Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marine resources'
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Kim, Tae-Goun. "Managing marine resource use conflicts : marine sand mining in Korea /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2007. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3284825.
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Chapman, Paul M. "Offshore marine visualization." Thesis, University of Hull, 2003. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:6673.
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In 85 B.C. a Greek philosopher called Posidonius set sail to answer an age-old question: how deep is the ocean? By lowering a large rock tied to a very long length of rope he determined that the ocean was 2km deep. These line and sinker methods were used until the 1920s when oceanographers developed the first echo sounders that could measure the water's depth by reflecting sound waves off the seafloor. The subsequent increase in sonar depth soundings resulted in oceanologists finally being able to view the alien underwater landscape. Paper printouts and records dominated the industry for decades until the mid 1980s when new digital sonar systems enabled computers to process and render the captured data streams. In the last five years, the offshore industry has been particularly slow to take advantage of the significant advancements made in computer and graphics technologies. Contemporary marine visualization systems still use outdated 2D representations of vessels positioned on digital charts and the potential for using 3D computer graphics for interacting with multidimensional marine data has not been fully investigated. This thesis is concerned with the issues surrounding the visualization of offshore activities and data using interactive 3D computer graphics. It describes the development of a novel 3D marine visualization system and subsequent study of marine visualization techniques through a number of offshore case studies that typify the marine industry. The results of this research demonstrate that presenting the offshore engineer or office based manager with a more intuitive and natural 3D computer generated viewing environment enables complex offshore tasks, activities and procedures to be more readily monitored and understood. The marine visualizations presented in this thesis take advantage of recent advancements in computer graphics technology and our extraordinary ability to interpret 3D data. These visual enhancements have improved offshore staffs' spatial and temporal understanding of marine data resulting in improved planning, decision making and real-time situation awareness of complex offshore data and activities.
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Kennelly, Steven James. "The Empirical Study of Marine Biological Resources." University of Sydney, Marine Studies Centre, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/390.
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The papers presented in this thesis represent my contributions to the empirical study of marine biological resources. This research has adopted the same experimental approach to: (i) develop scientifically validated techniques to solve specific problems; (ii) use these techniques to detect patterns and form conceptual models about the processes that may have caused them; (iii) do manipulative field experiments to support or refute hypotheses derived from these models; (iv) use these results to develop new models and hypotheses and to test them in new experiments; and (v) recommend, where appropriate, changes to the management of the resources examined. A rigorous, empirical approach is the common feature throughout my research (in its overall direction and subject-to-subject execution) and represents one of the few attempts to adopt such an approach across the three fields in which I have worked: (1) the ecology of underwater kelp systems; (2) the biology of and fishery for a commercially exploited crab; and (3) solving by-catch problems in commercial trawl fisheries.
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Moberg, Emily Alison. "Optimal bioeconomic management of changing marine resources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106966.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
Marine populations are increasingly subjected to changing conditions whether through harvest or through broad-scale habitat change. Historically, few models have accounted for such trends over time, and even fewer have been used to study how trends affect optimal harvests. I developed and analyzed several models that explore, first, endogenous change caused by harvest and, second, exogenous change from factors (such as rising ocean temperatures) outside harvesters' control. In these models, I characterized the profit-or yield-maximizing strategy when harvesting damages habitat in a multispecies fishery, when harvest creates a selective pressure on dispersal, and when rising temperatures cause changes in vital rates. I explore this last case in both deterministic and stochastic environments, and also allow the harvester to learn about unknown parameters of the stock recruitment model while harvesting. I also develop an unambiguous definition of and describe a statistical test for a shift in a species' spatial distribution. My results demonstrate that optimal harvesting strategies in a changing environment differ in important ways from optimal strategies in a constant environment.
by Emily Alison Moberg.
Ph. D.
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Lippmeier, James Casey. "Fatty acid metabolism of marine microalgae." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:7014.
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Pathways for the biosynthesis of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were elucidated in two heterotrophic, marine microalgae; Schizochytrium sp. and Crypthecodinium cohnii. PUFA-requiring auxotrophs of both of these algae were created and used as tools for studying PUFA biosynthetic pathways. Additionally, equilibrium radio-labeling techniques were applied to algal cultures fed 14C-fatty acids. Both organisms were found to possess two distinct pathways for PUFA biosynthesis. One pathway, mediated by classical elongases and desaturases, was incomplete in both organisms and was not capable of complementing PUFA auxotrophic phenotypes or of producing PUFA de novo, but could produce DHA from simpler PUFA precursors. The second PUFA pathway in each organism was desaturase and elongase independent. In C. cohnii, this pathway was distinguished by a capacity to produce DHA from acetate, in a manner similar to that of Schizochytrium which was shown to employ a polyketide synthase (PKS) complex for primary DHA biosynthesis. Additionally, genes of the Schizochytrium PUFA-PKS were successfully expressed in transgenic yeast, which produced DHA. Candidates for genes encoding C. cohnii PUFA-PKS components and other genes of C. cohnii PUFA biosynthesis were identified and discussed.
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Goetze, Tara C. Feit Harvey A. "Muddy waters: conservation discourse and the politics of power in marine park co-management in Belize /." *McMaster only, 2005.
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Murray, Jason Hastings. "Constrained marine resource management." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2007. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3274515.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed October 3, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-72).
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Rudiyanto, Arifin. "A critical appraisal of marine and coastal policy in Indonesia including comparative issues and lesson learnts [sic] from Australia." School of History and Politics - Faculty of Arts, 2002. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/368.
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This thesis adopts an interdisciplinary approach. It examines the development of marine and coastal policy in Indonesia and explores how well Indonesia is governing its marine and coastal space and resources and with what effects and consequences. This thesis uses a policy analysis framework, with legislative and institutional activity as the basic unit of analysis. Three factors are identified as having been the major influences on the evolution of marine and coastal policy in Indonesia. These are international law, marine science and “state of the art” marine and coastal management. The role of these factors in the management of the coastal zone, living and non-living marine resources, marine science and technology, the marine environment and relevant international relations are analysed and discussed in the Indonesian case. This thesis concludes that Indonesia’s major challenges in terms of sustainable marine and coastal development are (a) to establish an appropriate management regime, and (b) to formulate and implement a combination of measures in order to attain the objectives of sustainable development. The basic problem is the fact that currently, Indonesia is not a “marine oriented” nation. Therefore, marine and coastal affairs are not at the top of the public policy agenda. Principles of international instruments have influenced the establishment of marine and coastal policy and management in Indonesia. However, in the implementation of sound management practices, Indonesia faces many challenges. The distinctive characteristics of Indonesia as an archipelagic nation underpin the basic philosophy of marine and coastal policy and management. With the increasing priority of marine and coastal policy in national development, science and environmental aspects have been able to play a greater role in policy development. ii A number of lessons can be taken from the Australian experience that may have some relevance to how Indonesia meets the challenges of implementing its new marine and coastal policy. For example, Indonesia needs to follow the lead of Australia, establishing national principles, goals and objectives for the sustainable of Indonesia’s marine and coastal resources and the conservation, protection and restoration of the marine and coastal environment. The solution for major marine and coastal management problems between federal and states, such as Offshore Constitutional Settlement (OCS) and Intergovernmental Agreement on the Environment (IGAE), offer an attractive alternative for the implementation of regional autonomy in Indonesia. Also, there is a need for multi-stakeholder involvement throughout the policy development process. In readiness for the 21st Century, the Guidelines of State Policy (GBHN) 1999 stated a shift of paradigm from ‘terrestrial oriented’ towards ‘marine oriented’ development. Indonesia started to give more priority to marine and coastal development and now faces the challenges posed by the transition from issue analysis and planning to the implementation of policies. One way or the other, it is reasonable to conclude that new forces and new needs are likely to bring change and improvement to marine and coastal governance in Indonesia over the next decade or so. iii
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Binns, Andrew. "Defining a marine cadastre : legal and institutional aspects /." Connect to thesis, 2004. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00001042.
