Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marine pollution'
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1
Bat, Levent. "Pollution effects on marine invertebrates." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU083075.
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In this study, the amphipod Corophium volutator and the polychaete Arenicola marina were evaluated as test organisms for use in sediment toxicity tests by adapting standard protocols developed by the EPA/COE and Thain et al. (1994) respectively for conducting 10-day sediment toxicity tests. Although these species have been used to assess the toxicity of marine and estuarine sediments, the detailed ecotoxicologies of these animals are not well documented. In particular, the effects of specific contaminants of known concentrations on this bioassay are not known. Here, I report several experiments carried out using clean intertidal sediment contaminated with the heavy metals copper, zinc and cadmium, and employing the Corophium and the Arenicola bioassay protocol. Concentrations of copper, zinc and cadmium were determined in tissues of Corophium exposed for 4 and 10 days to contaminated sediment using four protocols to allow for any material present in the gut. Significant differences in metal concentrations occurred between the protocols where gut contents were removed and those where they were left intact. These findings have implications for the way in which analyses of metal burdens are carried out for invertebrates in ecotoxicological work. Corophium survival in seawater with dissolved copper, zinc and cadmium was higher in the presence of sediment than without sediment, although the concentrations of these metals in Corophium tissues were the same in both cases. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) were inversely related to seawater concentrations of copper, zinc and cadium, with the lowest exposure concentration, (0.1 mg l-1 for both copper and zinc, 0.01 mg l-1 cadmium) having the highest BCF. Both live amphipods and those that had died accumulated copper, zinc and cadmium in their bodies during the bioassay, and bioconcentration factors were always higher for dead than for living amphipods for each metal.
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Anderson, Winston. "The law of Caribbean marine pollution /." London [u.a.] : Kluwer Law Internat, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/280184735.pdf.
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Richards, Jonathan Peter. "Implementing marine pollution policy : proposals for change." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/389.
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This study aims to determine the factors that affect the implementation of marine pollution policy, especially with regard to regulation of the hazardous substances which contaminate the marine environment- The purpose is to identify weaknesses in the current regulatory regime and to propose improvements. The study also aims to develop a new strategic framework for the implementation of the recent international policy commitments, which call for the complete cessation of discharges of hazardous substances into the marine environment by the year 2020. Furthermore, the study seeks to provide evidence to support or challenge current theories relating to regulation and policy implementation. Examination was made of the attitudes of environmental managers from the UK chemical industry and inspectors from the environmental agencies towards the regulatory system. These are the key personnel who operate at the regulatory interface where the policy outcome is determined. The methodology combined both qualitative and quantitative techniques. Structured interviews helped define the issues for subsequent investigation using a questionnaire survey which was sent to over 700 key personnel. Focus groups were then used to explain the survey findings and develop solutions to key regulatory problems. Statistical analysis of the survey response data revealed similarities and significant differences between the views of industry and the regulator on the effectiveness of the current Integrated Pollution Control regime. The strength of the system was perceived as its practical and pragmatic approach, coupled with a convenient and familiar bureaucracy. The weaknesses identified related to the derivation and enforcement of standards. The Environmental Quality Standards system, which underpins the regime, was acknowledged to be flawed by both operators and regulators who agreed it should be improved by the expansion in the number of priority listed chemicals, the introduction of sediment Environmental Quality Standards and Direct Toxicity Assessment of effluents. Focus groups supported the expansion of the system, but recognised that it would create a regime that was both complex and impractical. The findings were used to construct a revised model of the existing regime. Multivariate analysis of the industry response data identified 3 cluster types and significant differences were revealed between their knowledge of policy developments, their implications and the need for changes to the current system of hazardous chemical control. Operators and regulators acknowledged the existence of the mutual interdependency which has created and maintained a tight policy network (community) at the regulatory interface. Further evidence to support the existence of this community and of regulatory capture, was provided by the study data. Focus group discussions also identified the requirement for a more fundamental reappraisal of the regulatory system in order to deliver the OSPAR strategy. A new regulatory model, which incorporates process and product substitution, is proposed as a strategic framework to ensure that future policy commitments are implemented. This approach may lead to the opening up of the current tight policy network with resultant benefits for policy implementation and reduced regulatory capture. The new model could be applied by other countries within the OSPAR region and in other regions of the world, in order to improve environmental protection.
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Sydsjö, Norlin Karin. "A legal review of the International Safety Management (ISM) code /." Stockholm : Swedish Maritime Law Assoc, 1998. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/371956676.pdf.
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Tsui, Kai-man, and 徐啓文. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253568.
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Duncan, E. "The impact of plastic pollution on marine turtles." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/36309.
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Plastic debris is entering into the marine environment at an accelerating rate, now becoming one of the most ubiquitous and long-lasting changes in natural systems. Marine turtles are large marine vertebrates with complex life histories and highly mobile behaviour that may make them particularly vulnerable to its impacts. The main goals of this thesis were to i) evaluate the potential implications of the presence of plastic pollution in the environment to marine turtles by reviewing current literature ii) provide a global summary of the issue of entanglement in this taxon, utilising a global network of experts iii) explore the drivers of key interactions between marine turtles and plastic ingestion and develop novel additions classification methodologies to explore selective ingestion of plastics iv) develop a methodology for investigating and isolating the presence of microplastic ingestion in marine turtle gut content and v) examine plastic pollution on a key habitat for marine turtles e.g. nesting beaches. Major findings of the thesis include i) the issue of entanglement with plastic debris, the majority in ghost fishing gear, is both an under-reported and under-researched threat ii) a clear display of strong diet-related ingestion towards plastic debris that resemble natural food items, utilising a case study of green turtles in Northern Cyprus iii) a method development that allowed the identification and isolation of a suite synthetic particles in gut content residue samples, providing evidence of ingestion of synthetic debris at the microscopic size class iv) a more comprehensive viewpoint on plastic concentrations on nesting beaches, in the form of 3D sampling to investigate subsurface plastic densities, showing microplastics present down to turtle nesting depth of both loggerhead and green turtles in Northern Cyprus. In conclusion, this thesis forms the most detailed and comprehensive investigation to date on the impacts of this pollutant on the taxon of marine turtles; contributing to knowledge into macro and microplastic ingestion, entanglement and key habitats through method development and integration of marine turtle feeding ecology and developmental biology.
