Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marine environment conditions'
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James, I. "Beach-seine net fishing : an analysis of the economic conditions and environment of the fishery in False Bay." Bachelor's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25782.
Full textYan, Liming. "Production of antimicrobial compounds by marine epiphytic bacteria under conditions which mimic their natural environment." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/436.
Full textHendrix, Alicia M. "The Energetic Demand of Low Tide Stress on Balanus glandula Under Varying Thermal Conditions." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/162.
Full textSmilek, Krista R. "Using Ichnology and Sedimentology to Determine Paleoenvironmental and Paleoecological Conditions of a Shallow-Water, Marine Depositional Environment: Case Studies from the Pennsylvanian Ames Limestone and Modern Holothurians." Ohio : Ohio University, 2009. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1250003072.
Full textIsmaili, Syrine. "Le facteur humain dans la mise en oeuvre de la sécurité et de la sûreté maritimes : analyse de l'inscription de la Tunisie dans l'ordonnancement juridique international." Thesis, Lille 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL20003/document.
Full textThe frequency of maritime accidents and the extent of the damage some of them cause, can cast doubt on the effectiveness of maritime safety and security measures. At the same time, the ever increasing rôle played by man in such occurrences has been steadily recognized. Sailors' living and working conditions on board, crew size and working hours are just a few ofthe significant factors wich have contributed to human error. As a result, such factors, should not be excluded from the global organizational system when considering accident prevention. Nevertheless, throughout the word, legislative measures including these elements are either few and far between, only partially applied or immensely difficult to enforce during maritime inspections. Even if this observation varies from one maritime state to another, Tunisia is no exception. Shortcomings in the field range from, flaws in the adoption of laws, to ineffective law implementation, without forgetting the level of control they are granted. This paper will detect the causes behind this situation and go some way in attempting to remedy the failings
Sibuet, Myriam. "Structure des peuplements benthiques en relation avec les conditions trophiques en milieu abyssal dans l'océan atlantique : cas particulier des échinodermes." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066693.
Full textAnnasawmy, Pavanee. "Patterns among micronekton communities in relation to the environmental conditions at two shalow seamounts in the south-western Indian Ocean." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG087.
Full textSeamounts are ubiquitous topographic features across all ocean basins. They rise steeply through the water column from abyssal depths. Depending on their size, shape and summit depths, seamounts reportedly have an impact on the physical flow regimes which may promote the aggregation of zooplankton, micronekton, and top predators above or in the immediate vicinity of their summits. Micronekton form a key trophic link between zooplankton and top marine predators and are divided into four broad categories: gelatinous plankton, crustaceans, cephalopods and mesopelagic fishes. The vertical and horizontal distributions, assemblages and trophic relationships of micronekton were investigated at two shallow seamounts of the south-western Indian Ocean. La Pérouse seamount is a steep bathymetric feature rising from a deep seabed located at 5000 m and with a summit depth at ~ 60 m below the sea surface. The seamount is located at the north-western periphery of the oligotrophic Indian South Subtropical Gyre province. MAD-Ridge seamount (“thus called in this study”), is ~ 240 m below the sea surface rising from a base located at ~2400 m. The seamount is located within an “eddy corridor” to the south of Madagascar within the productive East African Coastal Province. Chapter 4 investigates the influence of mesoscale eddies, Madagascar shelf and shallow seamounts on the distribution of micronekton using an acoustic approach. It is demonstrated that mesoscale eddies and the continental shelf may show enhanced acoustic densities of micronekton compared to MAD-Ridge seamount. The micronekton acoustic densities were also greater at MAD-Ridge compared to La Pérouse, in accordance with the difference in productivity between the two sites. Chapter 5 is dedicated to the micronekton assemblages and diel migration patterns of micronekton communities. It is shown that, while the shallow scattering layer (0-200 m) consisted of oceanic micronekton species; the summits and flanks of La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge showed presence of resident or seamount-associated species both during the day and night. I also discussed the different migration strategies of micronekton. Chapter 6 investigates the stable isotope patterns of mesopelagic communities at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge. Despite the differing productivity at La Pérouse and MAD-Ridge, gelatinous organisms, crustaceans, smaller-sized squids and mesopelagic fishes exhibited trophic levels ranging from 2 to 4 at both seamounts. This thesis highlights important knowledge gaps on seamount ecosystems and ecological patterns associated to shallow seamounts. It also underlines the importance of studying seamount ecosystems of the south-western Indian Ocean in order to promote management and conservation measures for a sustainable use of such specific environments
Lockerbie, Emma Margaret. "A decision tree framework for assessing status of exploited marine ecosystems under changing environmental conditions." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/27996.
Full textSerrat, Llinàs Alba. "Reproductive and condition status of “cold water” marine fish: new insights from a changing environment." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667412.
Full textLes espècies comercials de peixos marins amb preferència per a aigües fredes, que viuen a l’hemisferi nord properes al límit sud de la seva àrea de distribució, es troben en una situació vulnerable degut al canvi climàtic i a la sobrepesca. Aquesta tesi es centra en tres “espècies d’aigua freda”: el moixó (Argentina sphyraena), la maire (Micromesistius poutassou) i el lluç (Merluccius merluccius). Per tal de completar el coneixement sobre les seves característiques reproductives i avaluar el seu estat de salut, es van escollir tres especies d’aigua freda (el moixó, Argentina sphyraena; la maire, Micromesistius poutassou; i el lluç, Merluccius merluccius) i es van examinar diferents trets biològics que comprenen des dels factors que regulen les etapes més inicials de la ovogènesi fins a diverses característiques reproductives, així com l’estat de condició, el parasitisme i els balanços en la distribució de l’energia interna
Persson, Martin. "Changes in condition of herring (Clupea harengus) in Swedish coastal waters." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3376.
Full textMeakin, Nicholas G. "Metagenomic analyses of marine new production under elevated CO2 conditions." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1555.
Full textDunham, Natasha Robin. "Influence of hydrological and environmental conditions on mangrove vegetation at coastal and inland semi-arid areas of the Gascoyne region." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2014. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1406.
Full textKleist, Sarah Alessandra [Verfasser], and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] Schomburg. "Metabolic adaptation processes of the marine bacterium Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL12T to changing environmental conditions / Sarah Alessandra Kleist ; Betreuer: Dietmar Schomburg." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1175818453/34.
Full textKleist, Sarah Alessandra Verfasser], and Dietmar [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schomburg. "Metabolic adaptation processes of the marine bacterium Dinoroseobacter shibae DFL12T to changing environmental conditions / Sarah Alessandra Kleist ; Betreuer: Dietmar Schomburg." Braunschweig : Technische Universität Braunschweig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:gbv:084-16090114052.
Full textHao, Gang. "Laboratory study of shear wave velocity and very small stain modulus of Macao marine clay under anisotropic stress condition." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1783644.
Full textAbaad, Abdelmanam. "Design, techno-economic and environmental risk assessment of aero-derivative industrial gas turbine." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7929.
Full textMüller, Peter [Verfasser], Hildegard [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Westphal, and Wolf-Christian [Gutachter] Dullo. "Impact of environmental conditions on geochemical proxies in tropical marine calcifiers / Peter Müller ; Gutachter: Hildegard Westphal, Wolf-Christian Dullo ; Betreuer: Hildegard Westphal." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1131769015/34.
Full textHarding, Joanne Marie. "Evaluation of the neutral red assay as a stress response indicator in mussels (Mytilus spp.) in relation to seasonal, environmental, handling, harvesting, processing, and post-harvest storage conditions /." Internet access available to MUN users only, 2003. http://collections.mun.ca/u?/theses,162431.
Full textKoerner, Sarah G. "Timing and Potential Drivers of Symbiont Selection in the Early Life Stages of the Massive Starlet Coral Siderastrea siderea." Thesis, NSUWorks, 2019. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/516.
Full textWang, Qi. "Estimation of Refractivity Conditions in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer from Range and Height Measurement of X-band EM Propagation and Inverse Solutions." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1565885420888906.
Full textHarnois, Violette. "Analysis of highly dynamic mooring systems : peak mooring loads in realistic sea conditions." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17205.
