Academic literature on the topic 'Marine ecosystem functioning'
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Journal articles on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Hochfeld, Isabell, and Jana Hinners. "Phytoplankton adaptation to steady or changing environments affects marine ecosystem functioning." Biogeosciences 21, no. 23 (December 13, 2024): 5591–611. https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-21-5591-2024.
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Abstract. Global warming poses a major threat to marine ecosystems, which fulfill important functions for humans and the climate. Ecosystem models are therefore increasingly used to estimate future changes in the functioning of marine ecosystems. However, projections differ notably between models. We propose that a major uncertainty factor in current models is that they ignore the high adaptive potential of phytoplankton, key players in marine ecosystems. Here, we use a zero-dimensional evolutionary ecosystem model to study how phytoplankton adaptation can affect estimates of future ecosystem-level changes. We found that phytoplankton adaptation can notably change simulated ecosystem dynamics, with the effect depending on environmental conditions. In a steady environment, adaptation allows for a more efficient use of resources, which enhances primary production and related ecosystem functions. In a warming environment, on the contrary, adaptation mitigates dominance changes among functionally different taxa and consequently leads to weaker changes in related ecosystem functions. Our results demonstrate that by neglecting phytoplankton adaptation, models may systematically overestimate future changes in the functioning of marine ecosystems. Future work can build on our results and include evolutionary processes into more complex model environments.
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Beaugrand, G., M. Edwards, and L. Legendre. "Marine biodiversity, ecosystem functioning, and carbon cycles." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 22 (May 17, 2010): 10120–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0913855107.
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Maureaud, Aurore, Dorothee Hodapp, P. Daniël van Denderen, Helmut Hillebrand, Henrik Gislason, Tim Spaanheden Dencker, Esther Beukhof, and Martin Lindegren. "Biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationships in fish communities: biomass is related to evenness and the environment, not to species richness." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, no. 1906 (July 10, 2019): 20191189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2019.1189.
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The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is a topic of considerable interest to scientists and managers because a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms may help us mitigate the consequences of biodiversity loss on ecosystems. Our current knowledge of BEF relies heavily on theoretical and experimental studies, typically conducted on a narrow range of spatio-temporal scales, environmental conditions, and trophic levels. Hence, whether a relationship holds in the natural environment is poorly understood, especially in exploited marine ecosystems. Using large-scale observations of marine fish communities, we applied a structural equation modelling framework to investigate the existence and significance of BEF relationships across northwestern European seas. We find that ecosystem functioning, here represented by spatial patterns in total fish biomass, is unrelated to species richness—the most commonly used diversity metric in BEF studies. Instead, community evenness, differences in species composition, and abiotic variables are significant drivers. In particular, we find that high fish biomass is associated with fish assemblages dominated by a few generalist species of a high trophic level, who are able to exploit both the benthic and pelagic energy pathway. Our study provides a better understanding of the mechanisms behind marine ecosystem functioning and allows for the integration of biodiversity into management considerations.
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Lindegren, Martin, David M. Checkley, Mark D. Ohman, J. Anthony Koslow, and Ralf Goericke. "Resilience and stability of a pelagic marine ecosystem." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 283, no. 1822 (January 13, 2016): 20151931. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1931.
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The accelerating loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services worldwide has accentuated a long-standing debate on the role of diversity in stabilizing ecological communities and has given rise to a field of research on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF). Although broad consensus has been reached regarding the positive BEF relationship, a number of important challenges remain unanswered. These primarily concern the underlying mechanisms by which diversity increases resilience and community stability, particularly the relative importance of statistical averaging and functional complementarity. Our understanding of these mechanisms relies heavily on theoretical and experimental studies, yet the degree to which theory adequately explains the dynamics and stability of natural ecosystems is largely unknown, especially in marine ecosystems. Using modelling and a unique 60-year dataset covering multiple trophic levels, we show that the pronounced multi-decadal variability of the Southern California Current System (SCCS) does not represent fundamental changes in ecosystem functioning, but a linear response to key environmental drivers channelled through bottom-up and physical control. Furthermore, we show strong temporal asynchrony between key species or functional groups within multiple trophic levels caused by opposite responses to these drivers. We argue that functional complementarity is the primary mechanism reducing community variability and promoting resilience and stability in the SCCS.
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Bundy, Alida, Lynne J. Shannon, Marie-Joëlle Rochet, Sergio Neira, Yunne-Jai Shin, Louize Hill, and Kerim Aydin. "The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 4 (January 6, 2010): 745–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp283.
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Abstract Bundy, A., Shannon, L. J., Rochet, M-J., Neira, S., Shin, Y-J., Hill, L., and Aydin, K. 2010. The good(ish), the bad, and the ugly: a tripartite classification of ecosystem trends. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 745–768. Marine ecosystems have been exploited for a long time, growing increasingly vulnerable to collapse and irreversible change. How do we know when an ecosystem may be in danger? A measure of the status of individual stocks is only a partial gauge of its status, and does not include changes at the broader ecosystem level, to non-commercial species or to its structure or functioning. Six ecosystem indicators measuring trends over time were collated for 19 ecosystems, corresponding to four ecological attributes: resource potential, ecosystem structure and functioning, conservation of functional biodiversity, and ecosystem stability and resistance to perturbations. We explored the use of a decision-tree approach, a definition of initial ecosystem state (impacted or non-impacted), and the trends in the ecosystem indicators to classify the ecosystems into improving, stationary, and deteriorating. Ecosystem experts classified all ecosystems as impacted at the time of their initial state. Of these, 15 were diagnosed as “ugly”, because they had deteriorated from an already impacted state. Several also exhibited specific combinations of trends indicating “fishing down the foodweb”, reduction in size structure, reduction in diversity and stability, and changed productivity. The classification provides an initial evaluation for scientists, resource managers, stakeholders, and the general public of the concerning status of ecosystems globally.
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Bulling, Mark T., Natalie Hicks, Leigh Murray, David M. Paterson, Dave Raffaelli, Piran C. L. White, and Martin Solan. "Marine biodiversity–ecosystem functions under uncertain environmental futures." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 365, no. 1549 (July 12, 2010): 2107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2010.0022.
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Anthropogenic activity is currently leading to dramatic transformations of ecosystems and losses of biodiversity. The recognition that these ecosystems provide services that are essential for human well-being has led to a major interest in the forms of the biodiversity–ecosystem functioning relationship. However, there is a lack of studies examining the impact of climate change on these relationships and it remains unclear how multiple climatic drivers may affect levels of ecosystem functioning. Here, we examine the roles of two important climate change variables, temperature and concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide, on the relationship between invertebrate species richness and nutrient release in a model benthic estuarine system. We found a positive relationship between invertebrate species richness and the levels of release of NH 4 -N into the water column, but no effect of species richness on the release of PO 4 -P. Higher temperatures and greater concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide had a negative impact on nutrient release. Importantly, we found significant interactions between the climate variables, indicating that reliably predicting the effects of future climate change will not be straightforward as multiple drivers are unlikely to have purely additive effects, resulting in increased levels of uncertainty.
