Relevant bibliographies by topics / Marine reptile

Academic literature on the topic 'Marine reptile'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Stubbs, Thomas L., and Michael J. Benton. "Ecomorphological diversifications of Mesozoic marine reptiles: the roles of ecological opportunity and extinction." Paleobiology 42, no. 4 (May 17, 2016): 547–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/pab.2016.15.

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AbstractMesozoic marine ecosystems were dominated by several clades of reptiles, including sauropterygians, ichthyosaurs, crocodylomorphs, turtles, and mosasaurs, that repeatedly invaded ocean ecosystems. Previous research has shown that marine reptiles achieved great taxonomic diversity in the Middle Triassic, as they broadly diversified into many feeding modes in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction, but it is not known whether this initial phase of evolution was exceptional in the context of the entire Mesozoic. Here, we use a broad array of disparity, morphospace, and comparative phylogenetic analyses to test this. Metrics of ecomorphology, including functional disparity in the jaws and dentition and skull-size diversity, show that the Middle to early Late Triassic represented a time of pronounced phenotypic diversification in marine reptile evolution. Following the Late Triassic extinctions, diversity recovered, but disparity did not, and it took over 100 Myr for comparable variation to recover in the Campanian and Maastrichtian. Jurassic marine reptiles generally failed to radiate into vacated functional roles. The signatures of adaptive radiation are not seen in all marine reptile groups. Clades that diversified during the Triassic biotic recovery, the sauropterygians and ichthyosauromorphs, do show early diversifications, early high disparity, and early burst, while less support for these models is found in thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs and mosasaurs. Overall, the Triassic represented a special interval in marine reptile evolution, as a number of groups radiated into new adaptive zones.
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Hikuroa, Daniel C. H. "Short Note: Second Jurassic marine reptile from the Antarctic Peninsula." Antarctic Science 21, no. 2 (December 2, 2008): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102008001715.

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Except for the rich record from the Neuquen Basin (e.g. Gasparini & Fernández 2006), Jurassic southern Gondwanan marine reptiles are relatively rare. A tooth discovered in the Bean Peaks, Ellsworth Land, Antarctic Peninsula (Fig. 1) represents the southernmost, and only the second record of Jurassic marine reptiles from the Antarctic Peninsula. Comprising a single, incomplete tooth, the specimen is unable to be assigned to a species, but the paucity of Gondwanan Jurassic marine reptile material means this find adds significant palaeobiogeographical information.
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Rogov, M. A., N. G. Zverkov, V. A. Zakharov, and M. S. Arkhangelsky. "Marine reptiles and climates of the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Siberia." Стратиграфия 27, no. 4 (June 16, 2019): 13–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-592x27413-39.

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All available data on the Jurassic and Cretaceous climates of Siberia, based on isotope, palaeontological and lithological markers are summarized. Late Pliensbachian cooling, early Toarcian warming, followed by late Toarcian to Middle Jurassic cooling and long-term Late Jurassic warming are well-recognized. Gradual cooling started since the late Ryazanian and continued during the whole Early Cretaceous except the short early Aptian warming event. At the beginning of the Late Cretaceous climate became warmer with warming peak at the Cenomanian–Turonian transition. During the middle and late Turonian climate became colder. During the Coniacian–Campanian time interval climate became warmer, but at the end of the Campanian new cooling event occurred. New records of marine reptiles from the Toarcian, Kimmeridgian, Volgian and Santonian–Campanian of the north of Eastern Siberia are described. All data concerning marine reptile occurrences in the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Siberia are reviewed; these records (from 51 localities) are mostly located at high palaeolatitudes. The analysis has revealed that most of the localities containing fossil reptile remains were llocated in the Transpolar palaeolatitudes (70°–87°). There are no direct relationship between climate oscillations and distribution of these animals. Taking into account recent data arguing that nearly all groups of the Jurassic and Cretaceous big marine reptiles were able to maintain constant body temperature and also were capable make long-range seasonal migrations, any conclusions concerning usage of these animals as markers of warm climate should be treated with a caution.
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Massare, Judy A. "Swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles: implications for method of predation." Paleobiology 14, no. 2 (1988): 187–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s009483730001191x.

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Body shape and mode of swimming were major factors that affected the swimming capabilities of Mesozoic marine reptiles. By estimating the total drag and the amount of energy available through metabolism, the maximum sustained swimming speed was calculated for 115 marine reptile specimens. Calculated sustained swimming speeds range from 1.8 to 2.7 m/sec, but are probably too high by as much as a factor of two. Mesozoic marine reptiles were probably much slower than modern toothed whales. The diversification of fast, agile teleost fish in the Cretaceous may have therefore contributed to the decline of the marine reptiles.Long-bodied reptiles appear to have had slower sustained swimming speeds than deep-bodied forms of the same length. For a given length, ichthyosaurs were probably faster sustained swimmers than plesiosaurs, and plesiosaurs were probably faster sustained swimmers than crocodiles and mosasaurs. This suggests that the long-bodied forms probably used an ambush technique to capture prey, to maximize the range of possible prey and to minimize competition with the faster pursuit predators.
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Tay, Michael A. "Problems in the Curation of Fossil Marine Reptiles." Geological Curator 4, no. 2 (April 1985): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.55468/gc737.

