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1
Kalusa, Andrew. "Synthesis of marine alkaloids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275274.
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Northcote, Peter T. "Novel terpenoid metabolites from the marine sponge xestopongia vanilla." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29253.
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A chemical study of the marine petrosid sponge Xestospongia vanilla has led to the isolation of nine new isoprene derived secondary metabolites. Their proposed structures were elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic analysis and chemical degradation and interconversions.
Xestodiol (94), a C₁₈ apocarotenoid, appears to be a degradation product of the abundant marine carotenoid fucoxanthin (103). The xestovanins (98-102) are triterpene glycosides; their isolation represents the second reported occurrence of this type of compound from sponges. Their triterpene carbon skeletons are unique, and are either monocyclic (secoxestovanane skeleton) or bicyclic (xestovanane skeleton). All the xestovanins contain the same disaccharide fragment composed of L-rhamnose alpha linked to the 4 position of D-fucose. The fucose residue is beta linked to the same position on the aglycone in all isolated xestovanins. Xestovanin D (102) contains an extra L-rhamnose residue attached to a different position on the aglycone. Xestovanin A (98) was found to be an inhibitor of fungal growth, while xestovanin C (101) inhibited the growth of bacteria. A series of three smaller apparently related terpenes was also isolated. Xestenone (95) and secoxestenone (97) both contained new C₁₉ carbon skeletons. Secoxestenone (97), a monocyclic compound, could be converted into the bicyclic xestenone (95) by an intramolecular aldol condensation. The C₂₀ xestolide (96), with a similar structure to both xestenone and secoxestenone, had an unique carbon skeleton that could not be derived readily from an unrearranged diterpene skeleton. It is suggested that these three smaller terpenes (95-97) are degraded triterpenes, derived from a secoxestovanane carbon skeleton. The secondary metabolite chemistry of the petrosid sponges is reviewed, and an overview of triterpenes of marine origin is presented.Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
3
Mulheron, Rebecca. "Microbial Community Assembly found with Sponge Orange Band Disease in Xestospongia muta (Giant Barrel Sponge)." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/18.
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The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta is an iconic and essential species of the coral reefs in South Florida. The sponge has primary roles providing ecosystem services and creating unique habitats for diverse microbial communities. On April 27, 2012 an outbreak of Sponge Orange Band Disease (SOB) was detected off the coast of South Florida. The disease begins with sponge bleaching, followed by mesohyl or “mesohyl” necrosis and often total mesohyl disintegration. Sampling from two diseased populations at Boynton Beach and Fort Lauderdale, FL took place on May 11th and May 29th, 2012. Each of the nine diseased sponges from Boynton Beach and the five diseased sponges from Fort Lauderdale had three separate mesophyl samples collected to examine the effects of disease progression on the microbial community. These included healthy mesohyl from a diseased sponge (HoD), the boundary layer which captured the advancing line of diseased mesohyl (BL) and diseased mesohyl from a diseased sponge (D). Mesohyl from three sponges with no visible signs of SOB disease were also collected from each sampling location to use for healthy controls (HC). Sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed on all of these samples via the “454” pyrosequencing on a Titanium GS FLX platform. The microbial communities associated with the diseased samples revealed a microbiome shift that followed the progression of Sponge Orange Band Disease (SOB) and was dominated by Bacteroidetes, Protebacteria and Chloroflexi. No singular or group of microbes were solely found within the infected mesohyl of Xestospongia muta from both sampling site populations; therefore there is no unequivocal candidate as a definite microbial causative SOB agent. But there were bacteria associated with disease progression that included Armatimonadetes, Caldithrix, Chlorobi, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, GN02, KSB3, OP1, OP2, OP8, Planctomycetes, SR1, TM6, Tenericutes, Verrucomicrobia, WPS-2 and ZB3. Verrucomicrobia and Plantomycetes increased significantly within the D and the BL populations, which was consistent within all the diseased sponges. This study provides a deep sequencing profile of microbial communities within Xestospongia muta affected with SOB Disease and provides a new insight into the sponge healthy microbiome.
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Kottakota, Suresh Kumar. "The synthesis of novel biologically active marine sponge secondary metabolites." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592881.
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Bromotyrosine-derived secondary metabolites from marine sponges of the order Verongida provide unique diversity in chemical structure and a wide range of biological activities. With a decline in the number of novel antibiotic scaffolds which are emerging and the on-going search for more effective antibacterial and anticancer drugs, these brominated metabolites are attractive candidates for further total synthesis and biological evaluation. An Efficient total synthesis of bromotyrosine alkaloids purpurealdin E (92), aplyzanzine A (122), suberedamine A (123) and B (124), iso-Anomoian A (121a) and aplysamine-2 (104) were achieved through the carbodiimide coupling of appropriate tyrosine/tyramine units in excellent yields. Their structures have been confirmed through direct comparison with spectroscopic data of isolated natural products. The key step was the one-pot Bocdeprotection, dimethylation and hydrolysis of desired intermediate, which was achieved in 88% yield. A new synthetic route was developed for the preparation of diverse analogues for biological assessment. This route utilized cheap and commercially available starting materials, and allowed access to various analogues inaccessible via currently reported methods. By utilising this route, the total syntheses of 5- bromoverongamine (207), 20-N-methylpu rpuramine E (208) , psammaplin A (150), psammaplin C (156), spermatinamine (50) and tokaradine A (209) were successfully carried out and are reported herein. These new syntheses of spermatinamine and psammaplin A are more efficient than previously reported sequences. In addition, we explored a method for the selective removal of benzyl protecting groups in the presence of both oxime and disulphide moieties. Aplyzanzine A (122) was found to be the most active product against a Grampositive bacterial and fungal screen demonstrating MIC values 2-4 times lower than the other compounds. All compounds, except purpurealdin E and psammaplin C, exhibit modest inhibition against M. bovis BCG and M. tuberculosis H37Rv. 20-N-methylpurpuramine-E (208) was most active with an MIC (5 μg/mL) towards M. bovis BCG. iso-Anomoian A (1 21a) and suberedamine B (124) showed antitumor activity in the NCI-DTP60 cell line screen at single micromolar concentrations, with iso-anomoian A (121 a) inhibiting 53 cell lines. These molecules present novel scaffolds for further optimization.
5
Li, Hang, and n/a. "Chemical investigations of Natural Products from Australian Marine Sponge-Derived Fungi." Griffith University. Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20081103.091038.
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This thesis described the chemical investigations of natural products from Australian marine sponge-derived fungi. Sponge samples were collected from the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia, by Queensland Museum. The thesis is divided into eight chapters and can be devided into two major parts. The first three chapters comprised the first part of the thesis: Chapter 1 outlined the research background, literature review of marine fungal secondary metabolites; Chapter 2 introduced fungal culture and storage background knowledge, and the list of isolated marine fungal strains. Chapter 3 introduced the background of the thrombin inhibition assay and assay results.
The second part (Chapter 4 to 7) of this thesis is focused on chemical isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites from isolated fungal strains, mostly active strains against thrombin. An unidentified fungal strain, FS-G315858 (T)-Y, isolated from the frozen sponge sample Dysidea sp.1400 produced five peptide compounds (chapter 4, 16-20). Compound 16 is a polypeptide which features the same relative configuration with a known compound unguisine A, and compounds 17-20 are diketopiperazines.
Active fungal strains FS-G315695 (T)-Y and FDPS-61732-YB were isolated from different sponge samples. However, they were identified to be the identical fungal strain Eurotium rubrum; the chemical isolation of FS-G315695 (T)-Y from its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in three compounds (chapter 5, 17-19). Compounds 18 and 19 were identified to be flavoglaucin and iso-dihydroauroglaucin. Compound 17 was identified to have the same relative configuration with a known compound neo-echinulin A. The chemical isolation of FDPS-61732-YB from its broth EtOAc extract resulted in several diketopiperazines (chapter 5, 27-29).
Another active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-WY was identified as Aspergillus ochraceous, the chemical isolation of its mycelia EtOAc extract resulted in one benzodiazepine compound (chapter 6, 18), together with two fatty acids (chapter 6, 16-17). The structure of compound 18 was elucidated and identified to have same relative configuration with the known compound circumdatin E.
Media comparison for active fungal strain FS-G315695 (T)-Y was conducted and this work resulted in producing several neo-echinulin analogues (chapter 7, 1-3). The isolation and structure elucidation of these compounds were reported in chapter 7.
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Rainbow, Simon C. "Towards onnamide F : a nematocide from the marine sponge Trachycladus laevispirulifer." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494754.
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Onnamide F is a recently isolated natural product from the southern Australian marine sponge, Trachycladus laevispirulifer, that has shown significant antifungal and nematocidal activity. Onnamide F contains a tetrahydropyran substructure, known as pederic acid, and an amide bond linkage to a second tetrahydropyran. To date no total synthesis of onnamide F has been reported. A range of tetrahydropyrans with structural similarities to pederic acid were synthesised using a new Lewis acid mediated cyclisation reaction. Additionally, a diastereoselective route to tetrahydropyrans containing the exo-methylene functionality at C4 has been developed. A useful new route to the pederic acid precursor pederamide has been established. The tetrahydropyran skeleton was formed by a new Lewis acid mediated cyclisation reaction between 3,4-Dimethylpent-4-en-2-ol and trans-cinnamaldehyde, promoted by benzyltriethylammonium aluminium chloride. Further transformations gave us the opportunity to establish the correct oxidation level at the anomeric centre. Methyl ether formation followed by removal of the acetate group furnished a secondary alcohol which could be resolved via formation of the (+)-acetylmandelate ester. The enantiomerically pure tetrahydropyran was subjected to a Dess-Martin oxidation. Treatment with TMSCN followed by borax induced hydrolysis gave pederamide and its diastereoisomer.
