Academic literature on the topic 'Marine ecosystems'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Murawski, Steven A., John H. Steele, Phillip Taylor, Michael J. Fogarty, Michael P. Sissenwine, Michael Ford, and Cynthia Suchman. "Why compare marine ecosystems?" ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 1 (August 30, 2009): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp221.
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Abstract Murawski, S. A., Steele, J. H., Taylor, P., Fogarty, M. J., Sissenwine, M. P., Ford, M., and Suchman, C. 2010. Why compare marine ecosystems? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1–9. Effective marine ecosystem-based management (EBM) requires understanding the key processes and relationships controlling the aspects of biodiversity, productivity, and resilience to perturbations. Unfortunately, the scales, complexity, and non-linear dynamics that characterize marine ecosystems often confound managing for these properties. Nevertheless, scientifically derived decision-support tools (DSTs) are needed to account for impacts resulting from a variety of simultaneous human activities. Three possible methodologies for revealing mechanisms necessary to develop DSTs for EBM are: (i) controlled experimentation, (ii) iterative programmes of observation and modelling (“learning by doing”), and (iii) comparative ecosystem analysis. We have seen that controlled experiments are limited in capturing the complexity necessary to develop models of marine ecosystem dynamics with sufficient realism at appropriate scales. Iterative programmes of observation, model building, and assessment are useful for specific ecosystem issues but rarely lead to generally transferable products. Comparative ecosystem analyses may be the most effective, building on the first two by inferring ecosystem processes based on comparisons and contrasts of ecosystem response to human-induced factors. We propose a hierarchical system of ecosystem comparisons to include within-ecosystem comparisons (utilizing temporal and spatial changes in relation to human activities), within-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs, temperate continental shelves, upwelling areas), and cross-ecosystem-type comparisons (e.g. coral reefs vs. boreal, terrestrial vs. marine ecosystems). Such a hierarchical comparative approach should lead to better understanding of the processes controlling biodiversity, productivity, and the resilience of marine ecosystems. In turn, better understanding of these processes will lead to the development of increasingly general laws, hypotheses, functional forms, governing equations, and broad interpretations of ecosystem responses to human activities, ultimately improving DSTs in support of EBM.
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EPSTEIN, P. "Marine ecosystems." Lancet 342, no. 8881 (November 1993): 1216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92191-u.
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Patel, Hasanain Imtiaz Ismail, and Raja Oloan Saut Gurning. "INCREASING MARINE TOURISM WITH MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING METHOD AND GROWTH OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT OF UNUSED MARINE AREAS." Journal of Marine-Earth Science and Technology 4, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j27745449.v4i2.1059.
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The current state of the art of ecosystem-based marine spatial management (EB-MSM), a new approach to ocean management that is being supported all over the world as the best means of ensuring the sustainability of marine ecosystems. It aims to sustain robust, fruitful, and resilient ecosystems that supply essential products and services while withstanding human influences. It concentrates on all interactions within a marine ecosystem, including human interactions. The most cutting-edge science and innovative methods are needed for successful implementation. Focusing on the role of marine spatial planning (MSP) in marine ecosystem management and discussing the use of MSP to manage the risks associated with geohazards and climate change. Including creation of networks of marine protected areas (MPAs), how maritime activities are distributed both spatially and temporally, flexibility in fisheries management, actions to promote coastal resilience, the restoration of vital coastal ecosystems, the establishment of buffer zones between permanent structures and the coastline, and the implementation of risk-mitigation tools like monitoring programs and warning systems. More responsive demands of coastal countries and more actively supporting the economic integration of foreign operators and tourism. Even during disputes or cancellations, innovative ideas and agreements can stimulate the economy. For instance, a third party can create jobs in sub-Saharan West Africa, while a recreation area could increase tourist in Indonesia.
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GJONI, VOJSAVA, STAMATIS GHINIS, MAURIZIO PINNA, LUCA MAZZOTTA, GABRIELE MARINI, MARIO CIOTTI, ILARIA ROSATI, FABIO VIGNES, SERENA ARIMA, and ALBERTO BASSET. "Patterns of functional diversity of macroinvertebrates across three aquatic ecosystem types, NE Mediterranean." Mediterranean Marine Science 20, no. 4 (December 20, 2019): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.19314.
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This study is focused on investigating the variation patterns of macroinvertebrate guilds functional structure, in relation to the taxonomic one, across aquatic ecosystem types along the salinity gradient from freshwater to marine and the resulting implications on guild organization and energy flows. Synoptic samplings have been carried out using the leaf-pack technique at 30 sites of the aquatic ecosystems of the Corfu Island (Greece), including freshwater, lagoon, and marine sites. Here, we analyzed the macroinvertebrate guilds of river, lagoon, and marine ecosystems, as: i. taxonomic composition and population abundance ii. trophic guilds composition and relative abundance; and iii. body size spectra and size patterns. The following variation patterns across the three ecosystem types were observed: a. trophic guild composition and body size spectra were more conservative than taxonomic composition within and among ecosystem types, where, trophic guild and size spectra composition were more similar between river and lagoon ecosystem types than with marine ones; b. a dominance on resource exploitation of large species over smaller ones was inferred at all sites; and, c. higher body size-specific density of individuals was consistently observed in lagoon than in freshwater and marine ecosystems. Results extend previous findings suggesting a common hierarchical organization of benthic macroinvertebrate guilds in aquatic ecosystems and showing that lagoon ecosystems have higher energy density transferred to benthic macroinvertebrates than both freshwater and marine ecosystem types.
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Samiullah, Mohammed, and Roufa Khanum. "Climate Change and Ocean Acidification: Unraveling the Complex Interactions and Implications for Marine Ecosystems." International Journal of Natural Sciences 4, no. 1 (March 8, 2024): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijns.2397.
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Purpose: The study aims to investigate the intricate relationship between ocean acidification and climate change, providing insights into their impacts on marine ecosystems. It seeks to identify sources of greenhouse gases, assess reef vulnerability, and analyze temperature changes' effects on marine biodiversity.
Methodology: Quantitative research methods are employed, utilizing data from Bangladesh, the USA, India, and the UK. Dynamic patterns in coral reef health, ocean acidification, greenhouse gas emissions, and marine ecosystem health are assessed between 2019 and 2023. Qualitative analysis supplements the quantitative findings, enhancing understanding of climate change's impacts on marine ecosystems and mitigation strategies.
