Journal articles on the topic 'Marine organisms sensitivity'
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1
de Hoop, Lisette, Aafke M. Schipper, Rob S. E. W. Leuven, Mark A. J. Huijbregts, Gro H. Olsen, Mathijs G. D. Smit, and A. Jan Hendriks. "Sensitivity of Polar and Temperate Marine Organisms to Oil Components." Environmental Science & Technology 45, no. 20 (October 15, 2011): 9017–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es202296a.
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Putman, Nathan F., and Ruoying He. "Tracking the long-distance dispersal of marine organisms: sensitivity to ocean model resolution." Journal of The Royal Society Interface 10, no. 81 (April 6, 2013): 20120979. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0979.
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Ocean circulation models are widely used to simulate organism transport in the open sea, where challenges of directly tracking organisms across vast spatial and temporal scales are daunting. Many recent studies tout the use of ‘high-resolution’ models, which are forced with atmospheric data on the scale of several hours and integrated with a time step of several minutes or seconds. However, in many cases, the model's outputs that are used to simulate organism movement have been averaged to considerably coarser resolutions (e.g. monthly mean velocity fields). To examine the sensitivity of tracking results to ocean circulation model output resolution, we took the native model output of one of the most sophisticated ocean circulation models available, the Global Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model, and averaged it to commonly implemented spatial and temporal resolutions in studies of basin-scale dispersal. Comparisons between simulated particle trajectories and in situ near-surface drifter trajectories indicated that ‘over averaging’ model output yields predictions inconsistent with observations. Further analyses focused on the dispersal of juvenile sea turtles indicate that very different inferences regarding the pelagic ecology of these animals are obtained depending on the resolution of model output. We conclude that physical processes occurring at the scale of days and tens of kilometres should be preserved in ocean circulation model output to realistically depict the movement marine organisms and the resulting ecological and evolutionary processes.
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MacLeod, Colin D., and Robert Poulin. "Parasitic infection: a buffer against ocean acidification?" Biology Letters 12, no. 5 (May 2016): 20160007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2016.0007.
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Recently, there has been a concerted research effort by marine scientists to quantify the sensitivity of marine organisms to ocean acidification (OA). Empirical data generated by this research have been used to predict changes to marine ecosystem health, biodiversity and productivity that will be caused by continued acidification. These studies have also found that the effects of OA on marine organisms can be significantly modified by additional abiotic stressors (e.g. temperature or oxygen) and biotic interactions (e.g. competition or predation). To date, however, the effects of parasitic infection on the sensitivity of marine organisms to OA have been largely ignored. We show that parasitic infection significantly altered the response of a marine gastropod to simulated OA conditions by reducing the mortality of infected individuals relative to uninfected conspecifics. Without the inclusion of infection data, our analysis would not have detected the significant effect of pH on host mortality. These results strongly suggest that parasitic infection may be an important confounding factor in OA research and must be taken into consideration when assessing the response of marine species to OA.
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Bennett, Scott, Carlos M. Duarte, Núria Marbà, and Thomas Wernberg. "Integrating within-species variation in thermal physiology into climate change ecology." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1778 (June 17, 2019): 20180550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0550.
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Accurately forecasting the response of global biota to warming is a fundamental challenge for ecology in the Anthropocene. Within-species variation in thermal sensitivity, caused by phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation of thermal limits, is often overlooked in assessments of species responses to warming. Despite this, implicit assumptions of thermal niche conservatism or adaptation and plasticity at the species level permeate the literature with potentially important implications for predictions of warming impacts at the population level. Here we review how these attributes interact with the spatial and temporal context of ocean warming to influence the vulnerability of marine organisms. We identify a broad spectrum of thermal sensitivities among marine organisms, particularly in central and cool-edge populations of species distributions. These are characterized by generally low sensitivity in organisms with conserved thermal niches, to high sensitivity for organisms with locally adapted thermal niches. Important differences in thermal sensitivity among marine taxa suggest that warming could adversely affect benthic primary producers sooner than less vulnerable higher trophic groups. Embracing the spatial, temporal and biological context of within-species variation in thermal physiology helps explain observed impacts of ocean warming and can improve forecasts of climate change vulnerability in marine systems. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Physiological diversity, biodiversity patterns and global climate change: testing key hypotheses involving temperature and oxygen’.
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DeForest, David K., and Christian E. Schlekat. "Species sensitivity distribution evaluation for chronic nickel toxicity to marine organisms." Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management 9, no. 4 (May 28, 2013): 580–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ieam.1419.
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Araújo-Castro, Cristiane M. V., Lília P. Souza-Santos, Anny Gabrielle A. G. Torreiro, and Karina S. Garcia. "Sensitivity of the marine benthic copepod Tisbe biminiensis (copepoda, harpacticoida) to potassium dichromate and sediment particle size." Brazilian Journal of Oceanography 57, no. 1 (March 2009): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1679-87592009000100004.
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For the future use of the marine benthic copepod Tisbe biminiensis in solid-phase sediment toxicological bioassays, the present study investigated the effect of muddy sediment from the Maracaípe estuary (northeastern Brazil), sediment particle size and the reference toxicant potassium dichromate on the species. Muddy sediment from Maracaípe can be used as control sediment, since it does not interfere in the copepod life-cycle and has metal contamination levels that are unlikely to produce any detrimental biological effects on benthic invertebrates. Neither survival nor fecundity was affected by grain size, suggesting that this species can be used with any kind of sediment from muddy to sandy. The sensitivity of T. biminiensis to K2Cr2O7 in acute tests was similar to that of other organisms. The LC50 (lethal concentration to 50% of the test organisms) medium values for T. biminiensis were 7.51, 4.68 and 3.19 mg L-1 for Cr in 48, 72 and 96 h, respectively. These results suggest that T. biminiensis is a promising organism for use in solid-phase sediment toxicity assessments.
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McCormick, Lillian R., and Lisa A. Levin. "Physiological and ecological implications of ocean deoxygenation for vision in marine organisms." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 375, no. 2102 (August 7, 2017): 20160322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0322.
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Climate change has induced ocean deoxygenation and exacerbated eutrophication-driven hypoxia in recent decades, affecting the physiology, behaviour and ecology of marine organisms. The high oxygen demand of visual tissues and the known inhibitory effects of hypoxia on human vision raise the questions if and how ocean deoxygenation alters vision in marine organisms. This is particularly important given the rapid loss of oxygen and strong vertical gradients in oxygen concentration in many areas of the ocean. This review evaluates the potential effects of low oxygen (hypoxia) on visual function in marine animals and their implications for marine biota under current and future ocean deoxygenation based on evidence from terrestrial and a few marine organisms. Evolutionary history shows radiation of eye designs during a period of increasing ocean oxygenation. Physiological effects of hypoxia on photoreceptor function and light sensitivity, in combination with morphological changes that may occur throughout ontogeny, have the potential to alter visual behaviour and, subsequently, the ecology of marine organisms, particularly for fish, cephalopods and arthropods with ‘fast’ vision. Visual responses to hypoxia, including greater light requirements, offer an alternative hypothesis for observed habitat compression and shoaling vertical distributions in visual marine species subject to ocean deoxygenation, which merits further investigation. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Ocean ventilation and deoxygenation in a warming world’.
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Canova, Luca, Michela Sturini, Federica Maraschi, Stefano Sangiorgi, and Elida Nora Ferri. "A Comparative Test on the Sensitivity of Freshwater and Marine Microalgae to Benzo-Sulfonamides, -Thiazoles and -Triazoles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 25, 2021): 7800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11177800.
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The evaluation of the ecotoxicological effects of water pollutants is performed by using different aquatic organisms. The effects of seven compounds belonging to a class of widespread contaminants, the benzo-fused nitrogen heterocycles, on a group of simple organisms employed in reference ISO tests on water quality (unicellular algae and luminescent bacteria) have been assessed to ascertain their suitability in revealing different contamination levels in the water, wastewater, and sediments samples. Representative compounds of benzotriazoles, benzothiazoles, and benzenesulfonamides, were tested at a concentration ranging from 0.01 to 100 mg L−1. In particular, our work was focused on the long-term effects, for which little information is up to now available. Species-specific sensitivity for any whole family of pollutants was not observed. On average, the strongest growth rate inhibition values were expressed by the freshwater Raphidocelis subcapitata and the marine Phaeodactylum tricornutum algae. R. subcapitata was the only organism for which growth was affected by most of the compounds at the lowest concentrations. The tests on the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri gave completely different results, further underlining the need for an appropriate selection of the best biosensors to be employed in biotoxicological studies.