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The majority of the large fossil marine reptiles stored in British museums are ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs and crocodiles collected from the Liassic beds of England. Many of these specimens were recovered during the nineteenth century from manually operated quarries, especially those at Street in Somerset and at Barrow-on-Soar in Leicestershire. Others came from coastal exposures at Lyme Regis, or at Whitby where there were also large alum shale quarries (Howe e^ �l. 1981; Benton and Taylor 1984). Many of the more complete skeletons are now in the major collections held by the British Museum (Natural History), Oxford University Museum, and the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. The remainder, however, are scattered throughout the provincial museums of Britain and Ireland and often form the bulk of their fossil reptile collections. Virtually every specimen suffers from one of the three most prevalent problems affecting such fossils: poor data, poor standards of preparation and poor display techniques. In discussing these problems, those aspects peculiar to marine reptiles will be examined.
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KEAR, B. P., T. H. RICH, M. A. ALI, Y. A. AL-MUFARRIH, A. H. MATIRI, A. M. MASARY, and Y. ATTIA. "Late Cretaceous (Campanian—Maastrichtian) marine reptiles from the Adaffa Formation, NW Saudi Arabia." Geological Magazine 145, no. 5 (June 11, 2008): 648–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756808005062.

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AbstractMarine reptile remains occur in the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian to lower Maastrichtian) Adaffa Formation of NW Saudi Arabia. This is the first detailed report of late Mesozoic marine reptiles from the Arabian Peninsula. The fossils include bothremydid (cf. Taphrosphyini) turtles, dyrosaurid crocodyliforms, elasmosaurid plesiosaurs, mosasaurs (Prognathodon, plioplatecarpines) and an indeterminate small varanoid. The assemblage is compositionally similar to contemporary faunas from elsewhere in the Middle East/North Africa, and comprises taxa that are typical of the southern margin of the Mediterranean Tethys.
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Marshall, Michael. "Long-necked reptile was a marine hunter." New Scientist 247, no. 3295 (August 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)31406-8.

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Delsett, LL, and P. Alsen. "New marine reptile fossils from the Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) of Greenland." Geological Magazine 157, no. 10 (July 12, 2019): 1612–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756819000724.

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AbstractKnowledge about marine reptile diversity and disparity during the Late Jurassic is increasing. This contribution describes marine reptile skeletal elements (ichthyosaur and plesiosaur) from Kingofjeld mountain in NE Greenland. The assemblage is early Late Oxfordian (Late Jurassic) in age, and consists of c. 100 disarticulated skeletal elements. The location is of biogeographic importance as it was at the time situated between the Boreal realm and the Tethys Sea and is promising in terms of future prospecting.
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Le Page, Michael. "Ancient marine reptile was killed by its meal." New Scientist 247, no. 3297 (August 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(20)31494-9.

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Li, Chun, Olivier Rieppel, Xiao-Chun Wu, Li-Jun Zhao, and Li-Ting Wang. "A new Triassic marine reptile from southwestern China." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, no. 2 (March 17, 2011): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.550368.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Foffa, Davide. "Ecology and evolution of the marine reptile faunas of the Jurassic sub-boreal seaway." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/33217.

