS-producing marine strains2. The viral way, with marine bacteriophages.For the need of the study, several EPS-substrates were produced and characterized. The majority of them were totally new. An enzymatic screening on 11 marine Alteromonas strains shown that 6 were able to depolymerize their EPS in an endogenous way. A bioprospection was realized to isolates marine bacteriophages with potential viral Cazymes. 10 out of 33 phages were selectionned for their ability to be infectious with their hosts in EPS production induced. Finally, a host/virus system was chosen. The bacteriophages infecting Cobetia marina DSMZ 4741 (named Carin-1 to 5) were studied. The polysaccharidase activities of Carin-1 and Carin-5 on the L6 EPS were studied more deeply. In parallel, the complete structural elucidation of the L6 EPS was realized
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Patot, Jean-Jacques. "Evaluation de la célérité des ondes longitudinales dans les sédiments marins soumis à différentes pressions effectives et interstitielles." Perpignan, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PERP0093.
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Les relations entre les conditions de propagation acoustique et les caracteristiques geotechniques des sediments marins sont bien determinees par des experiences effectuees en laboratoire. Par contre, en mer, les conditions ambiantes (pression, contrainte, temperature) influencent le comportement des ondes acoustiques. L'objectif des recherches est d'etablir un modele de propagation des ondes sonores en fonction des caracteristiques du milieu considere et des proprietes des sediments marins, pondere par l'influence des facteurs ambiants, principalement les differentes pressions exercees sur les sediments. Les donnees experimentales acquises permettant de proposer un modele ont ete obtenues dans une enceinte de mesure haute pression creee pour quantifier l'effet de la pression interstitielle, representant la pression hydraulique des grands fonds, ainsi que la contrainte effective, symbolisant le poids des sediments sus-jacents
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Cauchi, Bernard. "Ecologie bactérienne d'un écosystème marin : Dynamique des communautés bactériennes hétérotrophes, analyse des données et essai de modélisation." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX2A001.
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Belhamissi, Moulay. "Marine et marins d'Alger à l'époque ottomane (1518 - 1830)." Bordeaux 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BOR3ET04.
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Apres une quete minutieuse des documents d'archives et des sources de premier ordre, ce travail embrasse tous les aspects de l'activite de la marine algerienne a l'epoque ottomane. La premiere partie anatomie d'une marine,est consacree a l'organisation, a son environnement, au cli mat geopolitique dans lequel elle a evolue, aux structures internes, aux rouages de son administration, aux techniques de construction enfin aux traditions et coutumes des marins au port et en mer. La deuxieme partie: face a l'europe, montre le dynamisme dont fut capa ble cette arme. Elle mena seule ou aux cotes des turcs, des batailles con tre les formations chretiennes. En plus elle assuma des taches multiples notamment la defense des cotes algeriennes, celle de la capitale et des interets musulmans en mediterranee et enfin elle se jeta dans la guerre de course pour affaiblir les adversaires. Ces luttes sans fin ne furent pas sans consequences graves pour la ma rine d'alger:les revers,les pertes en hommes et en navires precipite rent la decadence puis la chute de l'organisation. La troisieme partie grandeur et decadence aborde l'etude des princi paux facteurs de la celebrite, du poids international et de la force dont avait joui cette marine, puis,les raisons internes et externes qui contribuerent a sa ruine. L'histoire mouvementee,passionnante mais combien erronee de la marine d'alger se devait d'etre entreprise dans sa partie statique et sa partie dynamique. Cette marine qui fut une arme redoutable fut a l'origine de l'emergence de la regence.
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Chalkiadakis, Eleftherios. "Bio-prospection et biodiversité des micro-organismes des milieux atypiques des lagons de la Nouvelle-Calédonie : Premières évaluations du potentiel de production de nouvelles molécules d’intérêt biotechnologique." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NCAL0054/document.
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Le milieu marin constitue la plus grande partie de la biosphère et contient les formes les plus anciennes et les plus variées de la vie. Les espèces microbiennes, relativement négligées jusqu’à présent, pourraient bien être le principal gisement de nouvelles molécules des prochaines décennies grâce à leurs adaptations à un environnement marin atypique et/ou à des conditions extrêmes (zones hydrothermales, sédiments des fonds sous-marins, lagunes hyper-salines, continent arctique et antarctique, tapis microbiens…). La Nouvelle-Calédonie est dotée de milieux naturels littoraux, côtiers et marins au sein desquels existent des gradients thermiques, d’hypersalure/dessalure, de chocs UV, de pH, d’évaporation, d’inondation/exondation… qui déterminent des habitats atypiques dans lesquels les micro-organismes doivent développer des stratégies adaptatives et de défense potentiellement uniques. Un travail de bioprospection de ces milieux atypiques a ainsi permis la création d’une souchothèque riche à ce jour de 771 isolats bactériens néo-calédoniens. Sur la base de cette collection, des études ont été engagées pour la recherche et la caractérisation de biopolymères de type exopolysaccharides (EPS) et polyhydroxyalcanoates (PHA). Les EPS sont des complexes osidiques de grande taille dont la composition est variable selon l’organisme producteur. Les PHAs sont des macromolécules formées de liaisons ester présentant de fortes similitudes avec les plastiques issues de la pétrochimie mais sont totalement biodégradables et biocompatibles. Les débouchés pour la valorisation des biopolymères marins sont très variés et touche plusieurs secteurs comme la cosmétique (gélifiant épaississant, antirides, etc.) la santé (immunostimulation, anticoagulant, cicatrisant), l’agroalimentaire, la bioremédiation les emballages, l’enrobage… Les criblages réalisés sur l’ensemble de la collection pour les deux types de polymères ont permis de mettre en évidence qu’une part importante des souches de la collection étaient potentiellement capables de sécréter ces polymères. À l’heure actuelle, 10 types d’EPS et 5 types de PHAs ont été produits et caractérisés afin de cibler des domaines d’applications. L’étude des bactéries marines pour leur faculté à produire des polymères est donc un secteur en pleine expansion et les premiers résultats montrent que ce type de biotechnologies pourrait constituer une perspective de développement intéressante pour la Nouvelle-CalédoniePrevious works on marine bacteria led to the discovery of molecules of great biotechnological interest. Under unusual physical and chemical conditions some microorganisms have developed various survival strategies including exopolysaccharides (EPS) and Poly-3-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) production. Due to their many interesting biological, physical and chemical properties, those polymers have found applications in many industrial sectors. Due to interesting physical and chemical properties, EPS can find applications in many industrial sectors including the food industry, cosmetics, for oil and metal recovery from industrial waste and in the mining industry as well. During the last decades EPS have also been demonstrated as interesting bioactive molecules with many applications for human health. PHAs are biopolyesters accumulated as granules in bacteria in order to endure long starving periods. Those biodegradable biopolymers can be used as an alternative to petroleum derived polymers and can be produced from renewable carbon sources. PHAs exhibit a wide variety of properties and structures depending of the carbon source available and the microorganism used for the production. New Caledonia (NC) is frequently referred as a hotspot biodiversity. During a prospection campaign performed in different marine costal ecosystems of NC, a great number (770) of bacteria were isolated from different locations. Screening showed that 55% of the isolates were able to produce under lab conditions EPS and 53% to produce PHA. Partial chemical characterization was performed on purified samples using colorimetric methods, infrared spectrometry (FTIR), gas chromatography (GC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Marine bacteria from New Caledonian ecosystems were shown to produce EPS with unusual chemical composition with potential applications in cosmetics. Preliminary experiments also showed high metal-binding capacity with applications in bioremediation. Different PHAs were also produced using different types of sugars and oil as renewable resources. Blue biotechnologies can have various applications in many industrial sectors (Health, food industry, environment, cosmetics etc…) and there is a great international demand for new molecules issue from marine areas. New Caledonian marine bacteria have proved their capacity for producing innovative biopolymers with a wide range of application that can be valuating in on short time period (environment, cosmetics) or at long time (pharmaceutics, surgeries). These applications are promising in order to develop
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El, Esper Wahib. "Le statut du marin : étude comparative franco-libanaise." Nantes, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NANT4006.
