Academic literature on the topic 'Marine laboratories – History'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marine laboratories – History"
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MAIENSCHEIN, JANE. "History of American Marine Laboratories: Why Do Research At the Seashore?" American Zoologist 28, no. 1 (February 1988): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/28.1.15.
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JONES, CHRISTIAN M., WILLIAM B. III DRIGGERS, KRISTIN M. HANNAN, ERIC R. HOFFMAYER, LISA M. JONES, and SANDRA J. RAREDON. "An annotated checklist of the chondrichthyan fishes inhabiting the northern Gulf of Mexico Part 1: Batoidea." Zootaxa 4803, no. 2 (June 26, 2020): 281–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4803.2.3.
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Herein we consolidate the information available concerning the biodiversity of batoid fishes in the northern Gulf of Mexico, including nearly 70 years of survey data collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service, Mississippi Laboratories and their predecessors. We document 41 species proposed to occur in the northern Gulf of Mexico. However, the validity of several of these reports and their associated data is questioned. In addition, we provide information and remarks concerning the distribution, conservation status, taxonomy and recorded history for each species covered.
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Hupało, Kamil, Tomasz Mamos, Weronika Wrzesińska, and Michał Grabowski. "First endemic freshwaterGammarusfrom Crete and its evolutionary history—an integrative taxonomy approach." PeerJ 6 (March 9, 2018): e4457. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4457.
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The Mediterranean islands are known as natural laboratories of evolution with a high level of endemic biodiversity. However, most biodiversity assessments have focused mainly on terrestrial and marine fauna, leaving the freshwater animals aside. Crete is one of the largest islands in the Mediterranean Basin, with a long history of isolation from the continental mainland. Gammarid amphipods are often dominant in macrozoobenthic communities in European inland waters. They are widely used in biomonitoring and exotoxicological studies. Herein, we describeGammarus plaitisisp. nov., endemic to Cretan streams, based on morphological characters and a set of molecular species delimitation methods using mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA genes as well as nuclear 28S rDNA, ITS1 and EF1-alpha genes. The divergence of the new species is strongly connected with the geological history of the island supporting its continental origin.
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Sanyuan, Guan, and Xie Yuanming. "Instrumentation and Software for Low-Level Liquid Scintillation Counting Radiocarbon Dating." Radiocarbon 34, no. 3 (1992): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200063566.
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In China, the development of 14C dating is closely related to that of liquid scintillation counting (LSC). New demands are continuously made on LSC by 14C dating, and at the same time, the development of LSC promotes 14C dating. Benzene synthesis for 14C sample preparation was first developed in China in 1974 by the 14C Laboratory of the Department of History, Peking University. This has laid the foundation for 14C dating by β counting with LS counters. Initially, we used a modified conventional LS counter. Despite its poor detection efficiency and high background, it did make a great contribution to 14C dating and LSC in China. Additional 14C laboratories were established for the fields of archaeology, geology, geography, vertebrate paleontology, marine geology and seismology, for which 14C dating is becoming an important research tool. At present, over 50 14C laboratories have been established in China; 90% of the labs use LS counters for β counting, most of which are manufactured in China. 14C dating in China has been primarily concerned with sample synthesis techniques. Since 1979, we have developed three types of LS counters. One is of conventional design; the others are with anticoincidence shielding. We describe here an anticoincidence-shielded LS counter.
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Gautier, Peter, Kent Bauer, and John Tarpley. "Organizational and Financial Considerations of Wildlife Operations During Two Orphan Spills Off California1." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1999, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 989–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1999-1-989.
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ABSTRACT In November 1997 and again in January 1998, U.S. Coast Guard Marine Safety Office San Francisco Bay, California Department of Fish and Game Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR), the National Park Service, and the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary responded to “mystery” oil spill incidents in the Point Reyes National Seashore, California area. These spill responses were unique because they were primarily wildlife recovery and rehabilitation operations; very little oil was sighted despite wildlife impacts that rank the event as the fourth worst in California history. A large-scale investigation including the use of multiple laboratories to identify the source of the oil has established a connection between the two spills, but no responsible party has been identified to defray the response costs. As a result of the spills, a significant effort is underway in Northern California to better define the role of wildlife operations within the incident command system and to rethink its organization and protocols. Other lessons to apply to future responses involve the funding issues revolving around the difference between response efforts and natural resource damage assessment when the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) is the primary source of funding.