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Tsui, Kai-man. "Marine oil pollution control-projections for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457701.
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Pantelodimou, Eirini. "La lutte contre la pollution marine en France." Thesis, Paris 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA010317.
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La mer joue un rôle essentiel dans la régulation du climat et dans l'équilibre écologique. Les océans et les mers constituent une source de richesse, un immense réservoir de ressources alimentaires et d'emplois pour un grand nombre de personnes. La mer Méditerranée est un écosystème sensible soumis à de fortes pressions par les activités humaines comme la pêche, l'exploration gazière et pétrolière, l'immersion des déchets ou d'autres matières en mer, le transport maritime, le transfert d'espèces aquatiques envahissantes par les eaux de ballast et le tourisme littoral. La France durement touchée par les naufrages de l'Amoco Cadiz, de l'Erika et du Prestige, a pris de nombreuses initiatives tant au niveau international que régional. La complexité du problème de la pollution marine, due à la diversité des facteurs polluants et à leurs sources diffuses, a favorisé une approche sectorielle. Cette approche s'est traduite par l'adoption, aux niveaux national, régional et international, d'un ensemble disparate de politiques, textes législatifs, programmes et plans d'action dans le domaine de la protection du milieu marin. Il s'agit d'un corps de règles étouffées comprenant des mesures préventives et répressives. La complexité institutionnelle et juridique de la protection du milieu marin empêche pourtant la protection effective de la mer. Dans ce contexte, la communauté internationale encourage la mise en œuvre d'une approche écosystématique pour les océans. À l'échelle européenne, l'adoption de la directive-cadre « stratégie pour le milieu marin » favorise la cohérence entre les différentes politiques européennes et l'intégration des préoccupations environnementales dans toutes les politiques liées à la mer. De plus, l'efficacité de la législation européenne dans le domaine de la lutte contre la pollution marine a été renforcée par l'adoption d'un cadre commun de responsabilité pour la prévention et la réparation des préjudices environnementauxThe sea plays a vital role in regulating climate and in maintaining ecological balance. The oceans and the sea constitute a source of wealth, an immense reservoir of food resources and of employment for many people. The Mediterranean Sea is a sensitive ecosystem, subject to strong pressures derived from human activities, such as fishing, oil and gas exploration, dumping of waste and other matter in the sea, maritime transport, transfer of aquatic invasive species via ballast water and littoral tourism. France, severely affected by the sinking of the Amoco Cadiz, the Erika and the Prestige, took numerous initiatives not only at an international but also at a regional level. The complexity of the marine pollution problem, due to the diversity of polluting factors and to their diffuse sources, has favored a regional approach. This approach has resulted in the adoption, at a national, regional and international level, of a network of policies, legislative texts, programs and action plans in the field of marine environment protection. It constitutes a stifling body of rules, comprising preventive and repressive measures. The institutional and legal complexity of marine protection hinders, however, the effective protection of the marine environment. ln this context, the international community encourages the implementation of an ecosystem approach to oceans. At European level, the adoption of the Framework Directive «Strategy for the Marine Environment» favours a consistency between different EU policies as well as an integration of environmental considerations into ail policies related to the sea. Furthermore, the effectiveness of European legislation in the field of the fight again marine pollution, has been reinforced by the adoption of a common framework of liability with regard to the prevention and remedy of environment damage
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Sonko, Amidou. "Dignostic écotoxicologique de la pollution marine au Sénégal." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORIS643.
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Nous avons étudié la pollution marine des sédiments et des eaux côtières de la presqu’ile du Cap-Vert et de la Petite côte. Les résultats montrent que la perception des populations n’est pas toujours en phase avec les observations scientifiques. La population signale un niveau de pollution principalement modérée mais qui s’est aggravé ces dix dernières années. La majorité des sites étudiés n’est pas conforme aux qualités microbiologiques de l’eau de baignade d’un point de vu microbiologique. Les quantités de microplastiques de certains sites sont élevées. Les macroplastiques en mer, ne sont pas significativement présents sur tous les sites échantillonnés. Pour les ETM seuls le chrome et le nickel sont au-dessus de la concentration d'effet probable (CEP) sur les organismes marins en ce qui concerne la fraction ≤ 100 μm. Les premiers niveaux trophiques de la chaine alimentaire du milieu marin ne semblent pas être affectés par la toxicité des sédiments alors que les niveaux moyens et supérieurs le sont davantage. La majorité (81%) des sites étudiés ont révélé un niveau d’écotoxicité supérieur à 20%, via le test d’embryotoxicité de Magallana gigas reconnu pour sa plus grande sensibilité par rapport aux autres bioessais. Par conséquent, l'évaluation de la toxicité des sédiments marins montre que la majorité des sites sélectionnés apparaissent dans un mauvais état écotoxicologique. La variabilité inter-sites des résultats sont dues aux caractéristiques des sitesWe studied the marine pollution of the sediments and coastal waters of the Cape Verde peninsula and the Petite Côte. The results show that the perception of the population is not always in line with scientific observations. The population reports a mainly moderate level of pollution, which has worsened over the last ten years. The majority of the sites studied do not comply with the microbiological quality of bathing water from a microbiological point of view. The quantities of microplastics at some sites are high. Macroplastics at sea are not significantly present at all the sites sampled. For TMEs only chromium and nickel are above the probable effect concentration (PEC) on marine organisms for the fraction ≤ 100 μm. The first trophic levels of the marine food chain do not seem to be affected by sediment toxicity, whereas the middle and upper levels are more affected. The majority (81%) of the sites studied revealed a level of ecotoxicity greater than 20%, via the Magallana gigas embryotoxicity test, which is known to be more sensitive than other bioassays. Consequently, the assessment of the toxicity of marine sediments shows that the majority of the selected sites appear to be in a poor ecotoxicological state. The inter-site variability of the results is due to the characteristics of the sites
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Rozenbilds, Gaston. "A review of marine pollution in South Australia : the case for monitoring." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envr893.pdf.