Findings: The study reveals clear patterns in the countries studied, emphasizing the urgency for continuous monitoring and protection of marine ecosystems. It provides insights into how climate change affects marine ecosystems, triggers ocean acidification, and identifies sources of greenhouse gas emissions. The research underscores the necessity for collaborative efforts to address climate change impacts and promote ecosystem resilience.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice, and Policy: The study contributes to a better understanding of the complex dynamics between ocean acidification, climate change, and marine ecosystems. It offers valuable insights to inform conservation initiatives, policy decisions, and strategies aimed at mitigating adverse impacts on marine species. By highlighting the importance of collective action, the research advocates for a comprehensive approach to address climate change's effects on ecosystems and oceans, fostering resilience and sustainability.
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Purbaya, Sharaswati, Ratna Komala, and M. N. M. Seribulan. "A Correlation between Knowledge about Coral Reef Ecosystem and Marine Tourist Attitude toward Conservation at Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu." BIOSFER: JURNAL PENDIDIKAN BIOLOGI 8, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/biosferjpb.8-1.5.
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Coral reef ecosystems are an ecosystem which important role both ecological and value. To conserve coral reef ecosystem requires knowledge form all the people especially marine tourist. Knowledge of coral reef ecosystems which is owned by marine tourist expected form conservation attitude of marine tourists to coral reef ecosystems. The aim of this research was to know the correlation knowledge of coral reef ecosystems with marine tourists conservation attitude around Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu. This research was held on May 2015 at Pramuka Island. The research method used descriptive correlational. Population and sample were determined by simple random sampling of marine tourists on the Pramuka island with the criteria have experience of diving and diving activities in the Pramuka Island amounted to 80 divers. The instrument used was a questionnaire about their knowledge and attitudes of conservation by using a Likert scale. Hypothesis test using simple regression test and correlation test using the formula Pearson Product Moment. The result showed the equation Ŷ = 104,472+0,626X. The results showed there correlation between knowledge of coral reef ecosystems and conservation attitude marine tourists around Pramuka Island, Kepulauan Seribu with a correlation coefficient of 0,325.
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Longhurst, Alan R. "Large marine ecosystems." Marine Policy 15, no. 5 (September 1991): 377–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(91)90097-u.
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Alexander, Lewis M. "Large marine ecosystems." Marine Policy 17, no. 3 (May 1993): 186–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(93)90076-f.
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Tittensor, Derek P., Camilla Novaglio, Cheryl S. Harrison, Ryan F. Heneghan, Nicolas Barrier, Daniele Bianchi, Laurent Bopp, et al. "Next-generation ensemble projections reveal higher climate risks for marine ecosystems." Nature Climate Change 11, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 973–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41558-021-01173-9.
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AbstractProjections of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems have revealed long-term declines in global marine animal biomass and unevenly distributed impacts on fisheries. Here we apply an enhanced suite of global marine ecosystem models from the Fisheries and Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project (Fish-MIP), forced by new-generation Earth system model outputs from Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6), to provide insights into how projected climate change will affect future ocean ecosystems. Compared with the previous generation CMIP5-forced Fish-MIP ensemble, the new ensemble ecosystem simulations show a greater decline in mean global ocean animal biomass under both strong-mitigation and high-emissions scenarios due to elevated warming, despite greater uncertainty in net primary production in the high-emissions scenario. Regional shifts in the direction of biomass changes highlight the continued and urgent need to reduce uncertainty in the projected responses of marine ecosystems to climate change to help support adaptation planning.
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Ward, Delphi, Jessica Melbourne-Thomas, Gretta T. Pecl, Karen Evans, Madeline Green, Phillipa C. McCormack, Camilla Novaglio, et al. "Safeguarding marine life: conservation of biodiversity and ecosystems." Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 32, no. 1 (March 2022): 65–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11160-022-09700-3.
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AbstractMarine ecosystems and their associated biodiversity sustain life on Earth and hold intrinsic value. Critical marine ecosystem services include maintenance of global oxygen and carbon cycles, production of food and energy, and sustenance of human wellbeing. However marine ecosystems are swiftly being degraded due to the unsustainable use of marine environments and a rapidly changing climate. The fundamental challenge for the future is therefore to safeguard marine ecosystem biodiversity, function, and adaptive capacity whilst continuing to provide vital resources for the global population. Here, we use foresighting/hindcasting to consider two plausible futures towards 2030: a business-as-usual trajectory (i.e. continuation of current trends), and a more sustainable but technically achievable future in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals. We identify key drivers that differentiate these alternative futures and use these to develop an action pathway towards the desirable, more sustainable future. Key to achieving the more sustainable future will be establishing integrative (i.e. across jurisdictions and sectors), adaptive management that supports equitable and sustainable stewardship of marine environments. Conserving marine ecosystems will require recalibrating our social, financial, and industrial relationships with the marine environment. While a sustainable future requires long-term planning and commitment beyond 2030, immediate action is needed to avoid tipping points and avert trajectories of ecosystem decline. By acting now to optimise management and protection of marine ecosystems, building upon existing technologies, and conserving the remaining biodiversity, we can create the best opportunity for a sustainable future in 2030 and beyond.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Varkey, Divya Alice. "Marine ecosystem restoration with a focus on coral reef ecosystems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30117.
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The declines of fish populations in ecosystems around the globe have triggered considerable interest in marine ecosystem restoration. In addition to focusing on individual fish populations, there is increased emphasis on understanding inter-species interactions and on understanding the human relationships with the ecosystems. My thesis approaches marine restoration from (a) practical aspects of considering multispecies interactions in the ecosystem (Ecopath with Ecosim models), estimating unreported and illegal catches (influence tables) and policy that considers the concerns of multiple stakeholders (Bayesian influence diagram modeling); (b) theoretical aspects of carrying capacity and fish life history analyzed using life history parameters (Population dynamics modeling).