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Jurassic marine ecosystems (ca. 201-145 million years ago) were dominated by three different lineages of reptiles - plesiosaurians, ichthyosaurs and thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs. Stratigraphic and fossil evidence indicates that these animals, like their modern counterparts, were able to coexist in the same environment for over ~50 million years from the Early Jurassic (~180 million years ago) to the Early Cretaceous (~130 million years ago). Marine reptile ecosystems were often very diverse, and included animals from different lineages, of disparate body-size and inferred ecology living alongside each other in the same environment. This unusual diversity suggests that marine reptiles formed complex ecosystems, and may have occupied analogous ecological roles today held by large fish, sharks, crocodiles, sirenians, and cetaceans. However, these comparisons are essentially qualitative, as they are based on the recurring convergent morphologies of skulls, mandibles and dentitions in aquatic tetrapods. Yet, they have never been quantitatively tested. Furthermore, although we have a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy, systematics, phylogenetic relationships, physiology and feeding ecology of these extinct animals, little is still known about the structure and evolution of their ecosystems. Thus, we do not understand what enabled marine reptiles to form complex assemblages, how their fauna changed through time, and more importantly how climatic and environmental changes shaped their long-term evolution. Answering these questions is essential because understanding past marine ecosystems may inform on whether and how modern ones can adjust to changes in the ocean temperature, chemistry and sea-level. In order to establish the reliability of these comparisons, in this project, I consider the evolution of the diverse marine reptile fossil assemblage of the Jurassic Sub-Boreal Seaway (JSBS) of the UK. The fossil record of the JSBS is an ideal case-study for many reasons. Firstly, it is a well-documented, high-diversity ecosystem, represented by hundreds of well-preserved specimens collected from the world-famous Oxford Clay Formations (OCF Callovian-early Oxfordian, late Middle to early Late Jurassic) and Kimmeridge Clay Formation (KCF - Kimmeridgian to Tithonian, Late Jurassic). These specimens have been intensively collected since the XIX century, and are available in museum collections. Secondly, the fossil record of the JSBS covers a continuous interval of ~18 million years (middle Callovian-early Tithonian ~166-148 million years ago) of marine reptile evolution, in a single seaway, during a time of well-documented environmental changes. These changes in sea-level, temperature and chemistry happened in concert with drastic changes in the composition between the OCF and KCF marine reptile faunas across the Middle-Late Jurassic boundary. Unfortunately, to date, the attempts to understand whether there is a correlation between these events have been hampered by the scarcity of fossils material from the intermediate layers of the Oxfordian 'Corallian Gap'. After a brief introduction (Chapter I), this project articulates in two parts. In the first descriptive section (Chapters II, III and IV), I set the bases for the second part by reviewing the fossil record of ichthyosaurs, plesiosaur and thalattosuchians of the JSBS. Particular emphasis was put on the systematics of thalattosuchian crocodylomorphs, and the fossil assemblage of the 'Corallian Gap'. The second part of this thesis is an analytical section (Chapters V and VI), in which, using a suite of numerical techniques, I investigate the ecology, evolution and feeding ecology of marine reptiles through time. A summary of the main conclusions and future directions are presented in Chapter VII. Chapter II is a description of a new genus and species, Ieldraan melkshamensis, a metriorhynchid thalattosuchian from the Callovian of England. The stratigraphic occurrence of this new taxon demonstrates that all the macrophagous lineages of Late Jurassic metriorhynchids originated in the Middle Jurassic, earlier than previously supposed. This also has important implications for the evolution of macropredatory features (particularly the dentition) in this group. In Chapters III and IV, I review the scarce fossil record of the Oxfordian 'Corallian Gap', the least studied stage of the considered ~18 million-year interval. The results show that despite the scarcity and poor preservation of materials compared to the underlying and overlying fossil-rich OCF and KCF, a large variety of marine reptiles lived in the JSBS during the 'Corallian Gap' (middle-late Oxfordian). The study confirms a drop in marine reptile diversity in the Oxfordian, exemplified by the demise of several OCF taxa, but partially counterbalanced by the contemporaneous radiation of some KCF lineages. This review confirms that a faunal turnover severely affected the composition of the JSBS across the Middle-Late Jurassic boundary, and I hypothesise that these faunal changes may have been driven by environmental perturbations during the Oxfordian. In Chapter V, I use the most common marine reptile fossils - teeth - and the revised stratigraphic occurrences of the JSBS (from the previous Chapters), to investigate the evolution of marine reptile groups, through time. Using a multivariate approach I established a quantitative system to assign species to dietary guilds based on dentition features that together with the availability of teeth, allowed examination of diversity and disparity patterns at unprecedented time, and systematic resolutions. The results show that different taxonomic/dietary groups did not overlap, suggesting partitioning of resources based on diet/feeding strategy. The analyses show a decline of shallow-water specialists, the diversification of macrophagous species, deep-diving taxa, and increasing body-size in concert with a deepening of sea-level across the Middle-Late Jurassic boundary. These trends are not accompanied by drops in disparity, but by a selective decline/increase of specific ecological guilds, that mimic the transition from shallow/nearshore to deeper/offshore habitats in modern cetacean coastal assemblages. In Chapter VI, I use a variety of multivariate techniques to present a quantitative assessment of the feeding behaviour of marine reptiles. The aim of this study is investigating the morphological and functional variation of ichthyosaur, plesiosaur and thalattosuchian lower jaws. This is done using a variety of multivariate techniques, and a biomechanical comparative approach. The analyses confirm previous qualitative observations that the ecosystems in the OCF and KCF were markedly distinct in faunal composition and structure. Phylogenetically closely related taxa preferentially cluster together, with minimal overlaps amongst groups in the morphospace. Focus examinations of key morphofunctional complexes reveals that marine reptile subclades are characterised by different combinations that are consistent with their inferred feeding ecologies (based on tooth morphology). Overall, the present quantitative results validate previous qualitative hypothetical feeding ecologies, and reveal multiple instances of morphofunctional convergent evolution. Overall my results also show that, like in modern ocean ecosystems, complex mechanisms of niche and habitat partitioning may have facilitated the coexistence of diverse marine reptile assemblages over tens of millions of years of evolutionary time.
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Källsten, Lena. "Diversity and Ecology of a Middle Campanian (Late Cretaceous) Marine Reptile Assemblage from Skåne, Southern Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-262267.

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This study has looked at an assemblage of fossilised teeth from Mesozoic marine amniotes from the Kristianstad basin in southern Sweden in order to make an estimate of the ecomorph diversity within said assemblage through looking at the morphology of the teeth. This was done as a pilot study to see if further studies would be able to produce worthwhile results. The assemblage consists largely of isolated tooth crowns, mostly from small- to medium sized mosasaurs such as Clidastes and Eonatator, but also contains larger mosasaurs, as well as a couple of plesiosaurs and one species of a marine crocodile. The analysis was performed on images of teeth using software developed for use in morphometrics. The resulting graphs imply a division into three guilds; the first represented by the short and blunt teeth of the crocodilian, the second by the elongated teeth of the plesiosaurs, and the third by the knife-like teeth of the mosasaurs. Since the mosasaurs overlap to a high degree in tooth shape, but also show quite diversity in size, it is possible the main dividing factor would have been size rather than type of prey. Further studies would be able to get a more accurate image of the ecology of this fauna by increasing the number of specimen in the analysis as well as taking into consideration more factors from other studies of similar taxa, such as jaw sizes, bite marks and gut contents.
Det här arbetet har studerat fossila tänder tillhörande Mesozoiska marina amnioter från Kristianstadsbassängen i södra Sverige, med avsikt att göra en uppskattning av den ekomorfa spridningen inom gruppen genom att studera tändernas form. Detta är enbart en pilotstudie för att se om fortsatta studier kan ge givande resultat. Det studerade materialet är en del av en samling till stor del bestående av enbart lösa tandkronor, mest från små till medelstora mosasaurier, såsom Clidastes och Eonatator, men även från större mosasaurier, så väl som ett par plesiosaurier och en marin krokodil-art. För analysen användes en programvara specifikt utvecklad för morfometri. De resulterande graferna antyder en indelning i tre “gillen”; det första representeras av de korta och trubbiga tänderna tillhörande krokodilen, det andra av de långsmala tänderna hos plesiosaurierna, och det tredje av de knivlika mosasaurietänderna. Eftersom mosasaurierna överlappar till stor grad gällande formen på tänderna, men skiljer sig mycket åt i storlek, så är det troligt att det snarare var storleken på bytesdjuren, och inte vilken typ, som skiljde dem åt. Framtida studier skulle kunna ge en bättre bild av den här faunans ekosystem dels genom att inkludera fler exemplar i analysen, och dels genom att inkludera andra faktorer från studier av liknande taxa, såsom käkstorlek, bitmärken och maginnehåll.
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Monsinjon, Jonathan. "Développement embryonnaire, détermination du sexe sensible à la température et phénologie des pontes sous contrainte du changement climatique : le cas de la tortue Caouanne (Caretta caretta)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS510/document.