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Mansur, Lamya Yussef. "Studies on the weathering of marine oil spills." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.305725.
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Kortbaoui, Ziad S. "The sea shore contamination of the Lebanese coast /." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27537.
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Sea water samples were collected from different sampling stations along the Lebanese coast in the summer of 1994. Chemical, biological and physical analysis were conducted to assess the recreational water quality in Lebanon.Some 125 samples were then analyzed for the presence of Cadmium and Mercury by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cadmium content, holding a mean 0.77 $ mu$g/L, was generally low for most areas with only a few elevated readings in Tripoli (1.89 $ mu$g/L), Checca (1.83 $ mu$g/L), Kaslik (0.79 $ mu$g/L), Beirut (1.19 $ mu$g/L) and Ramlet Al-Bayda (1.77 $ mu$g/L). Mercury content, holding a mean value of 0.06 mg/Kg (wet weight), was below the accepted tolerance limit of 0.5 mg/Kg for all sampling sites.
Some 128 samples were then analyzed for fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus feacalis). Approximately, 50% of the sampling stations showed satisfactory results (less than 100 colonies/100 ml). High counts of fecal coliforms, over 500 colonies/100 ml, collected at Dora, Ramlet Al-Bayda and Antelias, reveal poor sea water quality and a public health hazards to swimmers and fishermen.
Some 36 samples were collected and analyzed for dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, salinity and temperature. For all sites sampled, DO averaged 4.03 mg/L, pH averaged 7.97, salinity averaged 38.77 ppt and temperature averaged 27.9$ sp circ$C.
The degree of pollution was found to be related to population density, industrial and human activity, continental runoffs and hydrological and meteorological conditions.
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Dixon, Trevor. "Long-term assessments of some vessel-source marine pollutants." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1997. https://pure.southwales.ac.uk/en/studentthesis/longterm-assessments-of-some-vesselsource-marine-pollutants(23bf3738-6f68-47f6-90b0-549f48be5b2a).html.
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Accidental and deliberate discharges from maritime transportation activities have been widely perceived as major sources of pollution. Preventive and control management strategies have therefore been progressively introduced internationally to reduce and eliminate these inputs to the marine environment. The long-term effectiveness of these measures, applied to vessels operating in the waters around the British Isles, is the research question that has been under investigation by the author since 1971. Following analyses of stakeholders' interests and concerns, and associated information requirements, the aims and objectives of a phased work programme were identified. These focused primarily upon three vessel-source marine pollutants; oil or oily mixtures, packaged dangerous or harmful goods and garbage. After a review of the literature, assessment strategies, designs, methodologies and analytical techniques were devised and applied over varying spatial and temporal scales. A data acquisition and management system, utilising questionnaire returns from 13 reporting organisations, was employed to support an annual survey on marine oil pollution. A similar approach, combined with published information, facilitated a characterisation of packaged chemical incidents around the coastline and changes over time. To determine different sources and other attributes of marine litter, an ocean-focused beach survey design was devised and applied on the shores of the English Channel, Irish Sea, North-East Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. A series of surface drift experiments and an open-water sighting survey provided further information on movements and densities of marine litter in the open sea. Research outputs, including the publications submitted, have been reviewed and identified as authoritative sources of information by the competent authorities and other interested parties. These include the Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions, European Commission, International Maritime Organisation, Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution, Smithsonian Institution for Short-Lived Phenomena and the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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Yu, Pui-shan. "The potential for using biomonitoring in the Hong Kong marine environment /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457622.
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Raymundo, Cristina Coelho. "Linear alklbenzenes in marine and estuarine sediments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317231.
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Jones, D. M. "Biodegradation of geochemical markers in pollution studies." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371787.
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Scott, Caroline Daphne. "The role of blue-green algae as marine fouling organisms." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282555.
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Simmons, Sarah L. "Sources, pathways and sinks of litter within riverine and marine environments." Thesis, University of South Wales, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.386562.
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This research was developed as one of the first studies to investigate riverine litter problems. Baseline assessment methods were formulated to define the scope and nature of this pollution form. Assessments were carried out in three catchments; the Taff East Lyn and Avill. The Taffwas found to be atypical regarding the extent of the litter. In all catchments plastic sheeting formed the principal litter component. The study also included an examination of the factors influencing the sources, pathways and sinks riverine litter pollution. These factors were drawn together through the development of a research model. Assessments of two quantifiable sources, sewage inputs through Storm Water Overflows (SWOs) and fly-tipping wastes, were undertaken. Greatest inputs of sewage-derived solids were introduced to the river through malfunctioning SWOs, the most numerous single component being sanitary towels. Whilst sewage-derived material constituted approximately 23% of all items on the River Taff large quantities of waste, especially plastic sheeting, originated from fly-tipping sites. Mobility of litter once introduced to the system was greatly dependent on river flow regimes. Some litter types, e.g. plastic sheeting, were more mobile than others and tended, after floods, to be stranded on vegetation. Due to its high profile within the catchments and expected longevity, plastic sheeting was chosen for river-bank degradation trials. Results indicated that photodegradation occurred within samples, but only in the initial exposure period and that any further breakdown was likely to result from physical abrasion. Marine areas were considered to be potential sinks for riverine litter, especially its more mobile components. An alternative sink for certain litter types such as cloth might be incorporation into the river-bank due to an ability to aggregate soil/sediment particles.