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Johnston, Emma L., Mariana Mayer-Pinto, and Tasman P. Crowe. "REVIEW: Chemical contaminant effects on marine ecosystem functioning." Journal of Applied Ecology 52, no. 1 (October 29, 2014): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12355.
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Harmelin–Vivien, M. L., D. Bǎnaru, J. Dierking, R. Hermand, Y. Letourneur, and C. Salen-Picard. "Linking benthic biodiversity to the functioning of coastal ecosystems subjected to river runoff (NW Mediterranean)." Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 32, no. 2 (2009): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2009.32.0135.
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Continental particulate organic matter (POM) plays a major role in the functioning of coastal marine ecosystems as a disturbance as well as an input of nutrients. Relationships linking continental inputs from the Rhone River to biodiversity of the coastal benthic ecosystem and fishery production were investigated in the Golfe du Lion (NW Mediterranean Sea). Macrobenthic community diversity decreased when continen¬tal inputs of organic matter increased, whereas ecosystem production, measured by common sole (Solea solea) fishery yields in the area, increased. Decreases in macrobenthic diversity were mainly related to an increasing abundance of species with specific functional traits, particularly deposit-feeding polychaetes. The decrease in macrobenthic diversity did not result in a decrease, but an increase in ecosystem production, as it enhanced the transfer of continental POM into marine food webs. The present study showed that it is necessary to consider functional traits of species, direct and indirect links between species, and feedback loops to understand the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning and productivity.
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Hillebrand, Helmut, Ute Jacob, and Heather M. Leslie. "Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 375, no. 1814 (November 2, 2020): 20190444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0444.
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Whereas the conservation and management of biodiversity has become a key issue in environmental sciences and policy in general, the conservation of marine biodiversity faces additional challenges such as the challenges of accessing field sites (e.g. polar, deep sea), knowledge gaps regarding biodiversity trends, high mobility of many organisms in fluid environments, and ecosystem-specific obstacles to stakeholder engagement and governance. This issue comprises contributions from a diverse international group of scientists in a benchmarking volume for a common research agenda on marine conservation. We begin by addressing information gaps on marine biodiversity trends through novel approaches and technologies, then linking such information to ecosystem functioning through a focus on traits. We then leverage the knowledge of these relationships to inform theory aiming at predicting the future composition and functioning of marine communities. Finally, we elucidate the linkages between marine ecosystems and human societies by examining economic, management and governance approaches that contribute to effective marine conservation in practice. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Integrative research perspectives on marine conservation’.
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Pascal, Ludovic, Antoine Grémare, Xavier Montaudouin, Bruno Deflandre, Alicia Romero‐Ramirez, and Olivier Maire. "Parasitism in ecosystem engineer species: A key factor controlling marine ecosystem functioning." Journal of Animal Ecology 89, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 2192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13236.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Barausse, Alberto. "The integrated functioning of marine ecosystems." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3421989.
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An ecosystem-based approach to the management of marine ecosystems is the goal of the recent European Integrated Maritime Policy, known as the Blue Book (2007), shortly followed by the new Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC). It is recognized that management should take into account the processes taking place within, and the interactions between ecological, social and economic systems to be effective and sustainable. Yet a quantitative knowledge about such processes and the interactions between marine ecosystems and socio-economic systems is often weak or lacking.
The goal of this thesis is to explore how pressures exerted on large-scale marine ecosystems translate into state changes. The focus is on multiple pressures, and on both populations and ecosystems, i.e. on the integrated functioning of marine ecosystems. Both anthropogenic pressures, such as fishing or nutrient enrichment, and natural ones, such as climate and environmental variability, are taken into account, mainly based on the Northern Adriatic Sea case study. The Northern Adriatic Sea is a data-rich Mediterranean basin, eutrophic, heavily fished, strongly influenced by climate, and with a long history of human pressures acting on it.
Different methodologies are used in a complementary manner, such as conceptual models, ecological network analysis applied to a static trophic network model, timeseries analysis, population models, review of historical data, and meta-analysis of macroecological patterns. Case studies include species of commercial importance such as small pelagics or crabs, or charismatic predators such as sharks and skates.
Based on the study of the functioning of marine ecosystems from many different points of view, the main conclusion of this work is that an ecosystem-based approach is indeed necessary to manage marine ecosystems. The reason is that multiple interacting factors, including but not limited to external pressures, can and do influence ecosystem functioning “bottom up”, “top down”, as well as from the middle of the system.Un approccio ecosistemico alla gestione degli ecosistemi marini è l’obiettivo della recente Politica Marittima Integrata per l’Unione Europea, nota come Blue Book (2007), seguita a breve dalla nuova Direttiva Quadro sulla Strategia per l’Ambiente Marino (2008/56/EC). Vi si riconosce che, per esercitare una gestione efficace e sostenibile, si devono considerare i processi che si svolgono all’interno dei sistemi ecologici, sociali ed economici, e le interazioni fra tali sistemi. Tuttavia, una conoscenza quantitativa di tali processi e delle interazioni fra gli ecosistemi marini e i sistemi socio-economici è spesso scarsa, se non del tutto mancante. Lo scopo di questa tesi è comprendere meglio come le pressioni agenti su ecosistemi marini a larga scala portino a cambiamenti di stato. Ci si è concentrati su pressioni multiple, e sia su popolazioni che ecosistemi, ovvero sul funzionamento integrato degli ecosistemi marini. Sono state considerate sia pressioni di origine antropica come pesca ed apporti di nutrienti, che naturali come la variabilità climatica ed ambientale, basandosi principalmente sul caso di studio dell’Adriatico Settentrionale. L’Adriatico Settentrionale è un bacino del Mar Mediterraneo caratterizzato da abbondanza di dati utilizzabili a scopo scientifico, ed è un ecosistema eutrofico, intensamente sfruttato dalla pesca, fortemente influenzato dal clima, ed è sottoposto a pressioni antropiche da lungo tempo. Si sono utilizzate in maniera complementare differenti metodiche, fra cui modelli concettuali, l’analisi di reti ecologiche (Ecological Network Analysis) applicata ad un modello statico di rete trofica, l’analisi di serie temporali, modelli di popolazione, rassegna di dati storici, e meta-analisi di regolarità macro-ecologiche. I casi di studio includono specie di importanza commerciale come pesce azzurro o granchi, e predatori famosi come squali e razze. La principale conclusione di questo lavoro, basata sullo studio del funzionamento degli ecosistemi marini da molti punti di vista diversi, è che un approccio ecosistemico è realmente necessario nella gestione degli ecosistemi marini. Il motivo è che il funzionamento degli ecosistemi può essere ed è effettivamente influenzato da fattori multipli interagenti fra di loro, che includono (senza essere limitati ad esse) le pressioni esterne, e che agiscono sia dal basso (cioè dai livelli gerarchici inferiori) verso l’alto, che dall’alto (cioè dai livelli gerarchici superiori) verso il basso, ed a partire dall’interno (ovvero, dalle gerarchie intermedie) del sistema.