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Le climat affecte entre autre la phénologie, l’aire de distribution, le comportement et la physiologie des espèces. Le changement climatique a donc des répercussions sur chacun de ces facteurs. L’augmentation globale des températures prévue d’ici 2100 pourrait profondément modifier la biodiversité de l’échelle des espèces jusqu’à celle des écosystèmes. Les ectothermes, et en particulier les reptiles ovipares à détermination du sexe sensible à la température, font partie des organismes susceptibles d’être les plus vulnérables au réchauffement du climat puisque quasiment tous leurs traits d’histoire de vie dépendent de la température. L’origine et le maintien de ce mécanisme de détermination du sexe, pouvant conduire à un sex ratio fortement biaisé à l’échelle d’une population, reste une énigme pour les écologues. Parmi les nombreuses questions soulevées par la présence de ce mécanisme de détermination du sexe, la signification adaptative, s’il y en a une, de ce mécanisme est cruciale.Ce mécanisme de détermination du sexe rend-il les espèces plus vulnérables dans le contexte actuel du changement du climat ? Plusieurs hypothèses évolutives ont été proposées et des modèles de dynamique des populations sont disponibles pour répondre à ces questions. Cependant, prédire le sex ratio primaire en conditions naturelles, c’est-à-dire le sex ratio des nouveaux nés, reste un défi majeur à l’heure actuel. Ce manuscrit vise à apporter de nouveaux outils méthodologiques afin de correctement prédire le sex ratio d’une ponte en fonction de la température ressentie par les embryons au cours de l’incubation. Les tortues marines,quasiment toutes menacées, sont des espèces migratrices présentant toute ce mécanisme de détermination du sexe.Chez ces espèces, la phénologie des pontes est aussi sensible à la température du milieu. Ce type de plasticité phénotypique est probablement la stratégie la plus efficace pour pallier à un changement rapide du climat. Ce manuscrit apporte quelques éléments de réponse quant au potentiel adaptatif des tortues marines face au réchauffement climatique avec l’exemple de plusieurs populations de tortues Caouanne (Caretta caretta)
Climate affects, among other things, species’phenology, distribution range, behavior and physiology.Climate change thus impacts each of these factors. Global warming expected by 2100 might profoundly modify biodiversity from species to ecosystems. Ectotherms, and in particular oviparous reptiles with temperature dependent sex determination, are thought to be among the most vulnerable in the face of global warming because virtually all their life history traits depend on temperature.The origin and the persistence of temperature-dependent sex determination, which could lead to heavily biased population sex ratios, is still an enigma for ecologists. Among numerous issues related to this sex determining mechanism, understanding its adaptive significance, if there is one, is crucial. At another level, does this sex determining mechanism make species more vulnerable in the context of contemporary climate change ? Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed and population dynamic models are available to address these issues. However, predicting primary sex ratio, i.e., the sex ratio of hatchlings, in natural conditions currently remainsa challenge. This manuscript aims to bring new methodological tools to properly predict sex ratio of aclutch depending on temperature experienced by embryosthroughout incubation. Marine turtles, almost all being threatened, are migratory species that all exhibit this sex determining mechanism. For those species, nesting phenology is also sensitive to environmental temperature.This type of phenotypic plasticity is probably the most efficient strategy to keep up with rapid climate change.This manuscript provides some elements for understanding the adaptive potential of sea turtles in the face of global warming with the example of several)
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BINDELLINI, GABRIELE. "STUDY OF THE PALEONTOLOGICAL RECORD OF THE BESANO FORMATION (MIDDLE TRIASSIC) AT ¿SASSO CALDO¿, VARESE, UNESCO WHL MONTE SAN GIORGIO." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/924610.