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La spécificité du travail maritime a nécessité depuis fort longtemps la création de règles sociales maritimes autonomes. Mais depuis le début du 20e siècle, la législation terrestre connaît une extension rapide. Face à cette situation, le législateur français, contrairement à son homologue libanais, a commencé à étendre certaines règles terrestres aux marins. Parallèlement à l’évolution de la législation, on constate depuis le milieu des années soixante-dix, d'importants changements conséquents à la crise de la marine marchande des pays à tradition maritime. Cette crise a abouti a une certaine internationalisation de la profession et le statut du marin est plus que jamais remis en causeThe specificity of maritime work has for a long time called for the creation of its own set of rules. However since the beginning of the twentieth century, the law of the land has expanded rapidly. Faced with this situation, the french legislator unlike his lebanese counterpart has started to entend certain rules of the land to sailors. With the growth in legislation, it has been noticed that since the mid-seventies, important changes have led to a crises in the marchant navy in countries traditionally maritime. This crises has resulted in a certain internationalisation of the profession, and the status of the sailor is now questioned more than ever
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Ertör, Irmak. "The political ecology of marine finfish aquaculture in europe: discourses, implicit assumptions, commodity frontiers and environmental justice." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/457756.
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L'aqüicultura és el subsector productiu agroalimentari amb més creixement des dels anys setanta. El seu percentatge en la producció alimentària marina ha crescut de manera ininterrompuda. En un context de captures decreixents i estocs pesquers en risc, l'aqüicultura ha estat proposada com la solució a la creixent demanda de productes pesquers. Aquesta tendència ha transformat les pràctiques de producció marina, passant de la pesca a la granja, alhora que ha ofert noves fronteres per a l’entrada del capital a través del desenvolupament d'inversions i d’innovacions sociotecnològiques.
Aquesta tesi tracta de contribuir a la millor comprensió d'aquesta transformació i de les relacions socials i ecològiques desiguals produïdes. Es centra en el cas europeu, i planteja la pregunta de com i per què l'aqüicultura transforma les relacions de producció en l'àmbit marí i la seva governança. S'han fet servir diverses metodologies qualitatives, en el marc de l'ecologia política, i s'han abordat tres objectius: (i) analitzar els discursos europeus aqüícoles i identificar de quina manera es relacionen amb els processos de confinament i mercantilització del medi marí; (ii) identificar els conflictes socioambientals relacionats amb les granges aqüícoles a Europa des de la perspectiva de la justícia ambiental; i (iii) explorar l'expansió geogràfica, espacial i taxonòmica de les fronteres extractives associades a l'aqüicultura marina intensiva.
Els resultats de la investigació suggereixen que l'aqüicultura de peixos marins condiciona i transforma els espais i les relacions productives marines a través de l'expansió contínua del capital, l'extensió a noves fronteres extractives i el confinament de béns comuns. Un procés que és facilitat pels discursos dominants com ara l'imperatiu del creixement. A través de la recerca de vies per a una major acumulació de capital, la transformació de la pesca cap a l'aqüicultura intensiva marina canvia les relacions socials i ambientals en l'àmbit marí. La reconfiguració resultant de l'accés i el control sobre els comuns marins exclou diversos actors, i això al seu torn genera conflictes socioambientals i demandes de justícia ambiental relacionats amb les granges aqüícoles. La investigació assenyala que aquesta expansió produeix nous règims naturals, espacials i socioeconòmics amb la intenció de superar les crisis d'acumulació del capital vinculades al decreixement dels estocs i captures pesqueres, i es produeix mitjançant el confinament i la mercantilització del medi marí.
A través de la investigació realitzada, aquesta tesi contribueix a la literatura d'ecologia política vinculada a l'aqüicultura així com als debats teòrics més amplis associats als confinaments, el canvi agrari i socioambiental i la governança ambiental neoliberal.La acuicultura es el subsector productivo agroalimentario con mayor crecimiento desde los años setenta. Su porcentaje en la producción alimentaria marina ha crecido de manera ininterrumpida. En un contexto de capturas decrecientes y stocks pesqueros en riesgo, la acuicultura ha sido propuesta como la solución a la creciente demanda de productos pesqueros. Esta tendencia ha transformado las prácticas de producción marina, pasando de la pesca a la granja, al tiempo que ha ofrecido nuevas fronteras para la entrada del capital a través del desarrollo de inversiones e innovaciones socio-tecnológicas. Esta tesis trata de contribuir a una mejor comprensión de esta transformación y de las relaciones sociales y ecológicas desiguales producidas por ella. Se centra en el caso europeo, y plantea la pregunta de cómo y por qué la acuicultura transforma las relaciones de producción en el ámbito marino y su gobernanza. Se han usado diversas metodologías cualitativas, en el marco de la ecología política, y se han abordado tres objetivos: (i) analizar los discursos europeos acuícolas e identificar de qué manera se relacionan con los procesos de confinamiento y mercantilización del medio marino; (ii) identificar los conflictos socioambientales relacionados con las granjas acuícolas en Europa desde la perspectiva de la justicia ambiental; y (iii) explorar la expansión geográfica, espacial y taxonómica de las fronteras extractivas asociadas a la acuicultura marina intensiva. Los resultados de la investigación sugieren que la acuicultura de peces marinos condiciona y transforma los espacios y relaciones productivas marinas a través de la expansión continua del capital, la extensión a nuevas fronteras extractivas y el confinamiento de bienes comunes. Un proceso que es facilitado por los discursos dominantes como por ejemplo el imperativo al crecimiento. A través de la búsqueda de vías para una mayor acumulación del capital, la transformación de la pesca a la acuicultura intensiva marina cambia las relaciones sociales y ambientales en el medio marino. La reconfiguración resultante del acceso y el control sobre los comunes marinos excluye a diversos actores, y esto a su vez genera conflictos socioambientales y demandas de justicia ambiental relacionados con las granjas acuícolas. La investigación señala que esta expansión produce nuevos regímenes naturales, espaciales y socioeconómicos con la intención de superar las crisis de acumulación del capital vinculadas al decrecimiento de los stocks y capturas pesqueras, y se produce por medio del confinamiento y la mercantilización del medio marino. A través de la investigación realizada, esta tesis contribuye a la literatura de ecología política vinculada a la acuicultura así como a los debates teóricos más amplios asociados a los confinamientos, el cambio agrario y socioambiental y la gobernanza ambiental neoliberal.
Aquaculture is the fastest-growing food-production sector globally—since the 1970s, its share in total seafood production has increased uninterruptedly. In the context of falling captures and endangered fish stocks, aquaculture has been proposed as the solution for supplying the rising global seafood demand. This trend has transformed the practices of seafood production from capture to farming, while opening new frontiers for capital with new types of investments and socio-technical innovations. In this thesis, I contribute to understanding this transformation and the resulting uneven social and ecological production relations. By focusing on the case of Europe, I address the question of how and why marine finfish aquaculture transforms the relations of seafood production and marine governance. Adopting a range of qualitative methodological approaches informed by political ecology, my analysis has three objectives: (i) to analyze discourses on European aquaculture and uncover the way they relate to processes of enclosure and commodification of marine areas; (ii) to identify socio-environmental conflicts related to fish farms in Europe and examine them through the lens of environmental justice; and (iii) to explore the geographic, spatial, and taxonomic expansion of commodity frontiers associated with intensive marine aquaculture. The research findings presented in this thesis suggest that marine finfish aquaculture shapes and transforms marine spaces and production relations through the continuous expansion of capital into new commodity frontiers and the enclosure of marine commons, enabled by dominant discourses like growth imperative. By seeking further capital accumulation, the transformation from capture fisheries to intensive marine aquaculture changes social and ecological relations within marine area. The resulting reconfiguration of access to and control over marine commons excludes a variety of social actors, and leads in turn to socio-environmental conflicts related to fish farms informed by environmental justice demands. I claim that such a continuous expansion underpins how capital produces nature, space, and socio-ecological regimes with the intention of overcoming accumulation crises related to declining stocks and capture fisheries through further enclosing and commodifying marine areas. Through these findings, this thesis contributes to literatures on the political ecology of aquaculture as well as to broader theoretical debates on enclosures, agrarian and socio-environmental change and on neoliberal environmental governance.