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Raccagni, Monica. "Organic nitrogen uptake by marine algae : consequences for marine ecosystem functioning and biodiversity." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/12816.
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Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) represents a major pool of fixed, reactive nitrogen in marine systems. It is now recognized that this pool can support primary production and the ability of some algal species to exploit DON compounds as sources of Nitrogen (N) may indicate that specific DON components can exert selective pressure on the composition of the phytoplankton community. In this study the ability of monocultures of ecologically-relevant algal species from the English Channel (Emiliania huxleyi, Micromonas pusilla, Alexandrium minutum and Chaetoceros peruvianus) to grow with DON as the only N source was examined using different artificial media. Among the two tested artificial seawater recipes, Aquil* was preferred as it contained lower micronutrient concentrations, and gave better growth results for all used species. In order to constrain the DON uptake to algae alone, a method for bacterial removal was tested using antibiotic additions. Both Slocombe antibiotic mixture (Cefotaxime-Carbenicillin-Kanamycin-AugmentinTM) and Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin used were effective and not toxic to the algae. Incubation with the antibiotic up to 48 hours and a transfer period into antibiotic-free medium after 72 hours proved to be effective. However, the treatment removed bacteria in A. minutum cultures only; further treatment would be required for the other species to be cultured axenically. The ability to use DON was tested for the above mentioned species using the amino acid L-Arginine (ARG) as the sole N source, and growth was compared with nitrate-containing cultures of the same species. All the selected species grew in both NOᴈ‾ and in ARG, reaching lower final densities when incubated with ARG, although these were not significant. This study has shown that E. huxleyi, A. minutum, M. pusilla and C. peruvianus can grow on organic N, either by direct or indirect uptake, and develop comparable biomasses to species using inorganic N. Both C. peruvianus and M. pusilla cultures contained dissolved ammonium at the end of the experimental period, indicating potential indirect use by the algae of organic N converted to inorganic N by bacteria. A. minutum grew in the presence of ARG along with the cosmopolitan E. huxleyi; N-demand estimates, based on the molar concentration of N-ARG consumed, correlated with the final cell density, indicating that the species did not develop on inorganic N produced from ARG mineralisation, but directly on the ON substrate. Since A. minimum has been linked to harmful algal blooms, and E. huxleyi contributes significantly to oceanic CaCOᴈ deposition, their ability to utilise DON has environmental consequences in addition to the oceanic N-budget. Climate change scenarios predict both episodic conditions of elevated rainfall and extended periods of dry conditions leading to variable riverine inputs to coastal areas, altered nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) ratios, and changes in the inorganic to organic balance of the nutrient pools. Organic N can constitute up to 69 % of the total N pools, respectively, making it crucial, to understand the cycling of this fraction in coastal waters, and how changes in the composition of nutrient pools could impact on marine ecosystem function and health.
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Libralato, Simone <1973>. "Marine ecosystem functioning analysed by means of indicators and models." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/647.
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Thiere, Geraldine. "Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in created agricultural wetlands." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Våtmarkscentrum, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2968.
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This doctoral dissertation was produced in a cooperation between Halmstad University (Wetland Research Centre, School of Business and Engineering) and Lund University (Limnology & Marine Biology, Department of Ecology). Abstract . Wetland creation at large, regional scales is implemented as a measure to abate the biodiversity loss in agricultural landscapes and the eutrophication of watersheds and coastal areas by non-point source nutrient pollution (mainly nitrogen). The consequences of creating many new wetlands for biodiversity conservation and nutrient reten- tion (ecosystem functioning) in agricultural landscapes are still relatively unknown, both on local (per wetland) and regional (per landscape) scales. In Sweden, wetland creation has progressed already since the 1990s, and by now larger numbers of created wetlands are present, mainly in the intensively farmed landscapes of southwestern Sweden. This thesis aimed to investigate the following aspects in these systems: (i) their large-scale effects on biodiversity, (ii) their functional diversity of bacterial denitrifiers, (iii) the abiotic and biotic influences on wetland ecosystem functioning, (iv) the potential for biodiversity-function links, and (v) the potential for functional links and joint functioning.(i) Created wetlands hosted diverse assemblages of macroinvertebrates and plants. They maintained a similar com- position and diversity as natural ponds in agricultural landscapes. The environmental conditions per wetland did hardly affect macroinvertebrate and plant assemblages, and the prerequisites for nutrient retention did neither. In landscapes were wetland creation efforts had increased the total density of small water bodies by more than 30%, macroinver- tebrate diversity of created wetlands was facilitated on both local and regional scales. (ii) Diverse communities of denitrifying bacteria with the capacity for conducting different denitrification steps (functional types) were present in all investigated wetlands. The richness of denitrifying bacteria communities was affected by nitrate concentration and hydraulic loading rate, which may potentially be relevant for the nitrogen retention function of created wetlands. The diversity across different functional types of bacterial denitrifiers increased with nitrate concentration. (iii) Both abiotic and biotic factors influenced ecosystem functions of created wetlands. Variation in nitrogen retention was associated to nitrate load, but even to vegetation parameters. In wetlands with constant nitrate load, planted emergent vegetation facilitated nitrogen retention compared to other vegetation types. In wetlands with variable loads, nitrogen retention was facilitated if nitrate load was high and many different vegetation types were present; nitrogen load could explain the majority of the variation in nitrogen retention compared to vegetation parameters. Phosporus retention of created wetlands was best explained by vegetation parameters. Litter decomposition was inhibited at high nitrate to phosphorus ratios. Methane production increased with age and decreased with plant cover. (iv) Biodiversity may facilitate wetland ecosystem functions, particularly in dynamic wetland ecosystems. Nitrogen retention increased with vegetation type diversity, phosphorus retention capacity with plant richness, and litter decomposition with macroinvertebrate diversity. (v) Created wetlands have the capacity of sustaining several parallel ecosystem services. Some wetland functions were coupled; nitrogen retention increased with fast litter decomposition. On the other hand, methane emission and nitro- gen retention were independent of each other, as were nitrogen and phosphorus retention.In conclusion, created wetlands have the potential to at least partly abate the lost biodiversity and multifunctionality caused by the past extensive destruction of natural wetlands in agricultural landscapes.[Paper II] Milenkovski S., Thiere G., Weisner S.E.B., Berglund O. & Lindgren P.-E. Variation of eubacterial and denitrifying bacterial biofilm communities among constructed wetlands. Submitted manuscript. [Paper V] Thiere G. & Weisner S.E.B. Influence of biotic and abiotic parameters on ecosystem functioning of created wetlands. Manuscript.
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Townsend, Michael. "Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning : exploring the relationship for subtidal marine benthic fauna." Thesis, University of York, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.495912.