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Plowright, Alleyn T. "Synthetic studies towards the marine natural product phorboxazole A." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311837.
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Burkhart, Tandace L. "The Search for Novel Sponge genes: Comparative Analysis of Gene Expression in Multiple Sponges." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/194.
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This project focuses on the use of sponge genetic transcripts in the form of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) readily available in Genbank to search for novel genes using bioinformatics analysis tools. Marine sponge species are known to house a diversity of marine microbes and are known as the ‘living fossils’ of the animal kingdom because of the large number of ancient genes they house. Genomic mining can be a useful tool in discovering these orthologous genes. This study utilized the techniques of genomic mining of 11 previously described sponge species transcripts. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the genomic structure of the organisms studied by creating a more detailed genetic map and examining a specific environmental snapshot of the genes in each sponge. Novel methods for dissecting beneficial information from large scale data sets available in genomic libraries utilizing bioinformatics search tool MGRAST were examined. The results of this study indicate that sponges house numerous genes that are likely to be evolutionary predecessors of genes in higher eukaryotes. Support was also given to the notion that microbial communities play a role in metabolic pathways of sponges.
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Yang, Lai Hung. "Antifouling compounds from the marine sponge acanthella cavernosa and its associated microbes /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202006%20YANG.
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Vijayan, Nidhi. "Bacterial Community Dynamics In Marine Sponge Cinachyrella kuekenthali Under Irradiance and Antibiotics." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/393.
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The Marine sponge Cinachyrella sp used in this study are commonly found in offshore South Florida and Caribbean waters and appeared to be resilient in closed system aquaculture. Marine sponges host diverse bacterial symbionts that are distinct compared to bacteria found in ambient seawater, however the roles of a large fraction of the bacterial community in marine sponges are unknown. Comparison of symbiotic to aposymbiotic (bacteria-free) sponges could provide information about interactions (metabolic and physiologic) between the bacteria and sponge. In this study, a single Cinachyrella kuekenthali individual was subsectioned into explants (N=240) in order to provide identical bacterial communities to perform comparative studies. Presence of photosymbionts was also analyzed by characterizing bacterial communities from varying light and dark conditions. Tools for characterization included transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and 16S rRNA sequence analysis obtained from Illumina Miseq. High throughput DNA sequencing revealed bacterial taxa belonging to phyla Thaumarchaeota, Chloroflexi, Nitrospira, Acidobacteria and Verrucomicrobia persist in the explants. This study also demonstrated that antibiotics (Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Penicillin-Streptomycin and combination of all) can alter the bacterial community in the marine sponge C. kuekenthali explants in vitro. Bacterial communities of explants treated with different antibiotics were statistically (Unifrac and Bray-Curtis analysis) different from controls (p-value < 0.001, R2=41%). Penicillin-streptomycin and cocktail of antibiotics treatment contributed to the highest difference in the bacterial communities. Also, bacterial communities of explants at difference time points treated with corresponding antibiotics were also statistically significant (p-value<0.05, R2=15%). TEM observations of denatured nucleic acid and osmotic lysis of bacteria, due to the effect of antibiotics were observed, creating a LMA mesohyl. However light versus dark conditions did not produce any statistically significant difference in beta diversity between bacterial communities. These interdisciplinary results indicate that while individual bacterial symbiont taxa may persist after community disruption, significant changes in the overall composition of the bacterial symbiont population can be created
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Potens, Renee Michelle. "Characterization of the Marine Sponge Amphimedon compressa Microbiome Across a Spatial Gradient." NSUWorks, 2016. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/413.
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Diverse and ecologically important microbial communities (microbiomes) are symbiotic within marine sponges. In this study, the microbiome of Amphimedon compressa from three sample locations (Broward and Dade Counties, Southeast Florida, USA and the Southern Caribbean, Bocas del Toro, Panama) is characterized using 16S rRNA Illumina sequencing. The predominant taxa are Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, as expected for Low Microbial Abundance sponges, accounting for over 53% of the total microbiome community. The numbers of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) decrease from Broward County (2,900) to Dade County (2,300) and then Bocas del Toro (1,200). The correlates to a decreasing north-south gradient of sponge microbiome richness and diversity. Sponge microbiome richness and Alpha diversity are nearly identical from the two closest locations (37 km), both in Southeast Florida (Tukey HSD/ANOVA; p=0.999). However Panama sponge microbiome richness and Alpha diversity are distinctly lower, with the primary driver being distance, ~1,850 km from Southeast Florida. Abiotic factors driving this trend of decreased richness and diversity include increased temperature, and deceased salinity in relation to precipitation-based seasons. Sponge microbiome Beta diversity as determined by Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity and Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling documents the clustering of Panama samples as distinct from the Broward and Dade County samples. In a seasonal comparison, Broward County sponge microbiome richness (p=0.026, r2=0.92) and Alpha diversity (p=0.007, r2=0.98) are significantly different, documenting robust effects of temperature. This comparison confirms lowest microbiome OTU diversity in the season with highest precipitation and highest temperatures of 29.8 °C. These results are consistent with prior studies that report decreasing microbiome OTU richness and diversity under conditions of environmental stress such as decreased salinity and increased temperatures.
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Tischler, Mark. "Terpenoids from the marine sponge Aplysilla glacialis and the nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31343.
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A chemical study of the pink encrusting sponge Aplysilla glacialis collected in Barkley Sound, B.C., has led to the isolation and structure elucidation of terpenes which are believed to be derived biogenetically from the hypothetical "spongian" precursor. In addition, the first example of a diterpene from a sponge containing a "marginatane" skeleton has been found.
Cadlinolide A (75) was isolated and its structure elucidated by a combination of spectroscopic interpretation, chemical degradation, and confirmed by a single crystal x-ray diffraction analysis. The structure of a related metabolite, cadlinolide B (76). was also isolated and elucidated by spectroscopic interpretation and conversion to the known metabolite tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 (72). The structure of a nor-diterpene, aplysillolide A (101) was determined by spectroscopic interpretation and chemical interconversion along with its dehydrated analogue, aplysillolide B (102). Glaciolide (110). a degraded and highly rearranged diterpene was solved by extensive NMR analysis of both the parent compound and its chemically interconverted derivatives. Glaciolide (110) represents only the second known example of a metabolite containing a "glaciane" skeleton. Marginatone (112) is the first example of a diterpene containing a "marginatane" skeleton from a sponge. The "marginatane" skeleton was first encountered in a metabolite, marginatafuran (111), isolated from the nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata which is generally found in the same location as Aplysilla glacialis. The structure of cadlinolide C (131), containing both methyl ester and γ lactone moieties, was elucidated by spectroscopic interpretation. This compound is believed to be an isolation artifact
Examination of the chemical constituents of the nudibranch Cadlina luteomarginata found feeding on the sponge Aplysilla glacialis yielded a mixture of terpenes mcluding cadlinolide A (75). glaciolide (110) and tetrahydroaplysulphurin-1 (72). Compound 72 was previously isolated from a New Zealand sponge.
A review of "spongian" and "marginatane" derived metabolites from sponges and nudibranchs as well as a review of Cadlina luteomarginata terpenoids is presented.
[Formulas omitted]Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Mapatha, Matlakala Reginah. "Discovery of biomolecules from South African marine sponge symbionts through Metagenomic studies." University of the Western Cape, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/5932.
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Magister Scientiae - MSc (Biotechnology)Marine sponges are known to harbour diverse microorganisms which have been proposed to be involved in the synthesis of most of the natural compounds derived from sponges. However, only about 1% of these microorganisms can currently be identified through culturebased approaches, limiting the discovery of novel natural compounds. To overcome this limitation, a metagenomics approach has been introduced for the discovery of natural compounds from symbiotic bacterial metagenomic DNA.
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Tucker, David John, and n/a. "An Investigation of the Chemical Constituents of Two Species of Marine Sponge." Griffith University. Division of Science and Technology, 1990. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20050826.155059.
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An investigation of the dichioromethane extract of the sponge, Xestospongia testudinaria indicated that the extract was composed of approximately 40% sterols, 30% saturated fatty acids, 10% mono-unsaturated fatty acids and 20% poly-unsaturated acids. The sterol profile was found to vary between two collections of the sponge. In the first collection the major sterol was the C30 compound, xestosterol (4), which had not previously been reported to occur in this species. In the second collection there was a wider distribution of components with cholesterol (2a) being a major constituent and xestosterol being present in a much lower percentage than in the first collection. The poly-unsaturated acid fraction contained an extremely complex mixture. The novel brominated bisacetylenic C18 (47) and brominated C28 (65) acids were found to be the major components. Another six novel brominated acetylenic acids, which were very unstable, were also identified as well as an ester of 4 with 47. The method developed for the separation of the poly-unsaturated acids from the other classes of metabolites and for the isolation of the pure compounds is discussed and their structural elucidation, largely on the basis of NIMR spectroscopy is described. From the hexane extract of Carteriospongia foliascens, two novel bisalkylated norscalarane derivatives (114 and 116) and a bisalkylated scalarane derivative (130) have been isolated. By use of high field NMR and multipulse NMR techniques a complete assignment of the 111 and 13C NMR spectra of 130 has been achieved on 1.5mg of material. This represents the first report of a complete assignment of the 1J4 NMR spectrum of a scalarane derivative. The C-4 stereochemistry of 130 was determined by use of 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques, which gave results in agreement with the previously used 13C NMR method.