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Rehman, Fayaz Ur. "Solid state speciation of metals in hydrothermal and contaminated marine sediments." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317220.
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Brooke, Cassandra. "Marine pollution management under the Environment Protection Act 1993 (SA) /." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1996. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb872.pdf.
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Howe, Victoria Lara. "Marine pollution in the Isle of Man : impact and recovery." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526904.
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Boscarato, Ilan. "Integration of catalytic technology into marine engine pollution abatement system." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/4501.
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2009/2010La ricerca condotta nel presente lavoro di tesi è stata condotta nell’ambito del progetto ECOMOS. Il progetto consiste in ricerca di base e ricerca applicata e lo scopo del lavoro era sviluppate tecnologie innovative per l’abbattimento degli inquinanti gassosi prodotti da motori marini. In tal senso il lavoro è stato condotto su due filoni principali: - Uno riguardante la ricerca di base, in cui sono stati verificati gli effetti del supporto su catalizzatori a base di argento operanti in condizioni di miscela magra utilizzando un idroreattore catalitico. - Uno riguardante la ricerca applicata, che ha richiesto l’analisi e razionalizzazione dello stato dell’arte circa l’abbattimento delle emissioni gassose inquinanti nel settore marino allo scopo di proporre un modello di sistema integrato per l’abbattimento; la verifica della fattibilità della proposta utilizzando catalizzatori modello a base di platino; lo studio del disegno e la costruzione di un impianto micro pilota su scala di laboratorio per l’abbattimento delle emissioni di un motore marino facente uso di catalizzatori a base di Pt/Al2O3 ed infine la realizzazione di un impianto pilota con la collaborazione di Cetena. I principali risultati ottenuti possono essere riassunti in: - Ricerca di base: o Il supporto risulta avere un forte effetto sull’attività catalitica o L’attività catalitica può essere modificata scegliendo l’opportuno supporto o La resistenza all’avvelenamento provocato dalla presenza di zolfo nei gas può essere aumentata tramite l’introduzione di zirconia nel supporti, ma ulteriori test sono necessari per razionalizzare completamente quanto osservato - Ricerca applicata: o Il catalizzatore a base di platino supportato su allumina, Pt/Al2O3, ha dimostrato di essere stabile ed attivo anche in presenza di elevate concentrazioni di SO2 nella fase gassosa suggerendo la possibilità di utilizzo nel settore marino. o È stato identificato un inaspettato fenomeno di condensazione, per la cui completa caratterizzazione sono richiesti ulteriori test. o Acqua ed anidride carbonica hanno effetti limitati sull’ossidazione dell’ossido di azoto mentre sopprimono la reazione di condensazione. o La presenza di idrocarburi sopprime l’ossidazione di NO o I test sull’impianto pilota di laboratorio hanno dimostrato che il catalizzatore scelto è attivo nell’ossidazione di NO, ma si conferma la necessità di ossidare prima tutti gli HC. o È stata confermata la necessità di ossidare No ad NO2 qualora si vogliano abbattere le emissioni di ossidi di azoto tramite assorbimento in acqua di mare mentre si è confermata l’efficacia per l’abbattimento di SO2. o L’impianto di laboratorio ha consentito il dimensionamento del catalizzatore per l’impianto pilota. o I problemi riscontrati nell’impianto di laboratorio hanno suggerito modifiche che sono state applicate all’impianto pilota.
The research conducted in the present thesis was carried out within the framework of the ECOMOS project. The project consists of basic and applied research and overall scope of the work was to develop novel marine pollution abatement technologies. Accordingly, the work was carried out along two main directions: - fundamental research, in which the effect of the support on lean deNOx activity of Ag-based catalyst were investigated using a catalytic microreactor; - and applied research, which involved a recognition and rationalization of the state of the art in marine pollution abatement to purpose a model of integrated system; the verification of the feasibility of the purpose, using a model Pt catalyst; the study of the design, of the layout and the construction and testing of a laboratory-scale plant for the abatement of emissions from marine engines using Pt / Al2O3 catalysts and the dimensioning of a pilot plant in collaboration with Cetena. The main results found on the two directions are summarized in the following lists: - Basic studies: HC SCR on Ag based catalyst: The support effect is clearly evidenced as a main contributor to catalytic activity; The activity can be tuned by using appropriate supports; The resistance to sulphur poisoning can be improved by the introduction of zirconia in the support, but further test are needed to fully address this observation; - Fundamental studies: The Pt/Al2O3 catalyst tested in the microreactor demonstrated activity and stablity even in the presence of high SO2 concentration suggesting the possibility of its use in the marine sector; An unexpected phenomenon was found, the condensation process in which NOx are dissolved in SO3 mists, which need further studies to be completely elucidated; H2O and CO2 have only small negative influence on the NO oxidation but suppress the condensation; HC suppress NO oxidation, the necessity of oxidising the HC before NO oxidation becomes effective, has been demonstrated; Pilot plant tests revealed that the Ecocat catalyst is active for NO oxidation but the need to oxidise all the carbonaceous species was again confirmed; The monolith has an activity comparable to that found in the microreactor studies using model mixtures. In this way activities of powdered catalysts could be related to honeycomb analogues; The need to oxidize NO to NO2 to favour the absorption into the scrubber was confirmed; The scrubber effectively abates SOx; The problems of crusting and the excessive pressure drop found in the micro scrubber provided indications on how to modify the pilot plant; The real plant design and construction has been completed, in cooperation with the industrial partners; The catalytic section was designed and completed; The pilot plant is now ready for the tests.
XXIII Ciclo
1983
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McMahon, Jennifer Nicole. "Heavy metal competition for acid volatile sulfide binding sites in southeastern coastal sediments." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19134.
