Journal articles: 'Marine ecology – Scotland'

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SISSONS, J. BRIAN. "Late-glacial marine erosion in Scotland." Boreas 3, no. 2 (January 16, 2008): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1974.tb00826.x.

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Northcott, Sally J. "The islands of Scotland: A living marine heritage." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 193, no. 1-2 (November 1995): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)90025-x.

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Russo, Luca Francesco, Carlo Meloro, Mara De Silvestri, Elizabeth A. Chadwick, and Anna Loy. "Better sturdy or slender? Eurasian otter skull plasticity in response to feeding ecology." PLOS ONE 17, no. 9 (September 29, 2022): e0274893. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274893.

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Otters are semi-aquatic mammals specialized in feeding on aquatic prey. The Eurasian otter Lutra lutra is the most widely distributed otter species. Despite a low degree of genetic variation across its European range, the population from Great Britain exhibits distinct genetic structuring. We examined 43 skulls of adult Eurasian otters belonging to 18 sampling localities and three genetic clusters (Shetlands, Wales and Scotland). For each sample location, information regarding climate was described using bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, and information on otter diet was extracted from the literature. By using photogrammetry, 3D models were obtained for each skull. To explore any evidence of adaptive divergence within these areas we used a three dimensional geometric morphometric approach to test differences in skull size and shape between areas with genetically distinct populations, as well as the influence of diet, isolation by distance and climate. Males were significantly larger in skull size than females across all the three genetic clusters. Skull shape, but not size, appeared to differ significantly among genetic clusters, with otters from Shetland exhibiting wider zygomatic arches and longer snouts compared to otters from Wales, whereas otters from Scotland displayed intermediate traits. A significant relationship could also be found between skull shape variation, diet as well as climate. Specifically, otters feeding on freshwater fish had more slender and short-snouted skulls compared to otters feeding mostly on marine fish. Individuals living along the coast are characterised by a mixed feeding regime based on marine fish and crustaceans and their skull showed an intermediate shape. Coastal and island otters also had larger orbits and eyes more oriented toward the ground, a larger nasal cavity, and a larger distance between postorbital processes and zygomatic arch. These functional traits could also represent an adaptation to favour the duration and depth of diving, while the slender skull of freshwater feeding otters could improve the hydrodynamics.

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Moore, P. G. "Edward Emrys Watkin (1900–1978): marine zoologist and educator." Archives of Natural History 49, no. 2 (October 2022): 364–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2022.0797.

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The Welsh marine zoologist, Edward Emrys Watkin (1900–1978), studied the population dynamics of Cardigan Bay herring stocks in the 1920s and subsequently worked on amphipod crustaceans in the Clyde Sea Area in Scotland. His published works span a transitional period in the history of biology, when natural history was being formalized into ecology. A graduate, and a staff member, of the University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, for 45 years he inspired students with his teaching. His experiences as a teacher and examiner were called upon when, in 1965 and 1971, he edited and co-wrote Biology (with Herbert Tisdale Conway and John Brinley Jones), a textbook on biology for pupils seeking the General Certificate of Education (GCE) O-level qualification. However, the impact of Watkins’s book was lessened because of competition from Donald Gordon Mackean’s Introduction to biology published first in 1962.

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Parsons, Matt, Ian Mitchell, Adam Butler, Norman Ratcliffe, Morten Frederiksen, Simon Foster, and James B. Reid. "Seabirds as indicators of the marine environment." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 8 (September 23, 2008): 1520–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn155.