I begin my thesis by exploring the technological, socio-economic, and political history of Raja Ampat in Eastern Indonesia (my geographical focus) to understand resource management challenges and to calculate the trends in relative misreporting of fisheries catch. The unreported fish catch exceeds the reported fish catch by a factor of 1.5. My next chapter explores the ecological benefits of establishing marine protected areas for coral reef ecosystems in Raja Ampat using Ecopath, Ecosim and Ecospace models. I estimate an ideal minimum size of no-take areas— the size of no-take area at which the biomass density of reef fish reached an asymptote—to be 16 to 25 km². Analysis of biomass density of reef fish in MPAs led to questions about ecosystem carrying capacity. To explore carrying capacity, I reconstruct ancient snapper population biomass using archaeological data obtained from fish middens using equilibrium age structure model. The results show that the ancient snapper population was about 2 to 4 times higher than the modern population biomass. To model the differing utilities of different stakeholders, in the next chapter, I develop a bayesian influence diagram model. The results indicate that restricting net fisheries and implementing 25% fisheries closure are robust scenarios favored under several combinations of the modeled variables and utility functions. The final chapter explores how the life history parameters of fish species affect the population response to restoration. It is expected that slow growing species would show a greater response to protection than fast growing species.
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Folkersen, Maja. "Ecosystem Valuation of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems in the South Pacific Islands." Thesis, Griffith University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/385544.
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One of the greatest challenges for sustaining the ecosystem services that we, as a society, derive from marine ecosystems is to minimize the knowledge gap relating to marine ecosystem values. That is, identifying, eliciting and understanding the economic value of the ecosystem services that marine systems provide for societies world-wide is key to ensuring sustainable resource use and environmental management of these ecosystems. This is particularly problematic for the ecosystem services derived from the deep sea as a tremendous knowledge gap exists for the many marine ecosystems that comprise the deep sea. Addressing this gap in knowledge may, directly and indirectly, facilitate actionable strategies for successful climate change adaptation and reduce the degradation of these important marine ecosystems.
Estimating values for certain types of marine ecosystem services in particular the deep sea is imperative for understanding the economic trade-offs associated with human actions and resource use of marine resources. Identifying, exploring and understanding the economic benefits and costs associated with the human resource use of marine systems is also crucial for circumventing irreversible damage to ecosystems, and for addressing the growing problem of ecosystem degradation of marine ecosystems. However, a knowledge gap remains in terms of eliciting and understanding how vulnerable marine ecosystems, such as coral reefs and the deep-sea, generate economic value to local economies, and for societies on a global scale.
By employing a variety of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, this thesis explores the economic value of the ecosystems of coral reefs and the deep-sea, respectively. The thesis investigates various aspects of the economic contribution of these ecosystems, namely: (i) the local economic contribution of ) Fiji's coral reefs to tourism; and ii) the economic value of the deep- sea's ecosystems to human societies, globally. Moreover, it discusses the importance of exploring the social and non-monetary value of coral reefs to human well-being in the South Pacific Island Countries (SPICs). The research of this thesis therefore constitutes a genuine contribution to understanding how changes in these marine ecosystems impact on economies and human well-being, now and in the future. Although the full extent to which ecosystem degradation of marine ecosystems will impact economies and societies globally remains uncertain, its impacts are already being witnessed, e.g. through ocean acidification, sea-level rise, reduced fish stocks and changing environmental conditions. In turn, these impacts affect human survival and well-being by negatively impacting fishery incomes, food security and coastal protection in many countries around the world. Action and investment plans for reducing the ecosystem degradation of marine systems are urgently needed to protect the value of those ecosystem services to human societies. Deepening our understanding of marine ecosystems' economic contributions constitutes a crucial component of facilitating action plans and investments for sustainable resource use and development.
Valuation of vulnerable marine ecosystems is important for several reasons. First, valuation of an ecosystem's contribution to society demonstrates the importance of that ecosystem for social stability, economic growth and human well-being, thereby
improving public awareness of that ecosystem's significance. Second, ecosystem valuation can inform policy and decision-making for future conservation programs and legislation pertaining to the human use of marine resources. Third, ecosystem valuation
creates important incentives to invest in the protection of marine systems as it outlines the connection between the ecological functioning of marine systems on the one hand, and economic output and stability on the other hand. Fourth, ecosystem valuation can also raise awareness about the importance of protecting biodiversity. Finally, ecosystem valuation of marine ecosystems is especially important for supporting decision-making related to the resource-use of marine ecosystems for which very limited information exists on their economic contribution.
The thesis starts with an introduction and a literature review of the main themes and concepts along with the problems, challenges and opportunities associated with the ecosystem valuation of coral reefs and the deep-sea. Subsequently, the research studies of this thesis, which constitutes chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 are presented. Specifically, chapter 2 explores the economic impacts of future (hypothetical) deep-sea mining activities on Fiji's tourism industry, through a contingent behaviour study; chapter 3 discusses the need for developing non-monetary and social ecosystem valuation methodology in order to elicit marine ecosystems' importance for human well-being in the SPICs; chapter 4 explores current knowledge about the deep-sea's economic value through a systematic review and meta-analysis; and chapter 5 identifies the four main priorities for future
ecosystem valuation, policy-making and research pertaining to the deep-sea.
This thesis makes a small but significant contribution to the knowledge base of the economic value of the ecosystems of coral reefs and the deep-sea, respectively, and to developing future ecosystem valuation by means of introducing the social willingness-to commit (Social WTCommit) technique. Finally, this thesis can contribute to policy-making, decision-making and legislation pertaining to the deep-sea and coral reefs, locally and globally.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Dept Account,Finance & Econ
Griffith Business School
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Boyd, Philip W. "Carbon fluxes in marine microbial ecosystems." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334553.
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NEPOTE, ETTORE. "Multiple stressors affect coastal marine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/295443.
