Journal articles on the topic 'Marine sponges'
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1
Wulff, Janie L. "Ecological interactions of marine sponges." Canadian Journal of Zoology 84, no. 2 (February 1, 2006): 146–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-019.
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Sponges interact with most other organisms in marine systems as competitors, symbionts, hosts of symbionts, consumers, and prey. Considerable creative energy has been required to study and describe the amazing variety of sponge interactions, as sponges can hide symbionts deep inside, rapidly regenerate wounds from grazers, carry on important associations with unculturable microscopic organisms, and otherwise foil attempts to determine how they are interacting with other organisms. This review of sponge interactions covers (i) competition among sponge species, and between sponges and other sessile organisms; (ii) predation on sponges by sponge specialists and by opportunistic sponge feeders, and aspects of predation such as the importance of nutritional quality, trade-offs between growth and defense against predators, biogeographic patterns in predation, and the advantages of various techniques for studying predation; and (iii) symbiotic associations of sponges with a variety of organisms representing all types of life, and with results ranging from parasitism and disease to mutual benefit. A hint that some generalizations about ecological interactions of sponges may be possible is just becoming evident, as accumulating data appear to show taxonomic and geographic patterns; however, it is also clear that surprises will continue to emerge from every probing new study.
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Freeman, Christopher J., Cole G. Easson, and David M. Baker. "Niche structure of marine sponges from temperate hard-bottom habitats within Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 96, no. 2 (April 10, 2015): 559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315415000363.
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Many species of marine sponges on tropical reefs host abundant and diverse symbiont communities capable of varied metabolic pathways. While such communities may confer a nutritional benefit to some hosts (termed High Microbial Abundance (HMA) sponges), other sympatric species host only sparse symbiont communities (termed Low Microbial Abundance (LMA) sponges) and obtain a majority of their C and N from local sources. Sponge communities are widespread across large latitudinal gradients, however, and recent evidence suggests that these symbioses may also extend beyond the tropics. We investigated the role that symbionts play in the ecology of sponges from the temperate, hard-bottom reefs of Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary by calculating the niche size (as standard ellipse area (SEAc)) and assessing the relative placement of five HMA and four LMA sponge species within bivariate (δ13C and δ15N) isotopic space. Although photosymbiont abundance was low across most of these species, sponges were widespread across isotopic niche space, implying that microbial metabolism confers an ecological benefit to temperate sponges by expanding host metabolic capability. To examine how these associations vary across a latitudinal gradient, we also compared the relative placement of temperate and tropical conspecifics within isotopic space. Surprisingly, shifts in sponge δ13C and δ15N values between these regions suggest a reduced reliance on symbiont-derived nutrients in temperate sponges compared with their tropical conspecifics. Despite this, symbiotic sponges in temperate systems likely have a competitive advantage, allowing them to grow and compete for space within these habitats.
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Proksch, P., R. Ebel, R. A. Edrada, P. Schupp, W. H. Lin, V. Wray, and K. Steube. "Detection of pharmacologically active natural products using ecology. Selected examples from Indopacific marine invertebrates and sponge-derived fungi." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 2-3 (January 1, 2003): 343–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375020343.
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This review article presents our group's recent research findings with regard to bioactive natural products from marine sponges and tunicates, as well as from sponge derived fungi. The organisms discussed originate in the Indopacific region, which has an exceptionally rich marine biodiversity. Major topics that are covered in our review include the chemical ecology of sponges, focusing on defense against fishes, as well as the isolation and identification of new bioactive constituents from sponges and tunicates. Sponge derived fungi are introduced as an emerging source for new bioactive metabolites, reflecting the currently growing interest in natural products from marine microorganisms.
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Lesser, Michael P. "Size Effects on Pumping Rates in High Microbial versus Low Microbial Abundance Marine Sponges." Oceans 4, no. 4 (November 30, 2023): 394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/oceans4040027.
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Sponges are increasingly recognized as ecologically important on coral reefs as scleractinian corals decline. Most sponge species can be divided into two symbiotic phenotypes which are characterized as high microbial abundance (HMA) or low microbial abundance (LMA) sponges. Sponge species of HMA or LMA symbiotic phenotypes differ not just in their microbiomes, but in other characteristics, including that LMA sponges actively pump at higher rates than HMA sponges based on a standard normalization to size. This dichotomy has recently been questioned because the size range of LMA sponges used to quantify pumping rates during studies on their trophic ecology were exceedingly small, often less than an order of magnitude. Here, both HMA and LMA sponges, across two to three orders of magnitude in sponge volume (mL) or mass (g) were assessed for allometric relationships between sponge size and pumping rates (Q = mL s−1). The scaling analysis of all data sets combined reveals that HMA sponges scale their pumping rates isometrically with size, while LMA sponges scale their pumping rate allometrically. When HMA species are examined separately, however, tropical HMA sponges scaled isometrically, while temperate HMA sponges scaled allometrically. From an ecological perspective, to quantify differences between HMA and LMA sponges for rate functions of interest (e.g., feeding) it is important to remove the effects of size as a covariate, and adjust the Q values of sponges to a standard volume or mass. For multiple species and geographic locations, this analysis shows that LMA sponges always maintain higher Q values. On tropical coral reefs, the differences between HMA and LMA sponges are intrinsic and constrained by strong evolutionary selection resulting in fixed differences in Q, regardless of sponge size.
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Gao, Zheng, Binglin Li, Chengchao Zheng, and Guangyi Wang. "Molecular Detection of Fungal Communities in the Hawaiian Marine Sponges Suberites zeteki and Mycale armata." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 19 (August 1, 2008): 6091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01315-08.
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ABSTRACT Symbiotic microbes play a variety of fundamental roles in the health and habitat ranges of their hosts. While prokaryotes in marine sponges have been broadly characterized, the diversity of sponge-inhabiting fungi has barely been explored using molecular approaches. Fungi are an important component of many marine and terrestrial ecosystems, and they may be an ecologically significant group in sponge-microbe interactions. This study tested the feasibility of using existing fungal primers for molecular analysis of sponge-associated fungal communities. None of the eight selected primer pairs yielded satisfactory results in fungal rRNA gene or internal transcribed spacer (ITS) clone library constructions. However, 3 of 10 denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) primer sets, which were designed to preferentially amplify fungal rRNA gene or ITS regions from terrestrial environmental samples, were successfully amplified from fungal targets in marine sponges. DGGE analysis indicated that fungal communities differ among different sponge species (Suberites zeteki and Mycale armata) and also vary between sponges and seawater. Sequence analysis of DGGE bands identified 23 and 21 fungal species from each of the two sponge species S. zeteki and M. armata, respectively. These species were representatives of 11 taxonomic orders and belonged to the phyla of Ascomycota (seven orders) and Basidiomycota (four orders). Five of these taxonomic orders (Malasseziales, Corticiales, Polyporales, Agaricales, and Dothideomycetes et Chaetothyriomcetes incertae sedis) have now been identified for the first time in marine sponges. Seven and six fungal species from S. zeteki and M. armata, respectively, are potentially new species because of their low sequence identity (≤98%) with their references in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis indicated sponge-derived sequences were clustered into “marine fungus clades” with those from other marine habitats. This is the first report of molecular analysis of fungal communities in marine sponges, adding depth and dimension to our understanding of sponge-associated microbial communities.
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Mohanty, Ipsita, Sheila Podell, Jason S. Biggs, Neha Garg, Eric E. Allen, and Vinayak Agarwal. "Multi-Omic Profiling of Melophlus Sponges Reveals Diverse Metabolomic and Microbiome Architectures that Are Non-overlapping with Ecological Neighbors." Marine Drugs 18, no. 2 (February 19, 2020): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18020124.
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Marine sponge holobionts, defined as filter-feeding sponge hosts together with their associated microbiomes, are prolific sources of natural products. The inventory of natural products that have been isolated from marine sponges is extensive. Here, using untargeted mass spectrometry, we demonstrate that sponges harbor a far greater diversity of low-abundance natural products that have evaded discovery. While these low-abundance natural products may not be feasible to isolate, insights into their chemical structures can be gleaned by careful curation of mass fragmentation spectra. Sponges are also some of the most complex, multi-organismal holobiont communities in the oceans. We overlay sponge metabolomes with their microbiome structures and detailed metagenomic characterization to discover candidate gene clusters that encode production of sponge-derived natural products. The multi-omic profiling strategy for sponges that we describe here enables quantitative comparison of sponge metabolomes and microbiomes to address, among other questions, the ecological relevance of sponge natural products and for the phylochemical assignment of previously undescribed sponge identities.
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HADI, TRI ARYONO, MUHAMMAD HAFIZT, HADIYANTO HADIYANTO, AGUS BUDIYANTO, and RIKOH MANOGAR SIRINGORINGO. "Shallow water sponges along the south coast of Java, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190223.