Full textEncomio, Vincent G. "A study of the eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica: (1) Dermo tolerance, survival, growth, condition and Hsp70 expression in different geographic stocks; (2) Heat tolerance and effects of sublethal heat shock on survival and Hsp70 expression of infected and uninfected oysters." W&M ScholarWorks, 2004. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616642.
Full textRüegg, Stephanie Alexandra [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Geist, Jürgen [Gutachter] Geist, and Tanja [Gutachter] Gschlößl. "Genetic and phenotypic differentiation of Najas marina L. s.l. in relation to environmental conditions / Stephanie Alexandra Rüegg ; Gutachter: Jürgen Geist, Tanja Gschlößl ; Betreuer: Jürgen Geist." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223617033/34.
Full textHenkel, Susann [Verfasser], Sabine [Akademischer Betreuer] Kasten, and Lange Gert [Akademischer Betreuer] De. "Pore water profiles and early diagenetic signals in marine sediments as indicators for (paleo-)environmental and depositional conditions / Susann Henkel. Gutachter: Sabine Kasten ; Gert De Lange. Betreuer: Sabine Kasten." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1071897896/34.
Full textZini, Giulia. "Role of the Diffusion Boundary Layer in coral reefs exposed to extreme environmental conditions. A potential tool to cope with climate change." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
Find full textFotso, Philippe. "Les conditions juridiques d'intégration environnementale dans la Planification Spatiale Marine (PSM) : Analyse d'opportunité de diffusion d'un processus public en Atlantique tropical (Cap-Vert, Sénégal et Brésil), à l'aune de l'expérience de l'Union Européenne (UE)." Thesis, Brest, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BRES0107.
Full textMSP is a process for ensuring the consistency of uses at sea in a context of diversification of maritime activities. This public process took shape in the European Union with the Directive 2014/89/EU of 23 July 2014, establishing a framework for maritime spatial planning. The MSP is increasingly spreading to all regions of the world with differentiated approaches and the promotion of country-specific priorities. While environmental protection is not the main objective of the MSP, it is nevertheless a central element. The continuity of marine ecosystems and the dependence of maritime activities on the environment imply that the ecological issue must be given a prominent place. It is now important to propose the legal conditions that allow this environmental integration into this process.The idea of integration in connection with the concept of sustainable development informs the planning process, and results from the application of environmental law, in particular through transversal tools such as public participation or strategy impact assessment.However, these tools do not exist everywhere. This is why we are developing arguments for the adoption and adaptation of these transversal instruments as prerequisites for the development of marine spatial plans.These prerequisites are a condition for normative and institutional coherence of activities carried out in the marine environment with a view to integrated management.The multiplicity and diversity of normative and institutional instruments existing in the marine field constitute one of the major obstacles to the harmonization of the uses of marine spaces. The MSP, which would present itself as the receptacle of these issues, in order to ensure coherence, requires a legal framework that constitutes a factor of legal security both for the protection of the environment and for the actors involved
Crête, Philippe. "Agro-pastoralists turned fishermen : socio-economic and environmental changes in the buffer zone of Coiba National Park, Panama." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97937.
Full textPlot, Virginie. "Caractéristiques maternelles, performances et stratégies de reproduction des tortues marines de Guyane." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00867096.
Full textCabedo, Sanz Patricia. "Identification of variability in sub-Arctic sea ice conditions during the Younger Dryas and Holocene." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2858.
Full textLópez, Padierna Mauricio. "Distribution and Condition of Stony Corals in The Veracruz Reef System National Park: A Management Perspective." NSUWorks, 2017. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/447.
Full textPelletier, Laure. "Individual and environmental drivers of the foraging behaviour in a long-lived coastal seabird." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023688.
Full textThierry, Anne-Mathilde. "Statut endocrinien et effort de reproduction chez un oiseau marin longévif, le manchot Adélie, dans un environnement changeant." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01059812.
Full textMdzeke, Naomi Patience. "Contamination levels in and cellular responses of intertidal invertebrates as biomarkers of toxic stress caused by heavy metal contamination in False Bay." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53733.
Full textENGLISH ABSTRACT:Heavy metals are persistent environmental contaminants whose sources of inputs into the environment are both natural and anthropogenic. The levels of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc) in the False Bay intertidal zone were measured in the water, sediments and invertebrate species between August 2000 and August 2001. The results of the water and sediment analyses revealed that most pollution was associated with the northern shore of the bay between Strand and Muizenberg, where the most populated and industrial catchments occur. Significant spatial variations occurred, indicating the presence of localised contamination, while seasonal variations may be related to changes in precipitation and runoff at different times of the year. The concentrations of cadmium, nickel and lead were occasionally higher than the levels recommended by the South African Water Quality Standards. The possible sources of pollution at the different sites are also discussed. The concentrations of the five metals in the different invertebrate species (Oxystele tigrina, 0. sinensis, Choromytilus meridionalis, Patella oculus, Patiriella exigua and Tetraclita serrata) also revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations, with both the soft tissues and shells accumulating heavy metals. The barnacle T serrata from Rooiels had the highest cadmium concentration (70.67 J.lg/g dry weight), which may be related to historic pollution inputs from the military activities which took place at a weapons testing site at this site between 1987 and 1994, although no evidence was found to confirm this. The periwinkle 0. tigrina from Strand had the highest copper concentration (70.25 J.lg/g) while the limpet P. oculus from the same site had the highest nickel concentration (35.75 J.lg/g). The shells of the mussel C. meridionalis from Muizenberg had the highest concentration of lead (25.75 J.lg/g). Since cadmium occurs as a constituent of phosphate fertilisers used widely in the False Bay catchments, the effects of cadmium exposure on the different species were investigated during 14-day laboratory exposures to 200 and 400 J.lg/LCdCh. The results revealed a general pattern of tissue metal increase in the exposed organisms, followed by slight reductions after decontamination in clean seawater. The viscera and kidneys of C. meridionalis accumulated most of the dissolved cadmium. The shells of the mussels also accumulated cadmium, indicating the possible use of shells as a detoxification matrix.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Swaarmetale is persisterende omgewingskontaminante waarvan die insetbronne beide natuurlik of van menslike oorsprong kan wees. Die kontaminasievlakke van swaarmetale (kadmium, koper, nikkel, lood en sink) in die Valsbaai tussengetysone is in die water, sedimente en invertebraatspesies bepaal vanaf Augustus 2000 tot Augustus 2001. Voorlopige resultate van die water- en sedimentontledings het getoon dat die meeste besoedeling by die noordelikke oewer van die baai voorgekom het tussen Strand and Muizenberg, waar die mees digbewoonde en ge-industrialiseerde opvangsgebiede is. Betekenisvolle ruimtelike en seisoenale variasie het in die konsentrasies van swaarmetale voorgekom, met die ruimtelike variasie wat moontlik gelokaliseerde kontaminasie aandui terwyl die seisoenale variasies weer verband mag hou met veranderings in die neerslag en afloop gedurende verskillende tye van die jaar. Die konsentrasie van kadmium, nikkel en lood was somtyds hoer as die vlakke wat deur die Suid-Afrikaanse Waterkwaliteitsstandaarde voorgestel word. Die moontlike bronne van besoedeling in die verskillende areas is ook in bespreking genoem. Die konsentrasies van die vyf swaametale in die verskillende invertebraatspesies (Oxystele tigrina, 0. sinensis, Choromytilus meridionalis, Patella oculus, Patiriella exigua and Tetraclita serrata) het ook seisoenale en ruimtelike variasies vertoon, die swaarmetale het in die sagte weefsel en skulpe van die invertebrate geakkumuleer. Die hoogste gemiddelde konsentrasie van kadmium (70.67 ).lg/g droe massa) is in die heel-liggaam monsters van die eendemossel T serrata gemeet wat by Rooiels versamel is. Die vlakke mag verband hou met die oprigting en aktiwiteite van die wapentoetsingsaanleg in die opvanggebied van die Rooiels lokaliteit tussen 1987 en 1994, maar geen bewyse daarvan is gevind nie. Die tolletjie, 0. tigrina wat in die 10kaliteit by Strand versamel is het die hoogste gemiddelde konsentrasie koper gehad 70.25 pig droe massa), terwyl die klipmossel P. oculus by dieselfde versamelpunt die hoogste konsentrasie nikkel (35.75 ).lg/gdroe massa) gehad het. Eksperimentele studies is ook uitgevoer op vier invertebraat spesies wat vir 14 dae in akwaria blootgestel is aan see-water met 200 en 400 p,g/L CdCh, en daama gedekontamineer is in skoon seewater.