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Abstract Parsons, M., Mitchell, I., Butler, A., Ratcliffe, N., Frederiksen, M., Foster, S., and Reid, J. B. 2008. Seabirds as indicators of the marine environment. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1520–1526. We report on the development of seabird indicators that support the Scottish Biodiversity Strategy. The application of high-quality monitoring data on breeding abundance and productivity in Scotland was explored in three ways: as indicators of seabird status in its own right, as indicators of the “health” of the marine environment, and as indicators of the food supply of vertebrate predators. Data on breeding productivity of seabirds, which responds more immediately to environmental variation than adult abundance, provided a novel supplement to indicators based solely on abundance trends. Grouping of species according to ecological guilds provided indicators of change in particular aspects of the marine environment. The role of seabird indicators in relation to policy frameworks is discussed, with a look to further developments at the UK and regional scales.

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Freitag, Thomas E., and James I. Prosser. "Differences between Betaproteobacterial Ammonia-Oxidizing Communities in Marine Sediments and Those in Overlying Water." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 70, no. 6 (June 2004): 3789–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.70.6.3789-3793.2004.

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ABSTRACT To assess links between betaproteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in marine sediment and in overlying water, communities in Loch Duich, Scotland, were characterized by analysis of clone libraries and denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Nitrosospira cluster 1-like sequences were isolated from both environments, but different sequence types dominated water and sediment samples. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of marine Nitrosospira cluster 1-like sequences in Loch Duich and surrounding regions suggests the existence of at least two different phylogenetic subgroups, potentially indicative of new lineages within the betaproteobacterial AOB, representing different marine ecotypes.

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Laurenson, Chevonne H., Helen Dobby, H. Anne McLay, and Beth Leslie. "Biological features of the Lophius piscatorius catch in Scottish waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 7 (July 2, 2008): 1281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn114.

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Abstract Laurenson, C. H., Dobby, H., McLay, H. A., and Leslie, B. 2008. Biological features of the Lophius piscatorius catch in Scottish waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1281–1290. Here, data on 50 265 Lophius piscatorius sampled between 1998 and 2006 on board commercial fishing vessels during observer trips and chartered surveys at Shetland, west of Scotland, and Rockall are analysed. In each area, length differed significantly with depth (p < 0.001), there was an increase in modal size with increasing depth down to 450 m, and large fish dominated hauls in deeper water. The sex ratio of all data combined was 0.88 females:1 male, but it varied by area, depth, and season, with males greatly outnumbering females in deep water west of Scotland during the first quarter of the year. The proportion at length that were female differed significantly with depth, and the highest proportions of mature fish were in deep water at Rockall and west of Scotland. L50% maturities, for all data combined, were 102.4 cm for females and 58.3 cm for males.

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JAKDINE, W. GRAHAM. "Chronology of Holocene marine transgression and regression in south-western Scotland." Boreas 4, no. 4 (January 16, 2008): 173–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1975.tb00688.x.

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Baxter, John M. "Establishing management schemes on marine Special Areas of Conservation in Scotland." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11, no. 4 (2001): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.465.

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Scholz, Sabine, Manuel Serif, David Schleheck, Martin D. J. Sayer, Alasdair M. Cook, and Frithjof Christian Küpper. "Sulfoquinovose metabolism in marine algae." Botanica Marina 64, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0023.

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Abstract This study aimed to survey algal model organisms, covering phylogenetically representative and ecologically relevant taxa. Reports about the occurrence of sulfonates (particularly sulfoquinovose, taurine, and isethionate) in marine algae are scarce, and their likely relevance in global biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning is poorly known. Using both field-collected seaweeds from NW Scotland and cultured strains, a combination of enzyme assays, high-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to detect key sulfonates in algal extracts. This was complemented by bioinformatics, mining the publicly available genome sequences of algal models. The results confirm the widespread presence of sulfonates and their biosynthetic pathways in macro- and microalgae. However, it is also clear that catabolic pathways, if present, must be different from those documented from the bacterial systems since no complete cluster of gene homologues of key genes could be detected in algal genomes.

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Smeaton, Craig, William E. N. Austin, Althea L. Davies, Agnes Baltzer, John A. Howe, and John M. Baxter. "Scotland's forgotten carbon: a national assessment of mid-latitude fjord sedimentary carbon stocks." Biogeosciences 14, no. 24 (December 15, 2017): 5663–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5663-2017.