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FAVRETTO, ANRES NATHALIE. "Utilisation des ondes de type stoneley-scholte et love pour la caracterisation acoustique des sediments marins." Aix-Marseille 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX22019.
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Ce travail est une contribution a la caracterisation acoustique des fonds sedimentaires marins. On a plus particulierement examine la possibilite d'identifier les parametres de cisaillement des sediments, difficilement mesurables a l'aide de methodes acoustiques classiques. Cette etude est abordee a partir des caracteristiques de propagation des ondes d'interface de type stoneley-scholte et love, qui se propagent au voisinage de l'interface eau/sediments. L'originalite de ce travail reside essentiellement dans la prise en compte de la nature dissipative des sediments, modelises par un solide viscoelastique de type kelvin-voigt, dans les modeles de propagation des ondes developpes a l'aide du formalisme des ondes planes non homogenes. La propagation de l'onde de stoneley-scholte et celle des ondes de love ont ete analysees au sein des configurations fluide parfait/solide viscoelastique et fluide parfait/couche viscoelastique/substrat elastique. Toutes les caracteristiques de l'ond ede stoneley-scholte ont pu etre verifiees experimentalement en cuves sur des maquettes de fonds marins. En examinant l'influence des parametres de cisaillement du solide viscoelastique sur les caracteristiques de propagation des differentes ondes, on a ensuite montre qu'a partir des courbes de dispersion et des courbes d'energie associees aux ondes de type stoneley-scholte et love, il etait possible d'estimer la celerite et l'attenuation des ondes de cisaillement du milieu viscoelastique. L'application d'une methode d'inversion (methode de brent), sur des donnees synthetiques bruitees dans un premier temps, puis sur des mesures experimentales dans un deuxieme temps, a confirme toutes ces hypotheses. Une fois le probleme inverse parfaitement resolu, on a alors ete en mesure de porter un jugement sur les ondes d'interface de type stoneley-scholte et love, et ainsi de connaitre quelle onde semblait la plus adaptee pour retrouver les caracteristiques acoustiques du milieu sedimentaire
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Duhamet, Agnès. "De l’ADN environnemental jusqu’aux plans de conservation pour les poissons côtiers méditerranéens." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONG031.
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Les communautés de poissons marins, essentielles au bon fonctionnement des écosystèmes, sont de plus en plus menacées par les pressions humaines : surpêche, dégradation des habitats, pollutions et changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, des réserves marines sont mises en place pour tenter de les protéger. Afin de mieux orienter la protection des espèces, notamment les plus vulnérables, il faut mieux connaître leur répartition spatiale et bathymétrique, mais aussi leur niveau de coexistence avec les pressions humaines. L’obtention de ces données est difficile avec les outils classiques tels que la plongée, cantonnée aux zones superficielles ou la pêche qui reste destructive et sélective sur les espèces. En alternative, le metabarcoding de l’ADN environnemental (ADNe), permet une meilleure détection des espèces, même les plus rares ou les plus furtives, et semble particulièrement adapté aux communautés des zones mésophotiques (30-150 mètres de profondeur) qui restent mal connues car relativement inaccessibles. Cette méthode consiste à collecter et amplifier l’ADN laissé par les organismes dans leur environnement, puis à l’assigner à des espèces connues par comparaison aux séquences d’une base de référence génétique. Dans quelle mesure un échantillonnage de l’ADNe le long de gradients spatiaux, bathymétriques et anthropiques va-t-il pouvoir alimenter des modèles prédictifs d’occurrence des espèces et renseigner des plans de conservation pour la biodiversité ichtyologique côtière ? Telle est la question centrale de la thèse.Le premier chapitre synthétise les connaissances actuelles sur la répartition spatiale et bathymétrique des poissons marins à l’échelle mondiale, ainsi que la disponibilité des séquences dans les bases de référence génétiques publiques. Seules 19% des 11 786 espèces marines étudiées sont couvertes par le marqueur teleo couramment utilisé pour la détection des poissons. De ce fait, les possibilités d’utilisation des données ADNe restent limitées, car 81% des espèces ne peuvent pas être identifiées. De plus, les espèces ne vivant qu’au-delà de 30m de profondeur sont moins couvertes par les bases de référence.Le deuxième chapitre présente une modélisation visant à évaluer et comparer les effets relatifs des réserves et du confinement sur les probabilités d’occurrence de 87 espèces de poissons. Pour cela, un important travail de séquençage des espèces a été réalisé pour compléter la base de référence des espèces présentes en mer Méditerranée française. Au cours des campagnes d’échantillonnage d’ADNe menées entre 2018 et 2022, des échantillons ont été récoltés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de 11 réserves marines où la pêche est interdite, dont 160 pendant le confinement du printemps 2020 lié à l’épidémie de COVID-19. Les résultats montrent une augmentation de la probabilité d’occurrence dans les réserves pour 59% des espèces. La probabilité d’occurrence a augmenté lors du confinement pour 62% des espèces. La réponse à l’effet des réserves et du confinement est différente en fonction des espèces, suggérant que la mise en place de grandes réserves avec moins de présence humaine, en sus des réserves actuelles, sont nécessaires pour protéger l’ensemble de la biodiversité ichtyologique.Le troisième chapitre présente des modèles de distribution d’espèces prenant en compte les co-occurrences et les habitats côtiers méditerranéens. À partir de la distribution estimée de 120 espèces, des zones à protéger en priorité le long des côtes méditerranéennes françaises ont pu être identifiées pour atteindre les 30% de couverture en AMP préconisée d’ici 2030 et optimiser la conservation de la biodiversité ichtyologique.Dans cette thèse, le couplage entre les données issues du metabarcoding de l’ADNe et la modélisation a permis de décrire la répartition spatiale et bathymétrique des espèces, évaluer l’efficacité des mesures de protection et informer les futurs plans de conservationMarine fish communities, which are essential to the proper functioning of ecosystems, are under increasing threat from human pressures: overfishing, habitat degradation, pollutions and climate change. In this context, marine reserves are set up to try to protect them. In order to better guide the protection of species, particularly the most vulnerable, we need to know their spatial and bathymetric distribution, but also their level of coexistence with human pressures. Obtaining this data is difficult with conventional tools such as diving, which is limited to superficial areas, or fishing, which is destructive and selective for species. Alternatively, the metabarcoding of environmental DNA (eDNA) allows better detection of species, even the rarest or most elusive ones, and seems particularly suited to study communities in mesophotic zones (30-150 meters deep) which remain poorly known because of their relative inaccessibility. This method consists of collecting and amplifying the DNA left by organisms in their environment, then assigning it to known species by comparison with sequences in a genetic reference database. To what extent will eDNA sampling along spatial, bathymetric and anthropogenic gradients be able to feed predictive models of species occurrence and inform conservation plans for coastal ichthyological biodiversity? This is the central question of the thesis.The first chapter summarizes current knowledge of the spatial and bathymetric distribution of marine fish at the global scale, as well as the availability of sequences in the public genetic reference databases. Only 19% of the 11,786 marine species studied are covered by the teleo marker commonly used for fish detection. As a result, the possibilities for using eDNA data remain limited, as 81% of species cannot be identified. In addition, species living only at depths greater than 30m are less well covered by reference databases.The second chapter presents modeling aimed at evaluating and comparing the relative effects of reserves and lockdown on the probabilities of occurrence of 87 fish species. To do this, a major species sequencing project was carried out to complete the reference database of species present in the French Mediterranean Sea. During the eDNA sampling campaigns carried out between 2018 and 2022, samples were collected inside and outside 11 marine reserves where fishing is banned, including 160 during the spring 2020 lockdown period linked to the COVID-19 epidemic. The results show an increase in the probability of occurrence in reserves for 59% of species. The probability of occurrence increased during lockdown for 62% of species. The response to the effect of reserves and lockdown is different depending on the species, suggesting that the establishment of large reserves with less human presence, in addition to current reserves, are necessary to protect all species.The third chapter presents species distribution models considering co-occurrences and Mediterranean coastal habitats. Based on the estimated distribution of 120 species, priority areas for conservation along the French Mediterranean coast have been identified to achieve the recommended 30% MPA coverage by 2030 and optimize the conservation of ichthyological biodiversity.In this thesis, the combination of data from eDNA metabarcoding and modeling was used to describe the spatial and bathymetric distribution of species, assess the effectiveness of protection measures and inform future conservation plans
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Keith, Inti. "Marine invasive species in the Galapagos Marine Reserve." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2016. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/eb5cd56d-eb1c-41c5-8213-1c4ed82d5646.