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Deidda, Irene, Roberta Russo, Rosa Bonaventura, Caterina Costa, Francesca Zito, and Nadia Lampiasi. "Neurotoxicity in Marine Invertebrates: An Update." Biology 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020161.
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Invertebrates represent about 95% of existing species, and most of them belong to aquatic ecosystems. Marine invertebrates are found at intermediate levels of the food chain and, therefore, they play a central role in the biodiversity of ecosystems. Furthermore, these organisms have a short life cycle, easy laboratory manipulation, and high sensitivity to marine pollution and, therefore, they are considered to be optimal bioindicators for assessing detrimental chemical agents that are related to the marine environment and with potential toxicity to human health, including neurotoxicity. In general, albeit simple, the nervous system of marine invertebrates is composed of neuronal and glial cells, and it exhibits biochemical and functional similarities with the vertebrate nervous system, including humans. In recent decades, new genetic and transcriptomic technologies have made the identification of many neural genes and transcription factors homologous to those in humans possible. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and altered levels of neurotransmitters are some of the aspects of neurotoxic effects that can also occur in marine invertebrate organisms. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of major marine pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and micro and nano-plastics, with a focus on their neurotoxic effects in marine invertebrate organisms. This review could be a stimulus to bio-research towards the use of invertebrate model systems other than traditional, ethically questionable, time-consuming, and highly expensive mammalian models.
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Barry, John F., Matthew J. Turner, Jennifer M. Schloss, David R. Glenn, Yuyu Song, Mikhail D. Lukin, Hongkun Park, and Ronald L. Walsworth. "Optical magnetic detection of single-neuron action potentials using quantum defects in diamond." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 49 (November 22, 2016): 14133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601513113.
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Magnetic fields from neuronal action potentials (APs) pass largely unperturbed through biological tissue, allowing magnetic measurements of AP dynamics to be performed extracellularly or even outside intact organisms. To date, however, magnetic techniques for sensing neuronal activity have either operated at the macroscale with coarse spatial and/or temporal resolution—e.g., magnetic resonance imaging methods and magnetoencephalography—or been restricted to biophysics studies of excised neurons probed with cryogenic or bulky detectors that do not provide single-neuron spatial resolution and are not scalable to functional networks or intact organisms. Here, we show that AP magnetic sensing can be realized with both single-neuron sensitivity and intact organism applicability using optically probed nitrogen-vacancy (NV) quantum defects in diamond, operated under ambient conditions and with the NV diamond sensor in close proximity (∼10 µm) to the biological sample. We demonstrate this method for excised single neurons from marine worm and squid, and then exterior to intact, optically opaque marine worms for extended periods and with no observed adverse effect on the animal. NV diamond magnetometry is noninvasive and label-free and does not cause photodamage. The method provides precise measurement of AP waveforms from individual neurons, as well as magnetic field correlates of the AP conduction velocity, and directly determines the AP propagation direction through the inherent sensitivity of NVs to the associated AP magnetic field vector.
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Baumann, Hannes. "Experimental assessments of marine species sensitivities to ocean acidification and co-stressors: how far have we come?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, no. 5 (May 2019): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0198.
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Experimental studies assessing the potential impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms have rapidly expanded and produced a wealth of empirical data over the past decade. This perspective examines four key areas of transformative developments in experimental approaches: (1) methodological advances; (2) advances in elucidating physiological and molecular mechanisms behind observed CO2effects; (3) recognition of short-term CO2variability as a likely modifier of species sensitivities (Ocean Variability Hypothesis); and (4) consensus on the multistressor nature of marine climate change where effect interactions are still challenging to anticipate. No single experiment allows predicting the fate of future populations. But sustaining the accumulation of empirical evidence is critical for more robust estimates of species reaction norms and thus for enabling better modeling approaches. Moreover, advanced experimental approaches are needed to address knowledge gaps including changes in species interactions and intraspecific variability in sensitivity and its importance for the adaptation potential of marine organisms to a high CO2world.
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Kowalewsky, Sylvia, Martin Dambach, Björn Mauck, and Guido Dehnhardt. "High olfactory sensitivity for dimethyl sulphide in harbour seals." Biology Letters 2, no. 1 (September 2005): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2005.0380.
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Productive areas are patchily distributed at sea and represent important feeding grounds for many marine organisms. Although pinnipeds are known to travel on direct routes and return regularly to particular feeding sites, the environmental information seals use to perform this navigation is as yet unknown. As atmospheric dimethyl sulphide (DMS) has been demonstrated to be a reliable indicator for profitable foraging areas, we tested seals for their ability to smell DMS at concentrations typical for the marine environment. Using a go/no-go response paradigm we determined the DMS detection threshold in two harbour seals ( Phoca vitulina vitulina ). DMS stimuli from 8.05×10 8 to 8 pmol (DMS) m −3 (air) were tested against a control stimulus using a custom-made olfactometer. DMS-thresholds determined for both seals (20 and 13 pmol m −3 ) indicate that seals can detect ambient concentrations associated with high primary productivity, e.g. in the North Atlantic. Thus, seals possess an extraordinarily high olfactory sensitivity for DMS, which could provide a sensory basis for identifying or orienting to profitable foraging grounds.
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Ivanina, Anna V., and Inna M. Sokolova. "Interactive effects of metal pollution and ocean acidification on physiology of marine organisms." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 653–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.653.
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Abstract Changes in the global environment such as ocean acidification (OA) may interact with anthropogenic pollutants including trace metals threatening the integrity of marine ecosystems. We analyze recent studies on the interactive effects of OA and trace metals on marine organisms with a focus on the physiological basis of these interactions. Our analysis shows that the responses to elevated CO2 and metals are strongly dependent on the species, developmental stage, metal biochemistry and the degree of environmental hypercapnia, and cannot be directly predicted from the CO2-induced changes in metal solubility and speciation. The key physiological functions affected by both the OA and trace metal exposures involve acid-base regulation, protein turnover and mitochondrial bioenergetics, reflecting the sensitivity of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways to CO2and metals. Physiological interactions between elevated CO2 and metals may impact the organisms’ capacity to maintain acid-base homeostasis and reduce the amount of energy available for fitness-related functions such as growth, development and reproduction thereby affecting survival and performance of estuarine populations. Environmental hypercapnia may also affect the marine food webs by altering predator-prey interactions and the trophic transfer of metals in the food chain. However, our understanding of the degree to which these effects can impact the function and integrity of marine ecosystems is limited due the scarcity of the published research and its bias towards certain taxonomic groups. Future research priorities should include studies of metal x PCO2 interactions focusing on critical physiological functions (including acid-base, protein and energy homeostasis) in a greater range of ecologically and economically important marine species, as well as including the field populations naturally exposed (and potentially adapted) to different levels of metals and CO2 in their environments.
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Zhan, Caijuan, Gaetano Sardina, Enkeleida Lushi, and Luca Brandt. "Accumulation of motile elongated micro-organisms in turbulence." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 739 (December 13, 2013): 22–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2013.608.
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AbstractWe study the effect of turbulence on marine life by performing numerical simulations of motile micro-organisms, modelled as prolate spheroids, in isotropic homogeneous turbulence. We show that the clustering and patchiness observed in laminar flows, linear shear and vortex flows, are significantly reduced in a three-dimensional turbulent flow mainly because of the complex topology; elongated micro-organisms show some level of clustering in the case of swimmers without any preferential alignment whereas spherical swimmers remain uniformly distributed. Micro-organisms with one preferential swimming direction (e.g. gyrotaxis) still show significant clustering if spherical in shape, whereas prolate swimmers remain more uniformly distributed. Due to their large sensitivity to the local shear, these elongated swimmers react more slowly to the action of vorticity and gravity and therefore do not have time to accumulate in a turbulent flow. These results show how purely hydrodynamic effects can alter the ecology of micro-organisms that can vary their shape and their preferential orientation.