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Hadi TA, Hafizt M, Hadiyanto, Budiyanto A, Siringoringo RM. 2018. Shallow water sponges along the south coast of Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 485-493. Sponges are the most diverse benthic filter feeders, occupying many different types of marine habitat. The south coast of Java is one such marine habitat, very exposed to the open sea. This study investigated the sponge diversity as well as their morphological characters across the south coast of Java. The observations were carried out from 2011 to 2016 in four different locations, including Pamang Peuk, Gunungkidul, Prigi Bay and Bayuwangi. The study found 96 sponge species, from 15 orders, and described them in terms of nine morphological characters. The most common species included Spheciospongia inconstans, Stylissa massa, Callyspongia sp. and Cinachyrella australiensis, while the most common growth forms were massive and encrusting, accounting respectively for 34.4% and 28.1% of the total number of species. There was a significant difference in the number of species found between sub-tidal and intertidal habitats; subtidal sponges were approximately 50% more diverse than intertidal sponges. Apart from the habitat types, the number of sponges varied in relation to the longitude; east Java had more sponge species with more variations in morphology compared to central and west Java. Encrusting and globular growth forms were the most common characteristics of intertidal sponges in west and central Java, while other growth forms comprised the diverse characteristics of the subtidal sponges in the east Java. This baseline information is essential for management of marine biodiversity hotspots in taking decisions for marine life conservation, because the global trajectory of marine habitat degradation is predicted to rise.
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Paul, Valerie J., Christopher J. Freeman, and Vinayak Agarwal. "Chemical Ecology of Marine Sponges: New Opportunities through “-Omics”." Integrative and Comparative Biology 59, no. 4 (April 27, 2019): 765–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icz014.
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Abstract The chemical ecology and chemical defenses of sponges have been investigated for decades; consequently, sponges are among the best understood marine organisms in terms of their chemical ecology, from the level of molecules to ecosystems. Thousands of natural products have been isolated and characterized from sponges, and although relatively few of these compounds have been studied for their ecological functions, some are known to serve as chemical defenses against predators, microorganisms, fouling organisms, and other competitors. Sponges are hosts to an exceptional diversity of microorganisms, with almost 40 microbial phyla found in these associations to date. Microbial community composition and abundance are highly variable across host taxa, with a continuum from diverse assemblages of many microbial taxa to those that are dominated by a single microbial group. Microbial communities expand the nutritional repertoire of their hosts by providing access to inorganic and dissolved sources of nutrients. Not only does this continuum of microorganism–sponge associations lead to divergent nutritional characteristics in sponges, these associated microorganisms and symbionts have long been suspected, and are now known, to biosynthesize some of the natural products found in sponges. Modern “omics” tools provide ways to study these sponge–microbe associations that would have been difficult even a decade ago. Metabolomics facilitate comparisons of sponge compounds produced within and among taxa, and metagenomics and metatranscriptomics provide tools to understand the biology of host–microbe associations and the biosynthesis of ecologically relevant natural products. These combinations of ecological, microbiological, metabolomic and genomics tools, and techniques provide unprecedented opportunities to advance sponge biology and chemical ecology across many marine ecosystems.
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Uy, Mylene. "ID2017 Cytotoxic activities of Philippine marine sponges against colon cancer cells." Biomedical Research and Therapy 4, S (September 5, 2017): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15419/bmrat.v4is.260.
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Although the diversity of life in the terrestrial environment is exceptional, the greatest biodiversity is in the marine environment. Among the marine organisms, the sponges (Porifera) are the most prolific sources of bioactive secondary metabolites. The Philippines, with its long coastal lines, has drawn on its marine capital only to a small extent. Only a few marine organisms (ascidians, sponges, other marine invertebrates and their associated microorganisms) collected from various parts of the Philippines have been documented and investigated in terms of their potential as source of bioactive secondary metabolites, particularly anticancer compounds. Thirty-seven sponges from the coasts off Mindanao, Philippines were collected, identifies and extracted to give a total of seventy-four polar and nonpolar extracts. The corresponding sponge extracts were screened for the sponge extracts were investigated for cytotoxicity towards colon cell lines (HCT116) using the the tetrazolium dye (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)- 2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide) [MTTmethod. The results indicated fifteen (15) sponge extracts to be active at 100- microgram/mL concentration among which seven (7) were still active at 10 microgram/mL while two (2) still exhibited activity at 1 microgram/mL. Further investigation of the active sponge extracts is currently in progress
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Cuc, Nguyen Thi Kim, Ton That Huu Dat, Tran Thi Hong, and Pham Viet Cuong. "Phylogenetic diversity of microorganisms associated with three marine sponges from Mien Trung sea of Vietnam." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 55, no. 2 (April 17, 2017): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-708x/55/2/8577.
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Using culture - independent technique, hypervariable V4 region of 16S rDNA library sequencing by MiSEq, the baterial communities of three host sponges Rhabdastrella sp. DN, Spheciospongia sp. QT and Clathria sp. NT from Mien Trung sea were characterized. The phylogenetic analysis showed that bacterial community structures of the three investigated sponges similar to each other regarding 10 common phyla, although abundance of these phyla was different for each sponge. Phylum Thaumarchaeota was rich component for three sponges, especially in NT sponge (31.89%). In this sponge, 3 phyla Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia and Firmicutes were undetected in other 2 sponge samples. Phyla Cyanobacteria was observed only in DN sponge. The obtained amplicons were assigned in different taxonomic levels (class, order, family and genus) based on Silva database. At class level, Gammaproteobacteria was abundant in three sponges; and Caldilineae, Marine-group I were dominant in DN; mealwile, in QT other dominant classes were Marine-group I and Betaproteobacteria. For NT, they were Cytophaga and Deferribacteres. In general, all three sponges harbored abundant and genetically diverse microbial associated consortia and they shared several common bacterial operational taxonomic units, although with different abundance.
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Hadi, Tri Aryono. "PERANAN EKOLOGIS SPONS PADA EKOSISTEM TERUMBU KARANG." OSEANA 43, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/oseana.2018.vol.43no.1.15.
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ECOLOGICAL ROLES OF SPONGES IN CORAL REEF ECOSYSTEMS. Sponges are one of main reef benthic components which is quite abundant and worldwide distributed. Due to its unique characteristics, such as filtering water column, possessing pores throughout the body, and producing metabolite compounds, sponges play important roles in marine ecosystems. In coral reef ecosystems, the roles are very complex, including facilitating nutrient cycles, stabilizing/eroding calcareous substrates, hosting many types of marine organisms, providing protection to its symbions, competing with other marine benthos in structuring the reefs and as a bioindicator. In this case, sponges can be illustrated as a mediator between abiotic and biotic factors, thus material and energy transfers in the coral reef ecosystems can be boosted. Therefore, it is essential to monitor sponge communities in the reefs considering that its immense roles cannot likely be replaced by other marine organisms.
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Pawlik, Joseph R., and Steven E. McMurray. "The Emerging Ecological and Biogeochemical Importance of Sponges on Coral Reefs." Annual Review of Marine Science 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 315–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010419-010807.
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With the decline of reef-building corals on tropical reefs, sponges have emerged as an important component of changing coral reef ecosystems. Seemingly simple, sponges are highly diverse taxonomically, morphologically, and in terms of their relationships with symbiotic microbes, and they are one of nature's richest sources of novel secondary metabolites. Unlike most other benthic organisms, sponges have the capacity to disrupt boundary flow as they pump large volumes of seawater into the water column. This seawater is chemically transformed as it passes through the sponge body as a consequence of sponge feeding, excretion, and the activities of microbial symbionts, with important effects on carbon and nutrient cycling and on the organisms in the water column and on the adjacent reef. In this review, we critically evaluate developments in the recently dynamic research area of sponge ecology on tropical reefs and provide a perspective for future studies.
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Hentschel, Ute, Jörn Hopke, Matthias Horn, Anja B. Friedrich, Michael Wagner, Jörg Hacker, and Bradley S. Moore. "Molecular Evidence for a Uniform Microbial Community in Sponges from Different Oceans." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 9 (September 2002): 4431–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.9.4431-4440.2002.
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ABSTRACT Sponges (class Porifera) are evolutionarily ancient metazoans that populate the tropical oceans in great abundances but also occur in temperate regions and even in freshwater. Sponges contain large numbers of bacteria that are embedded within the animal matrix. The phylogeny of these bacteria and the evolutionary age of the interaction are virtually unknown. In order to provide insights into the species richness of the microbial community of sponges, we performed a comprehensive diversity survey based on 190 sponge-derived 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences. The sponges Aplysina aerophoba and Theonella swinhoei were chosen for construction of the bacterial 16S rDNA library because they are taxonomically distantly related and they populate nonoverlapping geographic regions. In both sponges, a uniform microbial community was discovered whose phylogenetic signature is distinctly different from that of marine plankton or marine sediments. Altogether 14 monophyletic, sponge-specific sequence clusters were identified that belong to at least seven different bacterial divisions. By definition, the sequences of each cluster are more closely related to each other than to a sequence from nonsponge sources. These monophyletic clusters comprise 70% of all publicly available sponge-derived 16S rDNA sequences, reflecting the generality of the observed phenomenon. This shared microbial fraction represents the smallest common denominator of the sponges investigated in this study. Bacteria that are exclusively found in certain host species or that occur only transiently would have been missed. A picture emerges where sponges can be viewed as highly concentrated reservoirs of so far uncultured and elusive marine microorganisms.