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Marine biological invasions have increased significantly in recent years due to global trade, transport and tourism. Invasions occur when species get transported from one region to another and establish themselves in the new habitat. These species compete for space and resources, displacing native species and changing, populations and communities. Invasive non-native species are the number one threat to Galapagos ecosystems and although many preventive and corrective measures have been applied to terrestrial problems, the impacts of invasive non-native species in the marine environment has received relatively little attention to date. The marine ecosystems of Galapagos harbour distinctive biological communities given a unique confluence of currents in the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP). They sustain a high incidence of endemic species, which are regularly subjected to extreme climate variability through El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. This research examines the negative impacts that marine non-native species can have on the biodiversity, ecosystem services and the health of the Galapagos Marine Reserve (GMR). Baseline surveys revealed nine marine non-native species present in the GMR at this time and the potential for the impacts of high-risk species for the GMR examined. Furthermore international marine traffic was analysed resulting in Panama and Guayaquil being identified as the hotspots for the translocation of marine no-native species to the Galapagos. A species based exposure model produced a list of 469 high-risk species that could have arrived in the GMR during 2013 from 14 different regions worldwide. Additionally, natural vectors were assessed as well as natural processes enhanced by anthropogenic activity. These results reflect the considerable risk that these vectors pose in the translocation of marine non-native species, furthermore ENSO events and global climate change were identified as major threats to the marine ecosystems of the GMR due to the increase in SST. Species distribution models are presented for 19 high-risk non-native species and the open niche scenario is described as the biggest threat the GMR is facing with the arrival of non-native species regardless as to how these species arrive through anthropogenic or natural vectors. Several risk assessments are presented and discussed in order to provide management strategies for decision makers in the GMR.
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Radford, G. J. W. "The marine corrosion and electrochemical characteristics of MARINEL copper nickel alloy." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310387.
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Tarran, Glen Adam. "Aspects of grazing behaviour of the marine dinoflagellate Oxyrrhis marina, Dujardin." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385256.
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Howard, Michael Coleman. "Oregon's Marines: A Regional History of the United States Marine Corps." PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4768.
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The history of the United States Marine Corps in Oregon, and of the many Oregonians who have served as Marines, is a unique story which has never been told. This thesis examines United States Marines from the state of Oregon and activities by Marines in the state. It covers the Oregon Marine experience from its start in 1841 through the Gulf War conflict of 1991 to the present. From 1838 to 1842, Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, United States Navy, led a remarkable exploration and scientific expedition around the world. In 1841, Wilkes visited the Pacific Northwest, and accompanying him aboard his flagship, the ll.S.S. Vincennes, was Quartermaster Sergeant Marion A. Stearns and thirty-two other United States Marines. Steams set a sound leadership example for both his Marines and those of the future as he landed from the sea and explored inland territory ranging from Puget Sound, to the Cascades, the Columbia River, and the Willamette Valley. Stearns' Marine detachment from the 11.SS Peacock even managed to survive their shipwreck upon the Columbia River bar. Oregon had thus begun her unique military heritage with respect to the United States Marine Corps. From this event in 1841, the one hundred and fifty year history of United States Marines in Oregon continued. In 1846, on the eve of the Mexican War, a Marine officer, First Lieutenant Archibald H. Gillespie, delivered a secret presidential message from James K. Polk to explorer John C. Fremont at Klamath Lake. Later, Marines from Union warship detachments visited Astoria and Portland during the Civil War. In 1898, at the Battle of Manila Bay, Private Charles C. Schroeder of Oak Grove, fought aboard the ll.S.S. Olympia with Commodore George Dewey. World War I and World War II found Oregon contributing a diverse and dedicated group of Marines who served valiantly in combat against German and Japanese forces. During the long Cold War with the Soviet Union, the wars in Korea and Vietnam exhibited a continuation of faithful Marine service by Oregonians. And in Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm of 1991, Marines from Oregon continued as their forefathers had before them to honorably serve, sacrifice, and quietly return home. Their record of courage and professionalism are an important but little known part of Oregon's rich history.
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Mortier, Laurent. "Les instabilités du courant algérien." Aix-Marseille 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX22090.
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L'ecoulement en surface de l'eau atlantique le long de la cote algerienne, le courant algerien, est instable. Des modeles analytiques et numeriques mettent en evidence les caracteristiques de l'instabilite, principalement barocline, des courants cotiers de densite de ce type. L'activite a mesoechelle qui en resulte est fortement influencee par la presence de la cote ou des anticyclones sont finalement formes; leur detachement de la cote et leur evolution dependent particulierement de l'echelle longitudinale du bassin. La presence au large d'anticyclones de plus grand diametre est expliquee par l'appariement de ces anticyclones cotiers, mais ce processus est inhibe par le gradient de vorticite planetaire
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Afán, Asencio Isabel. "Ecological response of marine predators to environmental heterogeneity and spatio-temporal variability in resource availability." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/398990.
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Seabirds have evolved within an open and dynamic environment, the ocean. As meso-top predators, seabirds are greatly influenced by the oceanographic conditions driving marine productivity, and therefore, distribution of their prey. Consequently, seabirds’ behaviour and, ultimately, life-history traits are greatly influenced, by the ever-changing oceanographic conditions. However, oceanographic conditions are currently changing at ever-increasing rates due to global warming and human harvest impacting marine ecosystems. Thus, seabirds have become particularly vulnerable to these changes. Accordingly, in this thesis, we investigated the ecological responses of seabirds, in terms of foraging and breeding performance, to the spatio-temporal variability of environmental conditions imposed by oceans and exacerbated by climate and human stressors. In particular, we (i) identified the climate and human stressors impacting the world’s ocean, (ii) investigated the actual scale at which seabirds interact with their environment, (iii) assessed how seabirds respond to oceanographic variability by changing their foraging and reproductive strategies and (iv) proposed an integrative tool for the design of marine reserves protecting seabirds and their environment.
The objectives of this thesis were accomplished through advanced procedures in the fields of satellite remote sensing and animal tracking. Our results confirmed the unprecedented changes experienced by oceans in the last decades. However, we were able to provide deepest insights on the uneven distribution of climate and human driven environmental changes. When investigating the link between such environmental variability and seabirds’ behaviour, we found that dynamic processes as ocean currents were key factors determining the scale at which seabirds interact with their environment. Environmental features driving the spatiotemporal distribution of prey (e.g. sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, sea fronts and persistent areas of productivity) along with industrial fisheries played a fundamental role in determining the foraging distribution of seabirds. However, seabirds’ foraging strategies were largely constrained by limitations imposed by their central-place foraging behaviour and by dynamic factors such as prevalent winds, which influenced individual decision-
making in heading directions when foraging. Intra and interspecific competition for resources also modulated foraging distributions, avoiding conspecifics or segregating foraging areas among sympatric species in appropriate stages. In general, we have provided a complete picture of environmental processes affecting seabirds. We argue that this information would be extremely useful for designing suitable management and conservation strategies. Thus, we finally proposed an adaptive framework for delimitation of more meaningful marine reserves that maximises conservation targets for seabirds, while accounting for human activities, environmental and biological factors largely driven seabird performance and, remarkably, the dynamism inherent to marine systems.