The NRF and the University of Stellenbosch, for funding this study.
Wu, Jia-Ying, and 吳佳瑩. "Characteristics of Marine Low Clouds Under Various Environmental Conditions." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/8x9rm9.
Full text國立臺灣大學
大氣科學研究所
105
This study aims to discuss the cloud structure transition of marine low clouds propagating equatorward from the subtropics. Using the three dimensional Vector Vorticity equation cloud-resolving Model (VVM), idealized experiments are performed to determine the timing of stratus cloud to cumulus-under-stratus transition. In the control experiment, sea surface temperature (SST) increases as the large-scale subsidence decreases following the observational track calculated with the Lagrangian method. Sensitivity experiments are performed by modifying the total water mixing ratio difference (〖-∆q〗_t) and liquid water potential temperature difference (∆θ_l) between the free atmosphere and the boundary layer to evaluate the timing of stratus cloud breakup and cumulus-under-stratocumulus cloud development. The timing of the transition is determined by the liquid water path (LWP) probability density function (PDF) analyses. The results suggest that the stratus clouds breakup occurs around 44 minutes in the control run, and transits to cumulus-under-stratocumulus around 3 hours 28 minutes. While 〖-∆q〗_t increases (decreases) by 2.00 g kg-1, the timing of the stratus clouds breakup advances (postpones) 35 minutes (1 hour 20 minutes), and the timing of the cumulus-under-stratocumulus development advances (postpones) 1 hour 50 minutes (6 hours 25 minutes). In the experiments when the ∆θ_l decreases 4.98 K, the timing of stratus cloud breakup and cumulus-under-stratocumulus development both advances. While 〖-∆q〗_t stays the same (decreases by 2.00 g kg-1), the timing of the stratus clouds breaking advances 50 minutes (1 hour 40 minutes), and the timing of the cumulus-under-stratocumulus development advances 1 hour 30 minutes (7 hours 20 minutes). The timing of the cumulus-under-stratocumulus development is 3.8 times faster as well as the boundary layer height raises 1.7 times faster than the experiments which have higher ∆θ_l. The above experiments suggest that the transition of the marine boundary clouds are influenced by both 〖-∆q〗_t and ∆θ_l. On the other hand, the development of boundary layer depth is mainly influenced by ∆θ_l.
Lai, Ming-Kai, and 賴明楷. "The Study of Developing Marine Environmental Condition Indicators." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00981796627101705226.
Full text國立東華大學
環境政策研究所
96
The objectives of this study is(1) to collect the reference of coral ecological to know the coral life condition(2) to use the matrix model screen indicators and develop the conception model to choice indicator(3) to develop marine environmental condition indicators base on indicator analysis and the indicator trend(4) to confer standard marine environmental condition indicators. Use the collect rules, such as (1) human activity (2) land use condition (3) environmental condition (4) limit of the database. The health coral reef is the most important coastal indicator, if the coral quality is more, than the study can conjecture the marine condition better. After screening step, the study generalizes the study area are Green Island and Hengchun Peninsula, the coral reef quality make more in all of study area, so can reasonable conjecture the marine in the monitor years is making better. The coral monitor quality only have two years, data is too less. In future, if the study primary indicator must to search more database to improve the environmental trend and analysis result.
Kuo-Wei, Lan, and 藍國瑋. "The Fishing Condition of Yellow-fin Tuna Associated with the Marine Environment Variation in the Arabian Sea." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30501687999874574689.
Full text國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
95
Yellow-fin tuna is one of the major target fishes of commercial tuna longline fishery in the Arabian Sea. In this study, we collected the catch statistical data of yellow-fin tuna, water temperature, and satellite-derived data during the period of 1998 to 2004 for analysis. The satellite-derived data include Sea surface temperature (SST), ocean color, Sea surface height, precipitation images, and wind speed of the Arabian Sea. Principle components analysis (PCA) is used to investigate the relationship between the fishing condition of yellow-fin tuna and the oceanic environmental factors. The catch data shows that the fishing season began from February to July, the averaged CPUE (Catch per unit effort) is 10.71 (inds/1000 hooks), the highest value of mean(±SD) about 17.58(±9.47) (inds/1000 hooks) in April and May. The result of PCA shows seasonal evolution of CPUE and oceanic condition of the Arabian Sea. The fishing condition of yellow-fin tuna may vary with the water temperature, thermocline depth, the occurrence rate of forge, and the body length. In general, the water temperature at 105 m is 21~24°C and thermocline of 115~155m during the high CPUE period. When the southwesterly monsoon increased with the strong Somalia Basin upwelling, the water temperature changes more quickly and then the CPUE value gradually decreases accordingly. Yellow-fin tuna was much like inhabited at the oceanic condition in stable, while the shallow thermocline depth less then 125m enhancing the the aggregating density which may cause the highest catch in 2004 in Arabian Sea. At the same time, the positive relationship of 2-month lag of Chl-a concentration and CPUE suggested the forage concentration of Yellow-fin tuna was also the attracted factors to accumulate the tuna school. The monthly mean body length of yellow-fin tuna is varied about 98cm to 145cm by month and year. The CPUE was also significantly in accordance with the occurrence rate of young yellow-fin tuna less than 105 cm of body length, as the monthly mean length of yellow-fin caught was varied between 98 to 112 cm in 2002. It suggested the high CPUE in 2002 was associated with the more recruits.
"A mechanistic study of the effects of physical environmental conditions on the growth of phytoplankton and the production of phytoplankton metabolites." 2012. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5549391.