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Vilanova, Eduardo, Priscilla J. Ciodaro, Francisco F. Bezerra, Gustavo R. C. Santos, Juan J. Valle-Delgado, Dario Anselmetti, Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets, and Paulo A. S. Mourão. "Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium." Glycobiology 30, no. 9 (February 20, 2020): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwaa014.
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Abstract Marine ancestors of freshwater sponges had to undergo a series of physiological adaptations to colonize harsh and heterogeneous limnic environments. Besides reduced salinity, river-lake systems also have calcium concentrations far lower than seawater. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharide components of membrane-bound proteoglycans named aggregation factors. Cells of marine sponges require seawater average calcium concentration (10 mM) to sustain adhesion promoted by aggregation factors. We demonstrate here that the freshwater sponge Spongilla alba can thrive in a calcium-poor aquatic environment and that their cells are able to aggregate and form primmorphs with calcium concentrations 40-fold lower than that required by marine sponges cells. We also find that their gemmules need calcium and other micronutrients to hatch and generate new sponges. The sulfated polysaccharide purified from S. alba has sulfate content and molecular size notably lower than those from marine sponges. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that it is composed of a central backbone of non- and 2-sulfated α- and β-glucose units decorated with branches of α-glucose. Assessments with atomic force microscopy/single-molecule force spectroscopy show that S. alba glucan requires 10-fold less calcium than sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges to self-interact efficiently. Such an ability to retain multicellular morphology with low environmental calcium must have been a crucial evolutionary step for freshwater sponges to successfully colonize inland waters.
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Ramadas, V., and G. Chandralega. "Production of Novel Bioactive Compounds by the Bacteria Associated with Some Marine Sponges of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay, Southeast Coast of India." International Journal of Emerging Research in Management and Technology 6, no. 8 (June 25, 2018): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.23956/ijermt.v6i8.136.
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Sponges, exclusively are aquatic and mostly marine, are found from the deepest oceans to the edge of the sea. There are approximately 15,000 species of sponges in the world, of which, 150 occur in freshwater, but only about 17 are of commercial value. A total of 486 species of sponges have been identified in India. In the Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay a maximum of 319 species of sponges have been recorded. It has been proved that marine organisms are excellent source of bioactive secondary metabolites and number of compounds of originated from marine organisms had been reported to possess in-vitro and in-vivo immuno stimulatory activity. Extracts from 20 sponge species were tested for bacterial symbionts and bioactive compounds were isolated from such associated bacterial species in the present study.
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ALMEIDA, ANA C. S., FACELUCIA B. C. SOUZA, CARLA MENEGOLA, and LEANDRO M. VIEIRA. "Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil." Zootaxa 4290, no. 2 (July 7, 2017): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4290.2.3.
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As primary or obligate sessile organisms, bryozoans depend upon a substratum resource that affects their abundance, distribution and diversity. These animals can colonize virtually any type of substratum, including other organisms and artificial structures. Associations between bryozoans and sponges are commonly reported in the literature, but there are few studies discussing the association between these two taxa in detail. Here we present data on the bryozoan community found on shallow-water sponges from Bahia coast, northeastern Brazil, including their taxonomic status, colony form and adaptative structures utilized by these bryozoans to grow on sponges. Twenty-one bryozoan species were found attached to the surface of sixteen species of sponges. Five new species of cheilostome bryozoans are described. A total of 105 colonies were studied and most of them are erect delicate branching (44 colonies) and encrusting patches (34 colonies). The majority of bryozoan colonies were attached to the surface of rugose-textured sponges (67 colonies; 61%). This suggests that bryozoans are more likely to settle on irregular and rough surfaces. Patches colonies were mainly attached to the portion of the sponge that was in contact with the seabed, and spot colonies were particularly found in spatial refuges, showing the preference of larvae to settle on shaded and less exposed substrata. Most erect bryozoans were attached to the lateral sponge surface, other colonies grew on the underside and few on the upper surface of the sponges. These colonies were attached either using anchoring rhizoids, rigid bases, or stolons. The bryozoan species and genera reported here are common in northeastern Brazil and considered generalists in terms of larval settlement requirements. The bryozoan-sponge association studied is considered a non-obligatory commensalism (inquilinism).
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Di Cesare Mannelli, Lorenzo, Fortunato Palma Esposito, Enrico Sangiovanni, Ester Pagano, Carmen Mannucci, Beatrice Polini, Carla Ghelardini, et al. "Pharmacological Activities of Extracts and Compounds Isolated from Mediterranean Sponge Sources." Pharmaceuticals 14, no. 12 (December 18, 2021): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14121329.
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Marine pharmacology is an exciting and growing discipline that blends blue biotechnology and natural compound pharmacology together. Several sea-derived compounds that are approved on the pharmaceutical market were discovered in sponges, marine organisms that are particularly rich in bioactive metabolites. This paper was specifically aimed at reviewing the pharmacological activities of extracts or purified compounds from marine sponges that were collected in the Mediterranean Sea, one of the most biodiverse marine habitats, filling the gap in the literature about the research of natural products from this geographical area. Findings regarding different Mediterranean sponge species were individuated, reporting consistent evidence of efficacy mainly against cancer, infections, inflammatory, and neurological disorders. The sustainable exploitation of Mediterranean sponges as pharmaceutical sources is strongly encouraged to discover new compounds.
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Ehrlich, Hermann, Oksana V. Kaluzhnaya, Mikhail V. Tsurkan, Alexander Ereskovsky, Konstantin R. Tabachnick, Micha Ilan, Allison Stelling, et al. "First report on chitinous holdfast in sponges (Porifera)." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 280, no. 1762 (July 7, 2013): 20130339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2013.0339.
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A holdfast is a root- or basal plate-like structure of principal importance that anchors aquatic sessile organisms, including sponges, to hard substrates. There is to date little information about the nature and origin of sponges’ holdfasts in both marine and freshwater environments. This work, to our knowledge, demonstrates for the first time that chitin is an important structural component within holdfasts of the endemic freshwater demosponge Lubomirskia baicalensis . Using a variety of techniques (near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure, Raman, electrospray ionization mas spectrometry, Morgan–Elson assay and Calcofluor White staining), we show that chitin from the sponge holdfast is much closer to α-chitin than to β-chitin. Most of the three-dimensional fibrous skeleton of this sponge consists of spicule-containing proteinaceous spongin. Intriguingly, the chitinous holdfast is not spongin-based, and is ontogenetically the oldest part of the sponge body. Sequencing revealed the presence of four previously undescribed genes encoding chitin synthases in the L. baicalensis sponge. This discovery of chitin within freshwater sponge holdfasts highlights the novel and specific functions of this biopolymer within these ancient sessile invertebrates.
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Fallon, Bailey R., and Christopher J. Freeman. "Plastics in Porifera: The occurrence of potential microplastics in marine sponges and seawater from Bocas del Toro, Panamá." PeerJ 9 (July 8, 2021): e11638. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11638.
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Microplastics (MP) are now considered ubiquitous across global aquatic environments. The ingestion of MP by fish and other marine vertebrates is well studied, but the ingestion of MP by marine invertebrates is not. Sponges (Phylum Porifera) are particularly understudied when it comes to MP ingestion, even though they are widely distributed across benthic habitats, can process large volumes of seawater, and can retain small particles within their water filtration systems. This study examines the presence of potential MP (PMP) in wild marine sponges and seawater collected in Bocas del Toro, Panamá. Subsurface seawater and tissue from six common Caribbean sponge species was collected in Saigon Bay, a heavily impacted, shallow-water coral reef. Seawater samples were filtered onto glass fiber filters to retain any PMP present and sponge tissue was digested with bleach, heated and filtered. Filters were examined using fluorescence microscopy to quantify PMP. An average of 107 ± 25 PMP L–1 was detected in seawater from Saigon Bay with particles ranging in size between 10 μm and ~3,000 μm. The number of PMP found in sponge tissue ranged between 6 ± 4 and 169 ± 71 PMP g–1 of dry tissue. Most particles found in sponge samples were very small (10–20 μm), but fibers greater than 5,000 μm were detected. Our results indicate that PMP exists within the tissues of the sponges we studied, but future studies should confirm the presence of MP in sponges using chemical analysis. Most importantly, the discrepancy between low levels of PMP in our sponge samples and high levels in the surrounding seawater highlights the potential for sponges to resist and/or egest MP. Finally, we provide a critical evaluation of our methods to improve their use in future MP work with benthic marine organisms.