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Martínez-Rius, Beatriz. "Making the Seafloor. French Geologists, Marine Resources, and New Deep Territories (1945-1975)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS284.
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Au début des années 1960, le sous-sol océanique est devenu un nouveau territoire dont l'image a été façonnée par des imaginaires sur l'abondance de ressources naturelles, prêts à découvrir et à exploiter. L'industrie pétrolière est devenue un mécène pour la géologie marine, tandis que les gouvernements se sont empressés de réclamer la souveraineté sur les régions sous-marines à partir de leurs données géophysiques. Cette thèse étudie le rapport entre le patronage étatique et la production de connaissances sur le sous-sol marin, en s'interrogeant sur la construction du sous-sol marin en tant que territoire en relation aux inquiétudes et priorités découlant du contexte de la décolonisation. La thèse met le focus sur l'industrie pétrolière française et les politiques qui ont promu l'exploitation des ressources marines, en étudiant l'articulation entre les géosciences marines, les mécanismes institutionnels et motivations commerciales qui les ont promus. La thèse indique que ces connections ont été tissées par un réseau d'acteurs connectant des élites politiques, industries extractives et laboratoires scientifiques, créant des interactions académiques-industrielles pour explorer le sous-sol marin dans lesquelles le secret commercial s'est dissous. La thèse montre l'existence d'un continuum de pratiques, infrastructures et acteurs impliqués initialement dans l'exploitation pétrolière dans les colonies françaises et qui considéraient les fonds marins dans leur quête de nouveaux terrains de production. Dans ce contexte, les connaissances géologiques du sous-sol marin sont devenues un atout crucial pour le gouvernement français, qui pouvait les mobiliser pour négocier des relations internationales et renforcer son prestige national. Cette recherche montre que les motivations économiques pour explorer le sous-sol marin et le mécénat de l'industrie pétrolière ne doivent pas être négligés dans notre compréhension de l'histoire des océansEarly in the 1960s, the seafloor began to emerge as a new territory, over which imaginaries of limitless natural resources, to be explored and exploited, were projected. The oil industry became a patron for marine geosciences, whereas coastal governments hastened to ground in geophysical data their sovereign claims over underwater regions. This thesis inquiries through which mechanisms the patrons’ motivations to explore the seafloor drove the production of knowledge about it; while it explores how the seafloor emerged as a territory, shaped by concerns and priorities deriving from decolonization. Focusing on France’s oil industry and political stances interested in exploiting marine resources, I analyze the institutional and social mechanisms through which commercial motivations were articulated with marine geosciences. A singular network, weaved by a political elite, grew connecting government instances, extractive industries, and scientific laboratories, creating academic-industrial interplays to explore the seafloor in which trade secrecy dissolved. This research suggests a continuum in practices, infrastructures, and state actors from the decolonization of France’s oil-producing territories to the seafloor, in the quest for new productive grounds. In this context, geological knowledge from the seafloor increasingly became a crucial asset for the French government, which could mobilize it to negotiate international relations and foster national prestige. This thesis conveys that economic motivations to explore the seafloor and the oil industry’s patronage shall not be overlooked in our understanding of the oceans’ history
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James, I. "Beach-seine net fishing : an analysis of the economic conditions and environment of the fishery in False Bay." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25782.
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This paper examines the economic effects of management policies on four of the seven beach-seine net fishing operations in False Bay. The effects of past regulations are examined by assessing whether or not this industry is at present profitable. It was found that under the present management policies all fishing crews are profitable. A new policy preventing fishermen from catching white steenbras has been introduced. This was examined and it was shown that only one of the crews examined would be effected. Two proposed policies were examined to determine their impact on the sector. The first proposal aims to remove kob as a target species, however none of the crews would be significantly effected by this proposal. The second proposal aims to restrict fishing to working days, this proposal would result in collapse of two crews. Long term feasibility was examined using three models that predict the NPV of income for each crew under different assumptions. It was shown that if stocks continue to decline and white steenbras remains restricted all crews except one would collapse. If stocks improve but the catching of white steenbras remains prohibited for IO years, one of the crews will collapse. The final section assessed the validity of a proposal that the Marine Resource Fund be used to buy trek fishermen's permits, it was concluded that this is not a feasible proposal.
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Sesabo, Jennifer Kasanda. "Marine resources conservation and poverty reduction strategies in Tanzania." Berlin Heidelberg New York Springer, 2006. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2944300&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.
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Sesabo, Jennifer Kasanda. "Marine resources conservation and poverty reduction strategies in Tanzania /." Berlin [u.a.] : Springer, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy0713/2007923291.html.
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Stauffer, Richard V. "Implementing Manufacturing Resources Planning for Marine Corps Logistics Base." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/25989.
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Galarza, Juan Antonio. "Patterns and causes of population subdivision in the marine environment." Thesis, University of Hull, 2007. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1611.
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An accurate assessment of population genetic subdivision is crucial in making informed decisions for the management and conservation of marine resources. However, obtaining a precise assessment is particularly challenging since population subdivision results from the interaction of many biological and environmental variables. Here, the patterns of population subdivision that can be attributable to gene flow in 8 marine fish species from 11 different locations in the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Atlantic Ocean are analysed. The species considered are Mullus barbatus, Mullus surmuletus, Tripterygion delaisi, Apogon imberbis, Symphodus tinca, Diplodus vulgaris, Serranus cabrilla and Oblada melanura. These species differ significantly in their dispersal capabilities as presumed by their diverse early-life stage characteristics, and were sampled over multiple habitats at two geographical scales. A total of 1640 individuals (mean 168/species) were surveyed at 63 species-specific and 10 cross-amplified microsatellite loci (mean 9.1/species). The overall results show that genetic structure patterns cannot be predicted confidently by the presumed dispersal capabilities of the species. Species such as S.tinca, M.barbatus and O.melanura, showed highly incongruent population structuring patterns to those expected. Furthermore, the results also suggest that species with extreme variations between their life history traits such as D.vulgaris and A.imberbis, can display similar patterns of genetic structuring in the presence of common oceanographic variables, whereas species with slight differences such as M.barbatus and M.surmuletus can display contrasting patterns of genetic partitioning. These results highlight the importance understanding the role of environmental features and life history traits in establishing ecologically meaningful connections among marine fish species. Furthermore, this study provides evidence of the usefulness of multi-species approaches in planning to incorporate population genetic information into conservation and management of marine fish resources.
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Roberts, Louise. "Behavioural responses by marine fishes and macroinvertebrates to underwater noise." Thesis, University of Hull, 2015. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11515.