Full text採用包括太陽紫外線光(紫外線A和紫外線B)和人工365納米紫外線A等紫外線輻射條件,本研究對於四種進一步優選的海洋浮游植物紫球藻、新月菱形藻、湛江等鞭金藻和亞心形扁藻的生長及其代謝物如多不飽和脂肪酸、類胡蘿蔔素、多糖和總類菌胞素氨基酸的合成影響進行了進一步的比較。
在有關太陽紫外線的研究中,作為對於強烈太陽紫外輻射的回應,在亞心形扁藻胞內的類胡蘿蔔素如岩藻黃素和新葉黃素可在早期培養階段顯著(< 0.05)積累。此外,長期暴露於太陽紫外線輻射條件能顯著增加(< 0.05)紫球藻胞內碳水化合物以及胞外多糖的合成與積累。然而,太陽紫外輻射對浮游植物脂肪酸的影響具有種屬特異性,已發現其雖能顯著(< 0.05)增加紫球藻以及亞心形扁藻胞內多不飽和脂肪酸的含量,然而卻抑制了新月菱形藻胞內多不飽和脂肪酸的合成。
在進行人工365納米紫外線A處理(進行為期3天的紫外線A脅迫及其後為期3天的無紫外線A輻射處理)的研究中,已發現紫外線A能促進兩種海洋浮游植物新月菱形藻和湛江等鞭金藻的生長、總體及個別多不飽和脂肪酸和類胡蘿蔔素以及總類菌胞素氨基酸的合成。紫外線A對浮游植物生長的影響也具有種屬特異性,在當前的研究中,與亞心形扁藻相比,365納米紫外線A更能顯著(< 0.05)抑制紫球藻的生長。但是,該波段紫外線A卻可提高紫球藻和扁藻這兩種浮游植物胞內多不飽和脂肪酸、總類胡蘿蔔素和總類菌胞素氨基酸的合成與生產及其扁藻的色素含量。
在低溫效應研究中,以低溫主要是極低溫度(0攝氏度)為誘導因數對進一步優選的紫球藻和亞心形扁藻(含豐富多不飽和脂肪酸和個別類胡蘿蔔素資源)的生長以及它們胞內代謝物如多不飽和脂肪酸和色素(主要為類胡蘿蔔素)的合成進行了比較研究。低溫特別是極低溫度對兩種浮游植物細胞膜的流動性的提高以及它們胞內總體及個別多不飽和脂肪酸和類胡蘿蔔素的積累具有正面作用。此外,我們提出了一些關於順勢結構不飽和脂肪酸和類胡蘿蔔素在細胞膜裏的可能的功能以及它們在調節和控制細胞膜中所扮演角色的假說,如不飽和脂肪酸的"升臂假說"和類胡蘿蔔素的"鉚釘加鎖和螺栓固定功能"假說。
此外,無細胞壁紫球藻和具細胞壁亞心形扁藻被進一步選擇用於透射電鏡觀察研究以比較它們的細胞在紫外線A和極低溫度處理前後超微結構的變化。結果顯示,通過部分影響一些細胞器的結構和尺寸而非影響正常生理功能,紫外線A對此兩種浮游植物的超微結構僅施加較少的損傷。另一方面,儘管極低溫度使這兩種浮游植物胞內大部分的細胞器收縮或變形從而導致它們的正常生理活動受到嚴重破壞,它們整體的細胞結構並未受到破壞。因此,此兩種處理方式下的透射電鏡照片顯示,這兩種浮游植物中各種代謝物的合成並未受到如此惡劣物理環境的影響。
利用一維凝膠蛋白質組學分析,我們鑒定了紫球藻和亞心形扁藻胞內的功能蛋白以及比較了它們在紫外線A和極低溫處理前後的表達差異。進一步的研究發現,這兩種浮游植物對於紫外線A的回應機制相當不同。紫外線A處理後,紫球藻胞內葡萄糖磷酸變位酶和磷酸甘露糖變位酶的表達提高可能有助於該浮游植物分泌多糖物質於胞外環境中以清除由紫外線A誘導產生的自由基,另外,紫球藻胞內的過氧化物酶體式抗壞血酸過氧化物酶被啟動來合成抗壞血酸鹽以應對胞內也由紫外線A誘導而產生的自由基。然而,亞心形扁藻細胞壁的存在可能導致其胞內無需一些抗氧化相關酶和一些和扁藻多不飽和脂肪酸以及類胡蘿蔔素合成有關的中間合成酶如葡萄糖磷酸變位酶和丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶的存在,這導致了一些高值代謝物如多不飽和脂肪酸和類胡蘿蔔素在扁藻中的合成受到了抑制。三磷酸腺苷合成酶在紫球藻胞內表達水準的提高可能目標在於合成大量三磷酸腺苷以修復由紫外線A導致而受到破壞的細胞器,然而,這些三磷酸腺苷合成酶在扁藻裏受到了抑制,顯示可能扁藻胞內的三磷酸腺苷合成酶可能對紫外線A敏感,也可能是紫外線A對扁藻胞內各種細胞器的損害要比對紫球藻小。紫球藻胞內的熱激蛋白可能有助於保持於紫外線A下的細胞活力,然而,扁藻胞內該蛋白在紫外線A下卻受到抑制,結果揭示可能熱激蛋白在扁藻胞內並不是主要的應激蛋白。借由通過上調核酮糖1,5二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶的活性和同時下調一些光合作用反應中心的蛋白,紫外線A對紫球藻的光合作用產生影響,進而影響細胞生長。但是,在紫外線A下,上下調的蛋白在扁藻的光合作用中卻互換了角色。此外,紫球藻的光合作用因受核酮糖1,5-二磷酸羧化酶的上調以及光合系統反應蛋白的下調而受到影響,導致了對紫球藻生長的影響。然而,相反的結果發生在扁藻胞內。此外,3-磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶,葡萄糖載體蛋白以及磷酸丙糖異構酶活性的下調可能進一步影響到這兩種浮游植物的碳水化合物代謝和醣酵解功能。
在極低溫度下,依據酶動力學原理,此兩種浮游植物中各種蛋白的活性受到了抑制。在此0攝氏度下,紫球藻胞內與抗氧化相關的酶以及多糖合成酶的活性受到抑制從而對該浮游植物的代謝物合成系統產生影響。與此同時,一些與合成紫球藻代謝物相關的中間酶的合成活力也由此下降。14-3-3 蛋白,三磷酸鳥苷結合蛋白,Ras和Rab蛋白在紫球藻胞內的下調意味著其胞內的信號轉導系統效率下降。然而,與紫球藻比較,扁藻能保持一個更有效的信號轉導系統。此外,線粒體在極低溫度下的降解抑制了三磷酸腺苷在此兩種浮游植物中的合成。有趣地是,熱激蛋白在紫球藻胞內的表達水準保持穩定,這可能是由低溫應激產生的表達提高以及低溫抑制酶活力之間的一種平衡關係。但是,極低溫下扁藻胞內的熱激蛋白卻與在紫外線A脅迫條件下一樣,活性受到了抑制。同樣地,極低溫度也可能通過穩定核酮糖1,5二磷酸羧化酶/氧化酶的表達以及抑制一些光合作用反應中心蛋白的活性來部分影響紫球藻以及扁藻的光合作用系統。最後看來,磷酸葡糖異構酶和3-磷酸甘油醛脫氫酶在紫球藻胞內的活性降低以及扁藻胞內甘油醛-3-磷酸,磷酸甘油酸酯激酶,澱粉磷酸化酶,烯醇酶,葡萄糖載體蛋白和6-磷酸葡萄糖異構酶的表達下調可能導致了對這兩種浮游植物碳水化合物運輸和代謝能力產生抑制作用。
所有上述結果促進了我們對不利物理條件如紫外輻射和低溫如何能被利用于以海洋浮游植物為生物反應器來提高高附加值代謝物產量的理解並揭示了它們潛在的生物技術應用前景。
The production of valuable metabolites such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), carotenoids and polysaccharides by marine phytoplanktons is affected by environmental conditions in which they are living. This study aimed at comparing the effectiveness of using adverse physical treatment conditions including ultraviolet radiation and low temperature as the induction factors for enhancing the production of these useful metabolites from some selected marine phytoplanktons. Various levels of metabolite profiles including fatty acids, pigments, carbohydrates and exopolysaccharides as well as total mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) based on five marine phytoplanktons from different phyla including Porphyridium cruentum, Nitzschia closterium, Isochrysis zhangjiangensis, Platymonas subcordiformis and Synechocystis pevalekii were firstly compared to screen the metabolite-rich species for further physical induction study. The antioxidant activities of 90% acetone extracts in these five phytoplanktons were also compared. The underlying mechanisms by which ultraviolet light and low temperature exert their effects on the phytoplankton metabolites were investigated by using chemical methods and TEM techniques as well as proteomic analysis.
The effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) including solar UV light [band A (UVA) and band B (UVB)] and artificial 365-nm UVA light on the growth and production of metabolites such as PUFAs, carotenoids, polysaccharides and MAAs of P. cruentum, N. closterium, I. zhangjiangensis and P. subcordiformis were compared.
In the study of solar UVR, carotenoids such as fucoxanthin and neoxanthin in P. subcordiformis could be significantly (p<0.05) accumulated inside this species at the early cultivation stage as a response to intensive solar UVR. Furthermore, longer exposure to solar UVR could significantly increase (p<0.05) the synthesis and accumulation of intracellular carbohydrates and extracellular polysaccharides in P. cruentum. The effects of solar UVR on phytoplankton fatty acids were species-specific, with significant increase (p<0.05) in PUFA contents being found in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis whereas pronounced decrease in PUFAs being found in N. closterium compared with the control.
In the study of artificial 365-nm UVA treatment (3-day UVA-stress and 3-day UVA-recovery treatment), UVA was found to promote the growth, total and individual PUFAs and carotenoids as well as total MAAs of N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis. The effects of UVA-stress on the growth of phytoplanktons were also species-specific. UVA radiation of 365-nm inhibited the growth of P. cruentum more than that of P. subcordiformis in the present study. However, this 365-nm artificial UVA radiation also enhancedthe synthesis and production of PUFAs, total carotenoids and MAAs in both phytoplanktons, as well as pigments in P. subcordiformis.