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Vye, Siobhan R. "Disentangling the effects of multiple anthropogenic stressors on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.676606.
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Spivak, Amanda C. "Bottom-up and top-down controls on sedimentary ecosystem functioning in a seagrass habitat." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616861.
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Coastal seagrass ecosystems are complex habitats that are increasingly influenced by human perturbations. Disturbances that affect the strength of bottom-up (i.e. resource availability) and top-down (i.e. consumer) controls may also influence biomass distribution between trophic levels, sediment biogeochemistry, and seagrass ecosystem metabolism. Here, I experimentally tested how top-down and bottom-up perturbations interact with community structure (diversity, food chain length of epibenthic consumers) to alter sediment biogeochemistry and ecosystem metabolism in an experimental eelgrass (Zostera marina ) system. My data indicated that resource availability influenced SOM composition and ecosystem metabolism. Light availability tended to be a stronger determinant of SOM composition while nutrient enrichment affected secondary production of invertebrate grazers more strongly than primary producers or SOM. Top-down predator effects on SOM composition and ecosystem flux rates tended to be weak. However, the strength of the trophic cascade may partly be a function of grazer community composition and grazer susceptibility to predation. Finally, my results indicated that grazer species identity and community composition strongly influenced SOM composition. In addition to the main effects of light, nutrients, predators, and grazers there were a variety of interactive effects between resources and food web composition. Consequently, the effects of resource availability and food web composition on seagrass ecosystem functioning should not be considered in isolation.
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Davies, Thomas Wynter. "Biodiversity and ecosystem funtioning in coastal marine communities towards predicting the consequences of extinction for ecosystem functioning in natural assemblages." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.540410.
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Petani, Bruna. "Global change impacts on marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: a comparison between mesocosm and in situ studies." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/243064.
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I cambiamenti climtici minacciano la biodiversità, il funzionamento degli ecosistemi e la vita umana su scala globale. Gli oceani mitigano l'impatto dei cambiamenti globali dovuti alle attività umane, ma diversi fattori di stress, come variazioni di temperatura, acidificazione, scioglimento dei ghiacci e deossigenazione, minacciano i sistemi marini. Studi recenti hanno svelato impatti negativi dovuti a singoli fattori di stress, ma gli effetti sinergici di più fattori di stress concomitanti sono largamente sconosciuti, soprattutto per i sistemi bentonici marini. Inoltre, le attuali evidenze si basano principalmente su risposte di singole specie in esperimenti a breve termine. I sistemi naturali con condizioni ambientali simili a quelle previste dai modelli di cambiamento globale possono servire a studiare i possibili effetti dei cambiamenti climatici. Nella presente tesi, sono stati condotti esperimenti di laboratorio ed in situ in sistemi naturali modello, per valutare i possibili effetti dell' acidificazione, deossigenazione, e fattori contemporanei di stress su biodiversità e funzionamento degli ecosistemi marini. Questi studi sono stati condotti su singole specie (Corallium rubrum), e su comunità (di coralligeno, meiofauna e microbiche). I risultati ottenuti evidenziano 4 messaggi chiave. Primo, livelli più elevati di biodiversità possono mitigare l'impatto dell' acidificazione oceanica sugli ecosistemi bentonici marini. Secondo, gli impatti sono evidenti sia su organismi calcificanti (coralli e alghe coralline) che non (nematodi), con significativi cambiamenti di struttura di comunità. Terzo, la deossigenazione degli oceani può alterare il funzionamento degli ecosistemi pelagici e bentonici, promuovendo processi chemioautotrofi e favorendo il controllo virale sulle comunità microbiche. Infine, i sistemi naturali mostrano che l'impatto di più fattori di stress concomitanti ma intermittenti può essere inferiore a quello di un solo, ma costante, fattore di stress.Global climate change is threatening biodiversity, ecosystems functioning and human life. The oceans can help in moderating anthropogenic global change, but several stressors, such as temperature shifts, acidification, freshening, and hypoxia/anoxia are disrupting the good environmental status of marine systems. Scientific advances have unveiled the effects of single stressors, but the possible synergistical impacts of multiple-stressors remain largely overlooked, especially on benthic marine ecosystems. Moreover, current evidences are mostly based on the response of single species to short-term pertubation experiments. To help overcoming these limits, natural systems mimicking future climate change scenarios can be studied to understand the complex network of global change impacts. In the present work, we analyzed through laboratory experiments and in situ studies in natural model systems, the impacts of ocean acidification, deoxygenation, and multiple-stressors on the biodiversity and functioning of the marine ecosystems. Our studies were conducted from single species, such as Corallium rubrum, to complex communities such as the coralligenous, meiofauna and microbial assemblages. Our results highlight four key messages. First, higher biodiversity levels can partially mitigate ocean acidification's impact on benthic ecosystems. Second, impacts are evident either for calcifying (corals, coralline algae) and non-calcifying taxa (nematodes), with major shifts in the benthic assemblage composition. Third, seawater deoxigenation can alter the pelagic and benthic ecosystems functioning and biogeochemical cycles, by promoting chemoautotrophic processes and favouring the viral control of microbial assemblages. Fourth, the study of natural systems shows that the impact of temporary multiple stressors can be lower than that caused by one only but constant stressing factor.
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Colla, Silvia <1987>. "Structure and functioning of the Northern Adriatic coastal ecosystem, within the context of the Marine Strategy Framework implementation." Doctoral thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/10338.
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The Northern Adriatic Sea summarizes all different critical elements of a ‘typical’ coastal area, such: important trawling activity in the inshore area, presence of aquaculture activities (mussels farms), widely distributed along the coast, presence of small scale fisheries activities, seaside touristic pressures, extended seaport activities. Among these pressures the project aims to investigate acquaculture and small scale fisheries activities within three miles from the coast. This would provide a better understanding of major impact sources and an identification of the processes that need to be preserved/enhanced to maintain or also increase the resilience of the system. Within this context, the main objectives of the project are: (1) to assess the role played by mussel culture farms, both in terms of negative impacts and positive feedbacks; (2) to focalize the attention on one of the main key factors presently affecting, but also structuring, the ecosystem in the NAS coastal area, in order to better understand the majors drivers also in terms of opportunities to be managed; (3) to define long term management objectives, indentifying the self-sustaining processes to be maintained or restored, in order to increase the system resilience and stimulate an adaptive management. To achieve these objectives, five issues were considered: benthic fauna; biogeochemical cycles; potential role as fish aggregating area; emergy analysis; artisanal fishery. The results of the present study show how a mussel farm located in a transitional environment near coast is a man made structure characterised by a sustainable use, with no direct impacts on bottom, acting as a fishing aggregating area also for some commercial species. Assimilating to an “extensive” acquaculture system, mussel farm is a structure characterised by the predominance of renewable inputs that, probably due to environmental factors such as currents and winds, doesn’t interfere both with benthic community and biogeochemical cycles of the area. Moreover the normal aggregating effects due to the confluence of great quantities of available food is increased by the presence, at the bottom, of some hard substrates, able to attract fishes species beyond for feeding, also for reproductive purpose. Nowadays, in a spatial planning management contest, the creation of further mussel farms even if may be encouraged by these results, at regional scale, it is not a firm economical sustainable, due to the low mussel selling price. Moving from this, modernize the production system by coupling mussel cultivations also with other incoming sources, may represent the right choice to maintain this type of sustainable acquacolture. Manage recreational fishing inside mussel farm may be among the feasible solutions.