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The aim of this thesis was to explore and evaluate the key behavioural responses of coastal UK marine fishes and macroinvertebrates to anthropogenic noise. Work focussed upon two key aspects, water-borne acoustics and the relatively unstudied substrate-borne vibration, with a combination of laboratory and field work using grouped and solitary individuals. A literature review on underwater vibroacoustics, detection abilities, anthropogenic noise sources and the effects of such stimuli was provided (Chapter 1). Playbacks were undertaken in the field using a purpose-built underwater transducer array capable of accurately reproducing man-made signatures (Chapter 2 – 3). The behavioural responses of wild, unrestrained schooling pelagic fish to impulsive sound were observed using an acoustic observation system. Precise exposure levels were linked to specific responses, with dose response curves produced for two pelagic species of varied hearing abilities. Baited remote underwater video (BRUV) was used to observe the behavioural responses of free-ranging individual fish and crustaceans exposed to impulsive sound and shipping noise. In both cases responses varied according to the level of sound, the type of school and the species. In the laboratory, animals were exposed to sinusoidal vibratory signals using a fully calibrated electromagnetic shaker system. The sensitivity of unconditioned invertebrates (crustaceans and molluscs) to substrate-borne vibration was quantified with controlled vibratory exposures, allowing the production of a sensory threshold curve for three species (Chapters 4 - 5). Response variation was described in terms of two behavioural indicators, and related to consistency within individuals (personality), morphological parameters and time in the laboratory prior to tests. Further work investigated the response of sessile invertebrates to vibration, with the observations fully described in terms of response occurrence, duration and variation for both grouped and solitary animals. The responses described in each chapter were related to actual measurements of anthropogenic noise sources in terms of water-borne and substrate-borne energy, allowing behavioural responses to be translated to actual conditions. The data here provide evidence for the levels of playback sound to induce a behavioural response, and are fully reproducible to allow further testing of the responsiveness of fish to different sound levels and signatures. Furthermore, the data are a first step towards understanding the sensitivity of benthic invertebrates to substrate-borne vibration and indicate that the effects of substrate transmission should not be overlooked when investigating the effects of noise pollution on the marine environment. The results from the current work, along with the recommendations for future work, will be important to aid the filling of the ‘information gaps’ that exist within the underwater bioacoustics field.
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Buckley, Charles B. "An analysis of management techniques and their impact on the Marine Corps in a Navy Marine Corps intranet environment." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2006. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/06Jun%5FBuckley.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2006.Thesis Advisor(s): Glenn Cook. "June 2006." Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-127). Also available in print.
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Barbato, M. "POLLUTED MARINE ECOSYSTEMS: RESERVOIR OF MICROBIAL RESOURCES FOR HYDROCARBON BIOREMEDIATION." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/247225.
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Hydrocarbon (HC) pollution is a worldwide threat to marine natural ecosystems due to the increasing exploitation of underground marine petroleum deposits in several areas and to the high traffic of oil tankers and the presence of submarine pipes that are main transport routes for crude oil and refined products. HCs spread in the marine environment is mainly due to accidental oil spills or inadequate practices and their release affects marine ecosystems causing severe ecological and economical damages. The Mediterranean Sea is particularly endangered by hydrocarbon pollution because of its physical nature – it is an enclosed basin with a slow water exchange – and because it hosts about 20% of the global oil tanker traffic in its waters and tens of oil-related sites along its coastline. The conventional remediation strategies, comprising chemical and physical methods, are extremely expensive and invasive, therefore the development of cheaper and eco-friendly approaches is crucial to preserve human and ecosystem health. In this perspective, bioremediation (i.e. the use of living organisms to remove pollutants from a contaminated area) is a promising technology which, taking advantage of microbes’ metabolic potential to degrade a wide range of pollutants, can both reduce the costs and may represent a permanent solution. Nevertheless, there is still a scarce knowledge of the processes and the microorganisms involved in the clean-up of hydrocarbons from marine environments, hence some problems still exist concerning the in-field application of bioremediation.
The aim of the present PhD thesis was to: i) investigate the overall prokaryotic diversity of pristine and oil polluted sites across the whole Mediterranean Sea; ii) depict the phylogenetic and functional diversity of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria inhabiting pristine and polluted sites; iii) establish a large collection of bacteria showing degrading activities toward hydrocarbon compounds; iv) set up microcosm experiments to investigate the potential of bacterial bioaugmentation in bioremediation processes under laboratory scale conditions, v) test the degrading potential of selected bacterial strains and consortia under different pressure values, simulating different depths along the water column.
The diversity of planktonic bacterial communities in the Mediterranean Sea was firstly evaluated on open seawater samples collected at different depths in a transect covering the main oil tanker route across the whole basin, from the Levantine Sea to the Gibraltar strait. Automated Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (ARISA) showed that the microbiome inhabiting deep and surface water samples were sharply separated. Furthermore, the composition of the bacterial communities described in the surface layers of the water columns at different sampling stations has been significantly correlated, beside to their geographical position and depth, to the temperature and salinity values recorded for each sample.
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and ARISA fingerprinting were also applied to depict the bacterial composition of highly polluted sediments collected at the Ancona harbor (Italy) and El-Max district (Egypt), showing the significant influence of the different pollutants’ concentration (i.e. hydrocarbons, heavy metals) in the selection of peculiar bacterial assemblages . This molecular approach led to the identification of bacterial species potentially useful for site-tailored bioremediation purposes. A large collection of hydrocarbon degrading bacterial strains was hence established from enrichments using contaminated sediments as inoculum and diesel, crude oil and naphthalene as unique carbon sources. The cultivation approaches adopted to enrich and isolate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria from chronically polluted area, like the Ancona harbor, permitted to evaluate the influence of different hydrocarbon pollutants used as single carbon source in the selection of specific marine bacteria populations. The results obtained taking advantage of DGGE fingerprinting and 16S rRNA pyrosequencing applied on the enrichments showed that, under laboratory conditions, the supply of different hydrocarbon compounds led to the selection of different, and specialized, bacterial communities.
A total of 248 bacterial strains have been isolated from open sea surface water collected along oil tanker routes and the chronically polluted sediments, and have been identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Alcanivorax and Marinobacter, two ubiquitous marine hydrocarbonoclastic genera, were the most abundant within the established collection, representing respectively 67% and 23% of the isolates. Due to the great importance of the Alcanivorax genus for hydrocarbon remediation of marine polluted sites, all the isolates belonging to this genus were investigated at a finer level in terms of phylogenetic and functional diversity. This sub-collection, comprising 179 isolates belonging to the 4 species A. borkumensis, A. jadensis, A. venustensis and A. dieselolei, were genotyped using two different fingerprinting techniques: Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS)-PCR and BOX-PCR. The combination of the applied techniques allowed the identification of 85 genotypes, distributed among the different sites investigated, showing clear evidence of geographic divergence. The functional diversity of these strains was furthermore investigated through the PCR amplification of the alkB gene, encoding for an alkane monooxigenase involved in the first step of hydrocarbons degradation, and subsequent Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the amplicons, allowing the identification of 16 different polymorphisms. The results demostrated the existence of a high degree of geographical divergence within the Alcanivorax genus, suggesting a potentially high metabolic diversity that could be exploited for site-tailored bioremediation interventions.
Recently, the Deepwater Horizon break in the Gulf of Mexico (2010) and the subsequent huge oil spill occurred at a depth of 1500 meters, highlighted the need to get more insight on bioremediation processes occurring at high depth. This accident represents a milestone and shed a light on the importance to investigate the effect of pressure, an environmental parameter that might hamper the activity of oil-degrading strains, on growth and degradation capabilities. The capability of selected hydrocarbonoclastic strains, belonging to the species A. jadensis, A. dieselolei and M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, to adapt and degrade a model alkane molecule (dodecane) at high pressure was therefore tested. The growth of the strains at increasing hydrostatic pressure and their physiologic activities were evaluated, comparing the results with the type strain A. borkumensis SK2. Overall, the results showed a detrimental effect of pressure for all the strains in terms of growth rates, O2 consumption and CO2 production. The potential adaptation of A. borkumensis and A.dieselolei was evaluated also with less recalcitrant carbon source than alkanes (pyruvate), without showing substantial differences, except for the higher consumption of pyruvate by A. borkumensis SK2. This investigation pinpointed that the tested bacteria can survive at high hydrostatic pressures, even though both their growth and degradation capability were mostly inhibited with the increase in hydrostatic pressure. Moreover, aiming to create a baseline for future transcriptomic analyses, the complete genome of this 4 strains was sequenced and annotated: all the strains owned multiple copies of the genes involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons (alkane monoossigenase, alk and cytochrome p450, cyp450), apparently belonging to different families, highlighting the great functional potential of these strains.