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Rao, T. S. P., N. S. Sarma, Y. L. N. Murthy, Venkata Siva Satya Narayana Kantamreddi, Colin W. Wright, and P. S. Parameswaran. "New polyhydroxy sterols from the marine sponge Callyspongia fibrosa (Ridley and Dendly)." Elsevier, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4540.
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noFour new polyhydroxylated sterols are isolated from Marine sponge Callyspongia fibrosa collected from the Gulf of Mannar, western Bay of Bengal (India). The structural assignment is based on 1H and 13C NMR spectra. All sterols are based on the known 24S-24-methyl cholesterol 1 which is also isolated, and contain 3b,6b-dihydroxy system and 25-O-acetate as common features (except in the case of sterol 6 that has a D25 in the place of 25-OAc). Additional OH substitution is also present at 5a in 4a and at 8b in 5. A further 12b-OH is present in 6 and 7. The hydroxylation pattern is so far known only in coral sterols but is without a precedent in sponge sterols. The major steroid 4a showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum on the chloroquine-resistant stain better than on the chloroquine-sensitive strain.
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Smith, J. D. "The total synthesis of (-)-pre-swinholide A." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272650.
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McMurray, Steven E. "Demography of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/r1/mcmurrays/stevenmcmurray.pdf.
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Gomes, Hélder Alexandre Campos. "Ecological and biotechnological potential of sponge microbiome." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/15450.
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Mestrado em Biologia Molecular e CelularMarine sponges harbor microbial communities of immense ecological and biotechnological importance. Recently, they have been focus of heightened attention due to the wide range of biologically active compounds with potential application, particularly, in chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. However, we still lack fundamental knowledge of their microbial ecology and biotechnological potential. The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has given rise to a new range of tools that can help us explore the biotechnological potential of sponges with incredible detail. Metagenomics, in particular, has the power to revolutionize the production of bioactive compounds produced by unculturable microorganisms. It can offer the identification of biosynthetic genes or gene clusters that can be heterologously expressed on a cultivable and suitable host. This review focus on the exploration of the biotechnological potential of sponge-associated microorganisms, and integration of molecular approaches, whose increasing efficiency can play an essential role on achieving a sustainable source of natural products.
As esponjas marinhas abrigam comunidades microbianas de grande importância ecológica e biotecnológica. Recentemente, estas têm recebido maior atenção devido ao grande número de compostos com actividade biológica, com potencial aplicação, particularmente, nas indústrias química, cosmética e farmacêutica. No entanto, a ecologia e o potencial biotecnológico dos seus microrganismos ainda permanecem largamente desconhecidos. O desenvolvimento de tecnologias de sequenciação de alta resolução deu origem a novo grupo de abordagens que nos podem ajudar a explorar o potencial biotecnológico das esponjas com um detalhe sem precedentes. As abordagens metagenómicas, em particular, tem poder para revolucionar a produção de compostos com actividade biológica produzidos por microrganismos não cultiváveis, ao permitir a identificação de genes ou clusters de genes biosintéticos com capacidade para serem expressos heterologamente num organismo hospedeiro adequado e cultivável. Esta revisão foca particularmente a exploração do potencial biotecnológico dos microrganismos associados a esponjas, e a integração de abordagens moleculares, cuja eficiência crescente pode desempenhar um papel essencial no desenvolvimento de uma fonte sustentável de produtos naturais.
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Halperin, Ari. "Distribution, Growth, and Impact of the Coral-Excavating Sponge, Cliona delitrix, on the Stony Coral Communities Offshore Southeast Florida." NSUWorks, 2014. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/26.
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Bioerosion is a major process that affects the carbonate balance on coral reefs, and excavating sponges from the genus Cliona are some of the most important bioeroders on Caribbean reefs. The orange boring sponge, Cliona delitrix, is an abundant excavating sponge offshore southeast Florida that frequently colonizes dead portions of live stony corals, killing live coral tissue as it grows. With the recent decline in coral cover attributed to combined environmental and anthropogenic stressors, the increasing abundance of excavating sponges poses yet another threat to the persistence of Caribbean coral reefs.
In the first part of this study, I explored distributional patterns of C. delitrix offshore southeast Florida and compared yearly sponge growth/corresponding coral tissue loss rates across habitats of different depths. C. delitrix densities and growth rates were significantly higher on the outer reef, where coral colonies also showed some of the fastest tissue retreat rates. More sponge individuals were found on sites with higher coral densities, likely resulting from the higher availability of preferred coral skeleton substrate. C. delitrix showed a clear preference for boulder stony coral species, which could alter the coral community composition in the future and allow an increase in branching and foliose species. The growth rates of C. delitrix offshore southeast Florida are slower compared to rates from other locations, likely a result of intense fouling of the coral-sponge interface by other spatial reef competitors. These results suggest that outer reef sites with high boulder coral density offshore southeast Florida are most vulnerable to C. delitrix colonization and may continue to suffer the greatest impacts of coral bioerosion.
Excavating sponges are also strong competitors for space on coral reefs; able to colonize, excavate, and kill entire live stony corals. Despite the known negative effects of excavating sponges on stony corals very few studies have experimentally tested the competitive nature of this interaction. In the second part of this study, I examined the effect of manual removal of the excavating sponge, Cliona delitrix (Pang 1973), on tissue loss of the stony coral Montastrea cavernosa (Linnaeus 1767), and its possibility as a restoration technique. A total of 33 M. cavernosa colonies colonized by small C. delitrix sponges (up to 10 cm in diameter) were examined. Sponges were removed using a hammer and chisel from 22 of the affected colonies, and 11 colonies were left alone as controls. After sponge removal, the resultant cavities in the coral skeletons were filled to minimize future colonization by other bioeroders and promote coral tissue growth over the excavation. Cement was used as fill material on 11 of the colonies, and the remaining 11 cavities were filled with epoxy. Standardized photos of each colony were taken immediately, at 6 months and 12 months after sponge removal. Results show a significant reduction in coral tissue loss in colonies where sponge was removed, and both fill materials performed similarly reducing coral tissue loss. I also found that a majority of experimental corals showed no return of C. delitrix to the colony surface a year after removal. This study demonstrates that eliminating the bioeroding sponge competitor may promote recovery of the affected stony coral. Additionally, the sponge removal technique can be applied to any stony coral colonized by C. delitrix to preserve, or at least slow the loss of, remaining live tissue.
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Matobole, Relebohile Matthew. "Matrix comparison of isolation conditions for secondary metabolite producing marine sponge associated bacteria." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4754.
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>Magister Scientiae - MScThe discovery of novel secondary metabolites has declined significantly in recent years whereas there is a rise in the number of multi-drug resistant pathogens and other types of diseases. The decline in natural product discovery was due to high rediscovery of already known compounds and the costs in developing natural products. As a result pharmaceutical companies lost interest in investing in natural product discovery. However, there is a renewed interest in marine sponge associated microorganisms as a rich and untapped source of secondary metabolites. The objective of this study was to design a matrix to investigate the extent to which the One Strain-Many Compounds (OSMAC) approach applies to a collection of marine sponge isolates harvested from two South African marine sponge samples. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) analysis was used to investigate and ascertain the two marine sponges which hosted the highest microbial diversities to be used for further culture-dependent studies. The culture-dependent studies, using 33 media which included liquid enrichment, heat treatments and antibiotic treatments, resulted in 400 sponge isolates from the two marine sponges Isodictya compressa and Higginsia bidentifera. Using antibacterial overlay assays, 31 dereplicated isolates showed antibacterial activity. Bioactivities were also exhibited against E. coli 1699 which is genetically engineered for resistance against 52 antibiotics which implies that some of the bioactive compounds could be novel. The 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the microbial phyla isolated from the marine sponges belonged to Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Alphaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria).Thirty isolates were selected for an OSMAC-based matrix study, 17 of which showed noantibacterial activities in preliminary screening. The application of the OSMAC approach using co-culture and 36 culture conditions resulted in 6 isolates showing antibacterial activities, three of which did not show activities in preliminary screening. One of these, a Bacillus pumilus isolated from I. compressa displayed antibacterial activity against 5 indicator strains whereas in preliminary screening it had not shown activity. The results show that marine sponges can host novel microbial species which may produce novel bioactive compounds. The results also confirm that traditional methods employing a single culture condition restricts the expression of some biosynthetic pathways of microorganisms and as a result many metabolites have yet to be identified.
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Kim, Tae Kyung. "Bioactive compound-producing symbiotic bacteria from marine sponge species : cultural, gene retrieval, and metagenomic studies /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19506.pdf.
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Brastianos, Harry Charilaos. "Bioactive natural products from nature." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3960.
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Bioassay guided fractionation of a crude extract of the marine sponge
Neopetrosia exigua resulted in the first reported isolation of exiguamines A
and B. These pyrroloquinone alkaloids have an unprecedented hexacyclic
skeleton that has not been previously encountered in natural products. Biological
studies have identified exiguamine A as a potent in vitro inhibitor of the
enzyme indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO). IDO is an enzyme expressed by
tumor cells to evade the immune system. Inhibitors against this enzyme may
allow the immune system to attack cancer cells, making this enzyme a potential
drug target for anti-cancer agents.
Investigation of the crude extract of a Bacillus sp. collected in Dominica
led to the isolation of the known diketopiperazine cyclo(S-Val-S-Phe) (3.9). In
vitro biological studies revealed that cyclo(S-Val-S-Phe) is able to promote
neurite outgrowth, even in the presence of physiological inhibitors. In vivo
studies have shown that cyclo(S-VaI-S-Phe) is able promote sprouting in
serotonergic and adrenergic axons. Synthesis of the other three diastereomers
led to the discovery that cyclo(R-Val-R-Phe) is also an in vitro activator of
axonal outgrowth.