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Mohamed, Naglaa M., Venkateswara Rao, Mark T. Hamann, Michelle Kelly, and Russell T. Hill. "Monitoring Bacterial Diversity of the Marine Sponge Ircinia strobilina upon Transfer into Aquaculture." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74, no. 13 (May 9, 2008): 4133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00454-08.
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ABSTRACT Marine sponges in the genus Ircinia are known to be good sources of secondary metabolites with biological activities. A major obstacle in the development of sponge-derived metabolites is the difficulty in ensuring an economic, sustainable supply of the metabolites. A promising strategy is the ex situ culture of sponges in closed or semiclosed aquaculture systems. In this study, the marine sponge Ircinia strobilina (order Dictyoceratida: family Irciniidae) was collected from the wild and maintained for a year in a recirculating aquaculture system. Microbiological and molecular community analyses were performed on freshly collected sponges and sponges maintained in aquaculture for 3 months and 9 months. Chemical analyses were performed on wild collected sponges and individuals maintained in aquaculture for 3 months and 1 year. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis was used to assess the complexity of and to monitor changes in the microbial communities associated with I. strobilina. Culture-based and molecular techniques showed an increase in the Bacteroidetes and Alpha- and Gammaproteobacteria components of the bacterial community in aquaculture. Populations affiliated with Beta- and Deltaproteobacteria, Clostridia, and Planctomycetes emerged in sponges maintained in aquaculture. The diversity of bacterial communities increased upon transfer into aquaculture.
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Galitz, Adrian, Yoichi Nakao, Peter J. Schupp, Gert Wörheide, and Dirk Erpenbeck. "A Soft Spot for Chemistry–Current Taxonomic and Evolutionary Implications of Sponge Secondary Metabolite Distribution." Marine Drugs 19, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19080448.
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Marine sponges are the most prolific marine sources for discovery of novel bioactive compounds. Sponge secondary metabolites are sought-after for their potential in pharmaceutical applications, and in the past, they were also used as taxonomic markers alongside the difficult and homoplasy-prone sponge morphology for species delineation (chemotaxonomy). The understanding of phylogenetic distribution and distinctiveness of metabolites to sponge lineages is pivotal to reveal pathways and evolution of compound production in sponges. This benefits the discovery rate and yield of bioprospecting for novel marine natural products by identifying lineages with high potential of being new sources of valuable sponge compounds. In this review, we summarize the current biochemical data on sponges and compare the metabolite distribution against a sponge phylogeny. We assess compound specificity to lineages, potential convergences, and suitability as diagnostic phylogenetic markers. Our study finds compound distribution corroborating current (molecular) phylogenetic hypotheses, which include yet unaccepted polyphyly of several demosponge orders and families. Likewise, several compounds and compound groups display a high degree of lineage specificity, which suggests homologous biosynthetic pathways among their taxa, which identifies yet unstudied species of this lineage as promising bioprospecting targets.
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McClintock, J. B., B. J. Baker, C. D. Amsler, and T. L. Barlow. "Chemotactic tube-foot responses of the spongivorous sea star Perknaster fuscus to organic extracts of sponges from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 12, no. 1 (March 2000): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102000000067.
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Studies were continued to investigate the ability of secondary metabolites sequestered in Antarctic sponges to cause feeding deterrent responses (tube foot retractions) in a common predator of Aritarctic sponges, the sea star Perknaster fuscus. Lipophilic (dichloromethane/methanol) and hydrophilic (methanol/water) extracts of 15 new species of Antarctic marine sponges were tested for their ability to induce sustained tubefoot retraction. One additional species, Cinchyra antarctica, was re-tested from a previous study because we discovered a colour morph that was of comparative interest. Employing established protocols, sponge extracts were imbedded in silicone and presented to an extended tube-foot on the tip of a glass rod. Extracts of ten of the 15 new species of sponges (67%) caused significantly longer tube-foot retractions than controls. Among all sponges tested, significant tube-foot retraction activity was primarily associated with dichloromethane/methanol extracts (eleven sponge species or colour morphs), while significant tube-foot retraction activity was less common in response to methanol/water extracts (three sponges species or colour morphs). Both lipophilic and hydrophilic extracts from the sponges C. antarctica (yellow morph) and Scolymastia joubini elicited significant tube-foot retraction activity, suggesting that more than one compound from these speciesmight elicit tube-foot retractions in P. fuscus. Overall these findings lend considerable support to the hypothesis that there has been significant evolutionary selection for chemical defences among Antarctic marine sponges in McMurdo Sound, in contrast to earlier biogeographic selection models that predicted low levels of chemical defences in polar marine invertebrates.
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Cheng, Mei-Mei, Xu-Li Tang, Yan-Ting Sun, Dong-Yang Song, Yu-Jing Cheng, Hui Liu, Ping-Lin Li, and Guo-Qiang Li. "Biological and Chemical Diversity of Marine Sponge-Derived Microorganisms over the Last Two Decades from 1998 to 2017." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040853.
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Marine sponges are well known as rich sources of biologically natural products. Growing evidence indicates that sponges harbor a wealth of microorganisms in their bodies, which are likely to be the true producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. In order to promote the study of natural product chemistry and explore the relationship between microorganisms and their sponge hosts, in this review, we give a comprehensive overview of the structures, sources, and activities of the 774 new marine natural products from sponge-derived microorganisms described over the last two decades from 1998 to 2017.
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Luter, Heidi M., Steve Whalan, and Nicole S. Webster. "Prevalence of tissue necrosis and brown spot lesions in a common marine sponge." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 4 (2010): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09200.
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Sponges form a highly diverse and ecologically significant component of benthic communities. Despite their importance, disease dynamics in sponges remain relatively unexplored. There are reports of severe disease epidemics in sponges from the Caribbean and the Mediterranean; however, extensive sponge mortalities have not yet been reported from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) and Torres Strait, north-eastern Australia. Marine sponge surveys were conducted in the Palm Islands on the central GBR and Masig Island, Torres Strait, to determine the health of the Demosponge Ianthella basta. Using tissue necrosis and the presence of brown lesions as a proxy of health, sponges were assigned to predetermined disease categories. Sponges with lesions were present at all sites with 43 and 66% of I. basta exhibiting lesions and symptoms of necrosis in the Palm Islands and Torres Strait, respectively. Sponges from the Torres Strait also showed a greater incidence of significant and extensive necrosis in comparison to sponges from Palm Island (11.5 v. 6%). These results indicate the widespread distribution of a disease-like syndrome affecting the health of I. basta, and highlight the critical need for regular monitoring programs and future research to assess patterns in disease dynamics and ascertain the etiological agents of infection.
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Butina, Tatyana V., Ivan S. Petrushin, Igor V. Khanaev, and Yurij S. Bukin. "Metagenomic Assessment of DNA Viral Diversity in Freshwater Sponges, Baikalospongia bacillifera." Microorganisms 10, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10020480.
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Sponges (type Porifera) are multicellular organisms that give shelter to a variety of microorganisms: fungi, algae, archaea, bacteria, and viruses. The studies concerning the composition of viral communities in sponges have appeared rather recently, and the diversity and role of viruses in sponge holobionts remain largely undisclosed. In this study, we assessed the diversity of DNA viruses in the associated community of the Baikal endemic sponge, Baikalospongia bacillifera, using a metagenomic approach, and compared the virome data from samples of sponges and Baikal water (control sample). Significant differences in terms of taxonomy, putative host range of identified scaffolds, and functional annotation of predicted viral proteins were revealed in viromes of sponge B. bacillifera and the Baikal water. This is the evidence in favor of specificity of viral communities in sponges. The diversity shift of viral communities in a diseased specimen, in comparison with a visually healthy sponge, probably reflects the changes in the composition of microbial communities in affected sponges. We identified many viral genes encoding the proteins with metabolic functions; therefore, viruses in Baikal sponges regulate the number and diversity of their associated community, and also take a part in the vital activity of the holobiont, and this is especially significant in the case of damage (or disease) of these organisms in unfavorable conditions. When comparing the Baikal viromes with similar datasets of marine sponge (Ianthella basta), in addition to significant differences in the taxonomic and functional composition of viral communities, we revealed common scaffolds/virotypes in the cross-assembly of reads, which may indicate the presence of some closely related sponge-specific viruses in marine and freshwater sponges.
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Zhang, Fan, Leah C. Blasiak, Jan O. Karolin, Ryan J. Powell, Chris D. Geddes, and Russell T. Hill. "Phosphorus sequestration in the form of polyphosphate by microbial symbionts in marine sponges." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (February 23, 2015): 4381–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1423768112.