A second sub-collection of hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria, isolated from chronically polluted sediments, was screened for the presence of functional genes involved in the degradation/detoxification of specific pollutants (alkanes and heavy metals), the ability to grow on different HCs and the ability to produce biosurfactant and from biofilm. The results showed that several isolates, mainly belonging to the Marinobacter genus, were positive for the investigated traits, hence they could be potentially exploited for autochthonous bioaugmentation (ABA) purposes in the sites of provenience.
Finally, the bacterial community response in a biodegradation process based on an ex-situ landfarming set-up was evaluated. Landfarming was performed, using a combination of biostimulation and bioaugmentation, to remediate oil-polluted sediment collected at Elefsina bay (Greece). This work was realized to determine the effect of bioaugmentation by four allochthonous oil-degrading bacterial consortia, previously isolated from 4 polluted areas located in the Southern Mediterranean, in relation to the degradation efficiency of the indigenous community. DGGE fingerprinting analysis allowed the characterization of the bacterial community dynamics, evaluating the dominant taxa through time and at each treatment. The results showed that the added allochthonous bacteria quickly perished and were rarely detected, furthermore their addition induced minimal shifts in the community structure. These data, together with the measurement of HC degradation over the experimental time, suggested that, during the landfarming, biodegradation was mostly performed by the autochthonous populations rather than by the allochthonous ones. Furthermore, biostimulation, in contrast to bioaugmentation, was proved to enhance the HCs degradation when compared to the control treatment.
To conclude, the results obtained this Ph.D. project emphasized the high bacterial diversity of the Mediterranean Sea in both pristine and polluted sites and the occurrence of distribution patterns which were significantly related to several environmental parameters, including the concentration of hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Moreover, this study confirmed the great potential of the Mediterranean Sea as a source of bacterial strains harbouring degradation capabilities toward different hydrocarbon molecules and, through the ex-situ application of different bioremediation strategies (bioaugmentation and biostimulation), it demonstrated the great importance of autochthonous microbial community in remediating polluted environments.
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Bayer, Elizabeth Anne. "A critical analysis of marine environmental indicators within regulatory and policy texts." Thesis, University of Hull, 2016. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16425.
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The use of indicators within marine legislation and policy is a developing phenomenon worldwide. What is less apparent, however, is the effectiveness of such policies in prompting regulatory or remedial responses and achieving particular conservation objectives. Even less well-understood are the relationships that develop between the science, policies, and law in these regulatory frameworks. As such, it is imperative to reach an understanding as to how scientific, economic and social goals are interconnected, and how they in turn influence indicator development. This gap in understanding provides the rationale for this work, which is to explore and explain the way in which law, policy and science interface in the context of marine regulations. The overall aim of this thesis is to provide a detailed, critical analysis of marine environmental indicators within regulatory and policy texts at the international, European and national levels. Furthermore, it measures the effectiveness of such indicators, as well as their foundation within science, by providing an examination of the operational efficiency of marine environmental indicators, with an emphasis on the techniques and approaches used to accommodate indicators and similar devices. It also analyzes the resultant relationships that have evolved between science, policy and legislation, with a particular focus on the utilization of indicators within national marine industries. The thesis also evaluates the understanding and application of indicators by non-technical personnel by demonstrating through case law review the courts’ stance on the utilization of evidence and expert testimony. This research also examines a variety of indicators used in support of the environmental management of the national marine aggregate-extraction industry. The central argument of this thesis is that indicators are relevant within policy and legislative agenda – they create dialogue and bridge communication gaps. This thesis demonstrates that when founded upon the discussed criteria, indicators allow for effective communication and provide the opportunity to gauge the success of current marine management techniques within international, European and national set agenda. Whether scientifically or politically driven, they are crucial to the successful development and implementation of environmental policies and legislation world-wide. They cross various disciplines (scientific, political, legal) and when properly understood and applied, can assess progress in achieving political and legal goals, ensuring that the needs of humans and the environment are equally balanced.
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Ahmed, Mohammed Ismail. "Morphological, ecological and molecular examination of the seacucumber species along the Red Sea coast of Egypt and Gulf of Aqaba : with the investigation of the possibility of using DNA barcoding technique as a standard method for seacucumber ID." Thesis, University of Hull, 2009. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:2413.
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In this study the ecology, biology and classification of the sea cucumber species of the Red Sea coast of Egypt and Gulf of Aqaba were examined in order to resolve some of the long standing question on the identification and classification of sea cucumber.The introduction of the new barcoding technique as a tool for sea cucumber identification was also tested in this study in order to assess its accuracy and potential of the technique in identifying sea cucumber individuals. A total of 18 different (species) of sea cucumber were collected from the Egyptian coast and examined for both morphological and molecular characteristics. One new species of sea cucumber were identified from the Egyptian coast of the Red Sea (Actinopyga.sp.nov). Cryptic species complex were also identified for the Holothuria atra population in the Red Sea using the molecular analysis of the mitochondrial COI gene.In this study another experiment were conducted in order to identify sea cucumber species from cooked or dried materials using the molecular techniques. As well as testing the possibility of using the DNA barcoding technique in order to identify badly/long period preserved museum specimens in order to try to identify the unknown specimens in the natural history museums around the globe.The use of the molecular DNA barcoding technique proves to be a good reliable method for sea cucumber ID; the technique was capable of resolving some of the standing taxonomic problems including the Holothuria fuscogilva /Holothuria nobilis species complex and the Pearsonthuria graeffei. The results also raised some questions about the classification of the genus Bohadchia and the Actinopyga crassa species in the Red Sea.
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Guieb, Eulalio R. "Community, marine rights, and sea tenure : a political ecology of marine conservation in two Bohol villages in central Philippines." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115632.
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This study focuses on communities in conservation in central Philippines, with reference to marine protected areas. It analyzes communities as intersections of multiple actors with stratified interests and power, involving complex processes of place-making, ecological knowledge, tenure, governance, markets, and negotiation with domestic and international non-governmental organisations (NGOs). As rights to places are fundamentally at issue with protected areas, matters of tenure are central for the study. And because marine protected areas (MPAs) are community-based, questions of local empowerment have equal centrality.The ownership of rights to marine resources by village members is a necessary if not sufficient condition for the political empowerment of communities in conservation. The issue of property rights in the Philippines is irrevocably linked to issues of equity, as social actors confront prevailing unequal relations of power. The development of community commitment to the reconfigured arrangements of marine protected area establishment depends on substantial economic gains for marginalized villagers, an equitable distribution of those gain, the ecologically sound management of resources over which rights are negotiated and gains generated, and a socially meaningful realignment of relations of power among nested sources of authority.
My analysis points to the advantages of a reinforced community property regime that would call for measures by the national government to enhance villagers' tenure over their settlements and community waters (katubigang barangay). Such a regime is no panacea for the manifold social and environmental challenges faced by communities, but it would enable them to engage more confidently and constructively with state, NGO and other interests in conservation, and to address the real or perceived threats of dislocation by externally proposed schemes.
Two villages with MPAs in the province of Bohol in central Philippines serve as case study sites to explore intertwined social, economic and political variables that influence issues of conservation, equity and empowerment.
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Da, Costa Dionne J. "An Economic Valuation Analysis of Buccoo Reef Marine Park, Tobago, West Indies." FIU Digital Commons, 2010. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/290.
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate tourism capacity, the effectiveness of the management plan and the visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) for increased conservation effort in the Buccoo Reef Marine Park (BRMP) in Tobago. Non-market contingent valuation was applied to estimate tourists’ WTP, using the data from a survey of 164 tourists. Local residents and government agencies were consulted to evaluate the management plan and the tourism capacity. Eighty-eight percent of local residents stated that the park was not well managed and that they lacked trust in the park agency. The density of tourists was 67-97% more than socially acceptable crowding norm. The tourists were willing to pay an additional entry fee of US$11.72 per person, which would generate additional revenue for the park management. In conclusion, the BRMP management needs modification in order to increase stakeholders’ trust, reduce tourists crowding intensity, and generate additional user-based revenue.