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The Besano Formation consists of an alternation of laminated dolomitic banks and bituminous shales, and sparse cineritic tuffs that are dated as Late Anisian–Early Ladinian. It is one of the richest fossil-bearing formations from the Monte San Giorgio area; on the Italian side of Monte San Giorgio, the Sasso Caldo site is the one from which the greatest part of the Besano collection housed at the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano is from. This Ph.D. thesis aims to the study of the Besano Formation macrofauna, through biochronostratigraphic zonation of the Sasso Caldo Site, revision of the large ichthyosaur Besanosaurus leptorhynchus), and study of the most important specimens, chosen for their preservation and rarity, but also to test the hypothesis of variations in the influence of open sea on the Besano basin. All the available ammonoids and bivalves from the Sasso Caldo site (Besano Formation), housed in the collections of the Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, were examined and determined. The systematic study led to the recognition of 15 ammonoid taxa belonging to 10 genera, and five species belonging to the bivalve genus Daonella. The study of bed-by-bed collected specimens allowed the biochronostratigraphic classification of the Sasso Caldo section and the time-calibration of invertebrate and vertebrate bioevents. Results evidence that at Sasso Caldo site crops out almost the entire middle to upper Besano Formation. corresponding the Nevadites secedensis ammonoid zone. The trend of distribution of specimens reflects the establishment of an intraplatform basin with discontinuous open-marine influence in the middle Besano Formation, while the upper Besano Formation corresponds to a shallower subtidal restricted platform environment. Among the terrestrial taxa recovered at Sasso Caldo from the upper Besano Formation, a remarkably well-preserved fossil scorpion (BES SC 1973) is described in this thesis. This finding corroborates the hypothesized existence of a near shoreline during the deposition of the upper Besano Formation. BES SC 1973 is assigned to a new taxon gen. et sp. nov., included in the family Protobuthidae. This finding represents the first arachnid recorded from the Besano Formation, and the second genus attributed to the family Protobuthidae. This specimen is also the first reported Italian Mesozoic fossil scorpion. Regarding vertebrates, MSNM V927 and 928, a portion of the axial skeleton of a large diapsid, is attributed to Helveticosaurus zollingeri, a rare diapsid known only from the Besano Formation. This animal was recovered in association with the ammonoid Ticinites, at the base of the N. secedensis Zone, in coincidence with the establishment of the intraplatform basin of the middle Besano Formation. This specimen is the first record of skeletal remains and the second specimen assigned to the taxon in Italy. In this work the niche occupied by this animal in the Middle Triassic coastal ecosystems and its swimming style are also revised and discussed. MSNM V926, and SMNS 50010, respectively a portion of ribcage and an isolated partial forefin of a large ichthyosaur, were attributed to Cymbospondylus buchseri. MSNM V926 represents the first specimen attributed to this taxon and recovered on the Italian side of Monte San Giorgio. A great part of this thesis is dedicated to the revision of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus. The specimens studied and attributed to Besanosaurus leptorhynchus preserve a remarkably complete cranial and postcranial anatomy so that this taxon can be now accounted among the best-understood Middle Triassic ichthyosaur taxa. The revision of the skull morphology of this taxon clarified long-standing controversies regarding its cranial anatomy and the taxonomy of shastasaurids from Monte San Giorgio. The six specimens here described represent a potential ontogenetic series composed of an embryo (inside the maternal cavity of BES SC 999), likely two subadults, and four adults. They can be ordered by increasing size as follows: embryonic material of BES SC 999, PIMUZ T 4376, PIMUZ T 1895, BES SC 999, BES SC 1016, GPIT 1793/1, PIMUZ T 4847. Also, Besanosaurus resulted the largest Middle Triassic ichthyosaur taxon of the Western Tethys to date, since a full adult size is confidently estimated to be almost 8 m in PIMUZ T 4847. Besanosaurus is characterized by a long, slender, and gracile snout, representing an ecological specialization never seen before the Anisian in a large-sized diapsid. The study of the postcranial anatomy of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus is based on four specimens: PIMUZ T 4376, PIMUZ T 1895, BES SC 999, PIMUZ T 4847. The results suggest that this taxon possesses a peculiar bauplan, which in its proportions fits in between Cymbospondylus and the shastasaur-grade ichthyosaurs. Swimming capabilities of Besanosaurus leptorhynchus were tested and compared with Cymbospondylus and Mixosaurus. Among the ichthyosaurs from the Besano-Monte San Giorgio fauna (Cymbopondylus, mixosaurids, and Besanosaurus), different hunting strategies, demonstrated by different morphologies and dimensions of the rostra, as well as different body proportions and swimming styles, should have led to niche partitioning. The key phylogenetic position occupied by Besanosausurus leptorhynchus in the ichthyosaurian phylogeny was investigated: the analysis shows that this taxon represents the basalmost member of shastasaur-grade ichthyosaurs, recovered to be a paraphyletic group. Eventually is addressed a study of the embryonic material preserved in BES SC 999. We deem the material in the body cavity of BES SC 999 unambiguously embryonic and attributable to Besanosaurus leptorhynchus. Here the embryonic material is described in detail and qualitatively compared with the maternal specimen and to other known ichthyosaur prenatal specimens.
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Montague-Judd, Danielle Dawn. "Paleo-upwelling and the distribution of Mesozoic marine reptiles." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/283980.

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Marine upwelling occurs when surface currents diverge or are deflected. Deeper water, often nutrient-rich, rises and generates a cascade of biological effects including elevated productivity and a unique assemblage of organisms. Macrofaunal characteristics of upwelling provide key evidence for oxygen-minimum zones, upwelling of cool water, and high productivity and are potentially useful indicators of ancient upwelling. The Upper Triassic Luning Formation in Nevada contains abundant, large ichthyosaurs and was deposited in a back-arc basin that could have experienced upwelling conditions. Luning Formation rocks at West Union Canyon were analyzed for sedimentological, geochemical, and paleontological upwelling indicators. Abundant suspension feeders, lack of corals and calcareous algae, modest total organic carbon and minor element concentrations in deeper marine facies, abundant cosmopolitan molluscs but no taxa restricted to low latitudes, and abundant fecal pellets and clotted fabrics in most facies suggest that upwelling could have influenced Luning deposition. Moderate-scale upwelling likely contributed to eutrophic conditions and ichthyosaur abundance at West Union Canyon. Marine reptiles might have had ties to upwelling areas to provide food, as do modern whales. A relational database containing 817 locality records and 1365 taxon-localities was assembled for ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs. Marine reptile localities were compared with model-predicted upwelling and with upwelling-related lithologies (organic-rich rock, biogenic silica, phosphorite, and glauconite). Marine reptile occurrences intersected predicted upwelling more often than expected by chance for the Upper Cretaceous, Callovian, and Norian stages, and for all of the data together (P = 0.05). For age-restricted data, occurrences of Mosasauridae, Pliosauridae, and Plesiosauria intersected upwelling more often than expected by chance (P = 0.05). Average shortest distances between reptile fossil and upwelling lithology occurrences were smallest (one grid cell adjacent or smaller) for the Pliensbachian and four of five Cretaceous stages. Analytical biases and other aspects of reptile ecology may have affected the results, but overall, upwelling could have influenced marine reptile distribution, particularly for the Upper Cretaceous. Multiple radiations into the high-productivity, top-predator niche over the Mesozoic are suggested by the dominance of different taxa in grid cells containing upwelling lithologies: ichthyosaurs (early Mesozoic), plesiosaurs (middle Mesozoic), and finally mosasaurs (late Mesozoic).
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Stubbs, Thomas L. "Patterns of morphological and functional evolution in Mesozoic marine reptiles." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.685334.