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Gli ecosistemi marini sono sottoposti a diversi fattori di stress di origine antropica, i cui effetti non sono ancora del tutto noti. Questo gap conoscitivo rappresenta un punto cruciale, in quanto, la conoscenza degli effetti delle attività umane è essenziale per l’applicazione di piani di monitoraggio e di adeguate strategie di mitigazione. Di conseguenza, in questa tesi, sono stati selezionati e studiati quattro diversi tipi di pressioni antropiche; allo scopo di aumentare le conoscenze disponibili come richiesto dalla MSFD. La prima fonte di impatto selezionata sono gli impianti di desalinizzazione, per i quali è stato studiato l’impatto sulla comunità macrobentonica. I risultati ottenuti suggeriscono che non sono causa di alterazioni distinguibili dalla naturale variabilità spaziale della macrofauna. Ciò può essere messo in relazione alle piccole dimensioni degli impianti. Risultati simili sono stati ottenuti per la seconda pressione antropica studiata, cioè ripascimento e (ri)stenditura della sabbia sugli arenili, i quali, non hanno alterato la naturale variazione spaziale e temporale della macro e meiofauna. Anche in questo caso, la mancanza di un impatto significativo è da attribuire alla piccola scala dell’intervento. Il terzo caso di studio riguardava l’analisi dell’estensione (m2) di una prateria di fanerogame nell’arco di 40 anni. I risultati indicano, come i due declini riscontrati fossero correlati a due diversi fattori, quali urbanizzazione e aumento della temperatura, i quali hanno agito non solo sull’estensione della prateria, ma anche sulla composizione tassonomica. Infine, è stato analizzato il potenziale impatto della pesca con draghe idrauliche, particolarmente intensa nel Mare Adriatico. Più specificatamente, è stato studiato il potenziale effetto della diminuzione dello sforzo di pesca (di circa il 50%) imposto dall’emergenza sanitaria del SARS-CoV-2 sulle comunità macrobentoniche. I risultati evidenziano un aumento significativo dei bivalvi, che porta ad una comunità macrobentonica significativamente diversa rispetto a quella presente prima del lockdown. In conclusione, dall’analisi questi casi di studio è emerso come la “scala” della pressione antropica giochi un ruolo cruciale nel determinare l’eventuale impatto. Inoltre, è stato evidenziato come diversi ecosistemi mostrino una apprezzabile resilienza quando le pressioni antropiche diminuiscono in maniera significativa.Multiple stressors affect coastal marine ecosystems, whose effects are often largely unknown. This represents a crucial point, since the knowledge about the impacts caused by human activities are essential to apply adequate monitoring plans and mitigation strategy. Consequently, in this thesis four different human pressures were selected and investigated, in order to increase the available information. The first impact source selected is represented by desalination plants, for which the impact on macrobenthic assemblage was investigated. The results suggest that they do not cause alterations superimposed to the natural spatial variability of the macrofauna assemblage. This has been related to the small sizes of the plants. Similar results were obtained for the second stressor investigated (i.e., beach nourishment and beach re-profiling), which did not alter the spatial-temporal trend of the macro-meiofauna assemblage. Again, the lack of a significant impact was associated to the small size of the interventions. The third case study investigated the long term (40 years) changes (in m2) of seagrass meadow extension in the North Adriatic Sea. The results indicated that the two declines recorded were mainly correlated with two different drivers: urbanization and positive thermal anomalies respectively, which affected not only the meadow extension but also the species composition. Finally, the last pressure analyzed is the fishing with hydraulic dredging, which is extremely intensive in the Adriatic Sea. Specifically, here the effects of the decrease of fishing effort (of about 50%) imposed by the SARS-CoV-2 sanitary emergency was studied. From the results, it is evident a significant increase of bivalves, making the entire macrofauna assemblage significantly different from that present before the 2020. Overall, from these case studies, it is clear as a crucial role is played by the “size” of the human pressure. In addition, it is clear that in different ecosystems, when there is a noticeably decrease of human pressures, an appreciable partial recovery is possible.
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Barausse, Alberto. "The integrated functioning of marine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421989.
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An ecosystem-based approach to the management of marine ecosystems is the goal of the recent European Integrated Maritime Policy, known as the Blue Book (2007), shortly followed by the new Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC). It is recognized that management should take into account the processes taking place within, and the interactions between ecological, social and economic systems to be effective and sustainable. Yet a quantitative knowledge about such processes and the interactions between marine ecosystems and socio-economic systems is often weak or lacking.
The goal of this thesis is to explore how pressures exerted on large-scale marine ecosystems translate into state changes. The focus is on multiple pressures, and on both populations and ecosystems, i.e. on the integrated functioning of marine ecosystems. Both anthropogenic pressures, such as fishing or nutrient enrichment, and natural ones, such as climate and environmental variability, are taken into account, mainly based on the Northern Adriatic Sea case study. The Northern Adriatic Sea is a data-rich Mediterranean basin, eutrophic, heavily fished, strongly influenced by climate, and with a long history of human pressures acting on it.
Different methodologies are used in a complementary manner, such as conceptual models, ecological network analysis applied to a static trophic network model, timeseries analysis, population models, review of historical data, and meta-analysis of macroecological patterns. Case studies include species of commercial importance such as small pelagics or crabs, or charismatic predators such as sharks and skates.
Based on the study of the functioning of marine ecosystems from many different points of view, the main conclusion of this work is that an ecosystem-based approach is indeed necessary to manage marine ecosystems. The reason is that multiple interacting factors, including but not limited to external pressures, can and do influence ecosystem functioning “bottom up”, “top down”, as well as from the middle of the system.Un approccio ecosistemico alla gestione degli ecosistemi marini è l’obiettivo della recente Politica Marittima Integrata per l’Unione Europea, nota come Blue Book (2007), seguita a breve dalla nuova Direttiva Quadro sulla Strategia per l’Ambiente Marino (2008/56/EC). Vi si riconosce che, per esercitare una gestione efficace e sostenibile, si devono considerare i processi che si svolgono all’interno dei sistemi ecologici, sociali ed economici, e le interazioni fra tali sistemi. Tuttavia, una conoscenza quantitativa di tali processi e delle interazioni fra gli ecosistemi marini e i sistemi socio-economici è spesso scarsa, se non del tutto mancante. Lo scopo di questa tesi è comprendere meglio come le pressioni agenti su ecosistemi marini a larga scala portino a cambiamenti di stato. Ci si è concentrati su pressioni multiple, e sia su popolazioni che ecosistemi, ovvero sul funzionamento integrato degli ecosistemi marini. Sono state considerate sia pressioni di origine antropica come pesca ed apporti di nutrienti, che naturali come la variabilità climatica ed ambientale, basandosi principalmente sul caso di studio dell’Adriatico Settentrionale. L’Adriatico Settentrionale è un bacino del Mar Mediterraneo caratterizzato da abbondanza di dati utilizzabili a scopo scientifico, ed è un ecosistema eutrofico, intensamente sfruttato dalla pesca, fortemente influenzato dal clima, ed è sottoposto a pressioni antropiche da lungo tempo. Si sono utilizzate in maniera complementare differenti metodiche, fra cui modelli concettuali, l’analisi di reti ecologiche (Ecological Network Analysis) applicata ad un modello statico di rete trofica, l’analisi di serie temporali, modelli di popolazione, rassegna di dati storici, e meta-analisi di regolarità macro-ecologiche. I casi di studio includono specie di importanza commerciale come pesce azzurro o granchi, e predatori famosi come squali e razze. La principale conclusione di questo lavoro, basata sullo studio del funzionamento degli ecosistemi marini da molti punti di vista diversi, è che un approccio ecosistemico è realmente necessario nella gestione degli ecosistemi marini. Il motivo è che il funzionamento degli ecosistemi può essere ed è effettivamente influenzato da fattori multipli interagenti fra di loro, che includono (senza essere limitati ad esse) le pressioni esterne, e che agiscono sia dal basso (cioè dai livelli gerarchici inferiori) verso l’alto, che dall’alto (cioè dai livelli gerarchici superiori) verso il basso, ed a partire dall’interno (ovvero, dalle gerarchie intermedie) del sistema.