Full textAbstract:
Marine sponges are major habitat-forming organisms in coastal benthic communities and have an ancient origin in evolution history. Here, we report significant accumulation of polyphosphate (polyP) granules in three common sponge species of the Caribbean coral reef. The identity of the polyP granules was confirmed by energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and by the fluorescence properties of the granules. Microscopy images revealed that a large proportion of microbial cells associated with sponge hosts contained intracellular polyP granules. Cyanobacterial symbionts cultured from sponges were shown to accumulate polyP. We also amplified polyphosphate kinase (ppk) genes from sponge DNA and confirmed that the gene was expressed. Based on these findings, we propose here a potentially important phosphorus (P) sequestration pathway through symbiotic microorganisms of marine sponges. Considering the widespread sponge population and abundant microbial cells associated with them, this pathway is likely to have a significant impact on the P cycle in benthic ecosystems.
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Al-Adaileh, Rama, Ola Al-Madadheh, and Lena Almashaleh. "Marine sponge's biological activities: Their Biotechnological Uses." Journal of Basic and Applied Research in Biomedicine 8, no. 1 (December 15, 2022): 26–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51152/jbarbiomed.v8i1.219.
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The most of the time, marine sponges are an invertebrate species found in the tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones of the oceans and seas. They are acknowledged as being among the most important sources of bioactive chemicals, which are found in marine habitats and can then be recovered from those settings. These bioactive chemicals are found in marine environments and can then be extracted from those environments. It is common knowledge that the chemicals that are extracted from these sponges demonstrate a wide range of bioactivities, such as antibacterial activity, anticancer activity, and general cytotoxicity. These bioactivities can be found in the isolated chemicals. In this article, we discuss the bioactive chemicals that have been found in marine sponges and their potential applications. These compounds have the potential to serve as antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial agents against human infections as well as fish pathogens in the aquaculture industry. In addition, these compounds may also operate as antifungal agents. Sponge organisms found in the ocean have also been shown to have these chemical compounds. This article discusses the importance of marine sponges to the fields of chemistry, microbiology, cell biology, and molecular biology from a biotechnological standpoint. Researchers of marine natural products have discovered new potential medications as a result of their efforts to exploit the remarkable chemical variety that can be found in sponges.
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Ismet, Meutia Samira, Dietriech G. Bengen, Ocky Karna Radjasa, and Mujizat Kawaroe. "COMPOSITION AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITIES OF MARINE SPONGES FROM DIFFERENT SEAGRASS ECOSYSTEMS IN KEPULAUAN SERIBU WATERS, JAKARTA." Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis 8, no. 2 (April 6, 2017): 729–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitkt.v8i2.15838.
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A seagrass ecosystem has high productivity that supports many species of associated invertebrates, including sponges. However, seagrass beds with different habitat condition, including seagrass species composition and architectural morphotypes could affect the associative sponge in the ecosystem. This study is aimed to find out about sponge species composition in different seagrass beds. The observation was conducted in two seagrass ecosystems at the east (site 1) and at the southeast (site 2) of Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu, near Jakarta Bay, Indonesia. The Belt Transect was used to assess the density of sponges on the seagrass ecosystem, which was placed parallel to the coastline. The sponges species has higher number at the east than the southeast, with both sites was dominated by Spirastrella sp. and Agelas conifera. Correspondence Analysis (CA) results showed that sponges community has close interaction with seagrass abundance especially Cymodocea rotundata and Enhalus acoroides and architectural characteristic (patchily or continues meadows). Antibacterial assay of sponges tissue showed that only 7 sponge species has activity against targeting bacteria. The CA results also showed that sponge antibacterial activity was not correlated with seagrass species, with low bactericide and bacteriastatic activities. The implication of this result showed that sponges community can grow up at seagrass ecosystem eventhough their potential secondary metabolite activities is very low probably due to lack of stimulus mechanisms in the environment.
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Sharp, Koty H., Boreth Eam, D. John Faulkner, and Margo G. Haygood. "Vertical Transmission of Diverse Microbes in the Tropical Sponge Corticium sp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 2 (November 22, 2006): 622–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01493-06.
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ABSTRACT Sponges are host to extremely diverse bacterial communities, some of which appear to be spatiotemporally stable, though how these consistent associations are assembled and maintained from one sponge generation to the next is not well understood. Here we report that a diverse group of microbes, including both bacteria and archaea, is consistently present in aggregates within embryos of the tropical sponge Corticium sp. The major taxonomic groups represented in bacterial 16S rRNA sequences amplified from the embryos are similar to those previously described in a variety of marine sponges. Three selected bacterial taxa, representing proteobacteria, actinobacteria, and a clade including recently described sponge-associated bacteria, were tested and found to be present in all adult samples tested over a 3-year period and in the embryos throughout development. Specific probes were used in fluorescence in situ hybridization to localize cells of the three types in the embryos and mesohyl. This study confirms the vertical transmission of multiple, phylogenetically diverse microorganisms in a marine sponge, and our findings lay the foundation for future work on exploring vertical transmission of specific, yet diverse, microbial assemblages in marine sponges.
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Anteneh, Yitayal S., Qi Yang, Melissa H. Brown, and Christopher M. M. Franco. "Factors affecting the isolation and diversity of marine sponge-associated bacteria." Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 106, no. 4 (February 2022): 1729–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00253-022-11791-8.
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Abstract Marine sponges are an ideal source for isolating as yet undiscovered microorganisms with some sponges having about 50% of their biomass composed of microbial symbionts. This study used a variety of approaches to investigate the culturable diversity of the sponge-associated bacterial community from samples collected from the South Australian marine environment. Twelve sponge samples were selected from two sites and their bacterial population cultivated using seven different agar media at two temperatures and three oxygen levels over 3 months. These isolates were identified using microscopic, macroscopic, and 16S rRNA gene analysis. A total of 1234 bacterial colonies were isolated which consisted of four phyla: Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes, containing 21 genera. The diversity of the bacterial population was demonstrated to be influenced by the type of isolation medium, length of the incubation period and temperature, sponge type, and oxygen level. The findings of this study showed that marine sponges of South Australia can yield considerable bacterial culturable diversity if a comprehensive isolation strategy is implemented. Two sponges, with the highest and the lowest diversity of culturable isolates, were examined using next-generation sequencing to better profile the bacterial population. A marked difference in terms of phyla and genera was observed using culture-based and culture-independent approaches. This observed variation displays the importance of utilizing both methods to reflect a more complete picture of the microbial population of marine sponges. Key points Improved bacterial diversity due to long incubations, 2 temperatures, and 3 oxygen levels. Isolates identified by morphology, restriction digests, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. At least 70% of culturable genera were not revealed by NGS methods.
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Li, Fengjie, Michelle Kelly, and Deniz Tasdemir. "Chemistry, Chemotaxonomy and Biological Activity of the Latrunculid Sponges (Order Poecilosclerida, Family Latrunculiidae)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19010027.
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Marine sponges are exceptionally prolific sources of natural products for the discovery and development of new drugs. Until now, sponges have contributed around 30% of all natural metabolites isolated from the marine environment. Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922 (class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885, order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928) is a small sponge family comprising seven genera. Latrunculid sponges are recognized as the major reservoirs of diverse types of pyrroloiminoquinone-type alkaloids, with a myriad of biological activities, in particular, cytotoxicity, fuelling their exploration for anticancer drug discovery. Almost 100 pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids and their structurally related compounds have been reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The systematics of latrunculid sponges has had a complex history, however it is now well understood. The pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids have provided important chemotaxonomic characters for this sponge family. Latrunculid sponges have been reported to contain other types of metabolites, such as peptides (callipeltins), norditerpenes and norsesterpenes (trunculins) and macrolides (latrunculins), however, the sponges containing latrunculins and trunculins have been transferred to other sponge families. This review highlights a comprehensive literature survey spanning from the first chemical investigation of a New Zealand Latrunculia sp. in 1986 until August 2020, focusing on the chemical diversity and biological activities of secondary metabolites reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The biosynthetic (microbial) origin and the taxonomic significance of pyrroloiminoquinone related alkaloids are also discussed.
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Li, Fengjie, Michelle Kelly, and Deniz Tasdemir. "Chemistry, Chemotaxonomy and Biological Activity of the Latrunculid Sponges (Order Poecilosclerida, Family Latrunculiidae)." Marine Drugs 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19010027.
Full textAbstract:
Marine sponges are exceptionally prolific sources of natural products for the discovery and development of new drugs. Until now, sponges have contributed around 30% of all natural metabolites isolated from the marine environment. Family Latrunculiidae Topsent, 1922 (class Demospongiae Sollas, 1885, order Poecilosclerida Topsent, 1928) is a small sponge family comprising seven genera. Latrunculid sponges are recognized as the major reservoirs of diverse types of pyrroloiminoquinone-type alkaloids, with a myriad of biological activities, in particular, cytotoxicity, fuelling their exploration for anticancer drug discovery. Almost 100 pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids and their structurally related compounds have been reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The systematics of latrunculid sponges has had a complex history, however it is now well understood. The pyrroloiminoquinone alkaloids have provided important chemotaxonomic characters for this sponge family. Latrunculid sponges have been reported to contain other types of metabolites, such as peptides (callipeltins), norditerpenes and norsesterpenes (trunculins) and macrolides (latrunculins), however, the sponges containing latrunculins and trunculins have been transferred to other sponge families. This review highlights a comprehensive literature survey spanning from the first chemical investigation of a New Zealand Latrunculia sp. in 1986 until August 2020, focusing on the chemical diversity and biological activities of secondary metabolites reported from the family Latrunculiidae. The biosynthetic (microbial) origin and the taxonomic significance of pyrroloiminoquinone related alkaloids are also discussed.