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The primary goal of numerical palaeobiology is to understand the processes that generate and eliminate extinct and extant biodiversity. It is important to examine key clades and adaptive assemblages, whose evolution appears intrinsically related to major events in deep time. Mesozoic marine reptiles represent an excellent candidate for investigation, having ascended to ecological dominance in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and passed through multiple biotic crises. Observations from the rich Triassic marine reptile fossil record highlight diverse ecologies, providing tentative evidence for an exceptional radiation driven by new trophic opportunities - but quantitative tests for this are scarce. Others have highlighted the potential long-term impacts of extinction, and revealed that ichthyosaur evolution was reset following an extinction interval in the Late Triassic. Although a recent body of research has provided new insights into marine reptile macroevolution, many questions remain unanswered. In this thesis, I present several diverse case studies exploring the impacts of ecological opportunity and biotic perturbations in Mesozoic marine reptile macroevolution. Throughout, focus is placed on examining temporal and group-wide patterns of morphological and functional diversity (disparity) and testing rates of phenotypic evolution. Chapters 2-4 focus on Sauropterygia, the most diverse and ecologically disparate Mesozoic marine reptiles, while chapter 5 incorporates all Mesozoic marine reptiles as an inclusive adaptive assemblage. In brief, results show that the Triassic was a time of unusual diversification and high disparity in marine reptile evolution. Multiple lines of evidence show the Triassic was a time of marked morphological, functional and ecological proliferation. Results herein also reveal that sauropterygians, and marine reptiles as a whole, passed through a macroevolutionary bottleneck during the Late Triassic, similar to that identified for ichthyosaurs previously. Overall, this thesis supports the idea that major extinction events can have disproportionate effects on macroevolution, by catalysing exceptional radiations in their aftermath.
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Buchy, Marie-Céline. "Mesozoic marine reptiles from north-east Mexico: description, systematics, assemblages and palaeobiogeography." [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://digbib.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/volltexte/1000007307.

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Bardet, Nathalie. "Evolution et extinction des reptiles marins au cours du mesozoique." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066402.

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Un inventaire des reptiles marins connus du trias inferieur jusqu'au paleocene est presente: 46 familles, environ 200 genres et 400 especes ont ete recenses. Cette base de donnees inclut des commentaires sur la systematique, les extensions stratigraphiques et la distribution geographique des taxons. Les reptiles marins regroupent une mosaique de formes comprenant des groupes exclusivement marins (ichthyosaures, nothosaures, placodontes, thalattosaures, hupehsuchiens, plesiosaures, pliosaures) aussi bien que des groupes encore connus actuellement et qui incluent des representants continentaux (crocodiles, lezards, serpents, tortues). Le registre fossile des reptiles marins a ete ponctue par deux extinctions en masse: la transition ladinien-carnien (64% des familles) affecte preferentiellement les formes infeodees au milieu cotier. Cette extinction coincide avec une phase de regression importante. Durant le trias superieur, une reorganisation faunique aboutit a la disparition progressive des formes littorales et a la mise en place de groupes pelagiques. Durant la crise maastrichtien-danien (36% des familles), les formes pelagiques de grande taille, a savoir les mosasaures et les plesiosaures, sont les plus touchees et leur extinction s'inscrirait plutot dans un modele catastrophique que gradualiste. Au contraire, les pliosaures et les tortues protostegides s'eteignent alors qu'ils etaient deja sur le declin. Les survivants sont des groupes littoraux de taille moderee comme les crocodiles, serpents et certaines tortues qui auraient pu trouver refuge en milieu dulcaquicole. Une rupture de la chaine alimentaire tributaire du phytoplancton est proposee comme scenario d'extinction pour les formes pelagiques
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Mazin, Jean-Michel. "Paleobiogeographie des reptiles marins du trias : phylogenie, systematique, ecologie et implications paleobiogeographiques." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066683.

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Les trois groupes de reptiles marins du trias, ichthyopterygiens, sauropterygiens et placodontes, sont analyses globalement. Leur revision aboutit a reconnaitre 114 especes valides pour lesquelles une analyse phylogenetique est proposee. Les caracteristiques ecologiques (locomotion, regimes alimentaires) des trois groupes sont etudiees afin de determiner leurs potentialites de dispersion. La confrontation de leur distribution geographique et de ces potentialites de dispersion, aux reconstitutions paleogeographiques du trias conduisent a proposer plusieurs modeles de dispersion
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Bernard, Aurélien. "Reconstitution des variations saisonnières de paléotempérature par l’étude du δ18O des dents de vertébrés actuels et fossiles." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10011/document.