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Tillman, Joseph M. "An examination of ocean policy development in Canada." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ54966.pdf.
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Hassan, Ammad. "Pakistan's Gwadar port : prospects of economic revival /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FHassan.pdf.
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Miller, Sonja. "A quantitative assessment of Ra'ui (a traditional approach to marine protected areas) on the fishes and invertebrates of Rarotonga, Cook Islands : a thesis submitted to the Victoria University of Wellington in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marine Biology /." ResearchArchive@Victoria e-Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10063/819.
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Cleophas, Noel Cyril. "Marine environmental education for a sustainable exploitation of marine resources. The case of Abalone poaching in the Hermanus area." University of the Western Cape, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7778.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminThe coastal zone is a highly complex and highly productive environment in which components are intimately linked and interdependent on each other. Furthermore, human pressure and poaching remains an enormous problem within coastal zones and therefore necessitates an integrated and multidisciplinary development and management effort.
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Ng, Lai-ha. "Challenging prospects for marine conservation and coastal zone management in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301372.
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Ntola, Yamkela Siqhamo. "Exploitation of non-living marine resources within national jurisdiction in East Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10253.
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This dissertation involves an analysis and discussion of the legal regime governing the exploitation of non-living marine resources within national jurisdiction in East Africa. This is in light of the relatively recent offshore oil and gas discoveries off the coasts of Mozambique and Tanzania which have resulted in offshore exploration activities along the Western Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea) in pursuit of these hydrocarbons. Before delving into legal analysis and discussion, the dissertation departs by providing background on the 1982 United Nations Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC)2 which is the international legal regime governing maritime spaces and the contributions made by, inter alia, East African coastal States to bring it about. From here, the dissertation ventures into an analysis and discussion of the legal zones claimed by East African coastal States within which exploitation activities may occur. This part of the discussion involves, among other things, an in depth analysis of the practices of East African coastal States as far as establishing maritime zones in terms of international law. The dissertation then proceeds to discuss which East African coastal States have delimited their maritime zones where they overlap with neighbouring States with adjacent and/or opposite coasts. The discussion highlights which States, in terms of international law, have clearly defined the ambit of their maritime jurisdiction by establishing a delimitation boundary where claims to maritime zones overlapped. This part of the dissertation also discusses which States have not delimited their overlapping maritime zones and the reasons for the lack of delimitation. Following this, the dissertation moves on to discuss the LOSC provisions applicable to exploiting non-living resources, and analyse whether the laws of East African coastal States that pertain to exploiting these resources adequately give effect to LOSC. Finally, in light of the above analysis and discussions, the dissertation moves on to establish if whether or not the legal infrastructure of East African coastal States is adequate for exploiting non-living resources within their national jurisdiction. Generally, the findings reflect favourably on the legal framework of East African coastal States. However, the pressing issue is the practices of some States in respect of claiming certain maritime zones and where necessary, not delimiting these zones. This results in uncertainty as to the maritime jurisdiction of a coastal State, especially with resources such as oil and gas which may straddle across boundaries. Moreover, it creates conflict and as such, threatens peace and security in the region as well as stunt economic and socio-economic development. As such, this dissertation, on the one hand, reflects the advancement of East African coastal States from contributing towards the adoption and coming into effect of LOSC, as well as giving effect to it domestically as far as exploiting non-living resources within national jurisdiction is concerned. On the other hand, it highlights the work that lays ahead for East African coastal States in order for them to fully enjoy their right.
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Guo, Yuchen. "Public participation in the marine spatial planning process : lessons learned from theoretical, legal, and empirical perspectives." Thesis, University of Hull, 2017. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:16468.
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Public participation is a crucial component in environmental decision-making. The accepted wisdom is that participatory decision-making is a good thing. However, there is no single solution for designing and implementing public participation. The participation pattern in the marine planning context should be different from those applied in other decision-making processes in order to address the particular challenges and demands of marine management. Few studies have focused on public participation in marine planning, especially in the English marine planning context. This thesis fills this knowledge gap by studying public participation in English marine planning from theoretical, legal and empirical perspectives. This thesis addresses three research questions. First, what is the appropriate participation strategy for English marine planning? Second, to what extent does the current legal regime ensure effective public participation in marine planning and other marine-related decision-making? Third, how have the requirements for participation been implemented in marine planning practices? To investigate these questions, this thesis constructs a pluralist rationale for participation, including normative, substantive and instrumental dimensions, which fits the English marine planning context. The appropriate strategy for participation is identified. This strategy will contribute to fulfil the pluralist rationale for participation in marine planning process. The thesis also reviews the relevant legal framework at the international and domestic levels, to examine to what extent these legal regimes can support the implementation of public participation in the marine decision-making context. Finally, as a qualitative case study, the process and outcome of participation in producing the English East Inshore and Offshore Marine Plans are evaluated to reveal the deficiencies regarding participation in the English marine planning regime.
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Engelhard, Sarah Laure. "Marine Spatial Connectivity in Theory and Conservation." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/365470.
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Globally, ecosystems are experiencing increasing pressure from anthropogenic stressors. Human population growth is responsible for overexploitation of natural resources, pollution, land alteration and climate change. A change in landscape connectivity, may not only reduce the habitable space for species, but may also affect their movement and population dynamics. These changes potentially reduce the
resilience of ecosystems against other stressors. Reserves are a common method to protect areas from overexploitation and habitat destruction and help to safeguard ecosystem functioning. Reserve size, location and configuration influence the effect of reserves and the optimal design of protected areas is a field of ongoing research. Connectivity is a guiding principle in protected area planning but the explicit
incorporation of connections remains a challenge. Reasons can be found in the scarcity of quantitative data on connectivity and a lack of agreement on connectivity measures. Currently, connections in marine landscapes are less studied than on land. The aim of this thesis was to examine the relationship between connectivity and ecosystem processes, and to test methods for modelling and incorporating quantitative
data on connectivity in the design of marine protected areas.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Grifffith School of Environment
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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Carpman, Nicole. "Marine Current Resource Assessment : Measurements and Characterization." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Elektricitetslära, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-266670.