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Ou, Huilong, Mingyu Li, Shufei Wu, Linli Jia, Russell T. Hill, and Jing Zhao. "Characteristic Microbiomes Correlate with Polyphosphate Accumulation of Marine Sponges in South China Sea Areas." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010063.
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Some sponges have been shown to accumulate abundant phosphorus in the form of polyphosphate (polyP) granules even in waters where phosphorus is present at low concentrations. But the polyP accumulation occurring in sponges and their symbiotic bacteria have been little studied. The amounts of polyP exhibited significant differences in twelve sponges from marine environments with high or low dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) concentrations which were quantified by spectral analysis, even though in the same sponge genus, e.g., Mycale sp. or Callyspongia sp. PolyP enrichment rates of sponges in oligotrophic environments were far higher than those in eutrophic environments. Massive polyP granules were observed under confocal microscopy in samples from very low DIP environments. The composition of sponge symbiotic microbes was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing and the corresponding polyphosphate kinase (ppk) genes were detected. Sequence analysis revealed that in the low DIP environment, those sponges with higher polyP content and enrichment rates had relatively higher abundances of cyanobacteria. Mantel tests and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) examined that the polyP enrichment rate was most strongly correlated with the structure of microbial communities, including genera Synechococcus, Rhodopirellula, Blastopirellula, and Rubripirellula. About 50% of ppk genes obtained from the total DNA of sponge holobionts, had above 80% amino acid sequence similarities to those sequences from Synechococcus. In general, it suggested that sponges employed differentiated strategies towards the use of phosphorus in different nutrient environments and the symbiotic Synechococcus could play a key role in accumulating polyP.
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Murniasih, Tutik, Masteria Yunovilsa Putra, Asep Bayu, and Joko Tri Wibowo. "A Review on Diversity of Anticancer Compounds Derived from Indonesian Marine Sponges." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1192, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1192/1/012012.
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Abstract As a tropical archipelago country, Indonesia has a mega diversity of marine organisms, such as sponges. About 850 species of sponges were identified from the east part of Indonesia. The uniqueness of Indonesian marine sponges attracted many researchers to explore the sponge’s potential in producing active substances. During 1995-2016, about 40 genera of Indonesian sponges were investigated for their potential in producing pharmacological activity such as antimicrobial, anticancer, antivirus, multidrug-resistant (MDR), etc. The data showed that 56.7% of 430 reported compounds were confirmed as new compounds. The research trend on Indonesian sponges was high during 2004-2013, but decreasing after 2014. However, researches in the term of active substances from marine sponges should find provide the basic skeleton of anti-cancer drug lead compounds. Chemical structure diversity plays an important role in the exploration of anticancer lead compounds. The purpose of this paper is to review the potential of anticancer diversity compounds derived from Indonesian sponges, to get comprehensive data for further investigation. As the conclusion of our review, the most anticancer compounds derived from Indonesian marine invertebrates are alkaloid groups (such as aaptamine, manzamine, and bromopyrrole derivatives), then terpenoid groups (such as diterpene, coelodiol, and coeloic acid, sesquiterpene aminoquinone, and also (+)-curcuphenol and (+)-curcudiol), and also from the other groups such as sterole, peptide, polyketide, amino acid derivatives, natural organic acid, and quinone. The most effective anticancer compounds were 5-benzoyldemethylaaptamine, isoaaptamine, 3-bromofascaplysin, hyrtioreticulins A, stylissamide X, sigmosceptrellin B, and diacarperoxide S.
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Lee, On On, Yue Him Wong, and Pei-Yuan Qian. "Inter- and Intraspecific Variations of Bacterial Communities Associated with Marine Sponges from San Juan Island, Washington." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, no. 11 (April 10, 2009): 3513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00002-09.
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ABSTRACT This study attempted to assess whether conspecific or congeneric sponges around San Juan Island, Washington, harbor specific bacterial communities. We used a combination of culture-independent DNA fingerprinting techniques (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) and culture-dependent approaches. The results indicated that the bacterial communities in the water column consisted of more diverse bacterial ribotypes than and were drastically different from those associated with the sponges. High levels of similarity in sponge-associated bacterial communities were found only in Myxilla incrustans and Haliclona rufescens, while the bacterial communities in Halichondria panicea varied substantially among sites. Certain terminal restriction fragments or DGGE bands were consistently obtained for different individuals of M. incrustans and H. rufescens collected from different sites, suggesting that there are stable or even specific associations of certain bacteria in these two sponges. However, no specific bacterial associations were found for H. panicea or for any one sponge genus. Sequencing of nine DGGE bands resulted in recovery of seven sequences that best matched the sequences of uncultured Proteobacteria. Three of these sequences fell into the sponge-specific sequence clusters previously suggested. An uncultured alphaproteobacterium and a culturable Bacillus sp. were found exclusively in all M. incrustans sponges, while an uncultured gammaproteobacterium was unique to H. rufescens. In contrast, the cultivation approach indicated that sponges contained a large proportion of Firmicutes, especially Bacillus, and revealed large variations in the culturable bacterial communities associated with congeneric and conspecific sponges. This study revealed sponge species-specific but not genus- or site-specific associations between sponges and bacterial communities and emphasized the importance of using a combination of techniques for studying microbial communities.
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Erwin, Patrick M., Lucía Pita, Susanna López-Legentil, and Xavier Turon. "Stability of Sponge-Associated Bacteria over Large Seasonal Shifts in Temperature and Irradiance." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 20 (August 10, 2012): 7358–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02035-12.
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ABSTRACTComplex microbiomes reside in marine sponges and consist of diverse microbial taxa, including functional guilds that may contribute to host metabolism and coastal marine nutrient cycles. Our understanding of these symbiotic systems is based primarily on static accounts of sponge microbiota, while their temporal dynamics across seasonal cycles remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated temporal variation in bacterial symbionts of three sympatric sponges (Irciniaspp.) over 1.5 years in the northwestern (NW) Mediterranean Sea, using replicated terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) and clone library analyses of bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequences. Bacterial symbionts inIrciniaspp. exhibited host species-specific structure and remarkable stability throughout the monitoring period, despite large fluctuations in temperature and irradiance. In contrast, seawater bacteria exhibited clear seasonal shifts in community structure, indicating that different ecological constraints act on free-living and on symbiotic marine bacteria. Symbiont profiles were dominated by persistent, sponge-specific bacterial taxa, notably affiliated with phylogenetic lineages capable of photosynthesis, nitrite oxidation, and sulfate reduction. Variability in the sponge microbiota was restricted to rare symbionts and occurred most prominently in warmer seasons, coincident with elevated thermal regimes. Seasonal stability of the sponge microbiota supports the hypothesis of host-specific, stable associations between bacteria and sponges. Further, the core symbiont profiles revealed in this study provide an empirical baseline for diagnosing abnormal shifts in symbiont communities. Considering that these sponges have suffered recent, episodic mass mortalities related to thermal stresses, this study contributes to the development of model sponge-microbe symbioses for assessing the link between symbiont fluctuations and host health.
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Novanna, M., K. R. Ethiraj, and S. Kannadasan. "An Overview of Synthesis of Indole Alkaloids and Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Hyrtios Species." Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 3 (January 11, 2019): 194–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389557518666181102110537.
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Marine sponges are a rich source of more than 50% of marine natural compounds that have been isolated from marine organisms. This review article is focused on the importance of biologically active and pharmaceutically important secondary metabolites extracted from one of the important classes of marine sponge Hyrtios sp. This review also deals with reported synthetic routes of some indole alkaloids extracted from the marine sponge Hyrtios sp. A range of bioactivities displayed by indole-based alkaloids is described.
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Konstantinou, Despoina, Rafael V. Popin, David P. Fewer, Kaarina Sivonen, and Spyros Gkelis. "Genome Reduction and Secondary Metabolism of the Marine Sponge-Associated Cyanobacterium Leptothoe." Marine Drugs 19, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19060298.