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Prislan, Vid, and Nico Schrijver. "From Mare Liberum to the Global Commons: Building on the Grotian Heritage." Grotiana 30, no. 1 (2009): 168–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/016738309x12537002674484.
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AbstractThis article addresses the heritage of Grotius's concept of common goods (res communes) as developed in his seminal work Mare liberum. This contribution identifies the basic tenets of Grotius's thinking on the nature of common property and identifies the relevance of these ideas for the present day management of global commons, i.e., the areas and natural resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. Successively, the article examines the regimes for: the deep seabed, the high seas, and marine mammals; outer space, particularly the moon; the two polar regions; and the atmosphere, in particular the ozone layer and the climate system. The article demonstrates how some of the original tenets of Grotius's concept of res communis – in particular the idea of inexhaustibility – can no longer be upheld and how the freedom of access to the global commons has become increasingly qualified and supplemented, if not replaced by a new law of international co-operation aimed at conservation and sustainable use of natural wealth and resources beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The global commons function as laboratories for the testing of new principles of international law and new forms of international co-operation, which can be said to clearly build upon the Grotian heritage.
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Hussein Yousif, Noor. "Comparative anatomical study to skeleton for same species of Turtles in Iraq." Bionatura 7, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/2022.07.02.58.
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Bones were recorded in the skeleton of some species of Iraqi turtle Mauremys rivulata; the objectives of this study came in light of current conditions, environmental developments, talents and techniques of biological studies taking place in the country, need for an anatomy guide in river turtles of Iraqi species, to identify all kinds of similarities and differences with their preaching, this work or study has become written in response to those modern needs. It is designed to be one of the resources for those interested in biological studies, beginners or professionals, and veterinarians, distinguishing them from marine and global species. Turtles were dissected in the laboratories of the Research Center and Museum of Natural History / the University of Baghdad. The specimen was dissected by removing the abdominal cortex, muscles, and internal viscera and imaging the bone starting from the skull to the hind leg bones. This first study was in Iraq. Keywords: Turtles (Mauremys rivulata), anatomy, skeleton, bone, Iraq
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Jones, Dewi. "John Lloyd Williams (1854–1945): profile of a Snowdonian botanist." Archives of Natural History 33, no. 1 (April 2006): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2006.33.1.1.
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John Lloyd Williams was an authority on the arctic-alpine flora of Snowdonia during the late nineteenth century when plant collecting was at its height, but unlike other botanists and plant collectors he did not fully pursue the fashionable trend of forming a complete herbarium. His diligent plant-hunting in a comparatively little explored part of Snowdonia led to his discovering a new site for the rare Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum), a feat which was considered a major achievement at the time. For most part of the nineteenth century plant distribution, classification and forming herbaria, had been paramount in the learning of botany in Britain resulting in little attention being made to other aspects of the subject. However, towards the end of the century many botanists turned their attention to studying plant physiology, a subject which had advanced significantly in German laboratories. Rivalry between botanists working on similar projects became inevitable in the race to be first in print as Lloyd Williams soon realized when undertaking his major study on the cytology of marine algae.
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Soja, Constance M. "Reefs as the Centralizing Theme in an Undergraduate Invertebrate Paleontology Course." Paleontological Society Special Publications 12 (2012): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200009217.