Inhibitors of the G2 checkpoint are able to increase the cytotoxicity of DNA
damaging chemotherapeutics. Bioassay guided fractionation of an extract of the
South American plant Duguetia odorata led to the isolation of the G2 checkpoint
abrogator, oliveroline. This investigation also led to the isolation of the
previously unreported alkaloid N-methylguatterine, and the known
alkaloids dehydrodiscretine and pseudopalmatine.
Chemical investigation of the marine sponge Myrmekioderma granulatum
led to the isolation of the new compounds abolenone and myrmekioside C, as well as the known compounds curcudiol, curcuphenol,
abolene and sesquiterpenoid. Biological studies of these
compounds revealed that curcudiol is a ligand of the sex hormone-binding
globulin. This protein is involved in transporting and regulating the
concentration of steroids such as testosterone and estradiol. Many pathological
conditions have a lower plasma concentration of these steroids. Ligands to
SHBG can release steroids into the blood, so this protein is a potential drug
target to treat conditions where a hormone insufficiency is present.
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Ross, Andrew R. "Studies towards the synthesis of Popolohuanone E." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.388550.
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Critcher, Douglas James. "The total synthesis of neohalicholactone." Thesis, University of Bath, 1995. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296300.
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Chak, Tin Chi Solomon. "Reproductive Altruism, Social Diversity and Host Association in Sponge-Dwelling Snapping Shrimps, Synalpheus." W&M ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1477068130.
Full textAbstract:
The diversity of animal social strategies has interested evolutionary biologists since the time of Darwin. Eusociality—the apex of animal sociality—traditionally characterized by cooperative offspring care, overlapping generations and reproductive division of labor, was until recently known only in insects and a few vertebrate species. The independent evolution of eusociality in shrimps in the genus Synalpheus offers a unique opportunity to test the generality of social evolution theories that are based mainly on insects and social vertebrates. The genus Synalpheus is particularly ideal for comparative analysis because their social organizations are highly diverse, yet they share very similar ecology of being sponge dwellers. Further, their close associations with sponges, in which many are considered microbial fermenters, allow one to test the ecological drivers of species diversity in Synalpheus. In this dissertation, I first explored the nature and consequences of reproductive altruism in eusocial species. Chapter 1 showed that workers in eusocial Synalpheus retain reproductive capability, but reproduction of female workers is suppressed by the queen. Chapter 2 showed further that such reproductive inequity among females within a colony leads to potentially strong competition among females for reproductive opportunities, and is associated with reduced sexual dimorphism in eusocial Synalpheus species. Second, I examined the evolutionary trajectories between and ecological advantages associated with different social organizations in Synalpheus. Chapter 3 shows that the two demographically distinct social organizations found in Synalpheus—communality and eusociality—have evolved via separate evolutionary trajectories and represent alternative social strategies. Chapter 4 further shows that these social strategies are associated with different aspects of ecological advantages conferred on Synalpheus living together. Finally, the intimate association with host sponges constrains the lifestyle of Synalpheus and may be one factor that has predisposed their evolution of eusociality. In Chapter 5, I examined the association pattern of Synalpheus with their host sponges and found that the symbiotic microorganisms in sponges, rather than the phylogenetic histories of the host sponges, are a better predictor and potential driver of the host association pattern. This dissertation has sought to test, and ended up challenging, several paradigms in ecology and evolution. My results suggest that 1) polymorphic reproductive soldiers may represent a natural transition towards eusociality, 2) reproductive monopolization can modulate the pattern of sexual dimorphism in social species, 3) communality and eusociality evolved from distinct trajectories and have different ecological advantages, and 4) symbiotic microorganisms may mediate biological interactions between their hosts and other organisms.
26
Sjögren, Martin. "Bioactive compounds from the marine sponge Geodia barretti : characterization, antifouling activity and molecular targets /." Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Universitetsbiblioteket [distributör], 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6797.
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Cicirelli, Elisha M. "Bacterial quorum-sensing in the marine sponge environment implications on motility and flagellar biosynthesis /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3297116.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Biology, 2007.Title from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 29, 2008). Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 0818. Adviser: Clay Fuqua.
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Witowski, Chris G. "Investigation of Bioactive Metabolites from the Antarctic Sponge Dendrilla membranosa and Marine Microorganisms." Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5602.
Full textAbstract:
Natural products continue to be a valuable source of compounds in research involving chemical ecology and drug discovery. Secondary metabolites are biosynthesized to benefit the host organism in its environment (feeding deterrence from predators, antibiotic properties to avoid infection, etc.) but these compounds also serve as useful scaffolds in drug discovery applications. The research herein describes both aspects of these two branches of natural products chemistry. The Antarctic sponge Dendrilla membranosa produces diterpenes, of which membranolide A, deters feeding of the predatory amphipod Gondogenia antarctica. A metabolomic study of several sponges was undertaken to determine environmental factors that govern the metabolism of D. membranosa. Habitat specificity, above or below the algal canopy, was a significant factor for the chemical clustering of sponges as well as the abundance of potential amphipod predators that are prevalent within the canopy. Another D. membranosa diterpene, aplysulphurin, undergoes degradation upon methanolic treatment to form the methoxy membranolides B-H. An investigation of these artifacts reveals potent activity against the leishmaniasis-causing parasite Leishmania donovani. Microorganisms also generate a significant number of bioactive natural products. Biotic and abiotic culture stressors such as co-culturing and epigenetic modification, respectively, will be explored to turn on cryptic biosynthetic pathways. These techniques are shown to produce unique secondary metabolites from cultures and further reinforce the one strain many compounds approach to the versatile and formidable microbial domain.
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Olsen, Elisabeth, Cerf Christopher De, Godwin Dziwornu, Eleonora Puccinelli, Shirley Parker-Nance, Isabelle Ansorge, Toufiek Samaai, Laura Dingle, Adrienne Lesley Edkins, and Suthananda Sunassee. "Cytotoxic activity of marine sponge extracts from the sub-Antarctic Islands and the Southern Ocean." South African Journal of Science, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/66300.
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publisher versionOver the past 50 years, marine invertebrates, especially sponges, have proven to be a valuable source of new and/or bioactive natural products that have the potential to be further developed as lead compounds for pharmaceutical applications. Although marine benthic invertebrate communities occurring off the coast of South Africa have been explored for their biomedicinal potential, the natural product investigation of marine sponges from the sub-Antarctic Islands in the Southern Ocean for the presence of bioactive secondary metabolites has been relatively unexplored thus far. We report here the results for the biological screening of both aqueous and organic extracts prepared from nine specimens of eight species of marine sponges, collected from around Marion Island and the Prince Edward Islands in the Southern Ocean, for their cytotoxic activity against three cancer cell lines. The results obtained through this multidisciplinary collaborative research effort by exclusively South African institutions has provided an exciting opportunity to discover cytotoxic compounds from sub-Antarctic sponges, whilst contributing to our understanding of the biodiversity and geographic distributions of these cold-water invertebrates. Therefore, we acknowledge here the various contributions of the diverse scientific disciplines that played a pivotal role in providing the necessary platform for the future natural products chemistry investigation of these marine sponges from the sub- Antarctic Islands and the Southern Ocean. Significance: This study will contribute to understanding the biodiversity and geographic distributions of sponges in the Southern Ocean. This multidisciplinary project has enabled the investigation of marine sponges for the presence of cytotoxic compounds. Further investigation will lead to the isolation and identification of cytotoxic compounds present in the active sponge extracts.
University of Cape Town; South African Medical Research Council; National Research Foundation (South Africa); CANSA; Rhodes University; Department of Science and Technology; Department of Environmental Affairs; SANAP
30
McQuillan, Lea. "Species richness, density and cover of sponge assemblages on temperate reefs off Perth, Western Australia." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/359.
Full textAbstract:
Sponges were the dominant faunal benthic group, occupying 30 -50% of the limestone reef surface and displaying high diversity (>240 sponge species) on subtidal temperate reefs off Perth, Western Australia. Despite this high diversity there was little variation in composition among the six different sites sampled. However, there was within-site heterogeneity of sponge assemblages which has been ascribed to small-scale variation in light and sedimentation/abrasion rates. Differences in sponge assemblages were also detected between sampling times, species richness and sponge density were higher in winter compared to summer, whereas, sponge cover was higher in summer compared to winter. The results suggest that the growth and development of juveniles or annuals may have been adversely affected by the harsh conditions of winter. The higher temperatures in summer appeared to promote growth and reproduction of sponges.
Rapid assessment techniques have been proposed to look for patterns in biodiversity in conservation biology studies, when detailed routine surveys are not feasible. Two rapid assessment techniques were assessed, firstly examining the dominant sponge species; and secondly aggregating the sponge species to order level. The results of two rapid assessment techniques were promising if comparing sponge assemblages across habitats. If the aim was to assess sponge assemblages across sites, neither rapid assessment technique showed the same results compared to species level data. The general conclusion for subtidal temperate reef sponge assemblages within Marmion Lagoon is that there is substantial loss of information for spatial comparisons when aggregating species to order level or using only the dominant sponges. What was found was that the two levels failed to detect differences among sites which were found in the species level data analyses, but all three analyses gave the same results for habitat data.