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L’étude de la composition isotopique de l’oxygène de l’émail des dents de vertébrésconstitue une méthode fiable de reconstitution des paléotempératures, grâce àl’interdépendance entre le δ18O de l’apatite des dents, le δ18O des fluides corporels, del’eau ingérée et la température du milieu. L’amélioration et la miniaturisation des techniquesanalytiques a permis d’augmenter la résolution du signal reconstitué, depuis les variations detempérature sur de grandes échelles de temps jusqu’aux variations saisonnières durant laformation de la dent. Cependant, ces variations du δ18O de la dent ne sont pas uniquementdépendantes des variations de température du milieu, mais peuvent également êtreaffectées par d’autres paramètres climatiques, comme la répartition des précipitations aucours de l’année, ou biologique, comme le mode de minéralisation de la dent, l’alimentation,la physiologie de l’animal ou des migrations.Les paramètres biologiques peuvent être estimés dans le cas de taxons possédantdes parents proches dans la faune actuelle. Par exemple, la connaissance des processus deformation et de minéralisation des dents de bovinés actuels permet d’interpréter le signalisotopique de l’oxygène enregistré dans les dents de bovinés fossiles. Ainsi, l’analyse dedents de Bison priscus provenant de l’aven de Coudoulous (Lot, France) a permis dereconstituer les variations saisonnières de température au cours de l’avant-dernier épisodeglaciaire (MIS 6) au Pléistocène moyen, lorsque la région servait de terrain de chasse àHomo neanderthalensis. Le climat était à cette époque plus froid de 4°C en moyenne, maisavec des saisons nettement plus contrastées. Ainsi, si les températures estivales étaientidentiques aux valeurs actuelles, les températures hivernales étaient plus basses de 6-7°C.En milieu marin, les variations saisonnières de température affectent uniquement leseaux de surface. Les plaques dentaires de myliobatidés, un groupe de raies pélagiquesvivant principalement entre 0 et 100 mètres de profondeur, sont un outil potentiel pourreconstituer la paléosaisonnalité. L’étude de plaques dentaires de Myliobatis et deRhinoptera actuels montre que la composition isotopique des dents de ces animauxenregistre des variations de température et de δ18O des eaux de surface. Ainsi, il est doncpossible de reconstituer les caractéristiques des masses d’eau traversées par l’animal. Cetoutil a également un intérêt paléoécologique car il permet de mettre en évidence d’éventuelscomportements migratoires, comme chez certains myliobatidés actuels. L’étude despécimens d’Aetomylaeus provenant du Pliocène de Montpellier (Hérault, France) montredes températures 5°C plus élevées par rapport aux v aleurs actuelles
The oxygen isotopic composition of the vertebrate tooth enamel is a reliable proxy toreconstruct paleotemperatures based on the dependence of the δ18O of the tooth apatite onthe δ18O of body fluids, on the δ18O of the drinking water, and on the environmentaltemperature. The improvement and the miniaturization of the analytical procedures allowedincreasing the resolution of the reconstructed signal, from paleotemperature variations overgeological times to seasonal variations during the tooth growth. However seasonal variationsof the enamel δ18O do not only depend on temperature variations but can also be influencedby other climatic parameters such as rainfall distribution over the year, or by biological andecological parameters such as tooth mineralization process, diet, physiology or migratorypatterns.Biological parameters can be estimated based on the study of extant relatives inmodern faunas. For example, data on tooth formation and mineralization processes inmodern bovids allow a better understanding of the oxygen isotopic signal recorded in fossilbovid teeth. Thus reconstruction of seasonal variations of temperature during the penultimateglacial episode (MIS 6) has been made possible from the analysis of Bison priscus teethfrom the aven of Coudoulous (Lot, France). Climate was 4°C colder during the middlePleistocene when Europe was still Homo neanderthalensis hunting ground, and seasonswere more contrasted than today. Summer temperatures were similar to modern values, butwinter temperatures were 6-7°C colder.In marine environments, seasonal variations of temperature only affect surfacewaters. Myliobatids are pelagic rays living mostly between 0 and 100 m depth, thus theoxygen isotopic composition of myliobatid dental plates is a potential proxy to reconstruct thepaleoseasonality. The isotopic analysis of modern Myliobatis and Rhinoptera samplesconfirmed that variations of the sea-surface temperature (SST) and the δ18O of seawater arerecorded in the δ18O of myliobatid teeth. Thus it is possible to reconstruct the variations ofseawater temperature during a part of the animal’s life, but it also allows pointing outmigratory patterns in some myliobatid species. Reconstructions of seasonal variations ofSST during the middle Pliocene in Montpellier (Hérault, France) from the δ18O of myliobatiddental plates yielded paleotemperatures 5°C higher than modern values
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Books on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Amery, Heather. Looking at-- Plesiosaurus: A marine reptile from the Jurassic period. Milwaukee: G. Stevens Pub., 1995.

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Bousfield, E. L. An account of Cadborosaurus willsi, new genus, new species: A large aquatic reptile from the Pacific coast of North America. Victoria, B.C: Amphipacifica Research Publications, 1995.

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M, Callaway Jack, and Nicholls Elizabeth L. 1946-, eds. Ancient marine reptiles. San Diego: Academic Press, 1997.

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Llamas, Andreu. The great marine reptiles. New York: Chelsea House, 1996.

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Murthy, T. S. N. Pictorial handbook on marine reptiles of India. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India, 2007.

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Murthy, T. S. N. Pictorial handbook on marine reptiles of India. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India, 2007.