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This course is designed so that topics in invertebrate paleontology are discussed in the context of reefs and their change through time. The goal is to help undergraduate students connect modern conservation issues with an enlightened appreciation of the fossil record. Using reefs as the centralizing theme of the course allows key concepts (invertebrate taxonomy and systematics, form and function, evolution, etc.) to be emphasized while exploring the importance of biogenic buildups—and communities that inhabited ecosystems adjacent to those “engines of evolution”—from the past to the present. Students who satisfactorily complete the course achieve seven main learning objectives: They 1) are intimately familiar with the fossil record of marine invertebrate life; 2) understand the evolutionary history of reefs and the ecological roles played by key reef-building invertebrates through time; 3) are able to engage in discussions about paleontological data published in the primary literature; 4) are knowledgeable about the value of paleontological evidence for shedding insights into the decline of ancient and living reefs; 5) gain experience working collaboratively and thinking outside-of-the-box to explore solutions to societal problems linked with the degradation of modern coral reefs; 6) improve scientific writing; and 7) develop a personal style for communicating scientific information to the general public. During classroom discussions, laboratories, a field trip, and museum visit, students explore the anatomy, ecology, evolutionary history, and life-sustaining ecosystem services of shelly animals and associated marine organisms that coexisted in reefs and adjacent habitats past and present. Evolutionary events, including the Cambrian “explosion,” mass extinctions, and gaps in reef existence, are linked to dramatic physical (tectonic) and climatic changes that occurred in Earth's past. Emphasizing evidence for the impact of global change on ancient reef communities alerts students to the value of paleontological data for predicting how modern reefs—and invertebrates living in interconnected marine ecosystems—will respond as the Sixth Extinction gains traction. That topic is the focus of an optional extended study (nine-day field trip offered in alternate years during spring break) of modern and Pleistocene reefs on San Salvador Island, Bahamas.
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Wilson, D. A. H. "Sea lions, greasepaint and the U-boat threat: Admiralty scientists turn to the music hall in 1916." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 55, no. 3 (September 22, 2001): 425–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2001.0156.
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Attempts sponsored by the Admiralty's Board of Invention and Research (BIR) to train sea lions as submarine trackers from November 1916 to mid–1917, when there was considerable concern about the depredations of U–boats, involved a unique collaboration between Fellows of The Royal Society and music-hall celebrities. The official establishment, with its scientific advisers and somewhat reluctant naval representatives, met the world of music hall and circus entertainment, when sea lion ‘captains’ were called upon to assist their counterparts in the Royal Navy. Admiralty documents in the Public Record Office indicate that in 1916 Professor W.H. Bragg, F.R.S. of Section II of the BIR had been approached by ‘Captain’ Joseph Woodward, a music–hall sea lion trainer, who recommended his animals as a possible solution to the U–boat menace. Woodward's recommendation was taken seriously, and he was in due course taken on by the BIR as a consultant, provider of sea lions and experimenting participant. Experiments and trials took place in public swimming baths in Glasgow and Westminster, at Lake Bala and finally on the Solent, under the general supervision of Dr E.J. Allen, F.R.S., Director of the Marine Biological Association laboratories in Plymouth, and with the regular participation of Sir Richard Paget, Secretary of Section II, and Woodward's brother, Captain Fred. At first the aim was to train muzzled animals prior to meals to ignore fish alongside them in a tank in favour of an artificial underwater sound, after a conditioned approach to which they would be rewarded with food. Training would then be transferred to open water, using a submarine as the sound and food source, which the animals might learn to follow without the distraction of fish or of sounds other than those associated with submarines. Woodward's work consisted of a successful application of the same principle of conditioned response which Pavlov made quantifiable in his dogs, and the trials themselves represented a very unusual alliance between science and the performing arts.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine laboratories – History"
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MEŠINOVIC, Sven Asim. "Die Eroberung der Meere: die Unterwasserlaboratorien Helgoland (BRD) und Tektite (USA) im Umweltdiskurs 1968-1973." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/21394.