The effects of low temperature including extremely low temperature (0°C) on the growth of phytoplanktons and production of their metabolites includingPUFAs and pigments (carotenoids in particular) were compared in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis due to their rich PUFA and individual carotenoid levels. The positive influence of low temperature, especially extremely low temperature (0°C) was shown on the increase in membrane fluidities of P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis as well as on enhancing the synthesis of total and individual PUFAs as well as individual carotenoids in their cells. In addition, some new insight into the possiblefunctions and the roles of cis-structure UFAs and carotenoids playing on adjusting and administering phytoplankton cellular membrane were also proposed by means of "arm-raising" hypothesis and "rivet-locking and screw-bolt fastening carotenoids" hypothesis, respectively.
P. cruentum (cell-wall-free) and P. subcordiformis (with cell wall) were further used for TEM observation study by comparing the variations of their ultrastructures after treated by UVAR and extremely-low-temperature as compared to the control. It was demonstrated that UVAR exerted less damage on the ultrastructures of these two phytoplanktons by partially affecting only the structures and sizes of some organelles rather than their normal physiological functions. On the other hand, although extremely-low-temperature shrunk or deformed most of the organelles in these two phytoplanktons severely affecting their normal physiological activities, their cellular structure seemed not to be destroyed. Therefore, the TEM images under both treatments indicated that the syntheses of metabolites in these two phytoplanktons were not affected by such harsh environments.
By use of one-dimensional gels in proteomic analysis, some functional proteins that were differentially expressed before and after UVAR-stress and extremely-low-temperature-stress in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis were compared. The responsive mechanisms of these two phytoplanktons to UVAR-stress were rather different. After artificial UVAR-stress, the up-regulation of phosphoglucomutase and phosphomannomutase in P. cruentum might help to secrete exopolysaccharides into the extracellular circumstance to scavenging free radicals induced by UVAR.Peroxisome type ascorbate peroxidase inside the P. cruentum cell was activated to synthesize potent ascorbate to deal with intracellular free radicals also induced by UVAR. The existence of P. subcordiformis cell wall did not requireantioxidant-related enzymes and some intermediate enzymes such as phosphoglucomutase and pyruvate-formate lyase. This resulted in the down-regulation of the synthesis of valuable metabolites such as PUFAs and carotenoids in P. subcordiformis, The up-regulation of ATP synthases in P. cruentum might aim to synthesize large amounts of ATP to repair the organelles damaged by UVAR whereas those of ATPases in P. subcordiformis were down-regulated, indicating that ATPases in P. subcordiformis might be sensitive to UVAR and the damage of UVAR on various organelles of P. subcordiformis was less than those of P. cruentum. The enhanced expression of heat shock proteins in P. cruentum might help to maintain cellular viability under UVAR-stress whereas those in P. subcordiformis were suppressed, revealing that heat shock proteins in P. subcordiformis might not act as the important stress proteins. In addition, the photosynthesis in P. cruentum was affected by an up-regulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase whereas there was a down-regulation of photosystem reaction proteins, leading to the influence on cellular growth in P. cruentum. However, an opposite result was observed at P. subcordiformis. The down-regulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose transporter and triosephosphate isomerase might affect carbohydrate catabolism and glycolysis in these two phytoplanktons.
Under extremely-low-temperature-stress, the activities of various proteins in these two phytoplanktons were suppressed due to the principle of enzyme kinetics. At 0°C, the activities of antioxidant-related enzymes and polysaccharide synthases were down-regulated and the synthetic system of P. cruentum may be partially affected. Simultaneously, the synthetic capabilities of some intermediate enzymes on the synthesis of metabolites in P. subcordiformis were also significantly down-regulated. The down-regulation of 14-3-3 proteins, GTP-binding, Ras and Rab proteins in P. cruentum indicated an ineffective system of signal transduction whereas P. subcordiformis had a moreeffective signal transduction ability than P. cruentum. In addition, the degradation of mitochondria resulted in the suppression of ATP synthesis in both phytoplanktons. Interestingly, the levels of heat shock 70 proteins in P. cruentum were kept stable, which might be the balance between stress enhancement and enzyme activity inhibited by low temperature. However, heat shock 70 proteins in P. subcordiformis were significantly inhibited as those in the same species under UVAR-stress. Also, extremely-low-temperature might partially influence the photosynthetic system of P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis by stabilizing ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and inhibiting the activities of some photosystem reaction center proteins at the same time. Finally, the down-regulation of phosphoglucose isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in P. cruentum as well as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, phosphoglycerate kinase, glycogen/starch/alpha-glucan phosphorylases, enolase, glucose transporter and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase in P. subcordiformis might lead to the inhibition on the capabilities of carbohydrate transport and catabolism in these two phytoplanktons.
All these results advance our understanding on how adverse physical conditions such as UVR and low temperature can be used to increase the production of valuable metabolites by using marine phytoplanktons as the bioreactor and indicate their potential biotechnological applications.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Detailed summary in vernacular field only.
Huang, Junhui.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 445-522).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstract also in Chinese.
Thesis Committee --- p.ii
Acknowledgements --- p.iii
Content Page --- p.iv
Content --- p.v
List of Tables --- p.xviii
List of Figures --- p.xxiii
Abbreviations --- p.xxix
摘要 --- p.xl
Abstract --- p.xlv
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- A brief introduction of marine phytoplankton --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Microalgal metabolites --- p.6
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- The important polyunsaturated fatty acids and their functions on human body and diseases --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.1.1.1 --- cis-9,12-Linoleic acid (C₁₈[subscript:]₂, n-6, LA) --- p.7
Chapter 1.2.1.1.2 --- cis-9,12,15-Linolenic acid (C₁₈[subscript:]₃, n-3, ALA) or α-Linolenic acid (cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid) --- p.10
Chapter 1.2.1.1.3 --- cis-6,9,12-Linolenic acid (C₁₈[subscript:]₃, n-6, GLA) or γ-Linolenic acid (cis-6,9, 12-Octadecatrienoic acid) --- p.11
Chapter 1.2.1.1.4 --- Arachidonic acid (C₂₀[subscript:]₄, n-6, ARA) or cis-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid --- p.13
Chapter 1.2.1.1.5 --- Eicosapentaenoic acid (C₂₀[subscript:]₅, n-3, EPA) or cis-5,8,11,14,17- eicosapentaenoic acid (Timnodonic acid) --- p.15
Chapter 1.2.1.1.6 --- Docosapentaenoic acid (C₂₂[subscript:]₅, n-3, DPA) or cis-7,10,13,16,19- docosapentaenoic acid (Timnodonic acid) --- p.19
Chapter 1.2.1.1.7 --- Docosahexaenoic acid (C₂₂[subscript:]₆, n-3, DHA) or cis-4,7,10,13,16,19- docosahexaenoic acid (Cervonic acid) --- p.21
Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- The physiological function of fatty acids in phytoplankton cells --- p.27
Chapter 1.2.1.3 --- The synthetic pathways of unsaturated fatty acids in phytoplankton cells --- p.27
Chapter 1.2.1.4 --- Important phytoplankton fatty acid synthases --- p.35
Chapter 1.2.1.4.1 --- Important phytoplankton fatty acid elongases --- p.35
Chapter 1.2.1.4.2 --- The important phytoplankton fatty acid desaturases --- p.37
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Carotenoids (CRTs) --- p.44
Chapter 1.2.2.1 --- The important carotenoids and their functions on human body and diseases --- p.47
Chapter 1.2.2.1.1 --- Zeaxanthin --- p.49
Chapter 1.2.2.1.2 --- Lutein --- p.50
Chapter 1.2.2.1.3 --- Astaxanthin --- p.52
Chapter 1.2.2.1.4 --- α-carotene --- p.53
Chapter 1.2.2.1.5 --- β-carotene --- p.53
Chapter 1.2.2.1.6 --- Lycopene --- p.55
Chapter 1.2.2.1.7 --- Violaxanthin --- p.56
Chapter 1.2.2.1.8 --- Canthaxanthin --- p.56
Chapter 1.2.2.1.9 --- Fucoxanthin --- p.57
Chapter 1.2.2.2 --- The physiological functions of carotenoids in phytoplankton cells --- p.58
Chapter 1.2.2.3 --- The biosynthetic pathways of carotenoids in phytoplankton cells --- p.59
Chapter 1.2.2.4 --- The important phytoplankton carotenoids synthases --- p.63
Chapter 1.2.3 --- Polysaccharides (PS) --- p.68
Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- The important phytoplankton monosaccharides --- p.70