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Alfredsson, Hanna. "Prey selection of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae in the Sargasso Sea: a molecular approach." Thesis, University of Kalmar, University of Kalmar, School of Pure and Applied Natural Sciences, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-2129.
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Abstract
The European eel (Anguilla anguilla) migrates to the Sargasso Sea to spawn. Even though the biology of A. anguilla leptocephali in the Sargasso Sea has been studied for several decades, information regarding their diet has remained unknown until now. Previous dietary studies concerning other species of leptocephali in the Pacific Ocean have been limited to the recognition of identifiable prey remains amongst gut contents. Hence, in this study a molecular approach relying on the detection of prey DNA amongst gut contents was used to study dietary profiles of A. anguilla leptocephali in the Sargasso Sea.
Leptocephali were collected during the circumglobal Galathea 3 expedition in spring 2007 to the Sargasso Sea. DNA extracted from gut contents were PCR amplified using universal primers targeting the nuclear 18S rRNA gene. In order to separate eel amplicons from prey amplicons, PCR products were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Furthermore, clone libraries were constructed using universal primers targeting a portion of the 18S rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene, respectively. In total, the gut contents of 78 leptocephali were screened by DGGE.
A diverse array of eukaryotic taxa was identified, hence demonstrating the applicability of a universal PCR- DGGE approach to study gut contents of leptocephali. The results presented here show, for the first time, that young stages of A. anguilla leptocephali feed on a large variety of zooplankton of which many were gelatinous (e.g. Hydrozoa, Thaliacea and Ctenophora). Several of the identified taxa also constitute important parts of the Sargasso Sea zooplankton community and are of size ranges (adult or larval stages) that made them reasonable as leptocephali prey.
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Garpe, Kajsa. "Effects of habitat structure on tropical fish assemblages." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Zoology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6767.
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Rates of habitat alteration and degradation are increasing worldwide due to anthropogenic influence. On coral reefs, the loss of live coral reduces structural complexity while facilitating algal increase. In many coastal lagoons seagrass and corals are cleared to make room for cultivated macroalgae. This thesis deals with reef and lagoon habitat structure and how fish assemblage patterns may be related to physical and biological features of the habitat. It further examines assemblage change following habitat disturbance. Four studies on East African coral reefs concluded that both the abundance and species richness of recruit and adult coral reef fish were largely predicted by the presence of live coral cover and structural complexity (Papers I-III, VI). Typically, recruits were more selective than adults, as manifested by limited distributions to degraded sites. Paper VI compared short- and long-term responses of fish assemblages to the 1997-1998 bleaching event. The short-term response to coral mortality included the loss of coral dwelling species in favour of species which feed on algae or associated detrital resources. Counterintuitively, fish abundance and taxonomic richness increased significantly at one of two sites shortly after the bleaching. However, the initial increase was later reversed and six years after the death of the coral, only a limited number of fish remained. The influence of fleshy algae on fish assemblages was studied in algal farms (Paper IV), and examined experimentally (Paper V). The effects of algal farming in Zanzibar were significant. Meanwhile, manually clearing algal-dominated patch reefs in Belize from macroalgae resulted in short-term increases of abundance, biomass and activity of a few species, including major herbivores. The findings of this thesis demonstrate the significance of habitat as a structuring factor for tropical fish assemblages and predicts that coral death, subsequent erosion and algal overgrowth may have substantial deleterious impacts on fish assemblage composition, abundance and taxonomic richness, with recovery being slow and related to the recovery of the reef framework.
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Engstedt, Olof. "Anadromous Pike in the Baltic Sea." Doctoral thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för naturvetenskap, NV, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13856.
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The pike (Esox lucius) is a major predator and top-down regulator in the Baltic Sea where it exists in two sympatric forms. One spawn in streams and rivers and the other one spawn in the sea. During the last decades, the habitats for both of these forms have developed in a negative way. In some freshwater systems, up to 90 % of the water areas have disappeared, mainly through drainage and straightening of watercourses for agricultural purposes. In the sea, reproduction habitats decrease due to construction of harbours and human activities that create disturbances. The perhaps largest single factor negatively affecting recruitment of pike in the sea is the eutrophication. Bottoms are overgrown with filamentous algae and shallow bays are covered with dense Phragmites belts decreasing the habitats suitable for spawning. Further on, a predator on egg and fish larvae, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) has increased in abundance. It is difficult to restore and enhance pike production in the sea and probably the only economically viable alternative is to make restorations in freshwater. However, there is a limited knowledge about the freshwater spawning pike in the Baltic Sea. Thus in this thesis I, together with my coauthors, set out with an aim to increase the knowledge base regarding anadromous pike behaviour. We found that pike of natal freshwater origin were common in the Baltic Sea. Through Sr:Ca studies in otoliths, about 45 % of the pike were interpreted to be of freshwater origin. The majority of the pike had emigrated out of freshwater at a length below 6 cm. These results indicate that freshwater recruitment is successful, contrasting the vast areas available for spawning in the sea. This creates incitements that restoration measures in these watercourses could have a significant effect on the pike population in the Baltic Sea. Further, in four streams running out in the Baltic Sea, more than three thousand pike were marked to study spawning migration. About 30-40 % returned to the same river the subsequent year. Most of the pike used the lower parts of the stream for spawning. The homing of pike to a watercourse indicate that freshwater pike in the Baltic Sea consist of specific populations and this is crucial information when taking decisions on fish restoration measures. Three wetlands adjacent to streams were restored for pike production. The most successful restoration involved minimal digging, with flooded grasslands providing optimal conditions for spawning. The first spawning season after restoration increased the pike production hundredfold. In conclusion, the anadromous pike are numerous in the Baltic Sea. To compensate for the decline in pike populations in the sea, “pike-factories” created along the coastline are probably the most justifiable option.
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Riandey, Virginie. "Etude de la structure de taille des populations zooplanctoniques dans différents écosystèmes marins : Apports des nouveaux appareils automatisés d'observation." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2005AIX22038.pdf.
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The goal of my PhD work (supported by the French Ministry of Education and Research) was to compare the information given by new and automatic systems for mesozooplankton observation (OPC, ZOOSCAN and Underwater Video Profiler-UVP) to those given by an approach more classical (dissecting microscope). The new systems provided fast size spectra from which both zooplankton abundance and biomass can be estimated. The dissecting microscope completed the previous observations by providing taxonomic data. This study was based on three sampling locations (Gulf of Guinea, Algerian Basin and Gulf of Lions). First, the whole dataset was used to perform calibration studies between automatic (OPC and ZOOSCAN) and traditional methods (counts, dry weights and C and N contents). Those calibrations permitted to specify the respective advantage of each method and also to define their optimal use and their complementarities in function of the established research objectives. Secondly, OPC and UVP data were used to study the variations of zooplankton size structure at different spatial (i. E. Gyres, intern waves) and temporal (i. E. Seasonal, diel) scales. I showed that, in the Gulf of Guinea (PICOLO campaign), oceanic long waves creating large anticyclonic eddies had a strong impact on zooplankton descriptors (size structure, biomass and composition), favoring secondary production. I also demonstrated that, in the Algerian basin (ELISA campaign), mesoscale hydrodynamic features such as cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies had different impacts on zooplankton descriptors depending mainly on the structure and on the localization in such structure (Riandey, 2005b). In the Gulf of Lions (Mediterranean Sea), I studied also the spatial (DICAMUF campaign) and temporal (temporal coastal survey) variability of zooplankton descriptors. My results showed that the zooplankton community was organized following a gradient from the coast to the open-ocean and that it followed also seasonal cycles with high variations between 2002 and 2003. This work showed that, in the whole, zooplankton size structure allowed detecting changes in the structure of the zooplankton community at different temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, it also pointed out that a link between diversity and size structure of mesozooplankton existed. Size structure appeared therefore a good indicator of changes in an ecosystem.