In Western Australia only a few studies on sponges have been undertaken along the extensive coastline (12,500 km long). Previous sponge research in Western Australia occurred predominately as a result of taxonomic collections from expeditions undertaken in the 19th and early 201 h centuries. This study has described the 43 dominant sponge species that were found at six different sites on subtidal temperate reefs in Marmion Lagoon, Western Australia. Sponges were the dominant fauna found at most of the research sites off this coastal Perth location and included many species from a range of orders and families. Most of the species found occurred in sciaphilic (shade-loving) habitats. Only a few species occurred in full light conditions on the reef flats.
This study documented 243 sponge species from subtidal limestone reefs between 8-12 metres in depth within the Lagoon. These 243 species comprised 197 siliceous sponges (Class Demospongiae) and 46 calcareous sponges (Class Calcarea) and were identified to at least order. Eighteen were identified to order, 88 to family, 35 to genus and 56 to species level. Approximately 30% of the species recorded here are possibly new to science.
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Sjögren, Martin. "Bioactive Compounds from the Marine Sponge Geodia barretti : Characterization, Antifouling Activity and Molecular Targets." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för läkemedelskemi, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6797.
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The marine sponge Geodia barretti produces a range of secondary metabolites. Two of these compounds were isolated and elucidated guided by their ability to inhibit settlement of cypris larvae of the barnacle Balanus improvisus. The compounds barettin (cyclo-[(6-bromo-8-en-tryptophan)-arginine]) as E/Z mixture and 8,9-dihydrobarettin (cyclo-[6-bromo-tryptophan)-arginine]) were determined by using mass spectrometry, nuclear magnetic resonance and quantitative amino acid analysis.The bioactivity of these brominated dipeptides is in the range of antifouling substances used today: EC50 values of 0.9 µM (barettin) and 7.9 µM (8,9-dihydrobarettin). The compounds were successfully synthesised and then tested in a field experiment to evaluate their antifouling properties. The compounds were incorporated in four different commerical, non-toxic marine coatings. The concentrations of the compounds were 0.1 and 0.01% (w/w) and coated panels were exposed to field conditions for eight weeks. The experiment evaluated the effect of barettin and 8,9-dihydrobarettin on recruitment of the barnacle B. improvisus and the blue mussel Mytilus edulis (major Swedish foulers). The most efficient paint was a SPC polymer, for which the reduction of recruitment of B. improvisus was 89% with barettin (0.1%) and 61% with 8,9-dihydrobarettin (0.1%). For M. edulis the reduction of recruitment was 81% with barettin (0.1%) and 72% with 8,9-dihydrobarettin (0.1%) with the same SPC paint. Furthermore, 14 analogs of barettin and dipodazine were synthesised and tested for their ability to inhibit larval settlement. Two of the analogs have a barettin scaffold and twelve have a dipodazine scaffold. Six of the analogs displayed significant settlement inhibition with the most potent inhibitor being benzo[g]dipodazine (EC50 value 0.034 µM). The effect of benzo[g]dipodazine was also shown to be reversible. Finally, an investigation of the mode of action was performed on 5-HT receptors. Barettin demonstrated a specific affinity to 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT4, while 8,9-dihydrobarettin interacted only with 5-HT2C of the receptor subtypes tested (5-HT1-5-HT7).
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Patel, Jignasa. "Meta-Transcriptome Profiles of the Marine Sponge, Axinella corrugata and its Microbial Consortia: A Pyrosequencing Approach." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/174.
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Marine micro-organisms are important components of various biogeochemical cycles, complex food webs and ecological niches. Metagenomic sequencing can provide rapid profile of metabolic activities within the sponge and resident microbes. However, the study of metatranscriptomes from sponges using high throughput sequencing technology has only recently begun. Through this study we isolated, characterized and compared metatranscriptome profiles of Axinella corrugata host and sponge-specific microbial communities using 454 pyrosequencing technology. Four cDNA libraries (two eukaryotic and two prokaryotic) were generated from Axinella corrugata sponge samples collected in December 2009 and May 2010, and were characterized to a) reveal which metabolic genes were actively expressed and b) reveal possible interactions between the sponge and its microbial symbionts. The techniques used for isolation of mRNA and cDNA normalization also helped in optimization of whole-transcriptome amplification. More than 130,000 ESTs were generated for the two seasonal sponge samples and the metagenomic data sets were analyzed using bioinformatics tool, MG-RAST. Several stress-related transcripts were found which can increase our understanding of sensitivity of the sponge to changes in physical parameters in nature. The involvement of the sponge and its microbial consortia is depicted through actively expressed nitrogen and sulfur metabolism genes. Novel genes involved in several functional pathways may be discovered upon further studying hypothetical genes found across all four metagenomic data sets. Metatranscriptomic data sheds light on the functional role of microbes within the sponges and the extent of their involvement in sponge metabolism. 16S rRNA analysis was also carried out using genomic DNA of the same samples, to better elucidate the bacterial taxa abundance in the sponge. This study provides a profile of active mRNA trancripts in Axinella corrugata which include eukaryotic as well as prokaryotic sequences. The data analysis of this research provides new information at the cross-disciplinary interface between molecular biology and computational science.
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Johnson, Tyler A. "A comprehensive reinvestigation into the bioactive secondary metabolites of an Indo-Pacific marine sponge: Cacospongia mycofijiensis /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
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Jadulco, Raquel C. "Isolation and structure elucidation of bioactive secondary metabolites from marine sponges and sponge derived fungi (Isolierung und strukturelle Identifizierung von biologisch aktiven Naturstoffen aus marinen Schwämmen und aus Schwämmen isolierte Pilze) /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-3565.
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Low-molecular mass natural products from bacteria, fungi, plants and marine organisms exhibit unique structural diversity which are of interest for the identification of new lead structures for medicinals and agrochemicals. In the search for bioactive compounds from marine sponges and sponge-associated fungi, this research work resulted to the isolation of twenty-six compounds, eight of which are new metabolites. The sponges were collected from the Indo-pacific regions, particularly those from Indonesian and Philippine waters, as well as those from the Mediterranean Sea near the island of Elba in Italy. A combination of the chemically- and biologically-driven approach for drug discovery was employed, wherein extracts were screened for antibacterial, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. In addition to the bioassay-guided approach to purify the compounds responsible for the activity of the extract, TLC, UV and MS were also used to isolate the chemically most interesting substances. Hence, purified compounds which are not responsible for the initial bioscreening activity may have a chance to be evaluated for other bioactivities. Enumerated below are the compounds which have been isolated and structurally elucidated and whose bioactivities have been further characterized. 1. The extract of the fungus Cladosporium herbarum associated with the sponge Callyspongia aerizusa afforded seven structurally related polyketides, including two new twelve-membered macrolides: pandangolide 3 and 4, and a new acetyl congener of the previously isolated 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid. The two furoic acid analogues isolated were found to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the extract. The isolation of the known phytotoxin Cladospolide B from Cladosporium herbarum, which was originally known from Cladosporium cladosporioides and C. tenuissimum, indicates the possibility that Cladospolide B may be a chemotaxonomic marker of particular Cladosporium species. 2. The extract of the fungus Curvularia lunata associated with the Indonesian sponge Niphates olemda yielded three compounds, namely the new antimicrobially-active anthraquinone lunatin, the known bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A, and the known plant hormone abscisic acid. The co-occurrence of the two structurally-related anthraquinones suggests that the monomeric lunatin may be a precursor in the biosynthesis of the bisanthraquinone cytoskyrin A. 3. The fungus Penicillium spp. associated with the Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa yielded six compounds, namely the known antifungal griseofulvin and its less active dechloro analogue; the known toxin oxaline; and the known cytotoxic metabolite communesin B and its two new congeners communesin C and D. The new communesins were less active than communesin B in the brine-shrimp lethality test. 4. An unidentified fungus which was also isolated from the same Mediterranean sponge Axinella verrucosa as Penicillium spp. yielded the known compound monocerin which has been reported to possess phytotoxic and insecticidal activities. 5. The fungus Aspergillus flavus associated with the Philippine sponge Hyrtios aff. reticulatus yielded the known toxin a-cyclopiazonic acid. 6. The Indonesian sponge Agelas nakamurai yielded four bromopyrrole alkaloids namely the new compound 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid, and the known compounds: 4-bromo-pyrrole-2-carboxamide, mukanadin B and mukanadin C. All of the four compounds except mukanadin B were found to be antimicrobially-active. Bromopyrrole alkaloids are well-known metabolites of the genus Agelas and are proven to play an important role in the chemical defense of the sponge against predation from fishes. 