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The increasing interest in converting energy from renewable resources into electricity has led to an increase in research covering the field of marine current energy, mainly concerning tidal currents and in-stream tidal turbines. Tides have the advantage of being predictable decades ahead. However, the tidal resource is intermittent and experiences local variations that affect the power output from a conversion system. The variability is mainly due to four aspects: the tidal regime, the tidal cycle, bathymetry at the site and weather effects. Each potential site is unique, the velocity flow field at tidal sites is highly influenced by local bathymetry and turbulence. Hence, characterizing the resource requires careful investigations and providing high quality velocity data from measurement surveys is of great importance. In this thesis, measurements of flow velocities have been performed at three kinds of sites. A tidal site has been investigated for its resource potential in one of all of the numerous fjords in Norway. Measurements have been performed to map the spatial and temporal variability of the resource. Results show that currents in the order of 2 m/s are present in the center of the channel. Furthermore, the flow is highly bi-directional between ebb and flood flows. The site thus have potential for in-stream energy conversion. A model is proposed that predicts peak current speed from information on tidal range at the site. A corresponding model can be set up and implemented at other similar sites affected by tides, i.e. fjord inlets connecting the ocean to a fjord or a basin. A river site serves as an experimental site for a marine current energy converter that has been designed at Uppsala University and deployed in Dalälven, Söderfors. The flow rate at the site is regulated by an upstream hydrokinetic power plant nearby, making the site suitable for experiments on the performance of the vertical axis turbine in its natural environment. The turbine has been run in uniform flow and measurements have been performed to characterize the extent of the wake. An ocean current site was a target of investigation for its potential for providing utilizable renewable energy. A measurement campaign was conducted, mapping the flow both spatially and temporally. However, the site was shown to not be suitable for energy conversion using present technique.Det ökande intresset för att producera elektricitet från förnybara energikällor har lett till en satsning på forskning inom området marin strömkraft, främst när det gäller tidvattenströmmar och tidvattenturbiner för fritt strömmande vatten. Tidvatten har fördelen att vara förutsägbar årtionden i förväg. Dock så är tidvattenresursen periodisk och varierar lokalt vilket påverkar effektuttaget från ett kraftverk. Variationerna beror till största delen på fyra aspekter: antal hög- och lågvatten per dag, tidvattencykeln, djupförhållanden på platsen (batymetri) och vädereffekter. Varje potentiell plats är unik, vattnets hastighetsfält påverkas i hög grad av lokal batymetri och turbulens. Därför krävs noggranna undersökningar för att karakterisera resursen. Att tillhandahålla hastighetsdata av hög kvalitet från mätningar är därför av stor betydelse. I denna avhandling har mätningar av flödeshastigheter utförts på tre typer av platser. En plats med tidvattenströmmar, belägen i en av alla fjordar längs Norges kust, har undersökts för sin resurspotential. Mätningar har utförts för att kartlägga resursens variation i både tid och rum. Resultaten visar att strömmar i storleksordningen 2 m/s återfinns i mitten av kanalen. Dessutom uppvisar flödet liten variation från huvudriktningen för både inkommande (flod) och utgående (ebb) flöden. Platsen har således potential för energiomvandling av fritt strömmande vatten. En modell föreslås som förutsäger strömmarnas maxhastighet från information om höjdskillnaden mellan ebb och flod och vice versa. En motsvarande modell kan ställas upp och användas på andra platser med liknande förhållanden som berörs av tidvatten, dvs. fjordinlopp som förbinder havet med en fjord eller en bassäng. En älv fungerar som en plats för experiment för ett marint strömkraftverk som har utvecklats vid Uppsala universitet och sjösatts i Dalälven, Söderfors. Flödeshastigheten på platsen regleras uppströms av ett närliggande vattenkraftverk, vilket gör platsen bra för att utföra experiment på prestandan av den vertikalaxlade turbinen i dess naturliga miljö. Turbinen har körts i jämnt flöde och mätningar har utförts för att karaktärisera vakens utbredning. En plats med havsströmmar var mål för en utredning av dess potential för att ge användbar förnybar energi. En mätningskampanj genomfördes för att kartlägga flödets variation både rumsligt och tidsmässigt. Emellertid visade sig platsen inte vara lämplig för energiomvandling utifrån användning av nuvarande teknik.
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Weaver, Paul R. "Maritime resource exploitation in southwest Australia prior to 1901." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1997. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/915.
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This ethnohistorical study identifies maritime resources of southwest Australia which were subject to human exploitation prior to 1901 and provides an overview of how, when and why this took. place by integrating historical, archaeological, ethnographic, and natural-science information. The resources included for discussion arc whales, seals, seabirds, guano, oysters and pearls, and fish. An argument is developed that the socio-spatial relationship which existed between peoples and marine• estuarine species in the region was determined by the physiography and climate. This relationship has always been imperfect, if not chaotic because of the unpredictability of the resources through long and short term cyclic phenomena. Control of access was the key to furthering economic and social advantage for all peoples, and this control could be sustained by a complex matrix of customary beliefs and/or law. An abundant resource could occasionally engender friendly interaction, however ruthless competition, and resource over-exploitation emerged as predominant themes. The study proposes that regardless of cultural origins, the finite nature of southwest Australian maritime and estuarine resources has long been recognised, and the resultant priority of people was to maximise effort at the most opportune times in order to augment socioeconomic advantage.
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Wongbusarakum, Supin. "The Urak Lawoi and the complexity of sustainable resource use the political ecology of change in the Adang Archipelago, Andaman Sea, Thailand /." Thesis, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2002. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=765044611&SrchMode=1&sid=4&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1208809355&clientId=23440.
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Lewis, Kevin M. "The potential and a strategy for managing and developing marine plant resources in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24844.
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This thesis assesses the potential and suggests strategies for the development of marine plant resources on the Canadian west coast. Three sub-objectives have been considered to determine the kind of marine plant management strategies that are necessary to assess and develop the industry in British Columbia. The analytical framework of the thesis hinges on these questions.
1. What is the physical potential for growing and harvesting these marine plants on the Canadian west coast and what products might be produced?
2. What is the potential market for marine plant products and what are the economics of production in British Columbia?
3. What should be the components of a strategy for developing an industry in British Columbia?
These objectives have been met through literature reviews and a series of personal interviews.
In 1976, the cumulative commercial value of the world's marine plant industries was approaching U.S. $1 Billion. The Japanese domestic industry alone generated an annual value of approximately U.S. $700 Million. World trade in edible marine plants and all marine plant products was estimated at U.S. $140 Million. Of this international trade, phycocolloids (marine plant colloids) and their raw materials constituted the dominant economic share.
Since preliminary attempts, in 1946, to develop a marine plant operation in British Columbia the history of the marine plant industry has been one of disappointment. A series of failed development attempts has plagued the industry since its conception. At this time a limited marine plant industry has established on the west coast. These operations are small in scale and rely on the harvest of localized wild and cultured stocks.
This study focuses on six marine plant species and identifies kelp meal and roe-on-kelp as economically viable products at this time. A number of small-scale operations have developed around the roe-on-kelp sector but
administrative/jurisdictional constraints have prevented the establishment of a commercial scale kelp meal operation. Three priorities for the development of marine plant resources emerge from this study:
1. to provide a process which permits the expression and incorporation of the interests of affected resource users;
2. a need for an implementation process; and
3. a need to reserve critical resource beds to prevent encroachment of unsympathetic activities.
The thesis concludes by illustrating that a strategic planning process provides an appropriate procedure to implement these priorities. Recommendations for industrial development and management are discussed under four categories:
1. Who should do the planning and management?
2. What should the co-ordinating body be doing?
3. How to implement the strategic plan?
4. When should these efforts begin?Applied Science, Faculty of
Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of
Graduate
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Robinson, Deborah Butterworth. "Changing relationships to marine resources : the commercial salmon fishery in Old Harbor, Alaska." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23733.
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This thesis presents a case study conducted in 1994 concerning the effects of fishery management regulations on the Native village of Old Harbor, Alaska. Access to the traditional livelihood of harvesting marine resources has profound implications for the sustainability of the economy of Alaska's rural Native villages. The institution of the limited entry system in 1975 caused the transfer of commercial salmon fishing rights away from some Native fishermen and a reduction in local fishing jobs. Although the alternatives may have had similar or worse effects on the village, limited entry is perceived as a major cause of economic and social dysfunction. One of many factors that has integrated remote villages into the global market economy, it has exacerbated the uneven distribution of wealth in the community and contributed to a growing gulf between fishing as a business and a lifestyle.
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Wildt, Stephen F. "Efficient use of resources in the Marine Corps Operation and Maintenance Fund account." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10103.
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MBA Professional ReportA descriptive analysis of resource utilization in the Operations and Maintenance Marine Corps (OandM, MC) account. This analysis is conducted by examining unliquidated orders and reverted balances in this account. "Reverted balances" is term used to describe resources that are potentially yielded back to the U. S. Treasury at the end of the five year expiration period for any appropriation. For purposes of familiarity and common language the terms "reverted" and "expired" will be used somewhat interchangeably with this understanding.
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Wan, Manna. "The status of scleractinian corals in Hong Kong and their conservation /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2001. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk:8888/cgi-bin/hkuto%5Ftoc%5Fpdf?B23424849.
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Billard, Gina L. "Marine conservation areas in the Newfoundland context : the proposed Bonavista and Notre Dame Bay initiative /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0002/MQ42351.pdf.