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Kim, Tae-Goun. "Managing marine resource use conflicts : marine sand mining in Korea /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3284825.
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Viaud, Ronan. "Le syndicalisme maritime français : les organisations, les hommes, les luttes, 1890-1950 /." Rennes : Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40027715j.
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Jordan, Terry L. "Acclimation of marine macrophytes (Saccharina latissima and Zostera marina) to water flow." College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8246.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Chapman, Paul M. "Offshore marine visualization." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6673.
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In 85 B.C. a Greek philosopher called Posidonius set sail to answer an age-old question: how deep is the ocean? By lowering a large rock tied to a very long length of rope he determined that the ocean was 2km deep. These line and sinker methods were used until the 1920s when oceanographers developed the first echo sounders that could measure the water's depth by reflecting sound waves off the seafloor. The subsequent increase in sonar depth soundings resulted in oceanologists finally being able to view the alien underwater landscape. Paper printouts and records dominated the industry for decades until the mid 1980s when new digital sonar systems enabled computers to process and render the captured data streams. In the last five years, the offshore industry has been particularly slow to take advantage of the significant advancements made in computer and graphics technologies. Contemporary marine visualization systems still use outdated 2D representations of vessels positioned on digital charts and the potential for using 3D computer graphics for interacting with multidimensional marine data has not been fully investigated. This thesis is concerned with the issues surrounding the visualization of offshore activities and data using interactive 3D computer graphics. It describes the development of a novel 3D marine visualization system and subsequent study of marine visualization techniques through a number of offshore case studies that typify the marine industry. The results of this research demonstrate that presenting the offshore engineer or office based manager with a more intuitive and natural 3D computer generated viewing environment enables complex offshore tasks, activities and procedures to be more readily monitored and understood. The marine visualizations presented in this thesis take advantage of recent advancements in computer graphics technology and our extraordinary ability to interpret 3D data. These visual enhancements have improved offshore staffs' spatial and temporal understanding of marine data resulting in improved planning, decision making and real-time situation awareness of complex offshore data and activities.
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Yang, Y.-S. "Marine hazard assessment." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356793.
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Firth, Antony Julian. "Marine archaeology underwater." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243139.
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Hale, Alex G. C. "Scottish marine crannogs /." Oxford : Archaeopress, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39227521d.
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Dars, Jacques. "La marine chinoise du Xe siècle au XIVe siècle /." Paris : Economica, 1992. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366603129.
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Zriouil, Mohammed. "Le sort du marin malade ou blessé en droit français." Nantes, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NANT4006.
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Le but de cette thèse est d’étudier le sort du marin malade ou blesse en droit français. Le premier volet comprend d'une part, les conséquences de la maladie de l'accident et de l'inaptitude physique sur le contrat d'engagement. Les difficultés situées au niveau de reclassement et celui de l'emploi. D'autre part, le rôle préventif du médecin des gens de mer suite aux visites médicales aussi bien que sur les lieux du travail. Le second volet traite les différentes notions (maladie-accident-invalidité), les prestations accordées au marin : sa prise en charge par l'armateur et la caisse générale de prévoyance. Puis l'action en réparation intégrale lorsque l'accident est du à une faute d'un tiers, d'un événement de mer ; les problèmes qui se posent vis à vis de la qualification des tiers quant à la détermination de la faute. Les recours dont le marin dispose ainsi que ses ayants droit ou ses proches et les lacunes juridiques qui heurtent la mise en œuvre de cette procédureThe purpose of this thesis is to analyse the condition of the injured and sick sailor in french law. The first part of our stady deals with the consequences of the accident, of the disease and the physical incapacity under in obligation contract, and the problems encoutered on reclassification as well as employmet. On the other hard we shall stady the preventive role of seamen's doctor after medical investigations as well as on the working place. The second part deals with various notions (diseazse-accident-invalidity), allowances granted to the sailor : repayement by the ship owner and the insurance company. Then the action of total compensation, when the accident is the result of a third person. Or an event while navigating. Problems which concernig the sailors qualification in order to determine who has made the fault, the recourses the sailor, his agents or his relatives have but also juridical's deficiencies which stop the procedure
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Gautschi, Jeffrey T. "Marine natural products from sponges and deep water, marine-derived fungi /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2006. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Campbell, Maria Shauna. "Fisheries, marine conservation, marine renewable energy and displacement : a fresh approach." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8336.
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Fishers are among the biggest commercial resource users in the marine environment. In order to meet international, national and local policies, the UK has to designate a suite of marine protected areas (MPAs) and reach marine renewable energy (MRE) targets. Inevitably, there will be conflict between these two industries and marine conservation. This study uses a multi-disciplinary approach to examine evaluate the suitability of various sources of data, which could be used to detect, assess, and ultimately predict, fishing effort displacement within the different sectors of the > 15 m fleet in the South West of the UK. Gear-specific Vessel Monitoring System (VMS) data from 2005-2008 was used to assess potential effort displacement due to Haig Fras, a proposed MPA and Wave Hub, a marine renewable energy installation (MREI). The spatial distribution of fishing activity was highly heterogeneous and distinct areas of intense fishing could be identified for all gear-types. A closure of Haig Fras would have the greatest impact on gillnetters. Scallop dredgers also occasionally use the area. The current closure at Wave Hub has the greatest impact on potters and whelkers whose geographic specialisation is most pronounced and who use the area extensively. Longliners also use the area disproportionately would be affected. A simple index of variability was developed in order to determine baselines and two other sources of data were used. High resolution seabed data and low resolution catch data. A semi structured interview was conducted with forty fishers to elicit further information on the challenges, barriers to progress and priority issues in relation to MRE those fishers face. The theme of discontent with the consultation process scored highly throughout. Fishers’ Knowledge (FK) another source of data also scored highly, although further work must be carried out to identify what aspects of this data are useful in assessment of fishing effort displacement.
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Zúñiga, Calderón María José, and Infante Abdul Galvez. "Modelamiento y evaluación de la intrusión marina en el acuífero Chilca, Lima." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/628080.
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La demanda de agua en Chilca ha aumentado considerablemente en la última década, debido al aumento de la población y el desarrollo económico en la zona, y a la falta de recursos hídricos disponibles en la cuenca. Esta situación ha incrementado la sobre explotación de los recursos hídricos subterráneos. Estudios actuales revisados arrojaron evidencias de la contaminación del agua extraída. Por lo tanto, esta investigación plantea determinar el grado de extensión de la intrusión marina en la zona costera de Chilca, Lima. Para tal efecto, se modela numéricamente el flujo del agua subterránea con MODFLOW, que incluyen parámetros hidrogeológicos e hidrodinámicos del acuífero. Asimismo, se representa la dinámica de la intrusión marina con el modelo numérico SEAWATER INTRUSION. Se utilizaron datos de cargas hidráulicas en una red de pozos desde el 2005 al 2014, los que se usaron para calibrar el modelo y realizar un análisis de sensibilidad. Con el modelo calibrado, se simuló la intrusión marina en 10, 20 y 40 años. Los resultados muestran que la extensión en longitud de la intrusión podría avanzar hasta 4350 m con respecto al litoral para el año 2057.The water demand in Chilca has increased considerably in the last decade, due to the increase in population and economic development in the area, and the lack of available water resources in the basin. This situation has increased the overexploitation of groundwater resources. Current studies reviewed showed evidence of contamination of extracted water. Therefore, this research proposes to estimate the extent of the marine intrusion in the coastal zone of Chilca, Lima. For this purpose, first, the groundwater flow is represented using MODFLOW model, which include hydrogeological and hydrodynamic parameters of the aquifer. Second, the dynamics of the marine intrusion is represented with the numerical model SEAWATER INTRUSION. Hydraulics heads from 2005 to 2014 were used from a network wells, which were used to calibrate the model and perform a sensitivity analysis. With the calibrated model, the marine intrusion was simulated in 10, 20 and 40 year-periods. The results show that the extension in terms of length of the intrusion could advance up to 4350 m from the coast line by the year 2057.