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Gin, Karina Y. H. (Karina Yew Hoong). "Microbal size spectra from diverse marine ecosystems." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/40155.
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Tribot, Anne-Sophie. "Esthétique et biodiversité des écosystèmes sous-marins." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT131/document.
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La valeur esthétique des paysages et des espèces est un élément central de la conservation de la biodiversité, puisqu’elle fait intervenir les dimensions affectives et émotionnelles de notre rapport à la nature. Le lien entre biodiversité et perception esthétique demeure cependant peu étudié dans le cadre des services écosystémiques.Suite à un premier travail de synthèse ayant permis de poser les bases conceptuelles et méthodologiques de l’esthétique des paysages, trois études menées sur des systèmes sous-marins à différentes échelles ont permis de mieux comprendre et de quantifier le lien entre les différentes facettes de la biodiversité et la perception esthétique.Les résultats ont permis de mettre en évidence que la nature du lien entre biodiversité et préférences esthétique est dépendante de l’échelle de perception : à une échelle multi-spécifique, la biodiversité et la composition en espèces ont un effet positif sur les préférences esthétiques, tandis que les préférences à l’échelle spécifiques sont déconnectées du fonctionnement écologique des écosystèmes.Ces résultats confirment l’importance de la valeur esthétique dans notre perception de la biodiversité, qui pourrait avoir des conséquences majeures sur la façon dont nous protégeons notre environnement. L’approche fonctionnaliste de l’expérience esthétique est proposée et décrite afin de promouvoir une perception esthétique basée sur la compréhension et la reconnaissance des processus écologiques. Des pistes d’éducation à la biodiversité basée sur une expérience esthétique engagée sont également proposées afin de reconnecter les besoins écologiques et les préférences esthétiquesThe aesthetic value of landscapes and species is a central element for the conservation of biodiversity, since it involves the emotional and emotional dimensions of our relationship to nature. However, the links between biodiversity and aesthetic perception remains poorly studied and recognized within the ecosystem services framework.Following a first critical review, that described the conceptual and methodological bases of landscape aesthetics, three studies on underwater systems at different scales have been computed in order to better understand the link between the different facets of biodiversity and aesthetic perception.The results revealed that the link between biodiversity and aesthetic preferences is dependent on the scale of perception: at a multi-specific scale, biodiversity and species composition have a positive effect on aesthetic preferences, while preferences at a specific scale are disconnected to the ecological functioning of ecosystems.These results confirm the importance of aesthetic value in our perception of biodiversity, which could have major consequences in the way we protect our environment. The aesthetic experience based on the understanding of ecological functioning is proposed and described in order to promote an aesthetic perception relevant to ecological processes. Education to biodiversity based on engaged aesthetic is also proposed, in order to reconnect ecological needs and aesthetic preferences
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Johnson, Theresa R. "Capturing Feedback in Complex Marine Ecosystems: Two Models." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/JohnsonTR2001.pdf.
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Brotz, Lucas. "Changing jellyfish populations : trends in large marine ecosystems." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38193.
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Although there are various indications and claims that jellyfish have been increasing at a global scale in recent decades, a rigorous demonstration to this effect has never been presented. As this is mainly due to scarcity of quantitative time series of jellyfish abundance from scientific surveys, an attempt is presented here to complement such data with non-conventional information from other sources. This was accomplished using the analytical framework of fuzzy logic, which allows the combination of information with variable degrees of cardinality, reliability, and temporal and spatial coverage. Data were aggregated and analysed at the scale of Large Marine Ecosystem (LME). Of the 66 LMEs defined thus far, which cover the world’s coastal waters and seas, trends of jellyfish abundance (increasing, decreasing, or stable/variable) were identified (occurring after 1950) for 45, with variable degrees of confidence. Of these 45 LMEs, the overwhelming majority (31 or 69%) showed increasing trends. Recent evidence also suggests that the observed increases in jellyfish populations may be due to the effects of human activities, such as overfishing, global warming, pollution, and coastal development. Changing jellyfish populations were tested for links with anthropogenic impacts at the LME scale, using a variety of indicators and a generalized additive model. Significant correlations were found with several indicators of ecosystem health, as well as marine aquaculture production, suggesting that the observed increases in jellyfish populations are indeed due to human activities and the continued degradation of the marine environment.
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ZOBRIST, KURT DANIEL. "COASTAL HARMONY: BETWEEN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND COASTAL DEVELOPMENT." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1082747560.
Full textBooks on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet, eds. Marine Ecosystems. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.
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Maria, Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, Kiortsis V. 1925-, North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Special Program Panel on Eco-Sciences., NATO Special Program Panel on Marine Science., and NATO Advanced Research Institute on "Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems" (1983 : Hērakleion, Crete), eds. Mediterranean marine ecosystems. New York: Plenum Press, 1985.
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Moraitou-Apostolopoulou, Maria, and Vassili Kiortsis, eds. Mediterranean Marine Ecosystems. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2248-9.
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Buhl-Mortensen, Lene, Julian Mariano Burgos, Petur Steingrund, Pål Buhl-Mortensen, Steinunn H. Ólafsdóttir, and Stefán Á. Ragnarsson. Vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs). Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/tn2019-519.
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Mann, K. H., and J. R. N. Lazier. Dynamics of Marine Ecosystems. Malden, MA USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118687901.
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Davenport, John, Gavin M. Burnell, Tom Cross, Mark Emmerson, Rob McAllen, Ruth Ramsay, and Emer Rogan, eds. Challenges to Marine Ecosystems. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8808-7.