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Zielinski, O., J. A. Busch, A. D. Cembella, K. L. Daly, J. Engelbrektsson, A. K. Hannides, and H. Schmidt. "Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens." Ocean Science 5, no. 3 (September 11, 2009): 329–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-5-329-2009.
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Abstract. Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
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Zielinski, O., J. A. Busch, A. D. Cembella, K. L. Daly, J. Engelbrektsson, A. K. Hannides, and H. Schmidt. "Detecting marine hazardous substances and organisms: sensors for pollutants, toxins, and pathogens." Ocean Science Discussions 6, no. 2 (May 14, 2009): 953–1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-6-953-2009.
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Abstract. Marine environments are influenced by a wide diversity of anthropogenic and natural substances and organisms that may have adverse effects on human health and ecosystems. Real-time measurements of pollutants, toxins, and pathogens across a range of spatial scales are required to adequately monitor these hazards, manage the consequences, and to understand the processes governing their magnitude and distribution. Significant technological advancements have been made in recent years for the detection and analysis of such marine hazards. In particular, sensors deployed on a variety of mobile and fixed-point observing platforms provide a valuable means to assess hazards. In this review, we present state-of-the-art of sensor technology for the detection of harmful substances and organisms in the ocean. Sensors are classified by their adaptability to various platforms, addressing large, intermediate, or small areal scales. Current gaps and future demands are identified with an indication of the urgent need for new sensors to detect marine hazards at all scales in autonomous real-time mode. Progress in sensor technology is expected to depend on the development of small-scale sensor technologies with a high sensitivity and specificity towards target analytes or organisms. However, deployable systems must comply with platform requirements as these interconnect the three areal scales. Future developments will include the integration of existing methods into complex and operational sensing systems for a comprehensive strategy for long-term monitoring. The combination of sensor techniques on all scales will remain crucial for the demand of large spatial and temporal coverage.
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Joux, Fabien, Wade H. Jeffrey, Philippe Lebaron, and David L. Mitchell. "Marine Bacterial Isolates Display Diverse Responses to UV-B Radiation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65, no. 9 (September 1, 1999): 3820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.65.9.3820-3827.1999.
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ABSTRACT The molecular and biological consequences of UV-B radiation were investigated by studying five species of marine bacteria and one enteric bacterium. Laboratory cultures were exposed to an artificial UV-B source and subjected to various post-UV irradiation treatments. Significant differences in survival subsequent to UV-B radiation were observed among the isolates, as measured by culturable counts. UV-B-induced DNA photodamage was investigated by using a highly specific radioimmunoassay to measure cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). The CPDs determined following UV-B exposure were comparable for all of the organisms except Sphingomonas sp. strain RB2256, a facultatively oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium. This organism exhibited little DNA damage and a high level of UV-B resistance. Physiological conditioning by growth phase and starvation did not change the UV-B sensitivity of marine bacteria. The rates of photoreactivation following exposure to UV-B were investigated by using different light sources (UV-A and cool white light). The rates of photoreactivation were greatest during UV-A exposure, although diverse responses were observed. The differences in sensitivity to UV-B radiation between strains were reduced after photoreactivation. The survival and CPD data obtained for Vibrio natriegens when we used two UV-B exposure periods interrupted by a repair period (photoreactivation plus dark repair) suggested that photoadaptation could occur. Our results revealed that there are wide variations in marine bacteria in their responses to UV radiation and subsequent repair strategies, suggesting that UV-B radiation may affect the microbial community structure in surface water.
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Small, Daniel P., Marco Milazzo, Camilla Bertolini, Helen Graham, Chris Hauton, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, and Samuel P. S. Rastrick. "Temporal fluctuations in seawater pCO2 may be as important as mean differences when determining physiological sensitivity in natural systems." ICES Journal of Marine Science 73, no. 3 (December 8, 2015): 604–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsv232.
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Abstract Most studies assessing the impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on benthic marine invertebrates have used stable mean pH/pCO2 levels to highlight variation in the physiological sensitivities in a range of taxa. However, many marine environments experience natural fluctuations in carbonate chemistry, and to date little attempt has been made to understand the effect of naturally fluctuating seawater pCO2 (pCO2sw) on the physiological capacity of organisms to maintain acid–base homeostasis. Here, for the first time, we exposed two species of sea urchin with different acid–base tolerances, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula, to naturally fluctuating pCO2sw conditions at shallow water CO2 seep systems (Vulcano, Italy) and assessed their acid–base responses. Both sea urchin species experienced fluctuations in extracellular coelomic fluid pH, pCO2, and [HCO3−] (pHe, pCO2e, and [HCO3−]e, respectively) in line with fluctuations in pCO2sw. The less tolerant species, P. lividus, had the greatest capacity for [HCO3−]e buffering in response to acute pCO2sw fluctuations, but it also experienced greater extracellular hypercapnia and acidification and was thus unable to fully compensate for acid–base disturbances. Conversely, the more tolerant A. lixula relied on non-bicarbonate protein buffering and greater respiratory control. In the light of these findings, we discuss the possible energetic consequences of increased reliance on bicarbonate buffering activity in P. lividus compared with A. lixula and how these differing physiological responses to acute fluctuations in pCO2sw may be as important as chronic responses to mean changes in pCO2sw when considering how CO2 emissions will affect survival and success of marine organisms within naturally assembled systems.
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Chinweike Unoma Dokubo, Bright Obidinma Uba, Chisom Precious Nnubia, and Ifeanyi Patience Akaun. "Evaluation of toxicity and resistant effects of heavy metals and antibiotics on the growth of marine bioluminescent bacteria." International Journal of Frontline Research in Science and Technology 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 030–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.56355/ijfrst.2022.1.2.0041.
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Luminescence is the emission of light by an object. Living organisms including certain bacteria are capable of luminescence. Bacteria are the most abundant luminescent organisms in nature. Bacterial luminescence has been studied most extensively in several marine bacteria. Bacterial luminescence is due to the action of the enzyme called luciferase. The luminescent bacteria exist in nature either as free-living bacteria or in symbiotic association with certain marine organisms. Research on luminescent bacteria has always been a fascinating one. In the present study, ten free living luminescent bacteria initially isolated from marine origin were characterized for their tolerance to heavy metals and antibiotics. Copper, zinc, cobalt and cadmium metals at 1 mg/mL concentration have inhibited the growth and luminescence of the all strains except strains 1, 2 and 7. Surprisingly, lead metal at the same concentration dd not inhibit any of the ten strains. However, at 2 mg/mL concentration, similar trend was observed on the growth and luminescence of all the 10 strains. Also, all the tested isolates were sensitive (1 cm >) to all Gram negative and positive antibiotics being tested except isolates 3, 6 and 8, respectively which were resistant (0 – 0.9 cm) to all the antibiotics tested. Thus, the strains isolated from the different sample types have good beneficial potentials such as heavy metal tolerance and antibiotic sensitivity.
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Dupaix, Amaël, Laurène Mérillet, Dorothée Kopp, Maud Mouchet, and Marianne Robert. "Using biological traits to get insights into the bentho-demersal community sensitivity to trawling in the Celtic Sea." ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, no. 3 (February 7, 2021): 1063–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab011.
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Abstract Coastal marine ecosystems are under many pressures, including bottom trawling, which is the most widespread human activity that directly affects seabed habitats. Therefore, it is of great importance to characterize the impacts of bottom trawling on bentho-demersal communities, which can be done through the study of indicators sensitive to trawling pressure. Using a functional indicator applied to 54 underwater video transects, we mapped the sensitivity to trawling of epibenthic invertebrates and fish communities in the Celtic Sea. We determined the relative influence of environmental and fishing variables on sensitivity and traits distribution. Our results suggest that community sensitivity to trawling is mainly driven by a spatial gradient of depth and primary productivity that separates the area into two main regions: a shallow, productive area, with low sensitivity and a higher abundance of swimming and crawling organisms, and a deeper, less productive area, with higher sensitivity due to a higher abundance of fixed, filter-feeding organisms. Fishing intensity also drives the sensitivity of communities confirming that they have already been shaped by a long history of mixed fisheries. The methodology used here provides a valuable monitoring tool and could be used to predict communities’ response to changes in fishing intensity and climate change.