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Polastrini, Elisa. "Enrichment of CO2 in marine ecosystem: effects on marine bivalve Chamelea gallina." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.
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Oceans absorb 30% of the anthropogenic CO2 release in the atmosphere (IPCC 2014). With climate change, marine ecosystems are mainly exposed to rising temperature and ocean acidification. The principal consequences of adding CO2 to seawater is to decrease the concentration of carbonate ion and lower pH. These impacts can affect marine calcifying organisms such as bivalves to produce their CaCO3 shell or compromise their fitness. The IPCC proposes Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) in the context of a measure for mitigating climate change consequences, however a leakage of CO2 could have negative environmental implications. The research work presented investigates the possible pH effects on marine bivalve C. gallina induced by acidification with a specific aim of assessing how benthic calcifying organisms react to a CO2 leakage or more generally to the coming changes in climate. Potential CO2 leakage could re-suspend high quantities of sediments and contaminants associated with negative effects for marine biota. Therefore, a secondary purpose is to investigate the effects on clams produced by interaction among acidification and an emerging contaminant such as microplastics. Three types of analysis were performed in the study: (1) survival rate of the clam under stressful conditions; (2) physical-chemical analysis of the principal components of shell calcification; (3) histopathological analysis in gills tissues to quantify the induced lesions.
The data obtained revealed a significant low survival rate of clam C. gallina in relation to a pH reduction, with a limited ability to form calcified structures and disturbed metabolic activities. The study suggests that acidification induced by CO2 leakage can damage the gills of clams, instead it showed a non significant interaction with microplastics. Future research is needed to understand and predict the biological effects and economic implications for marine ecosystem resulting from CO2 leakage.
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Richardson, Peter Bradley. "Managing marine turtles : a study of marine turtle conservation science and policy." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3167.
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Marine turtles are an ancient group of reptiles that have been used by humans as a source of protein for over 7,000 years. In recent decades, acknowledgement of the various threats to marine turtles, including the deleterious impact of historical and contemporary use on many populations, led the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) to list all seven extant species of marine turtle on their Red List of Threatened Species. Consequently, marine turtles are often given protected status in the national legislation of countries around the world, despite the existence of ongoing use cultures in communities that live with marine turtles. Conservation strategies are challenged by the migratory nature of marine turtles, which have complex life histories typically involving the use of habitats in the jurisdictions of multiple sovereign states as well as the high seas. As a result, a suite of multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs) list marine turtles in the most highly protective categories. Thus, governments of sovereign states that have acceded to the various MEAs are committed to conservation strategies requiring national action and cooperative multi-lateral action, which can conflict with interests of communities with a tradition of marine turtle consumption. In this thesis I provide examples of how contemporary scientific research methods can elucidate the migratory behaviours of marine turtles, and can help define range of populations subject to national conservation action and use. I examine specific examples of how this information can inform national and multi-lateral conservation policies and strategies; how those policies and strategies interact and impact on traditional cultures of marine turtle use in the UK Overseas Territories in the Caribbean; and provide an example of the potential benefits of engaging stakeholders with contemporary research methods. This thesis highlights the utility of a multi-disciplinary approach to research underpinning marine turtle conservation and management, which acknowledges the limitations of MEAs and national government capacity, and which incorporates participation of those communities engaged in marine turtle consumption.
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BASSOTTI, ELISA. "Heavy metals in marine organisms. Mediterranean and Antarctic marine sponges and bivalves." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/242161.
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TANI, ILARIA. "Le aree naturali protette marine e costiere e il diritto internazionale." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/7793.
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The research focuses on the institutional and regulatory aspects of marine protected areas in the international legal framework. The first Part analyses the concept of "marine (and/or coastal) protected area" in its fundamental elements; the second Part evaluates the zonal approach, on which the regulation of all ocean activities is actually based, and the sectoral approach, that characterizes almost all international instruments dealing with the creation of marine reserves; the third Part relates to the experience in the Mediterranean Sea and analyses two national legislations on marine protected areas (Spain and Italy).
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Seuront, Laurent Dauvin Jean-Claude. "Approche systémique des processus à micro-échelle en écologie marine." Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/616.
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Reproduction de : Habilitation à diriger des recherches : Sciences naturelles : Lille 1 : 2005.Synthèse des travaux en français. Recueil de publications en anglais non reproduit dans la version électronique. N° d'ordre (Lille 1) : 460. Curriculum vitae. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. p. 92-95. Liste des publications et des communications.
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Stewart, Romola R. "Systematic marine reserve design /." [St. Lucia, Q.], 2004. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20050310.144920/index.html.
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Desjardine, Kelsey Lorne. "Bioactive marine natural products." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31286.
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The chemical exploration of extracts from cultures of the marine bacterial isolate PNG-276 yielded the novel antibiotic tauramamide (2.13), a non-ribosomal peptide active against cultures of Enterococcus sp. and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). A study of extracts of the marine sponge Spirastrella coccinea yielded the novel macrolide methylspirastrellolide C (3.14), which is active against protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). A third study examined sponge extracts active in a cannabinoid receptor assay, yielding two known compounds, an A- nor -steroid derivative (4.10) and bengamide A (4.11). Neither purified compound was active in the cannabinoid receptor assay, although in both cases this is the first report of these compounds being isolated from Stylissa massa and Hemiasterella aff. affinis sponges, respectively. [See Thesis for Diagrams]Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Murray, Jason Hastings. "Constrained marine resource management." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3274515.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-72).
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Troncoso, Abelleira Maria Teresa. "Batteries for marine applications." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-22408.
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The significant reduction in environmental emissions stated by the new IMO legislation, which specifies an amount of sulphur in fuels below 5% for 2020 and a NOx limit with an 80% reduction respect to the actual IMO limit within SECAS´s for 2016, aim the use of batteries as a propulsion source in hybrid marine power plants.Offshore vessels fit perfectly in the application of hybrid propulsion systems due to the large variations of energy requirements during their operation. Besides the reduction of emissions, the optimal combination between engines and batteries can be used for fast transients, smoothing the load of the engine and hence reducing the fuel consumption.The reasons behind the selection of the Lithium Ion battery as an ideal candidate for marine applications are stated in this thesis, through the comparison between the characteristics of different battery types.Simulation models of a Lithium Ion cell and a Lithium Ion battery pack at three complexity levels are developed in this thesis (simple, isothermal and thermal). Bond Graph approach is used for the model generation and 20Sim is used to perform the simulations.A safe operation window is stated for all levels since the performance of Lithium Ion cells is dependent on both, the temperature and the operating voltage. Therefore, both values must be kept within determined limits in order to avoid permanent damage in the cell.In case of the isothermal and thermal approaches, the electrochemical behaviour in the cell is considered and the main phenomena involved is represented, including: activation, conduction and diffusion, as well as, the dynamic effect of the electrochemical reactions and the heat release due to Joule heating.
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Kalusa, Andrew. "Synthesis of marine alkaloids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275274.
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Bannister, Neil Julian. "Bioluminescence in marine copepods." Thesis, Bangor University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238289.
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Chan, Jacqueline. "Bacteriophages of marine Roseobacter." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/4512/.