7. The Indonesian sponge Jaspis splendens yielded three known substances which are known for their antiproliferative activities, namely the depsipeptides jaspamide (jasplakinolide), and its derivatives jaspamide B and jaspamide CNiedermolekulare Naturstoffe aus Bakterien, Pilzen, Pflanzen und marinen Organismen weisen eine einzigartige strukturelle Diversität auf, die für die Identifizierung neuer Leitstrukturen für die Entwicklung von Arzneistoffen und Pflanzenschutzmitteln von großer Bedeutung ist. Im Rahmen der Suche nach bioaktiven Verbindungen aus marinen Schwämmen und mit diesen Schwämmen assoziierten Pilzen wurden in dieser Arbeit insgesamt 26 Sekundärstoffe isoliert, wobei es sich bei acht Substanzen um neue Verbindungen handelt. Die Schwämme wurden im indo-pazifischen Gebiet gesammelt, insbesondere aus Indonesien und den Philippinen, so wie aus dem Mittelmeer in der Nähe der Insel Elba in Italien. Für die Entdeckung neuer bioaktiver Substanzen wurde eine Kombination von chemischen und biologischen Methoden angewendet, wodurch Extrakte mit verschiedenen Screening-Methoden auf Bioaktivität getestet worden sind. Zum Einsatz kamen dabei Versuche mit Raupen des polyphagen Nachtfalters Spodoptera littoralis (Noctuidae; Lepidoptera) im Hinblick auf potentielle insektizide Wirkungen, antimikrobielle Untersuchungen mit gram-negativen und gram-positiven Bakterien und dem Pilz Candida albicans, Zytotoxizitätstests gegenüber menschlichen Krebszellen und Toxizitätstests mit dem Krebs Artemia salina. Zusätzlich zur bioaktivitäts-geleiteten Isolierung von Substanzen aus aktiven Extrakten wurden daneben auch DC, UV und MS als Kriterien herangezogen, um die aus chemischer Sicht interessantesten Verbindungen zu isolieren. Damit konnten auch solche Substanzen, die nicht für die Aktivität der Extrakte im Bioscreening verantwortlich waren, weiteren Biotests unterzogen werden. Im einzelnen wurden die folgenden Verbindungen isoliert, ihre Struktur aufgeklärt, und ihre biologische Aktivität näher charakterisiert: 1. Der antimikrobiell aktive Extrakt aus dem Pilz Cladosporium herbarum, der mit dem indonesischen Schwamm Callyspongia aerizusa assoziiert ist, ergab sieben Polyketide, die strukturell ähnlich sind, einschließlich der beiden neuen zwölf-gliedrigen Makrolide Pandangolid 3 und Pandangolid 4, sowie ein neues acetyliertes Derivat des bereits bekannten Naturstoffs 5-Hyroxymethyl-2-furancarbonsäure. Beide Furancarbonsäuren zeigten antimikrobielle Aktivität und dürften deshalb hauptsächlich für die antimikrobielle Aktivität des Extrakts verantwortlich sein. Daß Cladospolid B, ein bekanntes Phytotoxin, das bereits für die Arten Cladosporium cladosporoiodes und C. tenuissimum beschrieben wurde, ebenfalls aus C. herbarum isoliert wurde, deutet darauf hin, daß Cladospolid B als ein chemotaxonomischer Marker für bestimmte Cladosporium-Arten angesehen werden könnte. 2. Der antimikrobiell aktive Extrakt aus dem Pilz Curvularia lunata, der mit dem indonesischen Schwamm Niphates olemda assoziiert ist, ergab drei Substanzen, nämlich das neue antimikrobiell aktive Anthrachinon Lunatin sowie das bereits bekannte Bisanthrachinon Cytoskyrin A, und das bekannte Pflanzenhormon Abscisinsäure. Das gemeinsame Vorkommen der beiden strukturell verwandten Anthranoide könnte ein Indiz dafür sein, daß das Monomer Lunatin eine biogenetische Vorstufe des Bisanthrachinons Cytoskyrin A darstellt. 3. Ein mit dem im Mittelmeer gesammelten Schwamm Axinella verrucosa assoziierter Pilz der Gattung Penicillium ergab insgesamt sechs Substanzen, im einzelnen das bekannte Antimykotikum Griseofulvin und dessen weniger aktives Dechlor-Derivat, das bekannte Toxin Oxalin, sowie die als zytotoxisch beschriebene Verbindung Communesin B und deren neue Derivate Communesin C und Communesin D. Im Vergleich zu Communesin B erwiesen sich die neuen Communesin-Derivate als weniger aktiv gegenüber dem Krebs A. salina. 4. Ein bisher unidentifizierter Pilz aus dem gleichen Schwamm Axinella verrucosa lieferte die bekannte Substanz Monocerin, über deren phytotoxische und insektizide Eigenschaften bereits berichtet wurde. 5. Der mit dem philippinischen Schwamm Hyrtios aff. reticulatus assoziierte Pilz Aspergillus flavus ergab das bereits bekannte Toxin a-Cyclopiazonsäure. 6. Der indonesische Schwamm Agelas nakamurai lieferte vier bromierte Pyrrol-Alkaloide, nämlich die neue Substanz 4-Brompyrrol-2-carbonsäure sowie die bereits bekannten Verbindungen 4-Brompyrrol-2-carboxamid, Mukanadin B und Mukanadin C. Alle vier Substanzen außer Mukanadin B zeigten antimikrobielle Aktivität. Bromierte Pyrrol-Alkaloide wurden in vielen Untersuchungen als typische Sekundärstoffe der Schwammgattung Agelas beschrieben, die bei der chemischen Verteidigung der Schwämme gegen Fische eine wichtige Rolle spielen. 7. Der indonesiche Schwamm Jaspis splendens ergab drei bekannte Substanzen, die für ihre antiproliferative Aktivität bekannt sind, nämlich die Depsipeptide Jaspamid (Jasplakinolid) und dessen Derivate Jaspamid B und Jaspamid C
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DeBiasse, Melissa B. "Genetic Connectivity and Phylogeography of the Branching Vase Sponge (Callyspongia vaginalis) Across Florida and the Caribbean." NSUWorks, 2008. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/255.
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Chapter 1
The only coral reef ecosystem in the continental USA occurs off southeastern Florida and is under considerable strain due to intense urbanization and coastal development in this region. Coherent management and conservation efforts for this rapidly degrading ecosystem will benefit from knowledge about the patterns of genetic connectivity along the entire Florida reef tract. Because of their substantial biomass and extensive species diversity, the Porifera are an important model for investigating connectivity among coral reefs in Florida. We determined the genetic population structure of a common brooding species, the branching vase sponge, Callyspongia vaginalis, along 465 km of the Florida reef system from Palm Beach to the Dry Tortugas based on sequence data from the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. Populations of C. vaginalis were highly structured (overall ΦST=0.33), in some cases over distances as small as tens of kilometers. However, nonsignificant pairwise ΦST values were also found between a few relatively distant sampling sites suggesting that some long distance dispersal, perhaps by means of larval transport via sponge fragments, may occur along continuous, shallow coastlines. Indeed, sufficient gene flow appears to occur along the Florida reef tract to obscure a signal of isolation by distance, but not to homogenize COI haplotype frequencies. There was strong genetic differentiation among most of the sampling locations highlighting the fact that recruitment in this species is largely locally source-driven and that management needs to occur on a local scale. The C. vaginalis population at the northern end of the Florida reef tract (Palm Beach) had the lowest genetic diversity observed. This portion of the reef tract generally receives much less management attention than the southern reefs of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, and may require targeted conservation efforts for biodiversity preservation.
Chapter 2
The Porifera constitute a substantial part of the biomass on coral reefs, frequently have higher species diversity than corals and algae, and promote species richness through the fauna they support, making this phylum an important model for investigating connectivity among coral reefs. However, sponges have been neglected in population level genetic studies, particularly in the Caribbean. We determined genetic connectivity among populations of the branching vase sponge (Callyspongia vaginalis) by analyzing DNA sequence variation in 511bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COI) gene from 401 sponges sampled at 14 locations in Florida and the Caribbean. A significant signal of isolation by distance (P < 0.0001) was detected and an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a pattern of high genetic structure among populations (ΦST = 0.57, P < 0.0001) with 82 of 91 pairwise comparisons being significant. Statistical parsimony analysis revealed two highly divergent haplotypes, suggestive of cryptic speciation. Inferences from a nested clade analysis suggested a northward movement out of the hypothesized ancestral population in Central America and into the Gulf of Mexico and Florida. The strong genetic structure observed Caribbean-wide indicates that there is little gene flow among populations and that recruitment of C. vaginalis is driven largely from local sources. As a result, recovery of this species on degraded reefs by seeding from distant, healthier reefs is unlikely. These results underscore the need for reef management and conservation efforts on small spatial scales.
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Smith, Emily. "De novo Transcriptome Analysis of the Marine Sponge Cinachyrella spp: A Potential Model Organism for Oil and Dispersant Ecotoxicology." NSUWorks, 2013. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/141.
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In order to study the potential effects of an oil spill on coral reef organisms, the marine sponge, Cinachyrella spp. was investigated. In this study, Cinachyrella spp. was placed in a closed aquaculture system and exposed to sub-lethal water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Macondo crude oil and chemically-enhanced water accommodated fractions (CE-WAFs) of the dispersant, Corexit 9500, over a 24-hour time course, in order to model the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill and oil spill sponge response. Illumina RNA sequencing and gene expression analysis utilizing hierarchical clustering, principal component analysis, and KEGG bioinformatic database generated 34,147 unique transcripts with differential expression of 483 transcripts across all samples related to metabolism, genetic, environmental, and cellular processes, and associations with pathways involved in human disease development and progression. These pathways highlight the induction of Rac1, a GTPase in the Ras superfamily responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation, and senescence and SOS, a set of specialized Ras-GTP activators. These Ras-regulated signaling proteins are thought to play a significant role in the development of human malignancies, specifically Rac1. The data reported here helps support the possible role of Cinachyrella spp. as an ecotoxicological model for oil and dispersant pollution as well as the identification of potential biomarkers of stress and environmental perturbation. These results have important implications in identifying stress response in coral reef associated communities, and will ultimately be useful in coral reef conservation, management, and oil spill mitigation activities.
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Price, Jessica. "Species Richness, Diversity, and Abundance of Sponge Communities in Broward County, Florida, 2000-2015." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/494.