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Pérez, Calderón Luis José. "Fate of spilled oil in marine sediments and the effects of chemical dispersant." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=238377.
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The rise in global energy demand has motivated the exploration and production of oil and gas in increasingly challenging marine environments and there is a continuous risk of accidental oil spills. One of the many fates of spilled oil is deposition on the seabed, which has been extensively studied following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. However, post-depositional fates of oil in sediments are not well understood. Similarly, the effects of chemical dispersant on oil fate are currently under investigation as their overall contribution to mitigating oil spills environmental impacts remains debated. This project aimed to evaluate the potential for spilled oil to entrain marine sediments and the effects dispersant application had on the process under three transport regimes; (1) post-depositional transport via oil-sediment aggregate deposition in deep-sea sediments, (2) percolative transport in intertidal sands and (3) advective pore-water transport in intertidal and subtidal sands. Investigations into the sorption dynamics of two polyaromatic hydrocarbons in sediment-dispersantseawater systems were also undertaken to evaluate the influence of dispersant application on sorption of hydrocarbons to sediments. Finally, the effects of oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature on sediment bacterial community composition were investigated. Oil transport experiments revealed that the tested regimes resulted in significant entrainment of hydrocarbons in marine sediments. Dispersant application resulted in enhanced oil entrainment into sands but not in silts and this effect depended on the water-solubility of hydrocarbons. Watersoluble components were less affected by dispersant than less water-soluble ones. Investigations into sediment bacterial responses to oil exposure at in situ conditions of pressure and temperature revealed a significant effect of both variables on diversity and community composition, highlighting the importance of conducting deep-sea microbial studies at conditions as close to in situ as possible.
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Mace, Brian E. "Emissions testing of two recreational marine engines with water contact in the exhaust stream." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2000. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1283.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2000.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 58 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 49-50).
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Ma, Kit-cheong James. "Hong Kong Government criteria for assessing contamination levels of dredged marine sediments /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264474.
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Tu, Wai-ki Alex. "Hong Kong marine sediment contamination with Tributyltin and its impacts /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22285180.
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Joynes, S. A. "Horizontal diffusion of a buoyant pollutant in coastal waters." Thesis, University of Salford, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234594.
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Parramon, Marie. "Regulation of land-based marine pollution in South Africa and France [electronic resource] / by Marie Parramon." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5229.
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The South African coastal and marine environment is an essential ecologic and
economic asset. Its associated services and products are substantially contributing to
economic growth and sustainable development of the country. However, it is
internationally and nationally recognised that land-based marine pollution (LBMP) is
the most important single risk to the health and sustainability of coastal and marine
waters and the associated ecosystems. The regulation of LBMP at the national level
is still difficult and challenging. The issue of LBMP management has only recently
been introduced in South Africa with the development of the National Programme of
Action to Protect Marine Environment from Land-based Activities, 2008. South Africa
is only starting to consider the question of LBMP regulation. This thesis aims to
conduct a critical analysis of the South African regulatory framework pertaining to
LBMP in comparison to international best practice and the French regulatory
framework, in order to identify the key South African challenges in this regard and to
make recommendations to address them.
In order to do so, this research commences by providing an analysis of LBMP and
the theoretical foundations associated with LBMP regulation, as promoted by
international best practice. The study identifies and assesses the main regulatory
features to be considered in the development, implementation and/or assessment of
a regulatory framework pertaining to LBMP. These features will form the
methodological framework to conduct the comparative legal assessment between the
French and South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP.
This thesis then provides a detailed and thorough legal analysis of the French and
South African regulatory frameworks pertaining to LBMP using the methodological
framework developed using guidance from international best practice.
Finally, based on lessons learnt from the comparative legal study, this study
concludes with a set of recommendations for the South African context.Thesis (LL.D.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.
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Axiak, V. "Effects of pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons on the bivalve (Venus verrucosa)." Thesis, University of Westminster, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370918.
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Chetty, Sarika. "Legal measures for the prevention of oil pollution by ships and civil liability for oil pollution damage in South African marine and coastal waters." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/15169.
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This paper will look at whether the legislation passed in South Africa aimed at preventing and prohibiting oil pollution, as well as current civil liability regimes for oil pollution accidents are adequate or if they fail to meet the standard required by international law. For instance, compensation for the damage and harm caused to the environment is vital in order to restore the sea and prevent further accidents. In terms of civil liability, South Africa ratified the Convention on Civil Liability, but failed to enact domestic legislation in terms of the Convention to regularly update current legislation so that the standards are high and enforceable in national law. The result was that South Africa was left financially unprepared to deal with future oil spills and prevention thereof.
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Byfield, Valborg. "Optical remote sensing of oil in the marine environment." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284675.
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Gavouneli, Maria. "Pollution from offshore installations : a case-study of marine pollution in the context of general environmental law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319429.
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Al-Majed, Nahida Bader. "An evaluation of mercury pollution of the marine and atmospheric environment in Kuwait." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367999.
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Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. "The effect of heavy metals on the marine ciliate Euplotes mutabilis (Tuffrau, 1960)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358875.
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Thorndike, Joanne Marie. "Techniques to study the effects of marine pollution in the mussel." Thesis, University of East London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.363641.
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Bai, Song. "L'unification des régimes de responsabilité civile en matière de pollution marine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1049.