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Sponges form symbiotic relationships with diverse and abundant microbial communities. Cyanobacteria are among the most important members of the microbial communities that are associated with sponges. Here, we performed a genus-wide comparative genomic analysis of the newly described marine benthic cyanobacterial genus Leptothoe (Synechococcales). We obtained draft genomes from Le. kymatousa TAU-MAC 1615 and Le. spongobia TAU-MAC 1115, isolated from marine sponges. We identified five additional Leptothoe genomes, host-associated or free-living, using a phylogenomic approach, and the comparison of all genomes showed that the sponge-associated strains display features of a symbiotic lifestyle. Le. kymatousa and Le. spongobia have undergone genome reduction; they harbored considerably fewer genes encoding for (i) cofactors, vitamins, prosthetic groups, pigments, proteins, and amino acid biosynthesis; (ii) DNA repair; (iii) antioxidant enzymes; and (iv) biosynthesis of capsular and extracellular polysaccharides. They have also lost several genes related to chemotaxis and motility. Eukaryotic-like proteins, such as ankyrin repeats, playing important roles in sponge-symbiont interactions, were identified in sponge-associated Leptothoe genomes. The sponge-associated Leptothoe stains harbored biosynthetic gene clusters encoding novel natural products despite genome reduction. Comparisons of the biosynthetic capacities of Leptothoe with chemically rich cyanobacteria revealed that Leptothoe is another promising marine cyanobacterium for the biosynthesis of novel natural products.
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Bibi, Fehmida. "Exploring bioactive compounds from a symbiotic bacterial strain of Spongiobacter sp." Bioinformation 19, no. 4 (April 30, 2023): 369–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630019369.
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Marine sponges are a host of different symbiotic groups of bacteria playing crucial roles in the protection and survival of marine sponges. Marine symbiotic bacteria from sponges are promising sources of bioactive chemicals and are increasingly being investigated. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to analyze total compounds from active symbiotic bacterial strain from sponge, Pione vastifica. Potential bacterial strain EA276 previously isolated from P. vastifica and was identified as Spongiobacter sp. Among 57 isolates, only 42% exhibited antagonistic activity. Four major classes of bacteria were reported previously where γ-Proteobacteria, was the dominant class. From these active antagonistic bacterial isolates, a potential bacterial strain Spongiobacter sp. EA276 was selected, and total metabolites were identified using GC and LC-MS analyses. Using LC-MS analysis bioactive compounds Dichlorphenamide, Amifloxacin and Carbenicillin are identified in both positive and negative mode. Plant growth hormones, Indole-3-acetic acid and Methyl jasmonate were identified using GC-MS analysis from culture extract of strain Spongiobacter sp. EA276. Our results highlighted the significance of marine flora inhabiting sponges from the Red Sea as potential source of bioactive compounds and plant growth hormones of biological and agricultural significance.
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Anteneh, Yitayal S., Melissa H. Brown, and Christopher M. M. Franco. "Characterization of a Halotolerant Fungus from a Marine Sponge." BioMed Research International 2019 (November 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3456164.
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Introduction. Marine sponges have established symbiotic interactions with a large number of microorganisms including fungi. Most of the studies so far have focussed on the characterization of sponge-associated bacteria and archaea with only a few reports on sponge-associated fungi. During the isolation and characterization of bacteria from marine sponges of South Australia, we observed multiple types of fungi. One isolate in particular was selected for further investigation due to its unusually large size and being chromogenic. Here, we report on the investigations on the physical, morphological, chemical, and genotypic properties of this yeast-like fungus. Methods and Materials. Sponge samples were collected from South Australian marine environments, and microbes were isolated using different isolation media under various incubation conditions. Microbial isolates were identified on the basis of morphology, staining characteristics, and their 16S rRNA or ITS/28S rRNA gene sequences. Results. Twelve types of yeast and fungal isolates were detected together with other bacteria and one of these fungi measured up to 35 μm in diameter with a unique chromogen compared to other fungi. Depending on the medium type, this unique fungal isolate appeared as yeast-like fungi with different morphological forms. The isolate can ferment and assimilate nearly all of the tested carbohydrates. Furthermore, it tolerated a high concentration of salt (up to 25%) and a range of pH and temperature. ITS and 28S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a sequence similarity of 93% and 98%, respectively, with the closest genera of Eupenidiella, Hortaea, and Stenella. Conclusions. On the basis of its peculiar morphology, size, and genetic data, this yeast-like fungus possibly constitutes a new genus and the name Magnuscella marinae, gen nov., sp. nov., is proposed. This study is the first of its kind for the complete characterization of a yeast-like fungus from marine sponges. This novel isolate developed a symbiotic interaction with living hosts, which was not observed with other reported closest genera (they exist in a saprophytic relationship). The observed unique size and morphology may favour this new isolate to establish symbiotic interactions with living hosts.
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Dharmayani, Ni Komang Tri, Isnaini, Maria Ulfa, Sudirman, Emmy Yuanita, and Baiq Nila Sariningsih. "Antibacterial Activity of Marine Sponge (Stylotella sp.)." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 6 (June 25, 2023): 4801–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i6.3839.
Full textAbstract:
Sponges are marine biota that makes up coral reefs that live on the bottom of the waters and have an important role in marine ecosystems. Sponges have bioactive components that have not been widely used by the community. This study aimed to analyze the content of secondary metabolites and the antibacterial activity of the sponge Stylotella sp. antibacterial activity test against Gram-negative (-) Escherichia coli and Gram-positive (+) Staphylococcus aureus was carried out using the good diffusion method. The results of antibacterial testing with various concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 ppm of the isolates showed that the zone of inhibition against E. coli was 11.3; 12; and 13 mm while for S. aureus was 12.3; 13; and 14 mm. The results of antibacterial testing with a concentration of 600 ppm of sponge extract showed an inhibition zone on E. coli and S. aureus in the amount of 13.3 and 14 mm, respectively. The test results showed that the sponge extract and isolate were in the intermediate category and were resistant to E. Coli bacteria. and S. Aureus
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Anteneh, Yitayal S., Qi Yang, Melissa H. Brown, and Christopher M. M. Franco. "Antimicrobial Activities of Marine Sponge-Associated Bacteria." Microorganisms 9, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9010171.
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The misuse and overuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, which decreases the chance of treating those infected with existing antibiotics. This resistance calls for the search of new antimicrobials from prolific producers of novel natural products including marine sponges. Many of the novel active compounds reported from sponges have originated from their microbial symbionts. Therefore, this study aims to screen for bioactive metabolites from bacteria isolated from sponges. Twelve sponge samples were collected from South Australian marine environments and grown on seven isolation media under four incubation conditions; a total of 1234 bacterial isolates were obtained. Of these, 169 bacteria were tested in media optimized for production of antimicrobial metabolites and screened against eleven human pathogens. Seventy bacteria were found to be active against at least one test bacterial or fungal pathogen, while 37% of the tested bacteria showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus including methicillin-resistant strains and antifungal activity was produced by 21% the isolates. A potential novel active compound was purified possessing inhibitory activity against S. aureus. Using 16S rRNA, the strain was identified as Streptomyces sp. Our study highlights that the marine sponges of South Australia are a rich source of abundant and diverse bacteria producing metabolites with antimicrobial activities against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi.
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Poluan, Gledys Giacinta, Elvy Like Ginting, Stenly Wullur, Veibe Warouw, Fitje Vera Losung, and Meiske Salaki. "KARAKTERISTIK MORFOLOGI BAKTERI SIMBION SPONS MENYERUPAI Cribochalina sp DARI PERAIRAN MALALAYANG SULAWESI UTARA." JURNAL PESISIR DAN LAUT TROPIS 7, no. 3 (July 23, 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.35800/jplt.7.3.2019.24452.
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Bacteria are found to be highly associated with various marine organisms, such as sponges. Sponges are known as the product of bioactive compounds. However, some of the compounds produced by sponges are obtained by the simbion-bacteria. Therefore this situation enables sponges simbion bacteria to play a major role in producing bioactive compounds that have been isolated from the sponge. The purpose of this study is to isolate and determine the characteristics of morphology of spongy simbion bacteria resembling Cribochalina sp, which was taken from Malalayang waters, North Sulawesi. Sponge simbion bacteria grow on NB media. Initially, a free-breeding colony was being done before bacteria were accrued in the NA media by 2% sponge broth (patent SID201906301) by means of Strike Plate methods. Based on to this study we had isolate five spongy simbion bacteria that resembling the Cribochalina sp. All five of these isolations have different characteristics of morphology in terms of color, shape, size, and elevation. Keywords : bacteria, isolation, simbionts, sponges
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Petrova, Olga V., Danil V. Sivkov, Sergey V. Nekipelov, Alexander S. Vinogradov, Petr M. Korusenko, Sergey I. Isaenko, Roman N. Skandakov, Ksenia A. Bakina, and Viktor N. Sivkov. "Study of Marine Sponges Graphitization during Heat Treatment up to 1200 °C." Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13010128.