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Murthy, T. S. N. Pictorial handbook on marine reptiles of India. Kolkata: Zoological Survey of India, 2007.

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Horrocks, Julia. The marine turtles of Barbados. Barbados, West Indies: Barbados Wildlife Reserve, 1985.

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Swansborough, Susan. The Westbury pliosaur: A Jurassic 'jaws'. Bristol: Bristol City Museums and Art Gallery, 1989.

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Marine turtles in the Comoro Archipelago. Amsterdam: North-Holland Pub. Co., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Sobral, Gabriela, Robert Reisz, James M. Neenan, Johannes Müller, and Torsten M. Scheyer. "Basal Reptilians, Marine Diapsids, and Turtles: The Flowering of Reptile Diversity." In Evolution of the Vertebrate Ear, 207–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-46661-3_8.

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Renesto, Silvio, and Fabio Marco Dalla Vecchia. "Late Triassic Marine Reptiles." In Topics in Geobiology, 263–313. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68009-5_8.

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Sasa, Mahmood, Gerardo A. Chaves, and Lisa D. Patrick. "Marine Reptiles and Amphibians." In Marine Biodiversity of Costa Rica, Central America, 459–68. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8278-8_43.

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Seidel, M. E., and R. Franz. "Amphibians and reptiles (exclusive of marine turtles) of the Cayman Islands." In The Cayman Islands, 407–33. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0904-8_20.

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"MESOZOIC MARINE REPTILE CONSERVATION, KEEPING, AND CONSUMPTION." In The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles, 55. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2hnkc6h.17.

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"Mesozoic Marine Reptile Conservation, Keeping, and Consumption." In The Princeton Field Guide to Mesozoic Sea Reptiles, 55. Princeton University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691241456-010.

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Kemp, T. S. "5. Crocodiles." In Reptiles: A Very Short Introduction, 82–98. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198806417.003.0005.

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There are only about twenty-five species of living crocodilians, found in semi-aquatic habitats, mostly around freshwater rivers, lakes, and swamps, but also in marine areas. ‘Crocodiles’ explains how the crocodile body is very well adapted for the amphibious way of life; they can move quickly between the land, where they spend much of the day basking, and the water in which they mostly feed and to where they flee if threatened. It considers their skin; how they breathe, move, and feed; and their sense organs, including the unique integumentary sense organs. The social behaviour of crocodiles, especially courtship and the care of the young, is much more elaborate than in any other reptile group.
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"Marine Reptiles." In The Marine World, 402–15. Princeton University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9780691232447-024.

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"MARINE REPTILES." In The Marine World, 402–15. Princeton University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1jk0jtt.26.

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"Marine reptiles." In The Second World Ocean Assessment, 195–209. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789216040062c014.

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Conference papers on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Hastings, Alexander, John Westgaard, and H. Douglas Hanks. "MARINE REPTILE FOSSILS FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS (CENOMANIAN) COLERAINE FORMATION OF NORTHERN MINNESOTA (USA)." In 54th Annual GSA North-Central Section Meeting - 2020. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020nc-348177.

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McCuen, William, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "NEW MARINE REPTILE REMAINS AND GREATLY EXPANDED DIVERSITY FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF SOUTH CAROLINA." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-358649.

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McCuen, William, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "NEW MARINE REPTILE REMAINS AND GREATLY EXPANDED DIVERSITY FROM THE LATE CRETACEOUS OF SOUTH CAROLINA." In Southeastern Section-70th Annual Meeting-2021. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021se-362220.

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Travis Taylor, Leah M., Rebecca Totten Minzoni, Celina Suarez, and Dana J. Ehret. "DID MOSASAURS NEED TO DRINK FRESHWATER? OXYGEN ISOTOPE EVIDENCE OF ESTUARINE INCURSION BY THE MARINE REPTILE CLIDASTES PROPYTHON, MOOREVILLE CHALK, ALABAMA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-341194.

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Formoso, Kiersten. "COMPARING DEGREE OF MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGE ACROSS MARINE MAMMAL AND REPTILE GROUPS: INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF ANCESTRAL TERRESTRIAL ANATOMY ON THE LAND-TO-SEA TRANSITION." In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-367335.

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Gibson, Michael, Tom Byl, and Champagne Cunningham. "PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF MICROCYSTIN (MT) AND SAXITOXIN (SXT) PRESERVATION IN FOSSIL MOLLUSKS OF THE LATE CRETACEOUS COON CREEK FORMATION LAGERSTÄTTE: IMPLICATIONS FOR A KILL MECHANISM PRODUCING POSSIBLE MARINE REPTILE DEADFALLS." In Joint 56th Annual North-Central/ 71st Annual Southeastern Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022nc-376113.

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Schaal, Ellen K., and Chris A. Toivonen. "BODY SIZE TRENDS IN MESOZOIC MARINE REPTILES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-287661.

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Lyman, Theophan. "TAPHONOMY OF MARINE REPTILES AND DINOSAURS OF THE UPPER CRETACEOUS MORENO FORMATION, CALIFORNIA." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-376567.

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Jiang, Da-yong, Ryosuke Motani, Andrea Tintori, Zuoyu Sun, Wan-lu Fu, Min Zhou, and Hao LU. "FAST RADIATION OF EARLY TRIASSIC MARINE REPTILES IN THE WAKE OF THE END-PERMIAN EXTINCTION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-294667.

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Reports on the topic "Marine reptile"

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Russell, D. A. Jurassic marine reptiles from Cape Grassy, Melville Island, Arctic Canada. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/194022.

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