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Sponges (Porifera) are a major component of coral reef ecosystems. They outnumber coral species on the Florida Reef Tract, and in places, account for more living cover. Because coral reefs are a vital part of Florida’s economy, it is important to understand how local sponge assemblages vary spatially and temporally, especially as corals continue to decline. However, long-term observations of sponge assemblages (species richness, diversity and abundance) are lacking. To address this, annual photoquadrats were analyzed from a series of 25 sites off Broward County between 2000 and 2015. Variations in sponge assemblages were then compared to several natural and anthropogenic stressors. Statistical analysis via PERMANOVA, PERMDISP and linear mixed-effect (lme) models revealed significant changes in total sponge composition, with spatial and temporal trends evident among different habitat types and sites. A total of 85 species were identified to the lowest taxonomic level. Common species included Spirastrella coccinea, Niphates erecta, Aplysina cauliformis, and Amphimedon compressa. Species richness increased with depth and habitat type. The Linear Middle Reef had the highest species abundance and richness, while the Shallow Ridge had the lowest of both. Contrary to trends seen in coral species, sponge composition did not decrease with an increase in latitude. Natural fluctuations in sponge abundance and richness via the sponge loop were intensified by natural events. Five common species (Amphimedon compressa, Aiolochroia crassa, Desmapsamma anchorata, Ircinia strobilina, and Xestospongia muta) were selected to monitor growth and mortality over time. All species except for Am. compressa had significant change in area from 2000 to 2015, and D. anchorata exhibited faster growth rates than all other species. This 15-year study provides a baseline of sponge assemblages on the Southeast Florida Reef Tract and insights into individual sponge communities. Sponges are essential organisms on coral reefs. As hard coral continues to decline, and natural and anthropogenic events intensify, this baseline data will serve to inform future studies.
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Uria, Agustinus Robert [Verfasser]. "Investigating Natural Product Biosynthesis in Uncultivated Symbiotic Bacteria of the Marine Sponge Theonella swinhoei / Agustinus Robert Uria." Bonn : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Bonn, 2013. http://d-nb.info/104809149X/34.
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Wilson, Anthony James. "Synthesis of novel inhibitors of CDK 4 / Cyclin D1 based on the natural marine sponge pigment fascaplysin." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/4531.
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This thesis describes an investigation into the design and synthesis of novel inhibitors of the cell-cycle regulatory enzyme CDK4/Cyclin D1 utilising the structure of the natural product fascaplysin as a lead compound. The structure activity relationship of fascaplysin (i) has been investigated and its structure simplified and rationalised to give novel inhibitor pharmacophores based on structures (ii) and (iii). Inhibitors of structure (ii) were found to possess activity against CDK4/Cyclin D1 of IC50 51-176 μM and to be approximately 15-20 fold selective over CDK2/Cyclin A. The second generation compounds of structure (iii) were synthesised to explore a suspected π-stacking pocket in the active site of CDK4 around the Phe93 residue. These compounds were active against CDK4/Cyclin D1 with IC50 values in the range 7-50 μM and to be 20-100 fold selective over CDK2/Cyclin A. New methodology towards the synthesis of un-natural products bearing a carbohydrate subunit connected via the anomeric 1-position and the 2- and 3- positions of the sugar was also explored. Indole was successfully glycosylated with a glucose subunit at the anomeric position (v) using the anhydrosugar (iv) and indoline was glycosylated with a glucose sugar derivative at the 3-position (viii) using the manno-epoxide (vi).
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Hassanzada, Caidra Elizabeth. "Biodiversity and Ecological Dynamics of Sciophilous Benthic Communities on Artificial Plates: Emphasis on Reef Sponges." NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/390.
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Low light intensity habitats harbor unique sciophilous benthic communities and are a source of novel and unique sponge fauna. However, the community structure of these habitats is poorly studied to date. Thus, this study attempts to understand the composition and structure of sciophilous sponge populations in southeast Florida. Fifty limestone plates were placed on a shallow reef in Fort Lauderdale for two years (2010-2012). To identify the sponge community and their patterns over time, all plates were photographed at the end of each year. Then, samples were taken from each of the live sponge specimens observed on the plates and processed in the laboratory for taxonomical identification. A total of 45 different sponge species were found, the majority corresponding to the Poecilosclerida Order. Eighteen were identified to species level, twenty-two to genus, and five were undetermined. Eight sponges constitute new records to Florida, and four are potentially new species. The most dominant species include Oscarella sp.1, Dysidea etheria, Mycale sp.1, Halisarca caerula and Tedania ignis. Species richness significant varied among years, and species cover among sectors (inner and outer reef). However, sponge assemblages were similar between years with slightly variation between sectors. This study found a diverse and complex composition and structure of sponges that is quite distinct from the sponge assemblages on the open reefs. A guide of the biodiversity of cryptic sponge species was created to facilitate further studies in low light intensity habitats.
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Jahn, Martin Thomas [Verfasser], Ute [Akademischer Betreuer] Hentschel, and Thomas [Gutachter] Bosch. "Physiology, syntrophy and viral interplay in the marine sponge holobiont / Martin Thomas Jahn ; Gutachter: Thomas Bosch ; Betreuer: Ute Hentschel." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1202631517/34.
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McGrath, Emily Christine. "The Feasibility of Rubble-Binding Sponge Propagation for Use in Reef Restoration." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2012. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/176.
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A common injury type associated with vessel groundings on coral reefs is generation of coral rubble. As a substrate rubble is dynamic and can be mobilized by normal wave agitation, causing secondary damage to surviving corals and preventing coral larvae and invertebrates from surviving. Typical rubble management options include offsite removal and onsite stabilization using artificial materials. Sponges show promise as a restoration tool for rubble stabilization, especially sponges that are known to have rapid regeneration rates, low mortality, and the capability to quickly form attachment points to natural and artificial substrates. As an effective restoration tool a sustainable source of sponge is required in order to minimize impact on natural populations. The purpose of this project is to evaluate the feasibility of sponge propagation for use as a restoration material following groundings on coral reefs in Biscayne National Park, FL. If small sponge fragments could be collected from donor sponges and propagated on artificial growout structures (i.e. nurseries) a sustainable source of sponge fragments could be maintained for future restoration activities. If feasible, this technique would create a continually growing sponge source that would require a single harvest, reducing pressure on the local sponge populations. Fragments of four species of native sponges, Aplysina fulva¸ Amphimedon compressa, Aplysina cauliformis, and Iotrochota birotulata, were harvested and attached to artificial growout structures composed of PVC rods and cement paver tiles. Fragment necrosis, attachment, sponge retention (persistence throughout the study), complexity, and growth rates for all four species were recorded monthly for one year. Two different PVC types were utilized to compare attachment material effects on growth. Donor sponges were monitored to assess recovery and growth after harvesting, and intact sponges in the natural population were also monitored as a control. Transplanted fragments had the highest retention of any treatment (96-100% of fragments remained), growth rates ranging from 105% to 424%, low necrosis rates, and all but one species increased in complexity. There was no significant difference in sponge growth on different PVC types or between sites. Within one month all donor wounds inflicted by harvest were completely healed, and by the end of the study donors had significantly higher growth rates than the control treatment, ranging from 400% to 781% of initial sponge volume. Donor sponges also had low necrosis rates, but were less complex than controls. This is a promising, practical and low cost method, and based on these results, is a feasible way of producing sponges for us in restoration, with little negative impact on the natural populations.
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Peddycoart, Melinda R. "Variations in Composition, Abundance and Cover of Reef Tract Sponge Assemblages in Broward County, Florida, 2002-2006." NSUWorks, 2010. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/210.
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Sponges are major macrofaunal components of coral reef ecosystems, often outnumbering corals in richness, abundance and coverage. Although reefs along southeastern Florida have exhibited substantial deterioration over the last few decades and are currently under intensive scrutiny, most investigations have omitted sponges. This study focuses on reef sponge assemblages along Broward County, Florida, from 2002 through 2006 and examines changes in sponge assemblage composition, areal coverage and abundance over time. The photographic database derives from an ongoing study of stony and soft coral coverage carried out by the Nova Southeastern University (Nova Southeastern University) and includes twenty-five 20 x 2-m transects. Forty images covering 1 m2 each were taken per transect (two rows of 20) via scuba. Sponges were identified and their areal coverage measured in a total of 5,000 images using Coral Point Count with Excel extensions (CPCe) software. Data includes species counts, minimum and maximum coverage by species, transect and year, as well as total and average areal coverage by transect and year. Dominant species include Spirastrella coccinea, Niphates erecta, Amphimedon compressa and encrusting species. Comparisons among transects and years were carried out using Primer software. Stations on the Middle and Outer Reef tracts cluster together separately from those of the inshore Ridge Complex stations in all factors analyzed (areal coverage, composition, abundance). Values for the Ridge Complex stations (plus a single Inner Reef site) are much more variable than those for the Middle and Outer Reefs. Univariate analyses (ANOVA, Linear regressions) of areal coverage,richness and abundance over time reveal no temporal trends with one exception; sponge abundance on Outer Reef stations showed a significant decline over the study period. During 2005, multiple transects were affected by hurricanes Katrina, Wilma and Rita, which damaged or removed some sponges and buried others. The more common species, such as branching species appear to have recovered more rapidly, but species such as Xestospongia muta have survived the storms and maintained both numbers and coverage. Tracking of selected individual sponges in five quadrats over the study period revealed that some species (e.g., Xestospongia muta, Cliona delitrix) remained for the entire period, while some others (e.g., Niphates erecta, N. digitalis, Amphimedon compressa, Iotrochota birotulata) either appeared or disappeared between yearly images, or exhibited substantial growth (Ircinia strobilina).
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Noguez, Jaime Heimbegner. "Chemical Investigation of the Antarctic Marine Invertebrates Synoicum adareanum and Artemisina plumosa." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3453.