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The oceans cover ca. 70% of the Earth’s surface and due to their depth encompass around 300 times the habitable volume of the terrestrial environment. The exact proportion of life on Earth that exists in the oceans is unknown as many ocean species remain undiscovered; in particular this holds true for the viruses that infect marine bacterioplankton. It is currently thought that viruses that infect bacteria, bacteriophages or phages, can numerically exceed their hosts by a factor of ten, however, this abundant and diverse group of organisms is still poorly understood. This is especially true of phages that infect members of the Roseobacter clade. Globally, members of the Roseobacter lineage can comprise up to a quarter of the marine microbial community and often dominate the alga-associated bacterial community. In this study phages capable of infecting species of Roseobacter were isolated and characterised. Two Roseovarius-specific phages, RLP1 and RPP1, were isolated from UK coastal waters; morphological and sequence data identified them as belonging to the N4-like genus of Podoviridae. Comparative genomic analysis of both Roseovarius phages to other N4-like phages such as Escherichia coli phage N4 and Sulfitobacter sp. EE-36 phage EE36Φ1, revealed a number of conserved core genes involved in DNA metabolism, transcription control and virion structure. Comparison of N4-like Roseobacter phages (RLP1, RPP1, EE36Φ1 and Ruegeria pomeroyi DSS-3 phage DSS3Φ2) also revealed a number of peripheral genes which are likely to interact directly with host proteins/machinery specific to the Roseobacter group. Unusually, both RLP1 and RPP1 appeared to only infect host cells when in semi-solid agar matrix, but not in liquid culture. Comparison of the outer surface of agar-embedded and planktonic cells revealed different outer-membrane protein and lipopolysaccharide expression profiles. This suggests that some Roseobacter species (spp.) change components of their bacterial cell surface according to their physiological state: agar-embedded/sessile or planktonic and RLP1 and RPP1 exploit this by binding to (a) receptor(s) only expressed during sessile conditions. A number of prophage-like elements were also induced from three Roseobacter spp. by exposure of growing cultures to the DNA-damaging chemical Mitomycin C. These were identified by electron microscopy as belonging to the Siphoviridae family. The results of this project suggest that within the marine environment there remain many uncharacterised phages with peculiar biochemical properties and a wealth of genomic information.
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Turner, Jonathan Russell. "Vision in marine fishes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528093.
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Smith, Alistair Warwick. "Optimal marine farm structures." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Mathematics, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5970.
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This thesis documents a new modelling approach for assessing the interplay between marine mussels and their environment, and presents the development of multi-scale methodology for addressing the question of optimal aquaculture structures. The Lattice Boltzmann (LB) method can accommodate the complex geometry of mussel clusters. This hydrodynamic model is expanded to incorporate physiological activity, in order to quantify the relationship between mussels, the surrounding flow and the spatial distribution of phytoplankton concentration (the mussel food supply). Uptake results, from simulations at the smallest scale of modelling, quantify the non-linear effect of competition for phytoplankton and are shown to be generally independent of diffusive conditions. Statistics of phytoplankton uptake and the hydrodynamic drag force of the cluster are absorbed into a second scale of consideration. Approaches for generating optimal arrangements under various physical constraints at this (medium) scale are presented and compared, following the objective of maximising collective phytoplankton uptake. It is found that branching structures are optimal in limited domains of unidirectional flow, nets perpendicular to unidirectional flow are more efficient in larger areas and spirals are optimal in flow of varied direction. Lastly, analysis of the efficiency of some presently used structures is given, along with methodological suggestions for integrating the optimisation process into large scales, such as an aqua farm in a bay environment.
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Enholm, Jacob C. "Marine thirty-year plan." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/6066.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThe U.S. Marine Corps is in need of a unified enlisted manpower model to guide the recruiting, training, promoting and discharging of an enlisted force of over 153,000 Marines. This thesis develops a set of linear programs (LPs) for this purpose. Each LP optimizes the estimated manpower structure within an occupational field by varying the number of recruits, promotions, and lateral moves over a 30-year time horizon, at a yearly level of detail. The goal is to meet annual force-level targets specified by Headquarters Marine Corps for cohorts defined by occupational specialty, and rank. Estimated attrition rates are key inputs; these are based on Kaplan-Meier estimators for "survival probabilities" computed from Marine Corps data covering 1990-2000. Current force strength data, also required by the LPs, is derived from the Marine Corps database. Average LP solving time is less than thirty minutes on a Pentium IV 2 Ghz personal computer, using the GAMS modeling system and the CPLEX LP solver.
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Mosaad, Mohamed Ahmed Abdel-Rahman. "Marine propeller roughness penalties." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1006.
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The main objective of the project is to investigate the influence of surface roughness of marine propeller blades on propulsive power. The work has involved studies in the concept and practice of surface roughness measurement and characterisation as well as application of boundary layer theory for the analysis propeller-ship hull flow interaction of propeller flow and propellar-ship hull flow interaction. From extensive measurements of the surface topography of in-service propellers, a standard measurement procedure using different commercially available propeller-surveying instruments is described. A development of turbulent boundary layer procedures has been made to determine sufficiently accurately the increment of drag coefficient of propeller blade sections due to propeller blade surface roughness. The roughness function used for this integral boundary layer analysis is derived using, principally, Musker's experimental data. In addition, an experimental determination of the roughness function of a replicated propeller surface using a rotor apparatus has been carried out and described in detail. The turbulent boundary layer procedures require a knowledge of the surface variation of pressure over the propeller blade. For this purpose a program based on Riegels method has been used to give the velocity distribution for a given propeller section geometry. This is used with the boundary layer procedures for developing a complete program "PROFNESS" to calculate the increment of drag coefficient of the blade section. Results from different propellers analysed indicate that the power penalty is proportional to the relative blade roughness to the 1/3 power. An investigation has been made to compare the increment of frictional coefficient for a flat plate and propeller section profiles. It is shown that a "rough" flat plane calculation is quite adequate for such work.' The use of a flat plate analogue as a reference to calculate the skin friction resistance of both propeller and hull surfaces is considered. It is shown that the proposed solution of flat plate momentum integral equations provides a valid, simple and practical solution to the problem of predicting the hull and propeller roughness drag penalties. It also provides, particularly for ship hull resistance, a strong support for the ITTC Correlation Line, not only, and importantly, in regard to its slope, but also its level. For shipowners and operators who may not wish to access advanced computer programs, a simplified method has been proposed to calculate the propeller roughness penalties. There is a good agreement between the two simplified and detailed propeller analysis methods. The propeller roughness penalties, which can be obtained from either the simplified or the more rigorous method, can be related to the Rubert Propeller Comparator Gauges in order to quantify the benefits and justify the cost of the blade surface roughness. Analytical procedures have been included which can be used to calculate the combined effects on ship performance of propeller blade and ship hull surface roughnesses.
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Askin, David. "Carotenoproteins in marine invertebrates." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316509.
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Lundin, Staffan. "Marine Current Energy Conversion." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-280763.
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Marine currents, i.e. water currents in oceans and rivers, constitute a large renewable energy resource. This thesis presents research done on the subject of marine current energy conversion in a broad sense. A review of the tidal energy resource in Norway is presented, with the conclusion that tidal currents ought to be an interesting option for Norway in terms of renewable energy. The design of marine current energy conversion devices is studied. It is argued that turbine and generator cannot be seen as separate entities but must be designed and optimised as a unit for a given conversion site. The influence of support structure for the turbine blades on the efficiency of the turbine is studied, leading to the conclusion that it may be better to optimise a turbine for a lower flow speed than the maximum speed at the site. The construction and development of a marine current energy experimental station in the River Dalälven at Söderfors is reported. Measurements of the turbine's power coefficient indicate that it is possible to build efficient turbines for low flow speeds. Experiments at the site are used for investigations into different load control methods and for validation of a numerical model of the energy conversion system and the model's ability to predict system behaviour in response to step changes in operational tip speed ratio. A method for wake measurements is evaluated and found to be useful within certain limits. Simple models for turbine runaway behaviour are derived, of which one is shown by comparison with experimental results to predict the behaviour well.