Chapter 1.2.3.1.1 --- Fucose --- p.70
Chapter 1.2.3.1.2 --- α-L-Rhamnose --- p.70
Chapter 1.2.3.1.3 --- D(-)Ribose --- p.71
Chapter 1.2.3.1.4 --- L(+)Arabinose --- p.71
Chapter 1.2.3.1.5 --- D(+)Xylose --- p.71
Chapter 1.2.3.1.6 --- D(+)Mannose --- p.72
Chapter 1.2.3.1.7 --- D(+)Galactose --- p.72
Chapter 1.2.3.1.8 --- D(+)-Glucosamine --- p.72
Chapter 1.2.3.1.9 --- D(+)-Galactosamine --- p.73
Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- The important physiological functions and characteristics of polysaccharides in phytoplanktons --- p.73
Chapter 1.2.3.2.1 --- Porphyridium sp. polysaccharides (Rhodophyta) (PorPS) --- p.73
Chapter 1.2.3.2.2 --- Spirulina sp. polysaccharides (Cyanophyta) (SpiPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.3 --- Aphanothece halophytica exopolysaccharides (Cyanophyta) (AhEPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.4 --- Trichodesmium thiebautii exopolysaccharides (Cyanophyta) (TtEPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.5 --- Microcystic aeruginosa acidic polysaccharides (Cyanophyta) (MaAPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.6 --- Cyanospira capsulate exopolysaccharides (Cyanophyta) (CcEPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.7 --- Platymonas subcordiformis (Will) Hazen polysaccharides (Chlorophyta) (PsPS) --- p.74
Chapter 1.2.3.2.8 --- Botryococcus braunii Kützing exopolysaccharides (Chlorophyta) (BbEPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.2.9 --- Dwraliella salina exopolysaccharides (Chlorophyta) (DsEPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.2.10 --- Chlorella sp. exopolysaccharides (Chlorophyta) (ChlEPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.2.11 --- Crypthecodinium cohnii polysaccharides (Pyrrophyta) (CcPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.2.12 --- Isochrysis galbana exopolysaccharides (Chrysophyta) (IgEPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.2.13 --- Nitzschia closterium exopolysaccharides (Bacillariophyta) (NcEPS) --- p.75
Chapter 1.2.3.3 --- The various applications of phytoplankton polysaccharides and their important physiological functions in human body --- p.76
Chapter 1.2.3.3.1 --- Improved preparation of agricultural soil --- p.76
Chapter 1.2.3.3.2 --- Coagulant characteristics on environment --- p.77
Chapter 1.2.3.3.3 --- Anti-coagulant characteristics on human body --- p.77
Chapter 1.2.3.3.4 --- Anti-viral characteristics --- p.77
Chapter 1.2.3.3.5 --- Anti-bacterial characteristics --- p.79
Chapter 1.2.3.3.6 --- Cytotoxicity characteristics --- p.79
Chapter 1.2.3.3.7 --- Anti-hyperlipidemic activity --- p.79
Chapter 1.2.3.3.8 --- Immunostimulatory effects --- p.80
Chapter 1.2.3.3.9 --- Hematopoiesis --- p.80
Chapter 1.2.3.3.10 --- Anti-cancer characteristics --- p.80
Chapter 1.2.3.4 --- The biosynthetic pathways of polysaccharides in phytoplankton cells --- p.81
Chapter 1.2.3.5 --- The important polysaccharide synthases --- p.85
Chapter 1.2.4 --- Microalgal UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) --- p.88
Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- The biosynthetic pathway of UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) --- p.90
Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- The important UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids synthases --- p.93
Chapter 1.2.5 --- Currently commercial applications of PUFAs, carotenoids and polysaccharides --- p.95
Chapter 1.3 --- Environmental factors and phytoplankton metabolites --- p.97
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Relations between chemical environments and phytoplankton PUFAs as well as carotenoids production --- p.97
Chapter 1.3.1.1 --- CO₂ concentration --- p.98
Chapter 1.3.1.2 --- O₂ concentration --- p.98
Chapter 1.3.1.3 --- Nitrogen starvation --- p.99
Chapter 1.3.1.4 --- Phosphorus starvation --- p.100
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Adverse physical environments on phytoplanktons and their metabolites --- p.100
Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Ultraviolet radiation on phytoplanktons --- p.100
Chapter 1.3.2.1.1 --- Ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton growths --- p.102
Chapter 1.3.2.1.2 --- Negative effects of UVR on unsaturated fatty acids of phytoplanktons --- p.103
Chapter 1.3.2.1.3 --- Positive effects of UVR on unsaturated fatty acids of phytoplanktons --- p.106
Chapter 1.3.2.1.4 --- Ultraviolet radiation and PUFA synthases --- p.110
Chapter 1.3.2.1.5 --- The positive effect of UVA on carotenoid production in phytoplanktons --- p.111
Chapter 1.3.2.1.6 --- The negative effect of UVB on phytoplankton carotenoids production --- p.112
Chapter 1.3.2.1.7 --- Ultraviolet radiation and phytoplankton carotenoids synthases --- p.114
Chapter 1.3.2.1.8 --- Ultraviolet radiation on polysaccharides synthesis of phytoplankton and algae --- p.114
Chapter 1.3.2.1.9 --- Ultraviolet radiation on algal MAAs synthesis --- p.115
Chapter 1.3.2.1.10 --- Changes of phytoplankton cell organelles under ultraviolet radiation observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) --- p.116
Chapter 1.3.2.1.11 --- Effect of ultraviolet radiation on the expression of phytoplankton proteins --- p.119
Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Low temperature on phytoplanktons and higher plants --- p.121
Chapter 1.3.2.2.1 --- Low temperature on unsaturated fatty acids of phytoplanktons --- p.122
Chapter 1.3.2.2.2 --- Effect of low temperature on PUFAs of higher plants --- p.126
Chapter 1.3.2.2.3 --- The association of low temperature and fatty acids composition with photoinhibition --- p.126
Chapter 1.3.2.2.4 --- Low temperature and phytoplankton PUFA synthases --- p.127
Chapter 1.3.2.2.5 --- Low temperature on phytoplankton carotenoids --- p.128
Chapter 1.3.2.2.6 --- Changes of phytoplankton and algal cell organelles under low temperature observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) --- p.129
Chapter 1.3.2.2.7 --- Effect of low temperature on the expression of phytoplankton proteins --- p.130
Chapter 1.4 --- Research proposal --- p.131
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Key issues and problems --- p.134
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Objectives --- p.135
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Experimental design --- p.135
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Possible outcomes --- p.135
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.138
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.138
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Marine phytoplanktons --- p.138
Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Porphyridium cruentum CTCCCAS 8001 (Rhodophyta) --- p.138
Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Nitzschia closterium CTCCCAS 2045 (Bacillariophyta) --- p.140
Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Isochrysis zhangjiangensis MBCCC chy-3 (Chrysophyta) --- p.141
Chapter 2.1.1.4 --- Platymonas subcordiformis CTCCCAS 1030 (Chlorophyta) --- p.142
Chapter 2.1.1.5 --- Synechocystis pevalekii CTCCCAS 898 (Cyanophyta) --- p.143
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Culture medium --- p.145
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Marine phytoplankton metabolites standards --- p.145
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.147
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Culture conditions under adverse physical environments --- p.147
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Solar ultraviolet radiation treatment --- p.147
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Artificial ultraviolet band A (UVA) treatment condition --- p.152
Chapter 2.2.1.3 --- Low temperature treatment condition --- p.154
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Harvest of phytoplanktons --- p.156
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Determination of phytoplankton biomass --- p.156
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Determination of fatty acid profile --- p.156
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Sample preparation for gas chromatography (GC) --- p.156
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Gas chromatography (GC) --- p.157
Chapter 2.2.4.2.1 --- GC analysis --- p.157
Chapter 2.2.4.2.2 --- Fatty acids quantification --- p.158
Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Designed parameters for evaluating the fluidity of phytoplankton cellular membrane --- p.158
Chapter 2.2.4.3.1 --- cis-unsaturated fatty acid double bond index (cis-UFADBI) --- p.158
Chapter 2.2.4.3.2 --- cis-double bond unsaturated degree (cis-DBUD) --- p.159
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of phytoplankton pigment profile --- p.159
Chapter 2.2.5.1 --- Sample preparation for High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.160
Chapter 2.2.5.2 --- High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) --- p.161
Chapter 2.2.5.2.1 --- Gradient reversed-phase HPLC analysis (Agilent 1100 Series) --- p.161
Chapter 2.2.5.2.2 --- Gradient reversed-phase HPLC analysis (Waters 600E Series) --- p.161
Chapter 2.2.5.2.3 --- Pigment identification, calibration and quantification --- p.162
Chapter 2.2.5.3 --- Determination of Chlorophyll a in phytoplankton acetone extract --- p.163
Chapter 2.2.5.4 --- Determination of total carotenoids in phytoplankton --- p.163