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L, Palomares M., and University of British Columbia. Fisheries Centre., eds. Modeling Antarctic marine ecosystems. Vancouver, B.C: Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, 2005.
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1934-, Jørgensen Sven Erik, ed. Environmental management of marine ecosystems. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018.
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Marine ecosystems and global change. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.
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Islam, Md Nazrul, and Sven Erik Jørgensen, eds. Environmental Management of Marine Ecosystems. Boca Raton : CRC Press, [2018]: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315153933.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Cronan, Christopher S. "Marine Ecosystems." In Ecology and Ecosystems Analysis, 177–95. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45259-8_11.
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Mukherjee, Swapna, Kaushik Kiran Ghosh, and Abhra Chanda. "Marine Ecosystems." In Environmental Oceanography and Coastal Dynamics, 27–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34422-0_2.
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Griffiths, Dilwyn J. "Marine Ecosystems." In Tropical Ecosystems in Australia, 77–89. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, [2020]: CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429328008-6.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Marine Biosphere, Carbonate Systems and the Carbon Cycle." In Marine Ecosystems, 1–23. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch1.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Biodiversity of Phytoplankton: Responses to Environmental Changes in Coastal Zones." In Marine Ecosystems, 25–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch2.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Marine Seagrasses (Magnoliophyta) in the Intertropical Zone." In Marine Ecosystems, 81–106. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch3.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Biocomplexity of Coral Ecosystems: Diversity in All its States." In Marine Ecosystems, 107–64. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch4.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Man and Diversity in the Coral Environment." In Marine Ecosystems, 165–223. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch5.
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Monaco, André, and Patrick Prouzet. "Hydrothermal Vents: Oases at Depth." In Marine Ecosystems, 225–92. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119116219.ch6.
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Wassmann, P., and C. S. Wong. "In Marine Ecosystems." In Carbon Sequestration in the Biosphere, 211–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79943-3_13.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Kinlan, Brian P., Robert R. Warner, Robert M. Sinclair, and Klaus M. Stiefel. "MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN COASTAL MARINE ECOSYSTEMS." In MULTISCALE PHENOMENA IN BIOLOGY: Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Mathematics and Biology. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3246411.
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GITELSON, J. I., L. A. LEVIN, A. P. SHEVIRNOGOV, and R. N. YTYUSHEV. "BIOLUMINESCENT PATROLLING OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS - BIOALARM." In Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812811158_0015.
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Linehan, Liane Christine, and John Warren Huntley. "PARASITISM IN MARINE ECOSYSTEMS THROUGH GEOLOGIC TIME." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-284458.
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Lukats, Daniel, Elmar Berghofer, Frederic Stahl, Janina Schneider, Daniela Pieck, Mobin M. Idrees, Lars Nolle, and Oliver Zielinski. "Towards Concept Change Detection in Marine Ecosystems." In OCEANS 2021: San Diego – Porto. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/oceans44145.2021.9706015.
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Elobaid, Elnaim, Bruno Welter Giraldes, Hamad Al-Kuwari, Jassim Al-Khayat, Fadhil Sadooni, and Ekhlas Elbary. "Towards Sustainable Management of Coastal and Offshore Islands in Arabian Gulf Typology: Sensitivity Analysis, Ecological Risk Assessment of Halul and Al-Alyia Islands." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2021.0035.
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The great majority of marine ecosystems in Qatar are in fast decline and nearing collapse, where most ecosystem has lost the biological and economic functionality. Aiming to support the decision makers in the management and restoration strategies for recovering the biological and economic functionality of the ecosystems/natural resources of Qatar, we conducted 1) a typology mapping of the main components of the ecosystem of two islands, 2) a sensitivity and vulnerability assessment according to the known guidelines and standards. Highlighting the potential ecological risk and required recommendations for sustainable management plans, within the frame of Qatar National Vision 2030 (QNV 2030). The Islands present different anthropogenic pressure. As expected, Al Alyia the coastal Island is under real risk, with critical areas of sensibility but still presenting a potential for recovering its economy and ecological functionality, highlighting the collapsed stage of the very sensitive coral reefs, the vulnerability of oyster beds and seagrass and the functionality of the mangrove (expanding) and Sabha with massive birds nesting. The offshore Island Halul presented in the typology mapping the coral reefs as the main ecosystem but with the presence of seagrass, algae bed, sandy beach, and Sabha. The coral reef still presents a certain functionality, with corals covering several hard substrates, however with high sensitivity and high vulnerability, especially the coral in the shallow areas with scattered colonies, and the vulnerable nesting of marine turtles on beaches. As the management, we recommend increasing the restoration effort of targeted ecosystems, mainly involving coral reefs for increasing the marine biodiversity in general and restoring the oyster beds for recovering the filtration service. Strategies must be made for recovering the ecosystems’ functionality and restore the productivity of the Qatari fishing stock. We recommend applying this mapping method and sensitivity classification for all marine areas around Qatar for supporting the management plans.
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Sirbu, Rodica. "BIO RESOURCES USEFUL FOR HEALTH FROM MARINE ECOSYSTEMS." In SGEM2012 12th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2012/s14.v3002.
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Godo, Olav Rune. "Operational requirements for observing marine ecosystems with acoustics." In 2013 MTS/IEEE OCEANS. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oceans-bergen.2013.6608077.
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Theodossiou, S., and N. Singh Rainu. "Digital Initiatives, Infrastructures and Data Ecosystems in the Maritime Sector." In International Conference on Marine Engineering and Technology Oman. London: IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/icmet.oman.2019.017.