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Noisette, Fanny, Piero Calosi, Diana Madeira, Mathilde Chemel, Kayla Menu-Courey, Sarah Piedalue, Helen Gurney-Smith, Dounia Daoud, and Kumiko Azetsu-Scott. "Tolerant Larvae and Sensitive Juveniles: Integrating Metabolomics and Whole-Organism Responses to Define Life-Stage Specific Sensitivity to Ocean Acidification in the American Lobster." Metabolites 11, no. 9 (August 30, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11090584.
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Bentho-pelagic life cycles are the dominant reproductive strategy in marine invertebrates, providing great dispersal ability, access to different resources, and the opportunity to settle in suitable habitats upon the trigger of environmental cues at key developmental moments. However, free-dispersing larvae can be highly sensitive to environmental changes. Among these, the magnitude and the occurrence of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in oceanic habitats is predicted to exacerbate over the next decades, particularly in coastal areas, reaching levels beyond those historically experienced by most marine organisms. Here, we aimed to determine the sensitivity to elevated pCO2 of successive life stages of a marine invertebrate species with a bentho-pelagic life cycle, exposed continuously during its early ontogeny, whilst providing in-depth insights on their metabolic responses. We selected, as an ideal study species, the American lobster Homarus americanus, and investigated life history traits, whole-organism physiology, and metabolomic fingerprints from larval stage I to juvenile stage V exposed to different pCO2 levels. Current and future ocean acidification scenarios were tested, as well as extreme high pCO2/low pH conditions that are predicted to occur in coastal benthic habitats and with leakages from underwater carbon capture storage (CCS) sites. Larvae demonstrated greater tolerance to elevated pCO2, showing no significant changes in survival, developmental time, morphology, and mineralisation, although they underwent intense metabolomic reprogramming. Conversely, juveniles showed the inverse pattern, with a reduction in survival and an increase in development time at the highest pCO2 levels tested, with no indication of metabolomic reprogramming. Metabolomic sensitivity to elevated pCO2 increased until metamorphosis (between larval and juvenile stages) and decreased afterward, suggesting this transition as a metabolic keystone for marine invertebrates with complex life cycles.
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Coppola, Francesca, Amadeu M. V. M. Soares, Etelvina Figueira, Eduarda Pereira, Paula A. A. P. Marques, Gianluca Polese, and Rosa Freitas. "The Influence of Temperature Increase on the Toxicity of Mercury Remediated Seawater Using the Nanomaterial Graphene Oxide on the Mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (July 31, 2021): 1978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11081978.
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Mercury (Hg) has been increasing in waters, sediments, soils and air, as a result of natural events and anthropogenic activities. In aquatic environments, especially marine systems (estuaries and lagoons), Hg is easily bioavailable and accumulated by aquatic wildlife, namely bivalves, due to their lifestyle characteristics (sedentary and filter-feeding behavior). In recent years, different approaches have been developed with the objective of removing metal(loid)s from the water, including the employment of nanomaterials. However, coastal systems and marine organisms are not exclusively challenged by pollutants but also by climate changes such as progressive temperature increment. Therefore, the present study aimed to (i) evaluate the toxicity of remediated seawater, previously contaminated by Hg (50 mg/L) and decontaminated by the use of graphene-based nanomaterials (graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with polyethyleneimine, 10 mg/L), towards the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis; (ii) assess the influence of temperature on the toxicity of decontaminated seawater. For this, alterations observed in mussels’ metabolic capacity, oxidative and neurotoxic status, as well as histopathological injuries in gills and digestive tubules were measured. This study demonstrated that mussels exposed to Hg contaminated seawater presented higher impacts than organisms under remediated seawater. When comparing the impacts at 21 °C (present study) and 17 °C (previously published data), organisms exposed to remediated seawater at a higher temperature presented higher injuries than organisms at 17 °C. These results indicate that predicted warming conditions may negatively affect effective remediation processes, with the increasing of temperature being responsible for changes in organisms’ sensitivity to pollutants or increasing pollutants toxicity.
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Chiu, Wing‐Tung Ruby, Moriaki Yasuhara, Thomas M. Cronin, Gene Hunt, Laura Gemery, and Chih‐Lin Wei. "Marine latitudinal diversity gradients, niche conservatism and out of the tropics and Arctic: Climatic sensitivity of small organisms." Journal of Biogeography 47, no. 4 (April 2020): 817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13793.
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Hu, Marian, Yung-Che Tseng, Yi-Hsien Su, Etienne Lein, Hae-Gyeong Lee, Jay-Ron Lee, Sam Dupont, and Meike Stumpp. "Variability in larval gut pH regulation defines sensitivity to ocean acidification in six species of the Ambulacraria superphylum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1864 (October 11, 2017): 20171066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1066.
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The unusual rate and extent of environmental changes due to human activities may exceed the capacity of marine organisms to deal with this phenomenon. The identification of physiological systems that set the tolerance limits and their potential for phenotypic buffering in the most vulnerable ontogenetic stages become increasingly important to make large-scale projections. Here, we demonstrate that the differential sensitivity of non-calcifying Ambulacraria (echinoderms and hemichordates) larvae towards simulated ocean acidification is dictated by the physiology of their digestive systems. Gastric pH regulation upon experimental ocean acidification was compared in six species of the superphylum Ambulacraria. We observed a strong correlation between sensitivity to ocean acidification and the ability to regulate gut pH. Surprisingly, species with tightly regulated gastric pH were more sensitive to ocean acidification. This study provides evidence that strict maintenance of highly alkaline conditions in the larval gut of Ambulacraria early life stages may dictate their sensitivity to decreases in seawater pH. These findings highlight the importance of identifying and understanding pH regulatory systems in marine larval stages that may contribute to substantial energetic challenges under near-future ocean acidification scenarios.
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Andruszkiewicz, Elizabeth A., Kevan M. Yamahara, Collin J. Closek, and Alexandria B. Boehm. "Quantitative PCR assays to detect whales, rockfish, and common murre environmental DNA in marine water samples of the Northeastern Pacific." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): e0242689. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242689.
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Monitoring aquatic species by identification of environmental DNA (eDNA) is becoming more common. To obtain quantitative eDNA datasets for individual species, organism-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays are required. Here, we present detailed methodology of qPCR assay design and testing, including in silico, in vitro, and in vivo testing, and comment on the challenges associated with assay design and performance. We use the presented methodology to design assays for three important marine organisms common in the California Current Ecosystem (CCE): humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), shortbelly rockfish (Sebastes jordani), and common murre (Uria aalge). All three assays have excellent sensitivity and high efficiencies ranging from 92% to 99%. However, specificities of the assays varied from species-specific in the case of common murre, genus-specific for the shortbelly rockfish assay, and broadly whale-specific for the humpback whale assay, which cross-amplified with other two other whale species, including one in a different family. All assays detected their associated targets in complex environmental water samples.
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Mochida, Kazuhiko, Toshimitsu Onduka, Haruna Amano, Mana Ito, Katsutoshi Ito, Hiroyuki Tanaka, and Kazunori Fujii. "Use of species sensitivity distributions to predict no-effect concentrations of an antifouling biocide, pyridine triphenylborane, for marine organisms." Marine Pollution Bulletin 64, no. 12 (December 2012): 2807–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.09.007.
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Ripken, Christina, Konstantin Khalturin, and Eiichi Shoguchi. "Response of Coral Reef Dinoflagellates to Nanoplastics under Experimental Conditions Suggests Downregulation of Cellular Metabolism." Microorganisms 8, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 1759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8111759.
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Plastic products contribute heavily to anthropogenic pollution of the oceans. Small plastic particles in the microscale and nanoscale ranges have been found in all marine ecosystems, but little is known about their effects upon marine organisms. In this study, we examine changes in cell growth, aggregation, and gene expression of two symbiotic dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, Symbiodinium tridacnidorum (clade A3), and Cladocopium sp. (clade C) under exposure to 42-nm polystyrene beads. In laboratory experiments, the cell number and aggregation were reduced after 10 days of nanoplastic exposure at 0.01, 0.1, and 10 mg/L concentrations, but no clear correlation with plastic concentration was observed. Genes involved in dynein motor function were upregulated when compared to control conditions, while genes related to photosynthesis, mitosis, and intracellular degradation were downregulated. Overall, nanoplastic exposure led to more genes being downregulated than upregulated and the number of genes with altered expression was larger in Cladocopium sp. than in S. tridacnidorum, suggesting different sensitivity to nano-plastics between species. Our data show that nano-plastic inhibits growth and alters aggregation properties of microalgae, which may negatively affect the uptake of these indispensable symbionts by coral reef organisms.