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of antioxidant activities in phytoplankton acetone extracts --- p.164
Chapter 2.2.6.1 --- DPPH radical scavenging activity assay --- p.164
Chapter 2.2.6.2 --- Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay --- p.165
Chapter 2.2.6.3 --- Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay --- p.166
Chapter 2.2.6.4 --- Determination of total phenolic content --- p.167
Chapter 2.2.6.5 --- Calculated parameters for evaluating the antioxidant capacities of phytoplankton acetone extract --- p.167
Chapter 2.2.6.5.1 --- Total conjugated double bond system mole index (TCDBSMI) [or total conjugated double bond system number index (TCDBSNI)] --- p.167
Chapter 2.2.6.5.2 --- Total antioxidant capacity index (TAOCI) --- p.168
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of monosaccharide profile, total sugars and total acidic sugars --- p.169
Chapter 2.2.7.1 --- Determination of monosaccharide profile by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) --- p.169
Chapter 2.2.7.1.1 --- Monosaccharide standard preparation --- p.169
Chapter 2.2.7.1.2 --- Sample preparation --- p.169
Chapter 2.2.7.1.3 --- GC-MS --- p.170
Chapter 2.2.7.2 --- Determination of total sugar by phenol-sulfuric acid method --- p.172
Chapter 2.2.7.3 --- Determination of acidic sugars by measurement of uronic acid content --- p.172
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Determination of total protein content by Lowry-Folin method --- p.173
Chapter 2.2.9 --- Determination on total UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) --- p.174
Chapter 2.2.10 --- Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) --- p.175
Chapter 2.2.10.1 --- Preparation of Phosphate Buffer Solution (PBS) --- p.176
Chapter 2.2.10.2 --- Preparation of spur --- p.176
Chapter 2.2.10.3 --- Harvest of phytoplanktons for TEM observation --- p.176
Chapter 2.2.10.4 --- Routine preparation procedure for TEM observation --- p.177
Chapter 2.2.10.5 --- TEM observation --- p.178
Chapter 2.2.11 --- One-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-D GE) --- p.179
Chapter 2.2.11.1 --- Preparation of solution and buffer --- p.179
Chapter 2.2.11.2 --- Harvest of phytoplanktons cells for 1-D GE --- p.179
Chapter 2.2.11.3 --- Phytoplankton protein extractions --- p.180
Chapter 2.2.11.4 --- Quantitative determination on extracted proteins of phytoplanktons for 1-D GE --- p.181
Chapter 2.2.11.5 --- 1-D GE protocol --- p.182
Chapter 2.2.11.6 --- In-gel tryptic digestion --- p.182
Chapter 2.2.11.7 --- nESI-LC-MS/MS analysis --- p.183
Chapter 2.3 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.185
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.186
Chapter 3.1 --- Chemical analysis of marine phytoplankton metabolites --- p.186
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Fatty acid profiles of marine phytoplanktons --- p.186
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Pigment profiles of marine phytoplanktons and the antioxidant activities of their acetone extracts --- p.193
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- The pigment profiles of marine phytoplanktons from different phyla --- p.193
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Antioxidant activities of 90% acetone extracts from marine phytoplanktons --- p.201
Chapter 3.1.2.3 --- Correlation between antioxidant activities and pigment profile of phytoplanktons --- p.203
Chapter 3.1.3 --- Carbohydrate content and composition of phytoplanktons and their exopolysaccharides --- p.206
Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Total carbohydrates, total acidic sugars as well as the sugar content and composition of intracellular carbohydrates of marine phytoplanktons --- p.206
Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- The sugar content and composition of exopolysaccharides (EPS) of marine phytoplanktons --- p.213
Chapter 3.1.4 --- The total UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) of marine phytoplanktons --- p.219
Chapter 3.1.5 --- The total protein contents of five selected marine phytoplanktons --- p.219
Chapter 3.1.6 --- The distributions of all the metabolites investigated in five marine phytoplanktons from different phyla --- p.220
Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton growth and their metabolites --- p.227
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Effects of solar full-band ultraviolet radiation (PAB) on phytoplankton growth and their metabolites --- p.228
Chapter 3.2.1.1 --- Effects of PAB radiations on phytoplankton growth --- p.228
Chapter 3.2.1.2 --- Effects of PAB radiations on the phytoplankton carotenoids production and pigment profile of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.231
Chapter 3.2.1.3 --- Effects of PAB on total conjugated double bond system number index (TCDBSNI) in Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.235
Chapter 3.2.1.4 --- Effects of PAB on fatty acid composition of phytplankton lipids --- p.235
Chapter 3.2.1.5 --- Effects of PAB on cis-unsaturated fatty acid double bond index (cis-UFADBI) in phytoplanktons --- p.241
Chapter 3.2.1.6 --- Effects of PAB on Porphyridium cruentum total intracellular carbohydrates and extracellular polysaccharides synthesis --- p.241
Chapter 3.2.1.7 --- Discussion --- p.243
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Effects of UVA radiation on fatty acids, carotenoids and UV-absorbing pigments in Nitzschia closterium and Isochrysis zhangjiangensis --- p.250
Chapter 3.2.2.1 --- Effects of UVA-stress on the growth of N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.251
Chapter 3.2.2.2 --- Effects of UVA-stress on fatty acid composition in N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.251
Chapter 3.2.2.3 --- Effects of UVA-stress on cis-unsaturated fatty acid double bond index (cis-UFADBI) in N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.256
Chapter 3.2.2.4 --- Effects of UVA-stress on total carotenoid contents and pigment profiles in N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.256
Chapter 3.2.2.5 --- Effects of UVA-stress on total conjugated double bond system number index (TCDBSNI) in N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.266
Chapter 3.2.2.6 --- Effects of UVA-stress on the total UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) of N. closterium and I. zhangjiangensis --- p.267
Chapter 3.2.2.7 --- Discussion --- p.269
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Effects of UVA radiation on polyunsaturated fatty acids, carotenoids and UV-absorbing pigments in Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.280
Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Effects of UVA-stress on growth of P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis --- p.280
Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Effects of UVA-stress on fatty acids in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis --- p.281
Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Effects of UVA-stress on cis-double bond unsaturated degree (cis-DBUD) in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis --- p.285
Chapter 3.2.3.4 --- Effects of UVA-stress on pigments in P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis --- p.286
Chapter 3.2.3.5 --- Effects of UVA-stress on the total UV-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in P. subcordiformis --- p.291
Chapter 3.2.3.6 --- Discussion --- p.292
Chapter 3.3 --- Effects of low temperature on the growth of phytoplanktons and their metabolites --- p.296
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on the growth of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.297
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on fatty acid composition of phytoplanktons --- p.299
Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on fatty acid composition of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.300
Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on fatty acid composition of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.306
Chapter 3.3.3 --- cis-unsaturated fatty acid double bond index (cis-UFADBI) of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis under low temperature treatments --- p.311
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on pigment profile of phytoplanktons --- p.312
Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on pigment profile of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.313
Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Effects of low temperature treatment on pigment profile of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.318
Chapter 3.3.5 --- Discussion --- p.324
Chapter 3.4 --- Effects of artificial UVA (365-nm) radiation and extreme low temperature (0°C) on cellular ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) --- p.336
Chapter 3.4.1 --- The ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.337
Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- The ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.337
Chapter 3.4.1.2 --- The ultrastructures of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.340
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects of artificial UVA (365-nm) lamp on the ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.343
Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Artificial UVAR-stress effect on the ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.343
Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Artificial UVAR-stress effect on the ultrastructures of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.346
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effects of extremely low temperature (0°C) on the ultrastructures of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.349
Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Extremely low temperature effect on the ultrastructure of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.349
Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Extremely low temperature effect on the ultrastructure of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.353
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Discussion --- p.359
Chapter 3.5 --- Proteomics analyses of P. cruentum and P. subcordiformis under UVA-stress and extremely-low-temperature-stress by one- dimensional gel electrophoresis --- p.366
Chapter 3.5.1 --- The protein profiles of Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.366
Chapter 3.5.1.1 --- The protein profile of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.374
Chapter 3.5.1.2 --- The protein profile of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.380
Chapter 3.5.2 --- Effects of artificial UVA (365-nm) lamp on the expression variations of proteins in Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.384
Chapter 3.5.2.1 --- Artificial UVAR-stress effect on the protein profile of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.385
Chapter 3.5.2.2 --- Artificial UVAR-stress effect on the protein profile of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.388
Chapter 3.5.3 --- Effects of extremely low temperature (0°C) on the expression variations of proteins in Porphyridium cruentum and Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.391
Chapter 3.5.3.1 --- Extremely low temperature effect on the protein profile of Porphyridium cruentum --- p.392
Chapter 3.5.3.2 --- Extremely low temperature effect on the protein profile of Platymonas subcordiformis --- p.395
Chapter 3.6 --- Design of bioreactor for large scale production of phytoplankton metabolites under ultraviolet-stress and low-temperature-stress --- p.424
Chapter 3.6.1 --- The main characteristics of the bioreactor --- p.424
Chapter 3.6.2 --- Innovative design of the bioreactor --- p.426
Chapter 3.6.2.1 --- The characteristic of “low carbon (energy and room saved) --- p.430
Chapter 3.6.2.2 --- Recycled light using the reflecting-film-wrapped wall of bioreactor --- p.430
Chapter 3.6.2.3 --- Stirring function and natural backflow system by the air distribution pipes --- p.431
Chapter 3.6.2.4 --- Special function of 200-litre air-lift and reflected light (low carbon) bioreactor --- p.432
Chapter 3.6.2.5 --- Perspex with higher transmissivity than common glass --- p.432
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Conclusion and prospect --- p.433
Chapter 4.1 --- Conclusion --- p.433
Chapter 4.2 --- Future prospect --- p.443
References --- p.445
Related publications --- p.523
Lan, Kuo-Wei, and 藍國瑋. "Longline Fishing Conditions of Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Associated with Marine Environmental Variations in the Indian Ocean." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33010648694264759209.
Full text國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
100
Yellowfin tuna (YFT; Thunnus albacares) is one of the main target species of the commercial tuna longline (LL) fishery and has a long history of being the subject of scientific research in the Indian Ocean. In this study, we collected Taiwanese LL fishery data and environment variables during the period of 1980–2005. The principal component analysis (PCA) and wavelet analysis were used to investigate the relationship between LL catch data of YFT and oceanic environmental factors. The results were summarized as below: In the Indian Ocean, YFT is one of the most important target species in the Arabian Sea and Western-Center Indian Ocean. The major fishing season in the Arabian Sea is in the first and second quarters with a average nominal catch per unit effort (CPUE) about 14.92 fish/103 hooks and a average catch about 401 metric tons. In the Western-Center Indian Ocean, the catch and effort were the highest in all of the Indian Ocean and the average nominal CPUE was about 3.13 fish/103 hooks. Although there were highest effort in the Southern Indian Ocean from June to September, but the average nominal CPUE was lower than 2 (fish/103 hooks) and the average catch was lower than 50 metric tons. Results of the PCA showed that monthly variations in values were significantly correlated with the sea surface temperature (SST), subsurface temperature at 105 m and chlorophyll-a concentration. In April and May, the SST was generally higher with deep mixed layer depth. After July, a drop in the temperature below the preferred temperature range for YFT is probably the reason why the CPUE subsequently decreased. In addition, the CPUE at a given time was significantly affected by chlorophyll-a concentrations 1–3 months prior to that time were probably due to a lag effect of trophic transformation. The regular LL (RLL) CPUE had a negative coefficient and deep LL (DLL) had a positive coefficient with the mixed layer depth anomaly. This implies that the shallow mixed layer depth produces a high CPUE for the RLL and the deep mixed layer depth causes a high CPUE for the DLL. In the long-term time series analysis, the main factor causing interannual variations in the CPUE of the RLL and DLL might change with time. RLL and DLL CPUE values showed positive correlations with SST and Dipole Mode Index from the beginning of the 1980s to the middle of the 1990s. The RLL and DLL CPUE were found to have a significant coherence of the two phases with a periodicity of 3 yr with and mixed layer depth. Finally, we investigated the catches and distributions of yellowfin tuna in relation to climatic and marine environmental variations in the Indian Ocean. The gravity of yellowfin tuna fishing grounds showed similar variations with a climatic index, and an advanced time series analysis also showed a significant negative correlation between the climatic index and the CPUE with a periodicity of 2–3 yr. It suggested that decreases in areas of SST and net primary production optimal for YFT during positive Indian Ocean Dipole events would decrease the CPUE in the western Indian Ocean, while an increase in optimal areas would result in an increased CPUE in negative Indian Ocean Dipole events, especially in the Arabian Sea and surrounding seas of Madagascar.
Chen, Zhao-Yang, and 陳昭仰. "Study on the Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) Fishing Conditions of Taiwan Longline Fishery Associated with Marine Environmental Variations in the Indian Ocean." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97755703710940823823.
Full text國立臺灣海洋大學
環境生物與漁業科學學系
100
The swordfish (Xiphias gladius) is one of the important commercial species of the Taiwanese longline (LL) fishery in the Indian Ocean. In this study, we collected the Taiwanese LL data and environment variables during the period of 1998-2008. The Generalized Additive Models (GAM) was used to explore the correlation between LL catch data of swordfish and oceanic environmental factors. We then use the predict modes of GAM to predict the fishing grounds of swordfish. High nominal catch per unit effort (CPUE) areas are concentrated in the northwestern and southwestern Indian Ocean where are accounting for 66% and 20% of total catch, receptively. The major fishing season is in the second and third quarters. The results of statistics showed the CPUE were significantly correlated with all the temporal (year and month), spatial (longitude and latitude) and environmental variables (Sea surface temperature (SST), net primary production (NPP), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), mixed layer depth (MLD), number of hook per basket (NHB)). The high CPUE is associated with 22-23℃ of SST, 200-400 mg C/m-2 d-1 of NPP, 0.6-0.7m of SSHA and around 100m of MLD. The predict models of GAM exhibit the best fishing grounds were located in the northwestern and southwestern Indian Ocean, too. The variations of catches and distributions of swordfish in relation to climatic index in the Indian Ocean were investigated by Regression Analysis. It suggested that decreases in areas of optimal SST and NPP areas for swordfish during positive Indian Ocean Dipole events would decrease the CPUE in the western Indian Ocean, while an increase in optimal areas would result in an increased CPUE in negative Indian Ocean Dipole events, especially in the seas around the eastern Somalia and northern Madagascar.
(8098112), Ben L. Gottesman. "Using Soundscapes to Measure Biodiversity, Habitat Condition, and Environmental Change in Aquatic Ecosystems." Thesis, 2019.
Find full textStafford-Bell, Richard. "The population ecology of the seagrass, Zostera muelleri, in south-eastern Australia: dispersal, recruitment, growth and connectivity of a marine angiosperm." Thesis, 2016. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/32318/.
Full textShumilovskikh, Lyudmila. "Vegetation, climate and environmental dynamics of the Black Sea/Northern Anatolian region during the last 134 ka obtained from palynological analysis." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0001-BB0A-D.
Full text