In the end, as underlined by the investigation on potential role as fish aggregating area, the farm, being off-limits to commercial fishing, may act one-sidedly also as a fish maker, for the nearby areas, where artisanal fishery is allowed. By the present, this activity is a sustainable practice, but, due to the species dependence and to the catch composition in terms of thermal affinity groups show a high potential vulnerability. Small modifications both in fleet structures and in environmental conditions could drive the situation towards unsustainability. An increase in available fishes biomass may act as buffer effect towards vulnerability causes, by supporting possible new fishermen, fronting the problem of small modification in fleet structures. Moreover some of the fish species enhanced by mussel farm are temperate or warm species. Given the dependence of local artisanal fishery from cold or temperate species, a shift of catches toward temperate and warm ones’, without affecting incomings, might, at least partially, release this type of activity from the variations of the thermal regime as forecast by IPCC.
Books on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Solan, Martin, Rebecca J. Aspden, and David M. Paterson, eds. Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199642250.001.0001.
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Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Integration. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Solan, Martin, Rebecca J. Aspden, and David M. Paterson. Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Integration. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Solan, Martin, and Rebecca J. Aspden. Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Integration. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Solan, Martin, Rebecca J. Aspden, and David M. Paterson. Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning: Frameworks, Methodologies, and Integration. Oxford University Press, 2012.
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Frid, Christopher L. J., and Tasman P. Crowe. Marine Ecosystems: Human Impacts on Biodiversity, Functioning and Services. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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Frid, Christopher L. J., and Tasman P. Crowe. Marine Ecosystems: Human Impacts on Biodiversity, Functioning and Services. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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Frid, Christopher L. J., and Tasman P. Crowe. Marine Ecosystems: Human Impacts on Biodiversity, Functioning and Services. Cambridge University Press, 2015.
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Thrush, Simon, Judi Hewitt, Conrad Pilditch, and Alf Norkko. Ecology of Coastal Marine Sediments. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198804765.001.0001.
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Marine sediments dominate the seafloor, creating one of the largest ecosystems on earth. Marine sediments contain some of the steepest known natural chemical gradients and are extraordinarily productive and reactive, particularly in shallow water. The plants and animals that live on and in marine sediments create highly heterogeneous conditions that strongly influence ecosystem functions and how marine ecosystems drive and respond to change. Seafloor biodiversity is a key mediator of ecosystem functioning, but its role is often excluded from global budgets or simplified to black boxes in ecosystem models. Despite this, marine sediments are fascinating places to study population, community and ecosystem ecology. This book provides an overview of soft-sediment ecosystems and how and why we should study them. It addresses the interactions between marine organisms and their physical and chemical environment, why we need to carefully design research and provides basic steps needed to both formulate good ecological questions and translate them into empirical studies of real-world ecosystems. It provides a context for different points of entry into soft-sediment ecology by offering a high-level approach. It is designed to help you think about the connections between different system components and drivers of change and identify how you can make a contribution to developing knowledge on the biodiversity and functioning of soft sediments and understanding ecosystem change, human impacts and the need for restoration.
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Vairappan, Charles S. Ecological Chemicals as Ecosystem Function Mediaters and Potential Lead Pharmaceuticals. UMS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/ecologicalchemicalsumspress2021-978-967-2962-94-6.
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Relationship between functioning ecosystem services and human wellbeing has been established as a bridge connecting nature and society. It has also become central pillar of sustainability science and dictates the paradigms of sustainable development. But, conceptual frameworks that systematically integrates the important roles played by natural ecological chemicals by establishing empirical links between the nature and ecology not only varies, but lacks clear support. The value of ecological chemicals as ecosystem derived natural products warrants explicit acknowledgement, only then trade-offs between services and prioritization of policy can be realised. In the last 20 years, important roles played by the ecological chemicals in Bornean terrestrial and marine ecosystems were investigated and reported. Terrestrial plants produce Volatile Organic Chemicals (VOCs) and structurally interesting secondary metabolites that facilitate their ecological processes that are aimed to establish communication such as defence, attraction, deterrent and territorial marking. Some of the most commonly utilized herbs and plants of traditional medicine importance showed very interesting chemical constituents, that justify their traditional utilization for human wellbeing. The role of VOCs that originated from animal diet and emitted through decomposition of faeces, was traced back to their important role as attractants of insects, particularly dung beetles that facilitates the remineralization of faeces and returns C and N to soil as to replenish global C and N-sink. Marine flora and fauna are perhaps the most vivid producers of structurally interesting secondary metabolites with more than one ecological functions. Halogenated secondary metabolites produced by red algae Laurencia are unique in their structural design and exhibited multiple biological potentials. Similarly, soft corals in the Sulu-Sulawesi Coral Triangle produced a huge diversity of terpenoids and functions as feeding deterrents of these soft bodied invertebrates. Ecological chemicals obtained from the Bornean biodiversity also exhibited a wide array of medically important biological activities such as anti-microbial, anti-inflammation, anti-anticancer and serves an important array of lead pharmaceuticals. Some of these compounds are very potent and have been patented as lead-pharmaceutical candidates from Bornean natural products. Hence, ecological chemicals are important natural products that regulate ecological processes that ensures ecological balance in tropical ecosystems. Humans who are the custodians of natural ecosystem, stand to benefit directly and indirectly when we practice sustainable utilization and regulation of our natural resources.
Book chapters on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Heip, C., A. Brandt, J. P. Gattuso, A. Antia, W. H. Berger, J. Boissonnas, P. Burkill, et al. "Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity." In Marine Science Frontiers for Europe, 289–302. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55862-7_20.
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Graf, G. "Ecosystem Functioning and Biodiversity: Bioengineering." In Marine Science Frontiers for Europe, 243–50. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55862-7_16.
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Reverter, Miriam, Stephanie B. Helber, Sven Rohde, Jasper M. de Goeij, and Peter J. Schupp. "Drivers of Coral Reef Benthic Changes and Implications on Ecosystem Functioning and Services." In Oceanography and Marine Biology, 215–47. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003477518-5.
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Silver, M. W., S. L. Coale, D. K. Steinberg, and C. H. Pilskaln. "Marine Snow: What It Is and How It Affects Ecosystem Functioning." In Linking Species & Ecosystems, 45–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1773-3_5.