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Defence date: 23 March 2012; Prof. Dr. Sebastian Conrad (FU-Berlin) - Supervisor; Prof. Dr. Martin van Gelderen (EUI); PD. Dr. Sabine Höhler (Associate Professor, KTH, Schweden); Prof. Dr. Helmuth Trischler (Rachel-Carson Center, LMU München)PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digital archive of EUI PhD theses
The dissertation deals with a forgotten vision of the future from the 1960s: the construction of underwater habitats on the sea-floor. Between 1960 and 1980, 17 states built 60 stations on the seabed. Dealing with the underwater habitats Helgoland (Federal Republic of Germany) and Tektite (United States) the dissertation focusses on the links between underwater habitats and the debate on the "conquest" of the seabed, the international law debate of the sea-floor as a common good and the popular culture of settling the oceans. The history of underwater laboratories is a history of man´s adaptation to other atmospheres. The idea was to find out if and how long one can live in a habitat beneath the sea under different atmospheric pressures. Living in a habitat beneath the sea was also a possibility for marine biologist to carry out "in situ" studies. The habitats were also used to expose humans to different mixtures of gases: At the same time when these biologists were sitting in the habitat, medical studies were carry out on them to see how the human body can adapt to different atmospheres. Especially these questions were important for working out parameters for future space cabins. Therefore underwater laboratories reproduced the terrestrial atmosphere as a life-enabling system. The idea was not only to reproduce the same atmosphere as it is on the earth, the idea was to recreate an atmosphere which would enable human living. However, on the first aquanaut mission in the German underwater laboratory, problems such as ear infections (caused by the humid atmosphere) were observed in the aquanauts. Apparently, the idea of recreating an “environment” beyond the Earth entailed basic problems related to human adaptation. If our understanding of the environment is circumscribed within the biological, chemical and physical habitat of Man, the case study of the underwater laboratory then begs the question of how culture and Man’s nature interact, and is affected by habitat.
Books on the topic "Marine laboratories – History"
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Vivienne, Mawson, Tranter David J, and Pearce Alan F, eds. CSIRO at sea: 50 years of marine science. Tasmania, Australia: CSIRO Marine Laboratories, 1988.
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Fokin, Sergeĭ Ivanovich. Morskie biologicheskie stant︠s︡ii na Russkom Severe (1881-1938). Moskva: T-vo nauch. izd. KMK, 2006.
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Kingsbury, John Merriam. Here's how we'll do it: An informal history of the construction of the Shoals Marine Laboratory, Appledore Island, Maine. Ithaca, N.Y: Bullbrier Press, 1991.
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1939-, Barlow Robert, and Marine Biological Laboratory (Woods Hole, Mass.), eds. The Biological century: Friday evening talks at the Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, Mass: The Laboratory, 1993.
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Bandera, J. Antonio. Historia de la investigación marina en Andalucía, 1908-1994: El laboratorio oceanográfico, acuario y Museo de Málaga. [Málaga]: Universidad de Málaga, 1997.
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Dowling, John E., Robert B. Barlow, Gerald Weissman, and Garland Allen. The Biological Century: Friday Evening Talks at the Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole Marine Biological Laboratory, 1993.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Marine laboratories – History"
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"The Discovery That Atoms “Fly to Bits”: Becquerel and the Curies (Paris and Warsaw)." In Traveling with the Atom A Scientific Guide to Europe and Beyond, 327–58. The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788015288-00327.
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Antoine Becquerel discovered his “rays” while searching for X-rays in fluorescent materials. His potassium uranyl sulfate emitted two types of rays, one being a small stream of particles identical to J. J. Thomson's electrons. We visit places near the Jardin des Plantes where Becquerel's work is celebrated. Next, we follow how the Warsaw-native Maria Salomea Sklodowska earned her way to the Sorbonne in Paris where she excelled, under extraordinarily impoverished conditions, in her study of physics and mathematics. After she married Pierre Curie, they worked together, again under bleak and dangerous conditions, to isolate two new elements, polonium and radium, and coin the term “radioactivity”. Soon afterwards, Pierre died in a tragic traffic accident, but Marie, now the mother of two young daughters, continued their work for twenty more years of both tragedy and triumph. She lived just long enough to see her daughter Iréne, with her husband Frédéric Joliot, discover artificial radioactivity. We visit myriad residences, workplaces, laboratories, hospitals, monuments, statues, museums, and graves all over Paris and Warsaw (and even Brittany) that honor and preserve the memory of the Curies. Three of these are four- or five-atom sites, among the best scientific-historic traveling sites in the world.
Conference papers on the topic "Marine laboratories – History"
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Le Duff, Jean Alain, Andre´ Lefranc¸ois, Jean Philippe Vernot, and Delphine Bossu. "Effect of Loading Signal Shape and of Surface Finish on the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of 304L Stainless Steel in PWR Environment." In ASME 2010 Pressure Vessels and Piping Division/K-PVP Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2010-26027.