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The results of studies of marine sponge carbonization processes during thermal treatment in an argon atmosphere in the temperature range from room temperature to 1200 °C are presented. The spatial structure, atomic composition of native and carbonized sponges, and their changes during pyrolysis were characterized using a set of methods that are informative at the macro- (thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry), micro- (Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy), and nanoscales (X-ray absorption and photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation and a sample charge compensation system). Preservation of the 3D architecture at the macro- and microlevels and graphitization of the interfibril medium with the formation of turbostratic graphite at the nanolevel were demonstrated. It was shown that the atomic contents of nitrogen, carbon, and oxygen in the spongin were ~2–3 at.%, ~5 at.%, and ~4 at.%, respectively. The matter concentrated in the space between the spongin fibrils included ~70 at.% carbon and ~11 at.% oxygen, with a large proportion of carbon (~63 at.%) involved in the formation of aromatic and C–C bonds and the remainder in carbon monoxide compounds. After the decomposition of spongin at 400 °C, this substance transformed into turbostratic graphite, preserving the 3D architecture of the original marine sponge as the temperature rose.
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Keyzers, Robert A., Peter T. Northcote, and Michael V. Berridge. "Clathriol B, a New 14β Marine Sterol from the New Zealand Sponge Clathria lissosclera." Australian Journal of Chemistry 56, no. 4 (2003): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02167.
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A new anti-inflammatory sterol, clathriol B (1.3 mg), was isolated from the New Zealand marine sponge Clathria lissosclera collected at the Three Kings Islands. Clathriol B possesses the unusual 14β stereochemistry, a structural feature that occurs naturally only in marine sponges.
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Taylor, Michael W., Regina Radax, Doris Steger, and Michael Wagner. "Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 71, no. 2 (June 2007): 295–347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.00040-06.
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SUMMARY Marine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates comprise as much as 40% of the sponge volume and can contribute significantly to host metabolism (e.g., via photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation). We review in detail the diversity of microbes associated with sponges, including extensive 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses which support the previously suggested existence of a sponge-specific microbiota. These analyses provide a suitable vantage point from which to consider the potential evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these widespread, sponge-specific microorganisms. Subsequently, we examine the ecology of sponge-microbe associations, including the establishment and maintenance of these sometimes intimate partnerships, the varied nature of the interactions (ranging from mutualism to host-pathogen relationships), and the broad-scale patterns of symbiont distribution. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sponge-microbe associations is mirrored by their enormous biotechnological potential: marine sponges are among the animal kingdom's most prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, and in at least some cases, the compounds are of microbial rather than sponge origin. We review the status of this important field, outlining the various approaches (e.g., cultivation, cell separation, and metagenomics) which have been employed to access the chemical wealth of sponge-microbe associations.
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Chernogor, Lubov, Marina Eliseikina, Ivan Petrushin, Ekaterina Chernogor, Igor Khanaev, and Sergei I. Belikov. "Janthinobacterium sp. Strain SLB01 as Pathogenic Bacteria for Sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis." Pathogens 12, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12010008.
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Sponges (phylum Porifera) are ancient, marine and inland water, filter feeding metazoans. In recent years, diseased sponges have been increasingly occurring in marine and freshwater environments. Endemic freshwater sponges of the Lubomirskiidae family are widely distributed in the coastal zone of Lake Baikal. The strain Janthinobacterium sp. SLB01 was isolated previously from the diseased sponge Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1776), although its pathogenicity is still unknown. The aim of this study was to confirm whether the Janthinobacterium sp. strain SLB01 is the pathogen found in Baikal sponge. To address this aim, we infected the cell culture of primmorphs of the sponge L. baikalensis with strain SLB01 and subsequently reisolated and sequenced the strain Janthinobacterium sp. PLB02. The results showed that the isolated strain has more than 99% homology with strain SLB01. The genomes of both strains contain genes vioABCDE of violacein biosynthesis and floc formation, for strong biofilm, in addition to the type VI secretion system (T6SS) as the main virulence factor. Based on a comparison of complete genomes, we showed the similarity of the studied bacterial strains of Janthinobacterium spp. with the described strain of Janthinobacterium lividum MTR. This study will help expand our understanding of microbial interactions and determine one of the causes in the development of diseases and death in Baikal sponges.
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Rooks, Christine, James Kar-Hei Fang, Pål Tore Mørkved, Rui Zhao, Hans Tore Rapp, Joana R. Xavier, and Friederike Hoffmann. "Deep-sea sponge grounds as nutrient sinks: denitrification is common in boreo-Arctic sponges." Biogeosciences 17, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1231-2020.
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Abstract. Sponges are commonly known as general nutrient providers for the marine ecosystem, recycling organic matter into various forms of bioavailable nutrients such as ammonium and nitrate. In this study we challenge this view. We show that nutrient removal through microbial denitrification is a common feature in six cold-water sponge species from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds. Denitrification rates were quantified by incubating sponge tissue sections with 15NO3--amended oxygen-saturated seawater, mimicking conditions in pumping sponges, and de-oxygenated seawater, mimicking non-pumping sponges. It was not possible to detect any rates of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) using incubations with 15NH4+. Denitrification rates of the different sponge species ranged from below detection to 97 nmol N cm−3 sponge d−1 under oxic conditions, and from 24 to 279 nmol N cm−3 sponge d−1 under anoxic conditions. A positive relationship between the highest potential rates of denitrification (in the absence of oxygen) and the species-specific abundances of nirS and nirK genes encoding nitrite reductase, a key enzyme for denitrification, suggests that the denitrifying community in these sponge species is active and prepared for denitrification. The lack of a lag phase in the linear accumulation of the 15N-labelled N2 gas in any of our tissue incubations is another indicator for an active community of denitrifiers in the investigated sponge species. Low rates for coupled nitrification–denitrification indicate that also under oxic conditions, the nitrate used to fuel denitrification rates was derived rather from the ambient seawater than from sponge nitrification. The lack of nifH genes encoding nitrogenase, the key enzyme for nitrogen fixation, shows that the nitrogen cycle is not closed in the sponge grounds. The denitrified nitrogen, no matter its origin, is then no longer available as a nutrient for the marine ecosystem. These results suggest a high potential denitrification capacity of deep-sea sponge grounds based on typical sponge biomass on boreal and Arctic sponge grounds, with areal denitrification rates of 0.6 mmol N m−2 d−1 assuming non-pumping sponges and still 0.3 mmol N m−2 d−1 assuming pumping sponges. This is well within the range of denitrification rates of continental shelf sediments. Anthropogenic impact and global change processes affecting the sponge redox state may thus lead to deep-sea sponge grounds changing their role in marine ecosystem from being mainly nutrient sources to becoming mainly nutrient sinks.
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Zhu, Jiaying, Yang Liu, Zijun Liu, Hao Wang, and Huawei Zhang. "Bioactive Nitrogenous Secondary Metabolites from the Marine Sponge Genus Haliclona." Marine Drugs 17, no. 12 (December 3, 2019): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17120682.
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Marine sponge genus Haliclona, one of the most prolific sources of natural products, contains over 600 species but only a small part of them had been classified and chemically investigated. On the basis of extensive literature search, this review firstly summarizes 112 nitrogenous secondary metabolites from classified and unclassified Haliclona sponges as well as from their symbiotic microorganisms. Most of these substances have only been found in Haliclona sponges, and display diverse bioactive properties with potential applications in new drug discovery.
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Mortimer, C., M. Dunn, A. Haris, J. Jompa, and J. Bell. "Estimates of sponge consumption rates on an Indo-Pacific reef." Marine Ecology Progress Series 672 (August 19, 2021): 123–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13786.
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Determining predator diets is essential for understanding the strength of top-down processes and how they cascade through food webs. This is especially important for sponges, key members of benthic communities, whose dominance has increased in recent years on some coral reefs. However, the diversity of spongivorous fishes and the sponges they consume are relatively unknown. Here, we estimated sponge consumption by spongivorous fishes in the Wakatobi Marine National Park, Indonesia. We deployed cameras to identify fish biting at the dominant reef sponge Xestospongia spp. and then used gut content analysis and fish abundance estimates to quantify sponge consumption. In total, 33 species from 10 families of reef fish were identified taking bites from Xestospongia spp.; however, the 2 most prolific sponge-grazers, Ctenochaetus binotatus and Chaetodon kleinii, had no sponge in their guts, showing that for some fish, bites on sponge surfaces are not reliable evidence of sponge consumption. Gut contents indicated that Pygoplites diacanthus was an obligate spongivore, while Pomacanthus imperator, P. xanthometopon, Zanclus cornutus and Siganus punctatus regularly consumed sponges. Sponge consumption by these 5 spongivores was estimated at 46.6 ± 18.3 g sponge 1000 m-2 d-1. Molecular approaches developed to sequence the 18S gene for sponges consumed by angelfishes led to the successful amplification of 14 consumed sponges representing 6 orders of Porifera. We provide the first estimate of sponge consumption in the Indo-Pacific and are the first to successfully sequence partially digested sponges from fish stomachs, identifying several sponges previously unknown to be consumed by spongivores.