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Philpott, Evelyn. "Examining potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predators." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=210583.
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This thesis uses data collected over three summers in 2010, 2011 and 2012 at the Isle of May National Nature Reserve, Scotland to examine top predator presence and behaviour in a moderately fast tidal stream site. Fieldwork consisted of an intensive land based observation survey of seabirds at sea, acoustic monitoring of small cetaceans and the deployment of a suite of oceanographical tools to simultaneously collect data on a fine temporal scale over a study area of ~1.5km2. The aim of the study was to examine the potential effects of marine renewable energy developments on top predator behaviour in a tidal stream site by addressing some of the key data gaps such as habitat use in tidal stream areas, dive behaviour and collision and disturbance risk assessment. Acoustic detections of harbour porpoises were investigated as a function of physical environmental variables. Strong links between porpoise presence and increased thermal stratification and chlorophyll levels were detected along with a very strong diurnal pattern with increased detections at night. There was no relationship with tidal state. The habitat use of five species of breeding birds at sea adjacent to breeding cliffs was examined to gauge what environmental factors drive habitat use at these sites. Counts of foraging kittiwakes were examined in relation to environmental variables and while strong temporal trends emerged there was no link with oceanographic features. The study site was predominately used for loafing (non foraging behaviour) and so species specific temporal variation in loafing behaviour was analysed. Strong seasonal and diurnal trends in loafing emerged for all species which could be linked to differences in their breeding phenology. These results can be used in assessing and mitigating disturbance to these birds from marine renewables developments. Age specific variation in dive behaviour in the European shag was examined to determine whether newly fledged juveniles were at a greater risk of collision with tidal turbines than adults. Juveniles initially demonstrated a shorter dive duration than adults but after 4-6 weeks their dive duration had significantly increased. However age specific difference in dive behaviour in relation to water depth iii remained unchanged over time with juveniles showing no relationship between dive duration and water depth while adults increased dive duration in deeper water. The implications of this result for assessing age specific collision risk for this species is discussed. Results from this study were used to populate a framework for assessing collision and disturbance risk to seabirds in the near shore area adjacent to the breeding colony from a small scale tidal turbine development scenario. A method was developed to quantify risk by combining relative abundance data, behavioural data and published data on activity budgets for four species; guillemots, razorbills, puffins and shags. The output from this thesis has practical applications for informing the temporal and spatial scale of data collection and survey design in environmental impact assessments regarding marine renewable energy developments with emphasis on understanding the mechanistic links driving predator behaviour. Results can also be used to design appropriate mitigation procedures to prevent disturbance to loafing or foraging birds.
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Roulette, Loïc. "Le statut des ressources minières marines françaises : pour un rattachement au patrimoine commun de la nation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0776.
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La France possède la deuxième superficie maritime du monde et une véritable expertise dans le domaine off-shore. Elle est donc doublement concernée par le potentiel de ressources minières que contiennent les fonds marins. Selon plusieurs études, les espaces maritimes relevant de la souveraineté ou de la juridiction de la France renfermeraient de nombreux gisements miniers. Ces derniers contiennent des ressources connues comme le pétrole mais aussi des ressources potentielles comme les terres rares, métaux nécessaires aux technologies de pointe. Ces ressources constituent sans nul doute l’un des enjeux majeurs du XXIe siècle. Leur exploitation suscite néanmoins des revendications économiques et environnementales : les populations locales demandent à bénéficier des fruits de cette exploitation ; l’environnement devra être préservé par les exploitants off-shore. Le Code minier n’est pas en mesure de relever ces défis. Le statut des ressources minières marines doit donc être adapté aux nouveaux enjeux. La thèse plaide, en un mot, pour leur rattachement au patrimoine commun de la nation. En effet, les caractères « transtemporel » et « transpatial » de la notion de patrimoine commun de la nation permettent de répondre aux revendications locales ainsi qu’à l’enjeu environnemental (1re partie). Cette intégration des ressources minières marines au patrimoine commun de la nation serait parfaitement compatible avec le droit de la mer (2e partie). Il conviendrait en revanche de tenir compte du statut particulier de certains territoires d’outre-mer (3e partie)France has the second largest maritime area in the world and a real expertise in the off-shore sector. It is therefore doubly concerned by the potential of mineral resources contained in the seabed. According to several studies, maritime areas under the sovereignty or jurisdiction of France would contain many mineral deposits. These contain resources known as oil but also potential resources such as rare earth metals needed for advanced technologies. These resources are undoubtedly one of the major challenges of the twenty-first century. Their exploitation nevertheless gives rise to economic and environmental claims: the local populations mean to benefit from the gains resulting from this exploitation; the environment will have to be preserved by the off-shore operators. The Mining Code cannot meet these challenges. The status of marine mineral resources must therefore be adapted to these new challenges. The thesis argues, in a word, for their attachment to the common heritage of the Nation. Indeed, the transtemporal and transpatial aspects of the notion of the common heritage of the Nation make it possible to respond to local demands as well as to the environmental issue (Part I). In addition, an integration of marine mineral resources into the common heritage of the Nation would not be contrary to the Law of the Sea (Part II). On the other hand, the special status of certain overseas territories should be taken into account (Part III)
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Gilbert, Deidre F. "Modeling the Role of No-Take Marine Reserves in Fisheries Management." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2002. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/GilbertDF2002.pdf.
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Bradley, Rosemarie Ann. "Evaluating U.S. Federal Marine Protected Areas Programs: A Comparative Analysis and Conceptual Framework." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1241705173.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Antioch University New England, 2008.Title from PDF t.p. (August 7, 2009). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--The title page. Advisor: James Jordan, Ph. D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 193-204).
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Okon, Emmanuel Edem. "Integrating climate change into conservation and management of marine fisheries resources : a study of the sustainable development of marine fisheries in Nigeria." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/26bc49a4-d17f-440e-b085-0afc8bf76c43.
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The state of marine fishery resources globally and particularly in Nigeria is a matter of considerable concern. Hitherto, international and Nigerian fisheries laws, as well as the opinions of legal scholars on how to address this problem, have focused predominantly on overfishing. Meanwhile, scientific literature reveals that increasing ocean temperatures caused by global warming have serious legal and management implications on the sustainable development of marine fishery resources. This thesis argues that sustainability of marine fishery resources is achievable only if states, including Nigeria, adopt a holistic and proactive approach to their management. This approach demands mainstreaming climate change into harvest-based measures by applying precautionary and ecosystem management methods. The approach further requires coastal and fishing states to comply with fisheries and climate change regimes. The management of Norwegian spring spawning herring and Frazer River sockeye was case-studied and the lessons learned are used as a guide to address the adverse impact of climate change on Nigeria’s already overexploited marine fisheries. However, since societies are not the same and documentary data require triangulation, semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain the views of stakeholders in the marine fisheries sector on the major themes investigated. The first part of this thesis covers the introduction, research methodology and an examination of some preliminary issues. Part two ascertains how international fisheries law has addressed the problems of overfishing and climate change. Part three identifies the main lessons from the aforementioned case studies and advocates that states should adopt holistic approaches to compliance in solving the marine fish crisis. Part four investigates the extent to which Nigerian fisheries law has addressed the problems of overfishing and climate change; it also examines Nigeria’s compliance with international fisheries law. The concluding part recommends, in particular, that Nigeria should enforce conservation measures at sea, broaden participation of stakeholders in marine fisheries management and reduce its greenhouse gases emissions.
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Ims, Stine. "The Efficacy and Stress-Reducing Capacity of MS-222, Benzoak and Aqui-S for the Ornamental Cichlid Fish, Metriaclima estherae." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12760.