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Of the small percentage of organisms chemically investigated over the years as potential sources of natural products, much less is known about those from the marine realm. Despite the lack of attention they have received in comparison to terrestrial organisms, marine life have recently been found to represent a valuable source for novel bioactive compounds. Cold water marine habitats are home to a plethora of organisms that have the ability to produce secondary metabolites that exhibit a great deal of diversity in both their chemical structures and biological activities. The chemical investigation of these unique and relatively unstudied ecosystems is necessary to gain insight into the dynamics between predators and prey, while also making a significant impact in the field of drug discovery. Our laboratory has focused on the chemical investigation of invertebrates from the waters of Antarctica in search of bioactive secondary metabolites that can be used for the treatment of human pathogens. This dissertation reports a small portion of the progress made in our laboratory towards the exploration of Antarctic marine invertebrates. The chemical investigation of the circumpolar colonial tunicate Synoicum adareanum and the orange, encrusting sponge Artemisina plumosa will be discussed in detail in the following chapters.
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Bush, Stephanie J. "Post-Injury Recovery, Reattachment, Survival and Growth of the Giant Barrel Sponge, Xestospongia muta, Offshore Southeast Florida." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/193.
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The giant barrel sponge, Xestospongia muta is a prominent component in southeast Florida reef communities and is often injured from anthropogenic or natural disturbances. The resulting complete or partial shearing of X. muta barrels frequently leads to mortality of loose fragments that do not typically reattach. This study examines the degree to which sponge size and injury severity affects recovery and growth, and explores artificial reattachment success and growth of fragments. In June 2008, 65 sponges were subjected to injury treatments of approximately 50% or 90% barrel removal. A new, simple method was developed to secure these removed barrels (fragments) to the substrate. For 15 months, all donor, fragment and control sponges were monitored for survival, recovery and growth (change in height), and fragments were additionally monitored for reattachment. All injured sponges showed signs of recovery within 1 month. Within 7 months the reattachment method had already proved successful with more than 80% of all fragments becoming attached; final reattachment success after 15 months was 87%. Survival remained high for donors (97%), fragments (94%) and controls (97%). Size class and injury treatment did not significantly affect survival for donors. However, larger fragments had significantly lower survival and reduced reattachment success. Fragment growth rates were significantly lower than donor and control sponges. All sponges showed significant increase in height from post-cutting to the final monitoring. No injured donors reached pre-cut heights, however those from the smaller size class are projected to reach pre-injury heights faster than the larger size class.
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Hoffmann, Maria [Verfasser]. "Development of a Molecular Subtyping Method & Phylogenetic and Genetic Analysis of Vibrio Isolates Associated with Marine Sponge / Maria Hoffmann." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1028783604/34.
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Leone-Stumpf, Danielle. "Synthesis and chromatography of [RuCp] + -labelled diaryl ether peptoids as precursors of the Bastadins from the marine sponge Ianthella basta /." [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/342079344.pdf.
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Leone-Stumpf, Danielle. "Synthesis and chromatography of [RuCp] + -labelled diaryl ether peptoids as precursors of the Bastadins from the marine sponge Ianthella basta." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.bsz-bw.de/cgi-bin/xvms.cgi?SWB9716133.
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Cheng, Cheng [Verfasser], and Ute [Gutachter] Hentschel. "Metabolomics and dereplication-based isolation of novel bioactive natural products from marine sponge-associated actinomycetes / Cheng Cheng ; Gutachter: Ute Hentschel." Würzburg : Universität Würzburg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1137467703/34.
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Martins, Maria Gleiciane De Queiroz. "BioprospecÃÃo de proteÃnas da esponja marinha Aaptos sp. por anÃlise proteÃmica." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=14290.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorAs esponjas marinhas constituem uma rica reserva de substÃncias naturais, muitas delas de imenso interesse biotecnolÃgico. Elas compreendem um grupo promissor no fornecimento de compostos bioativos para a humanidade. Desta forma, pesquisas de novas drogas de fontes naturais sugerem que as esponjas marinhas possuem importantes compostos bioativos com ponteciais: farmacolÃgico, antimicrobiano; antitumoral; antiviral; antiinflamatÃrio; imunossupresor; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; relaxante muscular bem como biomarcador de poluiÃÃo. A anÃlise de proteÃnas expressas à uma abordagem importante para determinar a funÃÃo dessas molÃculas em um determinado organismo. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo bioprospectar proteÃnas expressas pela esponja marinha Aaptos sp. coletada no Icaraà de Amontada, CearÃ, que possam apresentar potencial biotecnolÃgico. Para a realizaÃÃo dessa abordagem, foram utilizadas como estratÃgias a eletroforese bidimensional (2-DE) e a bioinformÃtica. A 2-DE à uma ferramenta utilizada para separar proteÃnas de diversos organismos. Conhecendo-se as proteÃnas expressas na esponja estudada pode-se estabelecer padrÃes protÃicos caracterÃsticos da espÃcie em estudo. Com base no exposto, neste estudo foi utilizado 2DE para investigar as proteÃnas expressas de Aaptos sp. A fim de fazer a extraÃÃo de proteÃnas totais foi realizada a partir de 400 mg da esponja marinha Aaptos sp. Para anÃlise quantitativa e qualitativa das proteÃnas foi utilizado o mÃtodo de Bradford e SDS-PAGE, respectivamente. A partir das proteÃnas totais extraÃdas foi determinado o mapa bidimensional de referÃncia para a esponja marinha em estudo. O ajuste das imagens dos gÃis bidimensionais, a detecÃÃo de spots protÃicos e a avaliaÃÃo dos dados para determinaÃÃo massa molecular aparente (MM) e ponto isoelÃtrico (pI) dos spots foi feito pelo programa ImageMaster 7. ProteÃnas expressas foram identificadas utilizando os valores de pI e MM do spot contra um banco de dados de proteÃnas UniProt disponÃvel no servidor ExPASy. O nÃmero mÃdio de spots protÃicos das replicas dos gÃis 2DE foi de 124. A maior abundÃncia de proteÃnas foi observada nos gÃis 2DE na faixa de pH de 4 a 6,7 e com MM entre 13 a 119,67 quilodalton (kDa). A partir do gel 2DE de referencia foi identificado 122 proteÃnas das quais 61, 46 e 15 pertencem aos tÃxon cnidÃria, deuterostomia e porÃfera, respectivamente. As proteÃnas identificadas de porÃfera pertencem a categoria funcional: ligante de ATP, componente estrutural do ribossomo, atividade catalÃtica, ligante de GTP, ligante de Ãon de cÃlcio e atividade dissulfeto oxidoredutase. Sendo a categoria funcional ligante de ATP e de GTP com maior nÃmero de spots. Adicionadamente, houve proteÃnas expressas com importantes funÃÃes moleculares jà relada na literatura, porÃm nÃo em Aaptos sp., assim indicando a importÃncia destas esponjas marinhas como fonte de informaÃÃo proteica que poderÃo ser estudadas no futuro quanto ao seu potencial uso como ferramentas biotecnolÃgicas em diversas Ãreas, podendo ser empregadas em estudos que possam elucidar as vias metabÃlicas bem como o desenvolvimento de fÃrmacos contra possÃveis patologias.
Marine sponges are a rich reserve of natural substances, many of them of immense biotechnological interest. They comprise a promising group in providing bioactive compounds for humanity. Thus, research on new drugs from natural sources suggest that marine sponges have important bioactive compounds ponteciais: pharmacological, antimicrobial; antitumor; antiviral; anti-inflammatory; immunosuppressive; cardiovascular; neurosupressor; muscle relaxant and pollution biomarker. Analysis of expressed proteins is an important approach to determine the function of these molecules in a given organism. This study aimed to bioprospect proteins expressed by the marine sponge Aaptos sp. collected in Icarai de Amontada, CearÃ, who may have biotechnological potential. For the realization of this approach were used as strategies the two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and bioinformatics. The 2-DE is a tool used to separate proteins from different organisms. Knowing the proteins expressed in the study sponge can be established Protein patterns characteristic of the species under study. Based on the above, this study used 2DE to investigate the expressed protein Aaptos sp. In order to make the extraction of total proteins was performed using 400 mg of the marine sponge Aaptos sp. For qualitative and quantitative analysis of proteins was used the method of Bradford and SDS-PAGE, respectively. From the total protein extract was determined the two-dimensional reference map for marine sponge in the study. The adjustment of images of two-dimensional gels, the protein spot detection and evaluation of data to determine apparent molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point (pI) of the spots was made by the ImageMaster software 7. Expressed proteins were identified using the values of pI and MM spot against a UniProt protein database available on the ExPASy server. The average number of protein spots of replicas of the gels 2DE was 124. The highest abundance proteins was observed in 2DE gels in the pH range of 4 to 6.7 and with MM between 13 to 119.67 kilodalton (kDa). From the 2DE reference gel was identified 122 proteins of which 61, 46 and 15 belong to the Cnidaria taxon deuterostomia and Porifera, respectively. The proteins identified Porifera belong to functional category: ATP binding, structural component of the ribosome, catalytic activity, GTP binding, calcium ion binding and disulfide oxidoreductase activity. The functional category binding of ATP and GTP with more spots. Adicionadamente, was expressed proteins with important molecular functions already hued in the literature but not in Aaptos sp., thus indicating the importance of these marine sponges as a source of protein information that may be studied in the future for their potential use as biotechnological tools in several areas and can be used in studies to elucidate the metabolic pathways and the development of drugs against possible pathologies.