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Tychsen, John, Ole Geertz-Hansen, and Jesper Kofoed. "KenSea – development of an environmental sensitivity atlas for coastal areas of Kenya." Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 10 (November 29, 2006): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v10.4912.
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The Kenya coastline extends 600 km from the border of Tanzania in the south to the border of Somalia in the north (Fig. 1). The Kenyan coast features a diverse marine environment, including estuaries, mangroves, sea grass beds and intertidal reef platforms and coral reefs, which are vital for the reproduction of marine organisms. These coastal ecosystems are regarded as some of the most valuable in Kenya but face serious threats from the ever increasing human pressure of tourism, industrial pollution, destructive fishing, mangrove logging and other unsustainable uses of marine resources. Another serious threat is the maritime transportation activities along the coast and at the ports. It is estimated that at any given time more than 50 ships operate in the major shipping lanes off the Kenyan coast, of which about nine are oil tankers with capacities ranging from 50 000 to 250 000 tonnes. Furthermore, the harbour of Mombasa serves as the major port for countries in East Africa. In recognition of the risks posed by oil pollution the government of Kenya and the commercial petroleum industry agreed to develop a National Oil Spill Response Contingency Plan (NOSRCP) with the purpose of enabling a speedy and effective response to any oil spill within the territorial waters of Kenya. An important element of this plan was the mapping of the coastal resources and the development of an environmental sensitivity atlas showing the vulnerability of the coast to marine oil spills. In 2004, the Government of Kenya approached the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) in Kenya for financial support to develop an environmental sensitivity atlas. The project was approved and forwarded for funding by the Danish Consultancy Trust Fund administrated by United Nations Operational Program (UNOPS) in Copenhagen. The project was announced in Denmark, and the KenSea group headed by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) was awarded the contract. The project comprises four phases: (1) data compilation and development of the KenSea database, (2) development of a coastal classification for Kenya, (3) development of the sensitivity index jointly with a group of stakeholders, and (4) compilation of the KenSea environmental sensitivity atlas (Tychsen 2006).
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Aalto, EA, JP Barry, CA Boch, SY Litvin, F. Micheli, CB Woodson, and GA De Leo. "Abalone populations are most sensitive to environmental stress effects on adult individuals." Marine Ecology Progress Series 643 (June 11, 2020): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13320.
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Marine organisms are exposed to stressors associated with climate change throughout their life cycle, but a majority of studies focus on responses in single life stages, typically early ones. Here, we examined how negative impacts from stressors associated with climate change, ocean acidification, and pollution can act across multiple life stages to influence long-term population dynamics and decrease resilience to mass mortality events. We used a continuous-size-structured density-dependent model for abalone (Haliotis spp.), calcifying mollusks that support valuable fisheries, to explore the sensitivity of stock abundance and annual catch to potential changes in growth, survival, and fecundity across the organism’s lifespan. Our model predicts that decreased recruitment from lowered fertilization success or larval survival has small negative impacts on the population, and that stock size and fishery performance are much more sensitive to changes in parameters that affect the size or survival of adults. Sensitivity to impacts on subadults and juveniles is also important for the population, though less so than for adults. Importantly, likelihood of recovery following mortality events showed more pronounced sensitivity to most possible parameter impacts, greater than the effects on equilibrium density or catch. Our results suggest that future experiments on environmental stressors should focus on multiple life stages to capture effects on population structure and dynamics, particularly for species with size-dependent fecundity.
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Rasmusson, Lina M., Aekkaraj Nualla-ong, Tarawit Wutiruk, Mats Björk, Martin Gullström, and Pimchanok Buapet. "Sensitivity of Photosynthesis to Warming in Two Similar Species of the Aquatic Angiosperm Ruppia from Tropical and Temperate Habitats." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169433.
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Climate change-related events, such as marine heatwaves, are increasing seawater temperatures, thereby putting pressure on marine biota. The cosmopolitan distribution and significant contribution to marine primary production by the genus Ruppia makes them interesting organisms to study thermal tolerance and local adaptation. In this study, we investigated the photosynthetic responses in Ruppia to the predicted future warming in two contrasting bioregions, temperate Sweden and tropical Thailand. Through DNA barcoding, specimens were determined to Ruppia cirrhosa for Sweden and Ruppia maritima for Thailand. Photosynthetic responses were assessed using pulse amplitude-modulated fluorometry, firstly in short time incubations at 18, 23, 28, and 33 °C in the Swedish set-up and 28, 33, 38, and 43 °C in the Thai set-up. Subsequent experiments were conducted to compare the short time effects to longer, five-day incubations in 28 °C for Swedish plants and 40 °C for Thai plants. Swedish R. cirrhosa displayed minor response, while Thai R. maritima was more sensitive to both direct and prolonged temperature stress with a drastic decrease in the photosynthetic parameters leading to mortality. The results indicate that in predicted warming scenarios, Swedish R. cirrhosa may sustain an efficient photosynthesis and potentially outcompete more heat-sensitive species. However, populations of the similar R. maritima in tropical environments may suffer a decline as their productivity will be highly reduced.
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Yılmaz, Hilal, Gülsen Avaz, Ülkü Yetiş, and Melek Özkan. "Toxicity of environmentally important micropollutants on three trophic levels." Aquatic Research 5, no. 1 (2022): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3153/ar22003.
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Micropollution is a serious environmental problem caused by continuous entry of trace quantities of toxic chemical substances into the aquatic environment. In the present study, three trophic levels of the aquatic ecosystems were used to evaluate the acute toxicities of environmentally important micropollutants including heavy metals, pesticides and drugs. There is a scarcity of information on toxicity of the studied substances on marine water algae. Among studied micropollutants, the most toxic chemical to Daphnia magna and Danio rerio was found to be 1-Chloro-2,4 dinitrobenzene with EC50 of 0.002 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively. Although this compound was also toxic to marine algae, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, arsenic showed the highest toxicity to the algae with EC50 of 2.4 mg/L. As compared to other organisms, D. magna was found to have higher sensitivity to all of the tested micropollutants.
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Kuang, Zexing, Yangguang Gu, Yiyong Rao, and Honghui Huang. "Biological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments and Health Risk Assessment in Marine Organisms from Daya Bay, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010017.
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The concentrations of heavy metals in sediments and marine organisms in Daya Bay were investigated, and the Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the uncertainty of the results of geo-accumulation characteristics and ecological and health risks. The mean concentrations of metal elements in sediments were in the following order: Zn > Cr > Cu > As > Cd > Hg, while those in marine organisms were Zn > Cu > As > Cr ≈ Cd > Hg. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) indicated that the primary pollutant was Hg, with 5.46% moderately polluted, and 39.52% for unpolluted to moderately polluted. Potential ecological risks (RI) were between low and high risks, and the contributions of Hg, Cd, and As to ecological risks were 50.85%, 33.92%, and 11.47%, respectively. The total hazard coefficients (THQ) were less than 1, but on the basis of total carcinogenic risks (TCR), the probability of children and adults exceeded the unacceptable risk threshold of 22.27% and 11.19%, respectively. Sensitivity analysis results showed that the concentrations of carcinogenic elements contributed to risk in the order of As > Cd > Cr. Therefore, in order to effectively control heavy metals contamination in Daya Bay, it is necessary to strengthen the management of Hg, Cd, and As emissions.
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Saili, Katerine S., Allison S. Cardwell, and William A. Stubblefield. "Chronic Toxicity of Cobalt to Marine Organisms: Application of a Species Sensitivity Distribution Approach to Develop International Water Quality Standards." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 40, no. 5 (March 23, 2021): 1405–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/etc.4993.
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Radford, C. A., S. P. Collins, P. L. Munday, and D. Parsons. "Ocean acidification effects on fish hearing." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, no. 1946 (March 3, 2021): 20202754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2754.