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NUREG report CR-6909 [1] proposed in 2007 new rules for evaluating environmental effects in fatigue analyses of new reactors components. These new rules, based on simple correlations, consider that Fen penalty factors (ratio of fatigue life in air at room temperature to that in water at service temperature) are mainly function of strain rate, temperature, sulfur content and dissolved oxygen concentrations. In order to evaluate the conservatisms included in the NUREG report CR-6909, discriminating Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests were performed on a 304L austenitic stainless steel in PWR environment using various modified loading signals deduced from a representative loading strain history as close as possible to actual transients. Using the strain rate integral method recommended in the NUREG/CR-6909, the expected Fen penalty factors evaluated for each modified representative loading signal was close to 6, while the experimental Fen penalty factors measured were strongly dependent of the shape of the loading signals. Experimental Fen penalty factors obtained for the various modified loading signals vary from ∼ 1.5 to ∼ 4. These discriminating LCF tests performed on polished specimens demonstrate that the detailed strain integral method cannot correctly predict the actual environmental effects for the various shapes of loading signals deduced from a representative loading strain history. Other LCF tests were also performed for various constant strain amplitudes using fully reverse triangle signals for comparison purpose with tests performed by other laboratories. It appears that, contrary to published results, environmental effects decrease when the strain amplitude decreases from 0.6% until 0.2%. In the case of the strain amplitude of 0.6%, the Fen penalty factor formulation proposed in the NUREG report CR-6909 is accurate while, for lower strain amplitude of 0.2%, the Fen penalty factor formulation is very severe. It appears that the application of the NUREG/CR-6909 including the Fen model proposed by ANL (Argonne National Laboratory) for austenitic stainless steel provides excessive margins compared to penalty factors as observed experimentally. From this experimental program, conservatisms included in the NUREG/CR-6909 methodology appear to be excessive and can lead to fatigue design issues.
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Le Duff, Jean Alain, Andre´ Lefranc¸ois, and Jean Philippe Vernot. "Effects of Surface Finish and Loading Conditions on the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steel in PWR Environment for Various Strain Amplitude Levels." In ASME 2009 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2009-78129.
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In February/March 2007, The NRC issued Regulatory Guide “RG1.207” and Argonne National Laboratory issued NUREG/CR-6909 that is now applicable in the US for evaluations of PWR environmental effects in fatigue analyses of new reactor components. In order to assess the conservativeness of the application of this NUREG report, Low Cycle Fatigue (LCF) tests were performed by AREVA NP on austenitic stainless steel specimens in a PWR environment. The selected material exhibits in air environment a fatigue behavior consistent with the ANL reference “air” mean curve, as published in NUREG/CR-6909. LCF tests in a PWR environment were performed at various strain amplitude levels (± 0.6% or ± 0.3%) for two loading conditions corresponding to a simple or to a complex strain rate history. The simple loading condition is a fully reverse triangle signal (for comparison purposes with tests performed by other laboratories with the same loading conditions) and the complex signal simulates the strain variation for an actual typical PWR thermal transient. In addition, two various surface finish conditions were tested: polished and ground. This paper presents the comparisons of penalty factors, as observed experimentally, with penalty factors evaluated using ANL formulations (considering the strain integral method for complex loading), and on the other, the comparison of the actual fatigue life of the specimen with the fatigue life predicted through the NUREG report application. For the two strain amplitudes of ± 0.6% and ± 0.3%, LCF tests results obtained on austenitic stainless steel specimens in PWR environment with triangle waveforms at constant low strain rates give “Fen” penalty factors close to those estimated using the ANL formulation (NUREG/6909). However, for the lower strain amplitude level and a triangle loading signal, the ANL formulation is pessimistic compared to the AREVA NP test results obtained for polished specimens. Finally, it was observed that constant amplitude LCF test results obtained on ground specimens under complex loading simulating an actual sequence of a cold and hot thermal shock exhibits lower combined environmental and surface finish effects when compared to the penalty factors estimated on the basis of the ANL formulations. It appears that the application of the NUREG/CR-6909 in conjunction with the Fen model proposed by ANL for austenitic stainless steel provides excessive margins, whereas the current ASME approach seems sufficient to cover significant environmental effects for representative loadings and surface finish conditions of reactor components.