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Depuis le sinistre du pétrolier Torrey Canyon, l'OMI a élaboré les Conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbure. Celles-ci ont mis en place les régimes d'indemnisation des dommages par pollution causés par les navires. Les victimes de la pollution peuvent agir en responsabilité contre le propriétaire du navire ou directement contre l'assureur du propriétaire du navire pour les dommages par pollution (y compris les frais de nettoyage). Selon ces conventions internationales, le propriétaire du navire est en droit de limiter sa responsabilité dont l'indemnité est calculée en fonction du tonnage du navire en cause. De plus, le fonds FIPOL, créé par la convention portant création du fonds FIPOL, prend le relais de la convention CLC lorsque l'indemnité dépasse la limitation de responsabilité prévue par cette dernière convention. Mais est-ce que ces conventions prévoient une indemnisation suffisante pour les dommages par pollution ? Et existe-t-il des conflits entre les conventions internationales ? Il est vrai que la plupart des pollutions marines de faible ampleur sont suffisamment indemnisées. Mais tel n'est pas le cas pour les pollutions majeures. De plus, les conventions CLC, SNPD et hydrocarbures de soute n'ont pas prévu des champs d'application identiques. C'est ainsi que ces conventions internationales sont susceptibles d'être en conflit dans le cas où la pollution est causée par les substances polluantes transportées par le navire et les hydrocarbures de soute du navire en cause. La présente thèse a pour objet de présenter les régimes internationaux de responsabilité civile du propriétaire du navire en matière de pollution marine et essaie de proposer une solution pour résoudre les conflits entre les conventions internationalesSince the Torrey Canyon oil spill, the International Maritime Organization began drafting three international conventions (CLC, HNS and bunker oil conventions) to establish civil liability for compensation for ship-source pollution damages. Claims for compensation for pollution damages (including clean-up costs) may be brought against the owner of ships which caused the damages or directly against the owner's insurer. The ship-owner is normally entitled to limit his liability to an amount which is linked to the tonnage of his ship. Furthermore, the IOPC funds which was set up in 1992 under the IOPC convention 1992 is able to compensate the victims when compensation under the CLC 1992 is not available or not adequate. But do these international regimes work well ? And are there conflicts between the International conventions ? Certainly, the most of loss resulting from oil spills from sea can be compensated by the CLC/ IOPC system. But the compensation under CLC/IOPC is not able to be enough for the major pollution events. If the CLC, HNS and bunker oil Conventions don't set up the same scopes, these International Conventions might be in conflict in case of transportation of dangerous goods or hazardous goods by sea, because the spill of the bunker oil and the hazardous goods would cause a major marine pollution. This paper gives an overview of international liability and compensation regime, and tries to give a proposal to resolve the conflicts between the international conventions
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Evmorfopoulos, Evangelos. "Chemical and biological aspects of mercury in seafoods." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1995. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27859.
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Two open wet oxidation methods are described for the digestion of selected seafoods prior to total mercury determination using a cold vapour atomic absorption spectrophotometric technique. The first employs two acids (i.e. HNO3 and H2SO4) and two oxidants (i.e. KMnO4 and K2S2O8), and is suitable for use with a Perkin-Elmer Mercury Analysis System (MAS) and a Perkin-Elmer Mercury Analyzer 50A (MA). Excellent recoveries were obtained for mussel samples spiked with various quantities of inorganic mercury [Hg(N03)2]. For the optimum part of the calibration curve of the MAS (0.1–0.7 μg/ml Hg), the percentage recovery (%R) fluctuated between 98.26 and 101.98. The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be 18.7 ng of mercury per sample analysed and sensitivity of 0.011 μg of mercury was obtained. Results for fish samples determined with both units showed excellent agreement and precision (RSD = 3.23 -4.25). However, the MA was found inadequate for the determination of the low mercury levels encountered with the mussel samples. It was shown that a desiccant assembly must be installed whenever samples with low mercury content are analysed, i.e. less than 0.5 μg per sample digested.
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Jarvis, Stephen C. "Phytal meiofauna as biomonitors of environmental water quality." Thesis, Bangor University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283173.
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AlKindi, Abdulaziz Yahya Ahmed. "The effects of the water-soluble fraction of crude oil on flounders and larvae of turbot." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.260638.
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Haynes, David. "Pesticide and heavy metal concentrations in Great Barrier Reef sediment, seagrass and dugongs (Dugong dugon) /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16183.pdf.
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Chaves, Joaquin E. "Potential use of 15N to assess nitrogen sources and fate in Narragansett Bay /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2004. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3135896.
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Lenton, Timothy Michael. "Redfields green ocean : a geophysical model of marine nitrate, phosphate and atmospheric oxygen regulation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389395.
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de, Souza Machado Anderson Abel. "Coastal pollution of aquatic systems : literature review and experiments focusing on metal fate on estuaries." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/24637.
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Anthropocene is the current era in which human activities modify various environmental properties, which have implications for many coastal processes. Anthropogenic stressors increasingly affect coasts and push these environments to a new altered equilibrium state. However, monitoring such pollution is a challenging task because coastal systems are highly dynamic and integrate the physicochemical forces at work on freshwater bodies, estuaries and lagoons with the oceanographic characteristics of adjacent seas. The current thesis addresses pollution of coastal environments in a broad way, with special attention to the current and historic problematic of estuarine contamination by metals. Firstly, it introduces the chemical (e.g. metals, persistent organic pollutants, and emerging contaminants), physical (e.g. microplastics, sediment loads, temperature), and biological (e.g. microbiological contamination, invasive species) pervasive anthropogenic influence in coastal areas. This introductory chapter is followed by a discussion on the limitations towards holistic environmental health assessments that are imposed by the scarcity of tools and multidisciplinary approaches. At that juncture, we perform a deep investigation of metal fate and its effects in estuaries. The review of the scientific literature in the third chapter provides a transdisciplinary conceptual framework for the estuarine behaviour of metals and its impacts on fauna and flora. This comprehensive overview and conceptual model are further accompanied by an elaboration on empirical models, as well as discussion of data on metal behaviour under laboratory and field conditions. While our review postulates that most studies had observed a non-conservative behaviour of metals in estuaries, our data suggests that at local scale such phenomenon is greatly explained by a high metal mobilisation driven by biogeochemical gradients. In fact, our results demonstrate that iron mobilisation regulates the pollution levels of iron and potentially other metals in an intertidal area under strong anthropogenic influence. In summary, estuarine physicochemical gradients, biogeochemical processes, and organism physiology are jointly coordinating the fate and potential effects of metals in estuaries, and both realistic model approaches and attempts to postulate site-specific water quality criteria or water/sediment standards must consider such interactions.