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Efficiency, performance and monitoring of vessels becomes of paramount importance around the globe. Assets security, vessels efficiency, new directives and legislation with regard to emissions quality and many others, urge the global maritime industry to take the right initiatives and make the appropriate investments to develop data ecosystems, that over time, if used intelligently, coherently and consistently, will allow owners and managers to reap tangible benefits such as, among others, significant cost savings, better vessel management and longer vessel life span. As of today, most shipowners and related stakeholders face huge challenges when it comes to data collection, processing, streaming, sharing and storage. Relevant data, if any, is isolated in distinct silos, in spurious and inconsistent formats with little or non-existent interconnectivity between such silos or storage mechanisms. In effect, to face the new challenging landscape, a fresh mindset and an open-minded approach is required. The paper uses data and relevant building blocks, related to vessel performance, assets tracking, route planning, engine monitoring, fuel consumptions, emissions quality, vessels tracking, performance alarms and notifications; that is a wide variety of data modules and reporting tools, that eventually serve pure reporting, real-time monitoring and visualization objectives; but also some additional, more powerful modules being used for analytics and strategic decision making. Such modules can leverage on historical data being captured over prolonged time periods, in the various interrelated data sources and by the relevant data collectors and, if deployed effectively, to construct supervised, unsupervised or even semi-supervised machine learning models. Eventually, such models will enable the various stakeholders in this domain, to achieve successful assignments related to predictions, regressions, classification and clustering. In effect, apart from pure vessel geolocation tracking capabilities, the above modules and tools will allow any shipowner to log-in and see how, a specific vessel under consideration does, in terms of performance and efficiency, in specific weather, geological and regional conditions. In addition to that, more advanced modules, for instance, might warn ship owners about the benefits of a potential hull maintenance or cleaning, give insights on engine efficiency and recommend actions or even provide indications or predictions of future likely delays in reaching at the port of destination. Among other things, this data collection and storage, in such a digitalization platform (will) allows the ongoing building-up of insights, knowledge and technical expertise associated to (optimized) vessels performance and all related functionalities as stated elsewhere. As the variety, veracity, volume and quality of the collected data, across the board, will be gradually enriched, enhanced and improved over time, allowing relevant stakeholders to gain real benefits, such as potentially reduced costs triggered by better and proactive vessels management, from such initiatives that might look and sound meaningless at the very beginning. The Paper builds upon the empirical evidence and relevant data associated to Tototheo Maritime’s, Digital Control Room and its associated Maritime Digitalization Platform that do provide, not only a state-of-the-art platform that facilitates visualization and snap-shot reporting functionalities but also modules upon which machine
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Kingston, E., R. Smith, P. Harrison, and N. Homes. "The Effects of Chronic Oil Inputs to Marine Ecosystems." In SPE International Conference on Health, Safety, and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/46708-ms.
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Graber, Joseph, Jim Thomson, Brian Polagye, and Andrew Jessup. "Land-based infrared imagery for marine mammal detection." In Remote Sensing and Modeling of Ecosystems for Sustainability VIII. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.892787.
Full textReports on the topic "Marine ecosystems"
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Veland, Siri, and Christine Merk. Lay person perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) – Working paper. OceanNETs, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d3.3.
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This working paper presents first insights on lay public perceptions of marine carbon dioxide removal (CDR) approaches. In seven focus groups, three in Germany and four in Norway (including one pilot) the researchers asked members of the lay public to share their views of the ocean and the effects of climate change, four CDR approaches, as well as their reflections on responsible research and innovation (RRI) of marine CDR. The four CDR methods were ocean iron fertilization, ocean alkalinity enhancement, artificial upwelling, and blue carbon management through restoration of coastal and marine ecosystems. In addition, respondents were asked to compare the four approaches. Our findings indicate that the public will be very supportive of blue carbon management irrespective of its actual carbon sequestration potential, due in part to the perceived bad state of marine ecosystems worldwide. Participants were skeptical whether any of the CDR approaches could have relevant effect on carbon sequestration and long-term storage; they reasoned about issues such as the ability to scale up treatments in time and space, unforeseen or unforeseeable effects on ecosystems in time and space, and the role of industry in the implementation process. They argued that despite the potential availability of marine CDR, industry and the general public should stop polluting behaviors and practices. Nevertheless, the participants universally agreed that further research on all four CDR methods should be pursued to better understand effects on climate, ecosystems, local communities, and the economy.
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Douglas, Kristin, Eugenia Naro-Maciel, Ana Porzecanski, and Patrick Shea. What’s in the Water? Using environmental DNA for Marine Monitoring and Planning. American Museum of Natural History, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0011.
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Coral reefs, the most biodiverse of all marine ecosystems, are of high ecological, cultural, and financial importance, yet they are declining on a global scale due to several anthropogenic factors. Current threats to coral reefs highlight the urgent need for effective research, monitoring, and management of these ecosystems. In this case study-based exercise, students will compare and contrast biodiversity information about Hawaiian reefs between traditional diver surveys and eDNA based applications, consider the benefits and limitations of each method for coral reef fish monitoring, and use these data to designate potential marine protected areas (MPAs). As part of this process, they will practice identifying species based on genetic sequencing data using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) of the National Center for Biotechnology Information. Lastly, students will be introduced to different approaches to protection of marine systems in Hawai‘i, including the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, and reflect on the diversity of approaches to management of seascapes.
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Del Río Paracolls, Carmen, Jamie Cotta, and Michele H. Lemay. Coastal Resilience in the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006312.
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Communities which are heavily dependent on coastal ecosystems will suffer catastrophic effects from climate change. Can we reduce these impacts by enhancing the resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems in order to stabilize shorelines, reduce flooding and improve public access?
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Hodson, Robert E. In Situ Activity and Functional Diversity of Microbes Linking Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles in Marine Ecosystems: BI-OMP Program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1183489.
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Eisemann, Eve, Catherine Thomas, Matthew Balazik, Damarys Acevedo-Mackey, and Safra Altman. Environmental factors affecting coastal and estuarine submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42185.
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Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) growing in estuarine and coastal marine systems provides crucial ecosystem functions ranging from sediment stabilization to habitat and food for specific species. SAV systems, however, are sensitive to a number of environmental factors, both anthropogenic and natural. The most common limiting factors are light limitation, water quality, and salinity, as reported widely across the literature. These factors are controlled by a number of complex processes, however, varying greatly between systems and SAV populations. This report seeks to conduct an exhaustive examination of factors influencing estuarine and coastal marine SAV habitats and find the common threads that tie these ecosystems together. Studies relating SAV habitats in the United States to a variety of factors are reviewed here, including geomorphological and bathymetric characteristics, sediment dynamics, sedimentological characteristics, and water quality, as well as hydrologic regime and weather. Tools and methods used to assess each of these important factors are also reviewed. A better understanding of fundamental environmental factors that control SAV growth will provide crucial information for coastal restoration and engineering project planning in areas populated by SAVs.
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Mitchell, Brian G., Amir Neori, Charles Yarish, D. Allen Davis, Tzachi Samocha, and Lior Guttman. The use of aquaculture effluents in spray culture for the production of high protein macroalgae for shrimp aqua-feeds. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597934.bard.