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Humans are rapidly changing the marine environment through a multitude of effects, including increased greenhouse gas emissions resulting in warmer and acidified oceans. Elevated CO 2 conditions can cause sensory deficits and altered behaviours in marine organisms, either directly by affecting end organ sensitivity or due to likely alterations in brain chemistry. Previous studies show that auditory-associated behaviours of larval and juvenile fishes can be affected by elevated CO 2 (1000 µatm). Here, using auditory evoked potentials (AEP) and micro-computer tomography (microCT) we show that raising juvenile snapper, Chrysophyrs auratus , under predicted future CO 2 conditions resulted in significant changes to their hearing ability. Specifically, snapper raised under elevated CO 2 conditions had a significant decrease in low frequency (less than 200 Hz) hearing sensitivity. MicroCT demonstrated that these elevated CO 2 snapper had sacculus otolith's that were significantly larger and had fluctuating asymmetry, which likely explains the difference in hearing sensitivity. We suggest that elevated CO 2 conditions have a dual effect on hearing, directly effecting the sensitivity of the hearing end organs and altering previously described hearing induced behaviours. This is the first time that predicted future CO 2 conditions have been empirically linked through modification of auditory anatomy to changes in fish hearing ability. Given the widespread and well-documented impact of elevated CO 2 on fish auditory anatomy, predictions of how fish life-history functions dependent on hearing may respond to climate change may need to be reassessed.
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Kanzaki, Yoshiki, Bernard P. Boudreau, Sandra Kirtland Turner, and Andy Ridgwell. "A lattice-automaton bioturbation simulator with coupled physics, chemistry, and biology in marine sediments (eLABS v0.2)." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 10 (October 24, 2019): 4469–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-4469-2019.
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Abstract. Seawater–sediment interaction is a crucial factor in carbon and nutrient cycling on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This interaction is mediated not just through geochemistry but also via biology. Infauna vigorously mix sediment particles, enhance porewater–seawater exchange, and consequently, facilitate chemical reactions. In turn, the ecology and activity of benthic fauna are impacted by their environment, amplifying the sensitivity of seawater–sediment interaction to environmental change. However, numerical representation of the bioturbation of sediment has often been treated simply as an enhanced diffusion of solutes and solids. Whilst reasonably successful in representing the mixing of bulk and predominantly oxic marine sediments, the diffusional approach to bioturbation is limited by a lack of environmental sensitivity. To better capture the mechanics and effects of sediment bioturbation, we extend a published bioturbation model (Lattice-Automaton Bioturbation Simulator; LABS) by adopting a novel method to simulate realistic infaunal behavior that drives sediment mixing. In this new model (extended LABS – eLABS), simulated benthic organism action is combined with a deterministic calculation of water flow and oxygen and organic matter concentration fields to better reflect the physicochemical evolution of sediment in response to bioturbation. The predicted burrow geometry and mixing intensity thus attain a dependence on physicochemical sedimentary conditions. This interplay between biology, chemistry, and physics is important to mechanistically explain empirical observations of bioturbation and to account for the impact of environmental changes. As an illustrative example, we show how higher organic rain can drive more intense sediment mixing by “luring” benthic organisms deeper into sediments, while lower ambient dissolved oxygen restricts the oxic habitat depth and hence tends to reduce bulk mixing rates. Our model, with its oxygen and food availability controls, is a new tool to interpret the trace fossil record, e.g., burrows, as well as to explore biological engineering of past marine environments.
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Rao, Dhana, Jeremy S. Webb, and Staffan Kjelleberg. "Competitive Interactions in Mixed-Species Biofilms Containing the Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 71, no. 4 (April 2005): 1729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.71.4.1729-1736.2005.
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ABSTRACT Pseudoalteromonas tunicata is a biofilm-forming marine bacterium that is often found in association with the surface of eukaryotic organisms. It produces a range of extracellular inhibitory compounds, including an antibacterial protein (AlpP) thought to be beneficial for P. tunicata during competition for space and nutrients on surfaces. As part of our studies on the interactions between P. tunicata and the epiphytic bacterial community on the marine plant Ulva lactuca, we investigated the hypothesis that P. tunicata is a superior competitor compared with other bacteria isolated from the plant. A number of U. lactuca bacterial isolates were (i) identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, (ii) characterized for the production of or sensitivity to extracellular antibacterial proteins, and (iii) labeled with a fluorescent color tag (either the red fluorescent protein DsRed or green fluorescent protein). We then grew single- and mixed-species bacterial biofilms containing P. tunicata in glass flow cell reactors. In pure culture, all the marine isolates formed biofilms containing microcolony structures within 72 h. However, in mixed-species biofilms, P. tunicata removed the competing strain unless its competitor was relatively insensitive to AlpP (Pseudoalteromonas gracilis) or produced strong inhibitory activity against P. tunicata (Roseobacter gallaeciensis). Moreover, biofilm studies conducted with an AlpP− mutant of P. tunicata indicated that the mutant was less competitive when it was introduced into preestablished biofilms, suggesting that AlpP has a role during competitive biofilm formation. When single-species biofilms were allowed to form microcolonies before the introduction of a competitor, these microcolonies coexisted with P. tunicata for extended periods of time before they were removed. Two marine bacteria (R. gallaeciensis and P. tunicata) were superior competitors in this study. Our data suggest that this dominance can be attributed to the ability of these organisms to rapidly form microcolonies and their ability to produce extracellular antibacterial compounds.
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Zalewska, Tamara, and Maria Suplińska. "Reference organisms for assessing the impact of ionizing radiation on the environment of the southern Baltic Sea." Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies 41, no. 4 (January 1, 2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s13545-012-0033-z.
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AbstractAssessing the impact of ionizing radiation on the marine environment requires a well-defined methodology, which includes, among other elements, the analysis of exposure and effects. One of the most important components of the assessment system is the choice of reference organisms specific for the assessed area that fulfill requirements such as radioecological sensitivity, widespread distribution, and amenability to research and monitoring. The following species specific to the southern Baltic Sea that represent diversified ecological niches were proposed as reference organisms. Polysiphonia fucoides was proposed as a representative of macroalgae. Pelagic and benthic fauna were represented by Crangon crangon (crustacean), Saduria entomon (crustacean), Hediste diversicolor (polychaete), and Mytilus trossulus (mollusc). Fish were represented by Clupea harengus (pelagic planctotrophic fish), Gadus morhua (pelagic carnivorous fish), and Platichthys flesus (benthic fish). Activity concentrations of 137Cs were determined in reference biota as well as in seawater, as required for the total dose-rate evaluation, and relevant concentration factors were calculated.
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Place, Sean P., and Gretchen E. Hofmann. "Temperature interactions of the molecular chaperone Hsc70 from the eurythermal marine goby Gillichthys mirabilis." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 15 (August 1, 2001): 2675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.15.2675.
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SUMMARY Molecular chaperones participate in many aspects of protein biogenesis. Mechanistically, they recognize and bind to non-native proteins, prevent the aggregation of unfolded proteins and also, in some cases, facilitate refolding. Although a great deal is known about the cellular function of molecular chaperones in general, very little is known about the effect of temperature on molecular chaperones in non-model organisms, particularly in ectotherms that fold proteins under variable-temperature conditions in nature. To address this issue, we studied the temperature interactions of a major cytosolic molecular chaperone, Hsc70, from the eurythermal marine goby Gillichthys mirabilis. Using in vitro assays, we measured the intrinsic activity, unfolded-protein-stimulated activity, temperature sensitivity and heat stability of the ATPase activity of native Hsc70 purified from G. mirabilis white muscle. Similar to other chaperones in the 70kDa heat-shock protein family, G. mirabilis Hsc70 exhibited a low intrinsic ATPase activity that was stimulated in vitro by the addition of unfolded protein. Across the environmentally relevant temperature range (10–35°C), the ATPase activity of G. mirabilis Hsc70 displayed differential thermal sensitivity, with the greatest sensitivity occurring between 10 and 15°C and the least sensitivity between 15 and 25°C. In addition, the activity of Hsc70 was not significantly different between the unstimulated and unfolded-protein-stimulated treatments, suggesting that the ATPase activity and the peptide-binding domain of Hsc70 have similar thermal sensitivities in vitro. Finally, the thermal stability of Hsc70 ATPase activity greatly exceeded environmental temperatures for G. mirabilis, with activity up to 62.5°C. Overall, the biochemical characterization of the ATPase activity suggests that, although Hsc70 is not an extraordinarily thermally stable protein, it is capable of protein chaperoning cycles even at the extremes of environmental temperatures encountered by G. mirabilis in nature.