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Brandt, Angelika. "Southern Ocean Deep-Sea Isopod Biodiversity Research: From Census to Ecosystem Functioning." In Adaptation and Evolution in Marine Environments, Volume 1, 21–34. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27352-0_2.
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Arreguín-Sánchez, Francisco, Pablo del Monte-Luna, Mirtha O. Albañez-Lucero, Manuel J. Zetina-Rejón, Arturo Tripp-Quezada, T. Mónica Ruiz-Barreiro, and Juan C. Hernández-Padilla. "How Much Biomass Must Remain in the Sea After Fishing to Preserve Ecosystem Functioning? The Case of the Sardine Fishery in the Gulf of California, Mexico." In Marine Coastal Ecosystems Modelling and Conservation, 143–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58211-1_7.
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von Maltitz, Graham P., Guy F. Midgley, Jennifer Veitch, Christian Brümmer, Reimund P. Rötter, Tim Rixen, Peter Brandt, and Maik Veste. "Synthesis and Outlook on Future Research and Scientific Education in Southern Africa." In Sustainability of Southern African Ecosystems under Global Change, 933–64. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10948-5_32.
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AbstractThe sustainability of southern Africa’s natural and managed marine and terrestrial ecosystems is threatened by overuse, mismanagement, population pressures, degradation, and climate change. Counteracting unsustainable development requires a deep understanding of earth system processes and how these are affected by ongoing and anticipated global changes. This information must be translated into practical policy and management interventions. Climate models project that the rate of terrestrial warming in southern Africa is above the global terrestrial average. Moreover, most of the region will become drier. Already there is evidence that climate change is disrupting ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. This is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, but impacts can be partly mitigated through urgent implementation of appropriate policy and management interventions to enhance resilience and sustainability of the ecosystems. The recommendations presented in the previous chapters are informed by a deepened scientific understanding of the relevant earth system processes, but also identify research and knowledge gaps. Ongoing disciplinary research remains critical, but needs to be complemented with cross-disciplinary and transdisciplinary research that can integrate across temporal and spatial scales to give a fuller understanding of not only individual components of the complex earth-system, but how they interact.
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Pokazeev, Konstantin, Elena Sovga, and Tatiana Chaplina. "Marine Ecosystems and Features of Their Functioning." In Pollution in the Black Sea, 45–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61895-7_5.
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Galil, Bella S. "A Sea, a Canal, a Disaster: The Suez Canal and the Transformation of the Mediterranean Biota." In Palgrave Studies in Maritime Politics and Security, 199–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15670-0_10.
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AbstractThe introduction of non-native species is among the main direct drivers of biodiversity change. Off the Israeli coast 445 non-native species were recorded thus far, more than anywhere in the Mediterranean Sea. The number of recorded introductions has been rising inexorably, tripling since the 1970s. Nearly all have been introduced through the ever-enlarged Suez Canal. Worldwide there is no other vector of marine bioinvasions that delivers as high a propagule supply for so long to a certain locale. Once established, the non-native species are unlikely to be contained or controlled and their impacts are irreversible. The Canal-introduced species form prominent micro-communities and biological facies in most littoral habitats, some have been documented to displace or reduce populations of native species, alter community structure and food webs, change ecosystem functioning and the consequent provision of goods and services—profound ecological impacts that undermine the goals of sustainable blue economy in the Mediterranean Sea.These species have been spreading throughout the Mediterranean Sea while the Israeli shelf serves as a hotspot, beachhead, and dispersal hub. Their spatial and temporal spread has advanced concurrently with successive enlargements of the Suez Canal, rise in mean seawater temperature, and prevalence, duration, and severity of marine heat waves increase. The invasion poses a challenge to the environmental ethics and policies of the Mediterranean countries. As signatories to the Convention on Biological Diversity these countries are required to prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate alien species which threaten ecosystems, habitats or species (Article 8(h)), and ensure that the environmental consequences of their policies that are likely to have significant adverse effects on biological diversity are taken into account (Article 14.1). The present Egyptian government is in a position to reduce future introductions. Egypt announced the development of 35 desalination plants, of which the first 17 plants will add 2.8 million m3 daily capacity. It is suggested that an environmental impact assessment evaluates the environmental and economic consequences of utilizing the brine effluents from the large-scale desalination plants constructed in the vicinity of the Suez Canal to restore the salinity barrier once posed by the Bitter Lakes.
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Smit, Albertus J. "Source Identification in Marine Ecosystems." In Stable Isotope Techniques in the Study of Biological Processes and Functioning of Ecosystems, 219–45. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9841-5_11.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Distante, Cosimo, Pierluigi Carcagni, Andouglas Gonçalves da Silva Júnior, and Luiz Marcos Garcia Gonçalves. "EREMITE: A marinE infRastructurE to MonItor the sTate of the sEas." In Digital Holography and Three-Dimensional Imaging, Tu5B.2. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/dh.2024.tu5b.2.
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EREMITE is a low-cost and open multi-sensory system that monitors and digitises our coastal marine ecosystems to understand their state, ecological health and functioning, with the concept of any sensor, anytime, anywhere. It is made of an optical multi-sensing system onboard an autonomous sailboat that perceives and reasons about underwater abiotic and biotic conditions of our critical natural resources. Besides standard water quality parameters acquired with COTS optical sensors, the drone implements a digital holographic microscope, able to detect in real-time micro-plastics and diatoms. The task of diatom classification and microplastics detection of particles flowing in the micro-channel occurs with deep learning methodologies, which have proven to perform reliably, as shown by the computed metrics.
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Pshenichnov, D., and Elena Maklakova. "The impact of plastic on the ecosystem of the seas and oceans." In SCIENCE TRANSFORMS REALITY – 2024, 217–21. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58168/reality2024_217-221.
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Plastic pollution poses a serious threat to marine and oceanic ecosystems around the world. The constant accumulation of plastic debris by humans in water systems leads to direct or indirect damage to the structure, functioning and value of these systems. The sources of these toxic substances are both terrestrial and marine sources, which carry pollution into the ocean in various forms. The purpose of this article is to highlight various aspects of the problem of plastic pollution of marine and oceanic spaces. Plastic pollution is present in the ecosystem in various shapes and sizes, including micro-plastics, macro-plastics and mega-plastic particles. Micro-particles of plastic in primary and secondary forms spread through surface water masses, bottom sediments and living organisms inhabiting the marine and coastal environment.
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Kazmierczak, Bartosz. "MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF FUNCTIONING OF STORMWATER OVERFLOW DIVIDER WITH A CONICAL VORTEX REGULATOR." In 14th SGEM GeoConference on WATER RESOURCES. FOREST, MARINE AND OCEAN ECOSYSTEMS. Stef92 Technology, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2014/b31/s12.059.
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Rubtsova, Svetlana, Svetlana Rubtsova, Natalya Lyamina, Natalya Lyamina, Aleksey Lyamin, and Aleksey Lyamin. "ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ON CHANGING THE PARAMETERS OF THE BIOLUMINESCENCE FIELD ON THE CRIMEAN BLACK SEA SHELF." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b9387ec5c97.58539127.