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The FAO has projected a doubling in world demand for seafood during the 21 ed from aquaculture of marine fish and shrimps fed primarily on fishmeal-based aquafeeds. However, current practices of high intensity monoculture of shrimp in coastal ponds and fish in offshore pens have been strongly criticized as being ecologically and socially unsustainable. This view derives from un- checked eutrophication of coastal marine ecosystems from fish farm effluents, and the destruction of coastal estuarine ecosystems by shrimp farm constructions, plus aquaculture’s reliance on wild-caught small fish - which are excellent food for humans, but instead are rendered into fishmeal and fish oil for formulating aquafeeds. Fishmeal-sparing and waste- reduction aquafeeds can only delay the time when fed aquaculture product are priced out of affordability for most consumers. Additionally, replacement of fishmeal protein and fish oil by terrestrial plant sources such as soybean meal and oil directly raises food costs for human communities in developing nations. New formulations incorporating sustainably-produced marine algal proteins and oils are growing in acceptance as viable and practical alternatives. This BARD collaborative research project investigated a sustainable water-sparing spray/drip culture method for producing high-protein marine macrophyte meals for incorporation into marine shrimp and fish diets. The spray culture work was conducted at laboratory-scale in the USA (UCSD-SIO) using selected Gracilariaand Ulvastrains isolated and supplied by UCONN, and outdoors at pilot-scale in Israel (IOLR-NCM) using local strains of Ulvasp., and nitrogen/phosphorus-enriched fish farm effluent to fertilize the spray cultures and produce seaweed biomass and meals containing up to 27% raw protein (dry weight content). Auburn University (USA) in consultation with TAMUS (USA) used the IOLR meals to formulate diets and conduct marine shrimp feeding trials, which resulted in mixed outcomes, indicating further work was needed to chemically identify and remove anti-nutritional elements present in the IOLR-produced seaweed meals.
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Bartolino, Valerio, Birgit Koehler, and Lena Bergström, eds. Climate effects on fish in Sweden : Species-Climate Information Sheets for 32 key taxa in marine and coastal waters. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.4lmlt1tq5j.
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The purpose of this publication is to summarize the state of knowledge on the effects of environmental variability and climate change for individual species and stocks based on literature review, giving species-climate information for 32 key taxa in Swedish marine and coastal waters. The report is written in English. The extent and scale of recent changes in climate due to global warming is unprecedented and causes increasing effects on ecosystems. In oceans, ongoing warming leads to, for example, increased water temperatures, decreased ice cover and effects on hydrology and water circulation patterns that can in turn influence salinity. The environmental alterations affect species distribution, biology, and hence also the delivery of marine ecosystem services and human well-being. The results of this review on the effects of environmental variability and climate change on marine taxa are presented as species-climate information sheets designed in a user-friendly format aimed to enhance accessibility for professionals spanning different fields and roles, including e.g. scientific experts, NGOs affiliates and managers. The species-climate information sheets presented here cover 32 key taxa selected among the economically and ecologically most important coastal and marine fish and crustacean species in Swedish waters. The species-wise evaluations show that climate change leads to a wide range of effects on fish, reflecting variations in their biology and physiological tolerances. The review also highlights important data and knowledge gaps for each species and life stage. Despite the high variability and prevailing uncertainties, some general patterns appeared. On a general level, most fish species in Swedish marine and coastal waters are not expected to benefit from climate change, and many risks are identified to their potential for recruitment, growth and development. Boreal, marine and cold-adapted species would be disadvantaged at Swedish latitudes. However, fish of freshwater origin adapted to warmer temperature regimes could benefit to some extent in the Baltic Sea under a warming climate. Freshwater fish could also be benefitted under further decreasing salinity in the surface water in the Baltic Sea. The resulting effects on species will not only depend on the physiological responses, but also on how the feeding conditions for fish, prey availability, the quality of essential fish habitats and many other factors will develop. A wide range of ecological factors decisive for the development of fish communities are also affected by climate change but have not been explored here, where we focused on the direct effects of warming. The sensitivity and resilience of the fish species to climate change will also depend on their present and future health and biological status. Populations exposed to prolonged and intense fishing exploitation, or affected by environmental deterioration will most likely have a lower capacity to cope with climate change effects over time. For both the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, it is important to ensure continued work to update and improve the species-climate information sheets as results from new research become available. It can also be expected that new important and relevant biological information and improved climate scenarios will emerge continuously. Continued work is therefore important to update and refine the species-climate information sheets, help filling in currently identified knowledge gaps, and extend to other species not included here. Moreover, there is need to integrate this type of species-level information into analyses of the effects of climate change at the level of communities and ecosystems to support timely mitigation and adaptation responses to the challenges of the climate change.
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Rowden, A. A., O. F. Anderson, S. E. Georgian, D. A. Bowden, M R Clark, A. Pallentin, and A. Miller. High-resolution, habitat-suitability maps for the conservation and management of vulnerable marine ecosystems on the Louisville Seamount Chain, south Pacific Ocean. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/305921.
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Liguori, Giovanni, and Nadia Pinardi. Evaluation of Extreme Forecast Indices (WP5+6). EuroSea, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d4.11.
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While originally developed for weather forecasting, the Extreme Forecast index (EFI) concept has found utility in diverse fields. This study marks the inaugural application of EFI principles to numerical ocean forecasting. EFI offers a metric to gauge the forecast's deviation from historical norms specific to the location and time of year. A heightened EFI value signifies that the forecast falls beyond the usual range of variability, signifying a higher probability of extreme conditions. This novel use of EFI stands to benefit oceanographers by identifying significant oceanic events, aiding decision-making, and supporting early warning systems, particularly for extreme marine conditions. It enhances comprehension of forecast uncertainties and facilitates clearer communication of potential risks to the public and stakeholders. Such insights are invaluable for preparedness, coastal management, and mitigating the impact of marine extremes on communities and ecosystems. EFI indices for the Mediterranean Sea are computed using a first implementation of a forecast ensemble system that is being developed for the Mediterranean Sea Monitoring and Forecasting Center of the Copernicus Marine Environment Service. This deliverable report presents the first-ever application of the EFI approach to the Mediterranean Sea. After presenting the EFI definition adopted in this study, we discuss its application to sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) extremes. A case studies using ensemble forecasts for the year 2021 are presented and discussed. (EuroSea Deliverable, D4.11)
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Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.
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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.