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The financial crises and global change have caused setbacks to the improvements in many undeveloped countries. To be able to achieve the Millennium developmental goals within 2015, it will require a higher effort. Sub-Saharan African countries show the slowest economic growth and have experienced the highest setbacks. Malawi is one of these countries and is struggling with a high share of poverty and poverty related issues. Trade is believed to be the most prominent tool to fight world poverty, as it will provide economic growth and employment. Cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi are popular ornamentals for hobby aquarists world wide, representing yearly turnover of 340 million US dollars. It is suggested that ornamental Malawi cichlids can be developed into an industry benefiting country and the local poor people. This can be achieved without pressure upon the lake biodiversity if the wild-collected fishes are used for breeding purpose and not for export. To be able to deliver a high quality fish, it will be necessary to establish proper handling strategies that will ensure fish health and welfare. Stress from handling procedures is known to have negative impact on fish growth, reproduction, immune function and survival. Anesthetics may be a useful tool during handling procedures of the fish, as it can reduce the perception of the stressor and thus prevent activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. In this study the three commercial anesthetics; MS-222, Benzoak® and Aqui-S were evaluated for; (1) anesthetic efficacy, (2) safety margin, (3) prolonged exposure and (4) stress-reducing capacity on the Malawi cichlid, red zebra (Metriaclima estherae). The overall results show that concentration of 150 mg/L MS-222, 120 mg/L Benzoak® and 50 mg/L Aqui-S gave satisfying introduction and recovery time for anesthesia. Both MS-222 and Aqui-S gave high safety margins as no fish mortality was recorded after anesthetic exposure for 30 minutes. Benzoak® gave a lower safety margin as there was recorded 50 % mortality following 10 minutes exposure. High mortality rate and sign of insufficient blockage upon the red zebra fish, suggested that prolonged exposure to the tested sedative dosages did not benefit the fish. MS-222 exposure reduced the stress response while Benzoak® and Aqui-S seemed to self-induce an increase in plasma cortisol concentration after anesthetic exposure. In conclusion; for short-term treatment on red zebra fish, a concentration of 150 mg/L MS-222 is recommended.
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Rogin, Raluca Elena. "Conservation and sustainable use of wild sturgeon populations of the NW Black Sea and Lower Danube River in Romania." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-12996.
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Sturgeons belong to one of the oldest families of bony fish in existence, having their first appearance in the fossil records approximately 200 million years ago. Their natural habitats are found in the subtropical, temperate and sub-Arctic rivers, lakes and coastlines of Eurasia and North America. In the Romanian waters, five anadromous species of sturgeon, out of the total 25 species known by science, once migrated from the Black Sea into the Danube for spawning: beluga; Huso huso, Russian sturgeon; Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, stellate sturgeon; A. stellatus, ship sturgeon; A. nudiventris and the European Atlantic sturgeon; A. sturio (Knight, 2009). The NW Black Sea and Lower Danube River sturgeons, like many Acipenserids, were seriously affected by the rapid changes brought by human development. Being one of the finest caviar producers in the world they were intensively harvested for many centuries. Heavy uncontrolled fishing and destruction of habitat led to the collapse of most of the Acipenserids and the total disappearance of the European Atlantic sturgeon (A. sturio) from the NW Black Sea. Public attention was focused world wide on sturgeons after their listing in the IUCN Red List of Threatened species in 1996. In 1998, after evaluating their abundance in the wild, CITES also decided to strictly regulate the international trade in all Acipenserids. The paper aims to analyze and review conservation measures that were taken locally, nationally and internationally by humans and the effect they had on one of Europes only naturally reproducing sturgeon populations.
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Lui, Fong-fong. "Marine protected areas in Hong Kong : present status and future management challenges /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22266719.
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Patel, Ruben. "Surveillance of Marine Resources by use of Stationary Platforms and Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUVS)." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1483.
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In this thesis I investigate, describe and demonstrate new platform technology and its application in fisheries research. The first task was to prepare an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) for payload integration (Paper 1). The instrument to be integrated into the AUV was a SIMRAD EK60 scientific echo sounder. Space limitations of the AUV demanded physical modifications. The EK60 software was designed for manual operation. To overcome the associated problem for remote control in accordance with the communication protocol of the AUV, a new version of the EK60 had to be designed and implemented (Paper 2). A field trial was performed to test the payload integration, including steered and autonomous runs; communication between the topside mother vessel and EK60 in the AUV, and the avoidance of the target species in the area (Paper 3).
The application of observation technology, with continuous recordings over time, gives a true representation of the temporal dynamics of density and vertical distribution without spatial resolution. This approach is complementary to snapshot research vessel surveying with area coverage assuming nil temporal effect. It may be particularly useful in areas of high dynamic activity, such as the Ofoten fjord area. An acoustic observatory was established in this area. Calibration of the main transducers needed special attention due to the expected depth effects on performance (Paper 4). The stationary transducers give the collected data an excellent temporal resolution at the sacrifice of spatial resolution. This makes it an ideal tool for studying vertical migration patterns. It is also important to compare these data with those collected from a moving research vessel (RV) (Paper 5). The lack of spatial resolution made it difficult to get any information about the fish school movements. Deploying an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) as a unit of the observatory (Paper 6) gave this information including the potential of assessing biomass flux in and out of the fjord.
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Murugan, Poobalan. "Co-management of marine resources as an instrument to facilitate conflict resolution in HAWSTON." University of Western Cape, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7749.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminThe living marine resources of South Africa belong to the people of the country. With a steady growth of the human population and the subsequent increased demand for food, it is imperative that the resources of our waters are managed for the optimal social and economic development of all South Africans. The ownership of the resources are vested in the state and it is, therefore, the state's responsibility to ensure that the chosen form of fisheries management promotes both sustainability and equity.
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Woods, Helen. "An Examination of Potential Conflict between SAV and Hard Clam Aquaculture in the Lower Chesapeake Bay." W&M ScholarWorks, 2001. http://web.vims.edu/library/Theses/Woods01.pdf.
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Jamieson, John William. "Size, Age, Distribution and Mass Accumulation Rates of Seafloor Hydrothermal Sulfide Deposits." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24056.
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Hydrothermal discharge on the seafloor results in significant accumulation of base- and precious-metal-rich sulfide material. Technological advances as well as elevated metal prices have led to a growing interest in the direct mining of these deposits from the modern ocean floor. The research presented in this thesis details an investigation of the size, grades, distribution, and accumulation rates of these deposits on the seafloor. A three-part resource assessment, originally designed for land-based ore deposits, was used to generate a predictive framework for the global seafloor sulfide resource. Using detailed descriptions of sizes, grades and locations for 92 known deposits, a resource estimate was generated that predicts a total of ~1,000 deposits and a total global abundance of 600 Mt of sulfide within the neovolcanic zones of the modern ocean floor. A detailed study of the hydrothermal sulfide deposits along the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge was carried out to investigate the processes of sulfide accumulation at the ridge-segment scale. Results of 226Ra/Ba dating of barite within the deposits indicate that hydrothermal activity has been ongoing for ~6,000 years and venting has been continuous at the Main Endeavour and High Rise vent fields for ~2,300 and 850 years, respectively. Abundant older sulfide samples from inactive sites outside of the main vent fields indicate a complex history of venting along the ridge segment. Analysis of high-resolution bathymetry of the Endeavour Segment, generated from eight autonomous underwater vehicle surveys, revealed the location of 581 individual hydrothermal sulfide edifices along 15 km of ridge length. Using GIS-based software, the volume of each edifice was calculated, and the total amount of sulfide at Endeavour is estimated to be 1.2 Mt. This estimate is the first comprehensive resource evaluation on the seafloor at this scale. Sulfide has been accumulating within the Endeavour axial valley at a rate of ~400 tonnes per year, which is similar to estimates for the TAG deposit on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Using endmember hydrothermal fluid chemistry data and estimates of fluid discharge rates, the mass accumulation rate calculated for Endeavour corresponds to a sulfide depositional efficiency of 6%.