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The concept of a new approach to environmental assessment is offered in the system of integrated management of the resource and environmental safety of the coastal area of the Black Sea. The studies of the season and daily changeability in the bioluminescence field in the Sevastopol coastal waters has been conducted. For the first time considerable differences in the bioluminescence field seasonal changes in the surface and deep water layers and the reasons conditioning this phenomenon have been shown, using a method of multidimensional statistical analysis. The bioluminescence field vertical profile change in the Black sea coastal waters in the autumn period at night has been studied. It has been shown that according to the character of bioluminescence parameters dynamics a water column can be divided into layers: upper (0 – 35 m) and deep water (36 – 60 m). It has been revealed that life rhythms of the plankton community are the main reason for the bioluminescence field intensity variability. It has been revealed that 14-hour periodicity of the bioluminescence field is related to the changes in light and its variations with 2,5…4,5 hours are conditioned by planktonts endogenous daily rhythms. And here biotic factors effect mostly periodicity of the bioluminescence field intensity increase and fall down at the dark time of the day. Abiotic factors are of less importance in circadian rhythmic of the bioluminescence field in the neritic zone.
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Rubtsova, Svetlana, Svetlana Rubtsova, Natalya Lyamina, Natalya Lyamina, Aleksey Lyamin, and Aleksey Lyamin. "ANALYSIS OF THE FUNCTIONING OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS ON CHANGING THE PARAMETERS OF THE BIOLUMINESCENCE FIELD ON THE CRIMEAN BLACK SEA SHELF." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43168bfc21.
Full textAbstract:
The concept of a new approach to environmental assessment is offered in the system of integrated management of the resource and environmental safety of the coastal area of the Black Sea. The studies of the season and daily changeability in the bioluminescence field in the Sevastopol coastal waters has been conducted. For the first time considerable differences in the bioluminescence field seasonal changes in the surface and deep water layers and the reasons conditioning this phenomenon have been shown, using a method of multidimensional statistical analysis. The bioluminescence field vertical profile change in the Black sea coastal waters in the autumn period at night has been studied. It has been shown that according to the character of bioluminescence parameters dynamics a water column can be divided into layers: upper (0 – 35 m) and deep water (36 – 60 m). It has been revealed that life rhythms of the plankton community are the main reason for the bioluminescence field intensity variability. It has been revealed that 14-hour periodicity of the bioluminescence field is related to the changes in light and its variations with 2,5…4,5 hours are conditioned by planktonts endogenous daily rhythms. And here biotic factors effect mostly periodicity of the bioluminescence field intensity increase and fall down at the dark time of the day. Abiotic factors are of less importance in circadian rhythmic of the bioluminescence field in the neritic zone.
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Прощенко, Д. Ю., Д. А. Коровецкий, А. А. Чехлёнок, И. О. Букин, В. Ф. Юрчик, and О. А. Букин. "CONCEPT OF OPTICAL SENSORS FOR A MULTI-AGENT SYSTEM OF ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF MARINE AREAS." In XXX Юбилейный Международный симпозиум Оптика атмосферы и океана. Физика атмосферы, 780–83. Crossref, 2024. https://doi.org/10.56820/oao30c14.
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Рассмотрена концепция оптических сенсоров мультиагентной системы экологического мониторинга морских акваторий, функционал которой предусматривает возможность выполнения следующих задач: обнаружение нефтяных загрязнений; измерение концентрации растворенных нефтепродуктов; исследование состояния фитопланктонных сообществ в режиме in situ; реализация мероприятий по ликвидации разливов. Предполагается, что применяемые сенсоры объединены в сетецентрическую систему, что позволяет в режиме реального времени управлять процессом экологического мониторинга, получать и обрабатывать соответствующие данные и задавать оптимальные сценарии функционирования предложенной мультиагентной системы. Элементы комплекса были апробированы в ходе проведения программных симуляций и натурных испытаний. Разработка оптических сенсоров и оснащение их ИИ является одним из этапов создания сенсорики роботов для мониторинга и прогнозирования морских экосистем. The concept of optical sensors for a multi-agent system of ecological monitoring of marine areas is considered. The functionality includes the ability to perform the following tasks: detection of oil pollution; measurement of dissolved hydrocarbon concentrations; investigation of phytoplankton community status in situ; implementation of spill mitigation measures. It is assumed that the applied sensors are united in a network-centric system, which allows real-time management of the ecological monitoring process, obtaining and processing relevant data, and setting optimal scenarios for the functioning of the proposed multi-agent system. The complex elements were tested during software simulations and field trials. The development of optical sensors and their equipping with AI is one of the stages in creating sensors for monitoring and predicting marine ecosystems.
Reports on the topic "Marine ecosystem functioning"
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.2.
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We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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Taucher, Jan, and Markus Schartau. Report on parameterizing seasonal response patterns in primary- and net community production to ocean alkalinization. OceanNETs, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/oceannets_d5.3.
Full textAbstract:
We applied a 1-D plankton ecosystem-biogeochemical model to assess the impacts of ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) on seasonal changes in biogeochemistry and plankton dynamics. Depending on deployment scenarios, OAE should theoretically have variable effects on pH and seawater pCO2, which might in turn affect (a) plankton growth conditions and (b) the efficiency of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) via OAE. Thus, a major focus of our work is how different magnitudes and temporal frequencies of OAE might affect seasonal response patterns of net primary productivity (NPP), ecosystem functioning and biogeochemical cycling. With our study we aimed at identifying a parameterization of how magnitude and frequency of OAE affect net growth rates, so that these effects could be employed for Earth System Modell applications. So far we learned that a meaningful response parameterization has to resolve positive and negative anomalies that covary with temporal shifts. As to the intricacy of the response patterns, the derivation of such parameterization is work in progress. However, our study readily provides valuable insights to how OAE can alter plankton dynamics and biogeochemistry. Our modelling study first focuses at a local site where time series data are available (European Station for Time series in the Ocean Canary Islands ESTOC), including measurements of pH, concentrations of total alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), chlorophyll-a and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN). These observational data were made available by Andres Cianca (personal communication, PLOCAN, Spain), Melchor Gonzalez and Magdalena Santana Casiano (personal communication, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). The choice of this location was underpinned by the fact that the first OAE mesocosm experiment was conducted on the Canary Island Gran Canaria, which will facilitate synthesizing our modelling approach with experimental findings. For our simulations at the ESTOC site in the Subtropical North Atlantic we found distinct, non-linear responses of NPP to different temporal modes of alkalinity deployment. In particular, phytoplankton bloom patterns displayed pronounced temporal phase shifts and changes in their amplitude. Notably, our simulations suggest that OAE can have a slightly stimulating effect on NPP, which is however variable, depending on the magnitude of OAE and the temporal mode of alkalinity addition. Furthermore, we find that increasing alkalinity perturbations can lead to a shift in phytoplankton community composition (towards coccolithophores), which even persists after OAE has stopped. In terms of CDR, we found that a decrease in efficiency with increasing magnitude of alkalinity addition, as well as substantial differences related to the timing of addition. Altogether, our results suggest that annual OAE during the right season (i.e. physical and biological conditions), could be a reasonable compromise in terms of logistical feasibility, efficiency of CDR and side-effects on marine biota. With respect to transferability to global models, the complex, non-linear responses of biological processes to OAE identified in our simulations do not allow for simple parameterizations that can easily adapted. Dedicated future work is required to transfer the observed responses at small spatiotemporal scales to the coarser resolution of global models.