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Li, Xiang, Valerie J. Harwood, Bina Nayak, and Jennifer L. Weidhaas. "Ultrafiltration and Microarray for Detection of Microbial Source Tracking Marker and Pathogen Genes in Riverine and Marine Systems." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 5 (January 4, 2016): 1625–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02583-15.
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ABSTRACTPathogen identification and microbial source tracking (MST) to identify sources of fecal pollution improve evaluation of water quality. They contribute to improved assessment of human health risks and remediation of pollution sources. An MST microarray was used to simultaneously detect genes for multiple pathogens and indicators of fecal pollution in freshwater, marine water, sewage-contaminated freshwater and marine water, and treated wastewater. Dead-end ultrafiltration (DEUF) was used to concentrate organisms from water samples, yielding a recovery efficiency of >95% forEscherichia coliand human polyomavirus. Whole-genome amplification (WGA) increased gene copies from ultrafiltered samples and increased the sensitivity of the microarray. Viruses (adenovirus, bocavirus, hepatitis A virus, and human polyomaviruses) were detected in sewage-contaminated samples. Pathogens such asLegionella pneumophila,Shigella flexneri, andCampylobacter fetuswere detected along with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and tetracycline. Nonmetric dimensional analysis of MST marker genes grouped sewage-spiked freshwater and marine samples with sewage and apart from other fecal sources. The sensitivity (percent true positives) of the microarray probes for gene targets anticipated in sewage was 51 to 57% and was lower than the specificity (percent true negatives; 79 to 81%). A linear relationship between gene copies determined by quantitative PCR and microarray fluorescence was found, indicating the semiquantitative nature of the MST microarray. These results indicate that ultrafiltration coupled with WGA provides sufficient nucleic acids for detection of viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and antibiotic resistance genes by the microarray in applications ranging from beach monitoring to risk assessment.
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Leduc, Antoine O. H. C., Philip L. Munday, Grant E. Brown, and Maud C. O. Ferrari. "Effects of acidification on olfactory-mediated behaviour in freshwater and marine ecosystems: a synthesis." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1627 (October 5, 2013): 20120447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0447.
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For many aquatic organisms, olfactory-mediated behaviour is essential to the maintenance of numerous fitness-enhancing activities, including foraging, reproduction and predator avoidance. Studies in both freshwater and marine ecosystems have demonstrated significant impacts of anthropogenic acidification on olfactory abilities of fish and macroinvertebrates, leading to impaired behavioural responses, with potentially far-reaching consequences to population dynamics and community structure. Whereas the ecological impacts of impaired olfactory-mediated behaviour may be similar between freshwater and marine ecosystems, the underlying mechanisms are quite distinct. In acidified freshwater, molecular change to chemical cues along with reduced olfaction sensitivity appear to be the primary causes of olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment. By contrast, experiments simulating future ocean acidification suggest that interference of high CO 2 with brain neurotransmitter function is the primary cause for olfactory-mediated behavioural impairment in fish. Different physico-chemical characteristics between marine and freshwater systems are probably responsible for these distinct mechanisms of impairment, which, under globally rising CO 2 levels, may lead to strikingly different consequences to olfaction. While fluctuations in pH may occur in both freshwater and marine ecosystems, marine habitat will remain alkaline despite future ocean acidification caused by globally rising CO 2 levels. In this synthesis, we argue that ecosystem-specific mechanisms affecting olfaction need to be considered for effective management and conservation practices.
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Kock, Annette, and Hermann W. Bange. "Nitrite removal improves hydroxylamine analysis in aqueous solution by conversion with iron(III)." Environmental Chemistry 10, no. 1 (2013): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en12141.
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Environmental context Nitrogen is an essential nutrient for marine organisms, and thus an understanding of the marine nitrogen cycle is a crucial factor in predicting the sensitivity of marine life to environmental change. Hydroxylamine is a short-lived intermediate in nitrogen transformation processes, and reliable detection of this compound in seawater can help to identify these processes within the marine nitrogen cycle. Abstract Dissolved hydroxylamine (NH2OH) is a short-lived compound produced in the oceanic environment during nitrification and dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (DNRA). The ferric ammonium sulfate (FAS) conversion method is the only method available so far to determine dissolved NH2OH in nanomolar concentrations in seawater. We show that side reactions of dissolved nitrite (NO2–) can result in a significant bias in the NH2OH concentration measurements when applying the FAS conversion method. We propose to scavenge dissolved NO2– by addition of sulfanilamide to suppress effectively the undesired side reactions by NO2–. This modification of the FAS conversion method will allow a NH2OH determination even in oceanic regions with high NO2– concentrations. A reliable detection of NH2OH in seawater samples can give us a clue about the occurrence of active nitrification or DNRA in the ocean and, therefore, will provide further insights about the oceanic nitrogen cycle.
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Gallego, Ramón, Todd E. Dennis, Zeenatul Basher, Shane Lavery, and Mary A. Sewell. "On the need to consider multiphasic sensitivity of marine organisms to climate change: a case study of the Antarctic acorn barnacle." Journal of Biogeography 44, no. 10 (May 15, 2017): 2165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13023.
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Wang, Sujing, Na Zheng, Siyu Sun, Yining Ji, Qirui An, Xiaoqian Li, Zimeng Li, and Wenhui Zhang. "Bioaccumulation of organophosphorus flame retardants in marine organisms in Liaodong Bay and their potential ecological risks based on species sensitivity distribution." Environmental Pollution 317 (January 2023): 120812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120812.
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Dannheim, Jennifer, Lena Bergström, Silvana N. R. Birchenough, Radosław Brzana, Arjen R. Boon, Joop W. P. Coolen, Jean-Claude Dauvin, et al. "Benthic effects of offshore renewables: identification of knowledge gaps and urgently needed research." ICES Journal of Marine Science 77, no. 3 (March 1, 2019): 1092–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsz018.
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Abstract As the EU's commitment to renewable energy is projected to grow to 20% of energy generation by 2020, the use of marine renewable energy from wind, wave and tidal resources is increasing. This literature review (233 studies) (i) summarizes knowledge on how marine renewable energy devices affect benthic environments, (ii) explains how these effects could alter ecosystem processes that support major ecosystem services and (iii) provides an approach to determine urgent research needs. Conceptual diagrams were set up to structure hypothesized cause-effect relationships (i.e. paths). Paths were scored for (i) temporal and spatial scale of the effect, (ii) benthic sensitivity to these effects, (iii) the effect consistency and iv) scoring confidence, and consecutively ranked. This approach identified prominent knowledge gaps and research needs about (a) hydrodynamic changes possibly resulting in altered primary production with potential consequences for filter feeders, (b) the introduction and range expansion of non-native species (through stepping stone effects) and, (c) noise and vibration effects on benthic organisms. Our results further provide evidence that benthic sensitivity to offshore renewable effects is higher than previously indicated. Knowledge on changes of ecological functioning through cascading effects is limited and requires distinct hypothesis-driven research combined with integrative ecological modelling.
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Wezel, Annemarie P. "Chemical and biological aspects of ecotoxicological risk assessment of ionizable and neutral organic compounds in fresh and marine waters: a review." Environmental Reviews 6, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 123–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/a98-007.