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Tsui, Man-leung. "Biological monitoring and its value in assessing the marine environment of Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18040056.
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Cheng, Jingguang. "Microplastics in the marine environment : an ecotoxicological perspective." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS025.pdf.
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La pollution plastique océanique est l’une préoccupation majeure de notre siècle, avec plusieurs millions de tonnes de plastique déversées dans l'océan chaque année qui menacent la santé des écosystèmes. Les effets des plastiques ont été identifiés à tous les niveaux de la chaîne trophique, du zooplancton à la mégafaune, mais leurs effets sur la vie des microorganismes et sur leur rôle crucial dans le fonctionnement de l'écosystème océanique restent méconnus. L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'écotoxicité des plastiques en milieu marin. La première question traitée était : dans quelle mesure l'abondance, la diversité et l'activité de la vie bactérienne se développant sur le plastique, nommée «plastisphère», sont influencées par les propriétés chimiques du polymère et les changements environnementaux (chapitre 2)? Ce point a été abordé en immergeant pendant 2 mois dans l'eau de mer du Polyéthylène (PE), de l’acide polylactide (PLA) ainsi que du verre comme témoin, sous différentes formes : méso-débris (18 mm de diamètre), grands microplastiques (LMP; 3 mm de diamètre), et petits microplastiques (SMP; de 100 µm de diamètre de formes sphériques et irrégulières). Nous avons constaté que la composition chimique du plastique, les phases successives de formation du biofilm et les interactions phytoplancton-bactéries étaient des facteurs déterminants de l'abondance, de la diversité et de l'activité de la plastisphère a contrario de la taille et à la forme du matériau.La deuxième question traitée était : le microplastique (polystyrène PS; 50-100 µm; trois concentrations) ainsi que leur biofilm mature seraient-ils toxiques pour le filtre-filtreur marin Branchiostoma lanceolatum et dans quelles mesures la plastisphère peut-elle influencer cette toxicité (chapitre 3)? Nous avons utilisé un large éventail de techniques complémentaires pour suivre l'ingestion des microplastiques (quantification microscopique) à l’origine d’une potentielle modification du microbiote intestinal de l’hôte (séquençage 16S rRNA Illumina Miseq). La réponse physiologique de l’hôte a également été suivie au travers de l’expression génique du système immunitaire, du stress oxydatif et de l’apoptose (Nanostring) ainsi que par histopathologie ( La microscopie électronique à transmission). Aucune toxicité évidente n'a été observée, alors que les microplastiques pourraient être un vecteur de modification du microbiome intestinal, et qu’une plus grande différenciation des cellules a été observée au niveau des tissus intestinaux. La troisième question traitée était: Existe-t-il des alternatives aux microbilles pétrochimiques conventionnels utilisées en cosmétique biodégradables en milieu marin? (Chapitre 4). Nous avons utilisé une approche multidisciplinaire pour suivre les 4 étapes de biodégradation dont la 1/biodétérioration (granulométrie, gravimétrie et spectroscopie FTIR), 2/la biofragmentation (chromatographie d'exclusion de taille, résonance magnétique nucléaire 1H et spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution), 3/la bioassimilation et 4/la minéralisation (résonance magnétique nucléaire 1H et mesures de l'oxygène) sur différentes formes de microbilles en présence de bactéries marines. Après 60 jours d’incubation, nos résultats ont permis d’identifier des microbilles de polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalérate (PHBV) ou de riz et dans une moindre mesure de polycaprolactone (PCL) et d'abricot comme alternatives aux microplastiques conventionnels, en PE ou en polyméthacrylate de méthyle (PMMA) non biodégradés dans nos conditions. Fait remarquable, le PLA biosourcé n'était pas biodégradable, mais le PCL pétrochimique était biodégradable dans nos conditions marinesOceanic plastic pollution is of major concern, with several million tons of plastic dumped in the ocean every year that are causing health threat to marine creatures. Impacts have been found at all the trophic chain levels from the zooplankton to the megafauna, but little is known on its impact on the microbial life and its crucial role in the oceanic ecosystem functioning. The objective of this thesis was to study the ecotoxicity of plastics in the marine environment. The first handled question was: how much the abundance, diversity and activity of bacterial life growing on plastic, i.e. the ‘plastisphere’ are driven by the chemical properties of the polymer and the environmental changes (Chapter 2)? Polyethylene (PE) and polylactide acid (PLA) together with glass controls in the forms of meso-debris (18mm diameter) and large-microplastics (LMP; 3mm diameter), as well as small-microplastics (SMP; of 100 m diameter with spherical and irregular shapes) were immerged during 2 months in seawater. We found that the plastic chemical composition, the successive phases of biofilm formation and the phytoplankton-bacteria interactions were more important factors driving the abundance, diversity and activity of the plastisphere as compared to material size and shape. The second handled question was: would the microplastic (polystyrene PS; 50-100 µm; three concentrations) together with their mature biofilm be toxic for the marine filter-feeder Branchiostoma lanceolatum and how much the plastisphere can influence this toxicity (Chapter 3)? We used a large set of complementary techniques to follow the microplastic ingestion (microscopy quantification) and the modification of the gut microbiota (16S rRNA Illumina Miseq sequencing), the gene expression of immune system, oxidative stress and apoptosis (Nanostring) and also histopathology (transmission electron microscopy). No obvious toxicity was observed, while microplastics could be a vector for bacteria to the gut microbiome, can induce more goblet cell differentiation and can surprisingly have a positive effect by supplying nutrients to amphioxus in the form of bacteria and diatoms from the plastisphere. The third handled question was: how much the conventional petroleum-based microbeads classically used in cosmetics can be substituted by other polymers for their biodegradability by the plastisphere in marine environment? (Chapter 4). We used complementary techniques to follow the 4 biodegradation steps including biodeterioration (granulometry, gravimetry and FTIR spectroscopy), biofragmentation (size exclusion chromatography, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and high-resolution mass spectrometry), bioassimilation and mineralization (1H nuclear magnetic resonance and oxygen measurements). We concluded that microbeads made of polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) or rice and in a lesser extend polycaprolactone (PCL) and apricot were good candidates for substitution of conventional microplastics, classically made of PE or polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) that were not biodegraded under our conditions. Interestingly, the biobased PLA was not biodegradable but the petroleum-based PCL was biodegradable under our marine conditions
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Fung, Chi-tuen. "Approaches to assess heavy metal toxicity in the marine environment /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3712030X.