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Struthers, Kim. Natural resource conditions at Fort Pulaski National Monument: Findings and management considerations for selected resources. National Park Service, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2300064.
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The National Park Service (NPS) Water Resources Division’s Natural Resource Condition Assessment (NRCA) Program initiated an NRCA project with Fort Pulaski National Monument (FOPU) in 2022. The purpose of an NRCA is to synthesize information related to the primary drivers and stressors affecting natural resource conditions at a park and to report conditions for natural resource topics selected by park managers. Resource conditions are evaluated as either a condition assessment or a gap analysis, depending on data availability. For FOPU’s NRCA, managers selected salt marsh, shorebirds, Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and butterflies as the focal resources. FOPU is comprised of two islands in coastal Georgia, McQueens and Cockspur, which are separated by the Savannah River near its confluence with the Atlantic Ocean. Cockspur Island contains the 19th century masonry fort, Fort Pulaski, and the monument’s visitor services and facilities and is primarily constructed with dredge material from the Savannah River. McQueens Island is almost entirely salt marsh habitat and most of its area is eligible federal wilderness, containing one of Georgia’s oyster recreational harvest areas (RHAs), Oyster Creek RHA. Both McQueens and Cockspur islands are designated as a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Protected Area (MPA), underscoring FOPU’s natural resource significance. Riverine, freshwater, and estuarine wetlands cover 83.81% of FOPU, with the latter accounting for almost 99% of all monument wetlands. Persistently emergent vegetation of smooth cordgrasses (Spartina spp.) and unconsolidated shore represent the dominant wetland types. McQueens Island estuarine wetlands were evaluated for 11 functions and were rated primarily as high functioning, except for the wetland north of Highway 80, where the causeway has altered its ability to function properly. The wetland west of the Highway 80 bend is composed of unconsolidated material so was rated as moderately functioning in carbon sequestration, retention of sediments, and shore stabilization. In contrast, the unconsolidated shore wetland in the Oyster Creek RHA, where the highest concentration of FOPU’s oysters occurs, were rated high for all expected wetland functions. In 2013, over 75% of the total oyster area from within four of Georgia’s RHAs was in the Oyster Creek RHA. A spectral analysis of oyster density in Oyster Creek RHA, comparing 2013 and 2018 images, reported an increase in the high-density class, a decrease in the moderate-low class, and an increase in the no oyster class, with the latter likely a function of how oyster areas were drawn between the images. A successful 2013 enhanced reef project in Oyster Creek RHA reported a pre-enhancement oyster area of 2.68 m2 (28.8 ft2) that increased to 894.2 m2 (0.22 ac) of oysters by 2018. FOPU’s extensive salt marsh habitat and beaches provide critical food sources and habitat for shorebirds in the Atlantic Flyway, especially during the pre-breeding season. The American Oystercatcher (Haematopus palliates), Whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), and the federally threatened rufa subspecies of Red Knot (Calidris canutus rufa) are identified as high priority species in the flyway and have been observed on Cockspur Island during the Manomet International Shorebird Surveys (2019–2022) at FOPU. The USFWS (2023) is seeking additional critical habitat designation, which will include Cockspur Island, for the rufa subspecies of Red Knot, whose estimated population abundance trend is declining throughout its entire range. FOPU’s non-wetland, upland habitat is primarily located on Cockspur Island and supports vegetation that can serve as host, roost and/or nectar plants for pollinators, especially butterflies. Cedar–Live Oak–Cabbage Palmetto (Juniperus virginiana var. silicicola–Q. virginiana–Sabal palmetto) Marsh Hammock and Cabbage Palmetto Woodland contain the most diversity of beneficial butterfly plants. While a comprehensive butterfly inventory is needed, fall migration surveys have recorded three target species of the Butterflies of the Atlantic Flyway (BAFA): monarch (Danaus plexippus), gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae), and cloudless sulphur (Phoebis sennae). Collectively, FOPU’s natural resources are affected by the sea level, which has risen by 0.35 m (1.15 ft) from 1935 to 2022. Hardened shorelines, such as causeways or armored structures, are identified as the greatest threat to the salt marsh habitat’s ability to migrate upland with continued sea level rise. Erosion along Cockspur Island’s north shore is an ongoing issue and FOPU managers have been working with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to develop solutions to address the erosion, while also creating habitat for shorebirds. Several agencies routinely monitor for water and sediment pollution in and around FOPU, which, if managed collectively, can inform landscape-level management actions to address drivers that are influencing resource conditions at the ecosystem level.
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Sommer, Stefan. Potential effects of the exclusion of bottom fishing in the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the western Baltic Sea – third year observations Cruise No. AL570 22.03. – 11.04.2022, Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MGF-OSTSEE-2022. GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al570.
Full textAbstract:
The expedition AL570 with the RV Alkor was carried out within the framework of the interdisciplinary DAM MGF-OSTSEE Project “Potential effects of closure for bottom fishing in the marine protected areas (MPAs) of the western Baltic Sea – baseline observations” funded by the Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). Within MGF-OSTSEE a consortium of scientists from various institutions investigates how benthic ecosystems in Natura 2000 areas within the German exclusive economic zone develop after the exclusion of bottom trawling. Major goals of the project are i. the initial assessment of the environmental state and its variability in- and outside the three Natura 2000 areas Fehmarnbelt, Oder- and Rönnebank under the ongoing pressure of bottom trawling and ii. the general assessment of the effect of bottom trawling on benthic communities and benthic biogeochemical functioning as well as their development after fishery exclusion. The cruise AL570 concludes a series of three previous expeditions EMB238 (2020) and EMB267/268 (2021) and aimed to survey all components of the benthic food web including prokaryotes, protozoans, meiofauna and macrofauna, as well as sediment properties and biogeochemical processes in selected working areas in- and outside of the MPA. The working program comprised 156 station activities of various gears for biological and biogeochemical sampling of sediments. Solute exchange between the sediment and the water column was investigated using Landers and a novel underwater vehicle the Deep-Sea Rover (DSR) Panta Rhei. Investigations in the water column, seafloor observation and deployments of a dredge supplemented the station work. Due to stormy weather in situ solute fluxe measurements were not performed at the Rönnebank. (Alkor-Berichte ; AL570)