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The effects of salinity and pH on the partitioning behaviour and toxicity of ionizable and neutral organics and organotin compounds in aquatic ecosystems are reviewed. The pH and pKa are of importance for the distribution over n-octanol and water (Dow) of ionizable compounds. Dow increases with salinity for ionized organics up to 3 times and for organotins up to 1000 times. Neutral acids partition more strongly to the phospholipids than their ions; however, differences are smaller than for Dow. For dissociated phenols, the distribution over the membrane and water (Dmw) depends on counterion concentration. For pentachlorophenol (PCP) and organotins, the uptake rate constant (k1) for the neutral form is up to a factor 10 higher than for the ion. The formation of ion_counterion pairs at higher salinity does not contribute to a higher uptake rate. The adaptation to salinity does not result in different bioconcentration kinetics. There is no general intrinsic susceptibility difference between salt water and freshwater organisms. For ionized organic acids, an increase in toxicity up to 4 times with decreasing salinity is reported frequently. Differences in pH are important for toxicity for compounds with a pKa between 6 and 9. For organophosphates a toxicity increase up to 2.5-fold with salinity was found. Bioconcentration and toxicity of ionizable organics aren't influenced by salinity in the way that Dow is influenced. Quantitative structure activity relationships developed for neutral compounds cannot be used to estimate the bioconcentration or toxicity of partly ionized organics. The deviating partitioning behaviour over water and octanol is no reason to set separate quality criteria for ionizable compounds for marine water and freshwater. However, their toxicity can differ as a result of pH differences. Toxicity data for fresh and marine organisms should always be compared, because unexpected differences in sensitivity can be detected in this way.Key words: salinity, sensitivity, acids, bases, organotin compounds.
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Frank, Tamara M. "Ontogenetic adaptations in the visual systems of deep-sea crustaceans." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1717 (April 5, 2017): 20160071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0071.
Full textAbstract:
For all visually competent organisms, the driving force behind the adaptation of photoreceptors involves obtaining the best balance of resolution to sensitivity in the prevailing light regime, as an increase in sensitivity often results in a decrease in resolution. A number of marine species have an additional problem to deal with, in that the juvenile stages live in relatively brightly lit shallow (100–200 m depth) waters, whereas the adult stages have daytime depths of more than 600 m, where little downwelling light remains. Here, I present the results of electrophysiological analyses of the temporal resolution and irradiance sensitivity of juvenile and adult stages of two species of ontogenetically migrating crustaceans ( Gnathophausia ingens and Systellaspis debilis ) that must deal with dramatically different light environments and temperatures during their life histories. The results demonstrate that there are significant effects of temperature on temporal resolution, which help to optimize the visual systems of the two life-history stages for their respective light environments. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in dim light’.
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Gosselin, Louis A. "A Method For Marking Small Juvenile Gastropods." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 73, no. 4 (November 1993): 963–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400034834.
Full textAbstract:
Methods used to identify individual organisms consistently over time have been invaluable tools in ecological studies, enabling reliable assessments of time-dependent parameters such as growth and mortality, and an accurate determination of their variance. These methods have proved to be particularly amenable to gastropods owing to the presence of an external shell on which marks or tags can be applied with little or no adverse effects on the animal. Marking and tagging techniques have enabled the study of several ecological parameters in adult marine gastropods, including growth (Frank, 1965; Hughes, 1972; Palmer, 1983; Gosselin & Bourget, 1989), mortality (Frank, 1965; Hughes, 1972), movements (Frank, 1965; Chapman, 1986), and foraging behaviour (Menge, 1974; Hugheset al., 1992). Small organisms, however, can pose considerable problems for individual marking (Southwood, 1978). As a result, marking and tagging methods have seldom been applied to newly hatched or recently settled juvenile marine gastropods. Several methods have been developed for simultaneously labelling large numbers of invertebrate larvae (Levin, 1990), and some of these methods may be applicable to juvenile gastropods. The usefulness of these methods, however, is limited because all animals receive the same label and, consequently, individual animals cannot be recognized. To my knowledge, no method of individually marking very small juvenile marine gastropods has been documented. In fact, it is sometimes perceived that small juveniles cannot be individually marked due to their small size and sensitivity (Frank, 1965; Palmer, 1990). The object of this paper is to present a simple method of marking early juvenile gastropods, which consists of applying colour codes to the shells of individuals as small as 0·9 mm in length.
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Bagryantseva, Olga, Vladimir Skakun, Ilya Sokolov, and Zinaida Gureu. "Questions of control of hormone content in fish and other aquatic organisms (metaanalysis)." BIO Web of Conferences 37 (2021): 00039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213700039.
Full textAbstract:
Between 1995 and 2018, the production of fish and fishery products using feed increased from 12 to 54.3 million tons. In the cultivation of such products in many countries, hormones are widely used as growth stimulants to increase the efficiency of feed conversion for the purpose of sex reversal, as well as for artificial reproduction. Hormones, especially their synthetic forms, are poorly metabolized in the marine organisms, which leads to their accumulation in the food matrix. When they enter the human body, they are capable of accumulation in tissues, affect the endocrine system and can cause the development of a number of metabolic disorders. The possibility of a carcinogenic effect of hormones has been proven. The data presented substantiate the need to control the content of hormones in fish and fish products, develop highly sensitive methods for their detection, establish a list of controlled hormones and hormone-like drugs and safety regulations for food products produced with their use. The most sensitive and accurate method in this case is the HPLC-MS/MS method. We believe that for natural (non-synthetic hormones) and synthetic hormones, the criterion for their absence in the sample should be the sensitivity threshold of the used research method (at least 20 ng/kg).
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Schwemmer, T. G., H. Baumann, C. S. Murray, A. I. Molina, and J. A. Nye. "Acidification and hypoxia interactively affect metabolism in embryos, but not larvae, of the coastal forage fish Menidia menidia." Journal of Experimental Biology 223, no. 22 (October 12, 2020): jeb228015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.228015.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTOcean acidification is occurring in conjunction with warming and deoxygenation as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Multistressor experiments are critically needed to better understand the sensitivity of marine organisms to these concurrent changes. Growth and survival responses to acidification have been documented for many marine species, but studies that explore underlying physiological mechanisms of carbon dioxide (CO2) sensitivity are less common. We investigated oxygen consumption rates as proxies for metabolic responses in embryos and newly hatched larvae of an estuarine forage fish (Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia) to factorial combinations of CO2×temperature or CO2×oxygen. Metabolic rates of embryos and larvae significantly increased with temperature, but partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) alone did not affect metabolic rates in any experiment. However, there was a significant interaction between PCO2 and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in embryos, because metabolic rates were unaffected by PO2 level at ambient PCO2, but decreased with declining PO2 under elevated PCO2. For larvae, however, PCO2 and PO2 had no significant effect on metabolic rates. Our findings suggest high individual variability in metabolic responses to high PCO2, perhaps owing to parental effects and time of spawning. We conclude that early life metabolism is largely resilient to elevated PCO2 in this species, but that acidification likely influences energetic responses and thus vulnerability to hypoxia.
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Trigub, A. G., and V. I. Ipatova. "INFLUENCE OF NANOCOMPOSITE Ag/AgCl ON THE CULTURE OF MICROALGAE SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUDA AND PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM." Toxicological Review, no. 2 (April 28, 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.36946/0869-7922-2018-2-44-50.
Full textAbstract:
The toxicity of the Ag/AgCl nanocomposite was evaluated at different concentrations in chronic experiments for 41 days using standard freshwater and marine plant test organisms of Scenedesmus quadricauda (0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/l) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/L). Comparative sensitivity of test organisms in acute experiments (72 hours) in terms of LC50 was carried out. It was established that the green alga of S. quadricauda is more sensitive to the Ag/AgCl nanocomposite (LC50 = 0.02 mg/l) than the marine diatomea P. tricornutum (LC50 = 0.3 mg/l). The greatest algicidal effect on the growth of S. quadricauda culture was provided by the nanocomposite in concentrations of 1 and 0.5 mg/l, at which the culture did not grow during the experiment. And at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.05 mg/l the algostatic effect was observed for 10 and 1 days, respectively, after which the culture resumed growth. In the culture of P. tricornutum at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.0 mg/l there was a prolonged inhibition of growth, but after 25 days at 1.0 mg/l the number of cells began to increase. In the presence of 0.5 mg/l the culture resumed growth after 4 days of lag phase and overtook the number of control. At the concentration of 0.25 mg/l the growth of P. tricornutum was either at or above the control level. The difference in the response of the two species of algae can be explained both by the individual feature of the species and by the more complex composition of the marine nutrient medium, which reduces the toxicity of the nanocomposite. According to analytical electron microscopy silver from Ag/AgCl nanocomposites within a day falls inside the cells of S. quadricauda and P. tricornutum algae, passing unimpeded both through the cell wall and the cell membrane.