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Cho, Tat-wing Asam. "Environmental impact assessment (water pollution) of a floating dock in Yam O /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1997. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B18734832.
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Tannar, Hamoud. "La protection de la mer méditerranéenne contre la pollution marine d'origine tellurique." Nantes, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002NANT4003.
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La nécessité d'organiser une action internationale contre la pollution marine d'origine tellurique en Méditerranée ne fait pas de doute. La pollution tellurique est la principale source de pollution en Méditerranée : 80% de la pollution qui touche la Méditerranée est imputable aux activités situées à terre. La mer Méditerranée est, quant à elle, une mer fragile par nature ayant une capacité réduite d'auto-absorption. Face à ces faits, les Etats méditerranéens agissent ensemble et adoptent le 17 mai 1980 le protocole d'Athènes dans l'objectif d'éliminer la pollution tellurique en Méditerranée. Si ce pas se révèle original et fondamental, en revanche lorsque l'on examine le bilan de l'action régionale en matière de lutte contre la pollution tellurique en Méditerranée, 22 ans après l'adoption du protocole d'Athènes, force est de constater que l'objectif général de l'élimination de la pollution tellurique est loin d'être atteint. La pollution de la mer Méditerranée d'origine tellurique a au contraire augmenté. Les causes de ce bilan insatisfaisant sont principalement imputables à l'insuffisance du dispositif juridique régional mis en place dans la région de la Méditerranée d'une part, et au manquement de respect des engagements internationaux signés par les Etats méditerranéens, d'autre partThere is no doubt that is necessary to organize an international action against the pollution in the Mediterrean Sea : 80% of the pollution in the Mediterrean Sea is due to shore activities. Moreover the Mediterranean Sea in intself is, by nature, a fragile sea with a small capacity of self-absorption. Consequently to these facts, on May the 17th 1980, the Mediterranean states have acted together and adpted the Athens Protocol in order to eliminate telluric pollution in the Mediterranean Sea. However original and fundamental this step is, looking at the result of the local action against telluric pollution in the Mediterranean Sea, it can be estblished that, 22 years after the adoption of the Athens Protocol, the general object (the elimination of telluric pollution) is far from being achieved. On the contrary, the pollution of the Mediterranean Sea from telluric sources has increased. On the one hand this unsatisfactory result is principally due to the insufficiency of the local legal system set in the Mediteranean Sea, and on the other to the failure in the international engagements cammiments of the Mediteranean states
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Piola, Richard Fabio Biological Earth & Environmental Sciences Faculty of Science UNSW. "Differential tolerance of introduced & native marine invertebrates to heavy metal pollution." Publisher:University of New South Wales. Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40673.
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In near-shore marine environments, two of the most prevalent anthropogenic disturbances affecting ecosystem diversity and function are the invasion of exotic species, and the release of toxic chemicals. Estuarine and harbour environments worldwide are dually subjected to high levels of toxic disturbance and ever increasing rates of invasion, via activities such as boating and shipping. It is not clear, however, whether the success of invasive species is influenced by the presence of toxic contaminants in these impacted environments. In particular, nonindigenous marine species (NIS) may be advantaged in chemically disturbed environments if they are more tolerant of toxicants. This thesis examines whether nonindigenous and native sessile invertebrate species have differential tolerance to a common aquatic contaminant, copper (Cu), which has links to both the invasion process (via its use in antifouling paints and the vector of hull fouling) and the modification of recipient environments (via human-mediated pollution). A series of laboratory- and field-based experiments showed that the cosmopolitan invasive bryozoans Watersipora subtorquata, Bugula neritina and Schizoporella errata are highly tolerant of copper pollution. The larvae and adults of W. subtorquata and B. neritina in particular were able to survive and grow in copper-polluted environments far exceeding most observed real-world levels (< 100 /??g 1-1). These nonindigenous species also showed very strong postexposure recovery. In contrast, the co-occurring native bryozoans Celleporaria nodulosa and Fenestrulina mutabilis demonstrated comparatively low tolerance to copper, with markedly reduced survival and fitness under Cu contaminated conditions, and inferior recovery abilities post-exposure. These findings were further supported by a long-term manipulative field experiment, examining the effect that varying levels of Cu exposure have on the structure and diversity of developing sessile invertebrate assemblages. Cu exposure decreased native species diversity by up to 50%, yet had no effect on NIS numbers. Consequently, in the presence of copper contamination, NIS dominated sessile communities, often resulting in substantial changes to community structure. Important insights were also gained into the nature of metal tolerance in NIS. Toxicity studies on larvae of the introduced bryozoan Bugula neritina revealed intraspecific differences in tolerance to Cu, associated with the level of pollution experienced by the adult source populations. There was also evidence of fitness costs related with increased Cu tolerance. In summary, we have found evidence that the success of invasive species is influenced by chemical contamination. NIS may be advantaged in contaminated estuaries relative to native species and this may assist in their establishment and persistence in new habitats.