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Abstract. Fjords are recognised as hotspots for the burial and long-term storage of carbon (C) and potentially provide a significant climate regulation service over multiple timescales. Understanding the magnitude of marine sedimentary C stores and the processes which govern their development is fundamental to understanding the role of the coastal ocean in the global C cycle. In this study, we use the mid-latitude fjords of Scotland as a natural laboratory to further develop methods to quantify these marine sedimentary C stores on both the individual fjord and national scale. Targeted geophysical and geochemical analysis has allowed the quantification of sedimentary C stocks for a number of mid-latitude fjords and, coupled with upscaling techniques based on fjord classification, has generated the first full national sedimentary C inventory for a fjordic system. The sediments within these mid-latitude fjords hold 640.7 ± 46 Mt of C split between 295.6 ± 52 and 345.1 ± 39 Mt of organic and inorganic C, respectively. When compared, these marine mid-latitude sedimentary C stores are of similar magnitude to their terrestrial equivalents, with the exception of the Scottish peatlands, which hold significantly more C. However, when area-normalised comparisons are made, these mid-latitude fjords are significantly more effective as C stores than their terrestrial counterparts, including Scottish peatlands. The C held within Scotland's coastal marine sediments has been largely overlooked as a significant component of the nation's natural capital; such coastal C stores are likely to be key to understanding and constraining improved global C budgets.

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Howarth, Leigh M., Pascal Dubois, Paul Gratton, Matthew Judge, Brian Christie, James J. Waggitt, Julie P. Hawkins, Callum M. Roberts, and Bryce D. Stewart. "Trade-offs in marine protection: multispecies interactions within a community-led temperate marine reserve." ICES Journal of Marine Science 74, no. 1 (September 28, 2016): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsw166.

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This study investigated the effects of a community-led temperate marine reserve in Lamlash Bay, Firth of Clyde, Scotland, on commercially important populations of European lobster (Homarus gammarus), brown crab (Cancer pagurus), and velvet swimming crabs (Necora puber). Potting surveys conducted over 4 years revealed significantly higher catch per unit effort (cpue 109% greater), weight per unit effort (wpue 189% greater), and carapace length (10–15 mm greater) in lobsters within the reserve compared with control sites. However, likely due to low levels of recruitment and increased fishing effort outside the reserve, lobster catches decreased in all areas during the final 2 years. Nevertheless, catch rates remained higher within the reserve across all years, suggesting the reserve buffered these wider declines. Additionally, lobster cpue and wpue declined with increasing distance from the boundaries of the marine reserve, a trend which tag–recapture data suggested were due to spillover. Catches of berried lobster were also twice as high within the reserve than outside, and the mean potential reproductive output per female was 22.1% greater. It was originally thought that higher densities of lobster within the reserve might lead to greater levels of aggression and physical damage. However, damage levels were solely related to body size, as large lobsters >110 mm had sustained over 218% more damage than smaller individuals. Interestingly, catches of adult lobsters were inversely correlated with those of juvenile lobsters, brown crabs, and velvet crabs, which may be evidence of competitive displacement and/or predation. Our findings provide evidence that temperate marine reserves can deliver fisheries and conservation benefits, and highlight the importance of investigating multispecies interactions, as the recovery of some species can have knock-on effects on others.

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Yau, C., and P. R. Boyle. "Ecology of Sepiola Atlantica (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Shallow Sublittoral Zone." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 76, no. 3 (August 1996): 733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400031428.

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The ecology of the sepiolid Sepiola atlantica in Firemore Bay, Loch Ewe, on the west coast of Scotland was investigated by beam trawling surveys. Low densities of this species were present in the shallow sublittoral zone of the sandy bay. A size range of 4–21 mm dorsal mantle length (DML) was obtained, with no significant differences detected between the mean sizes of males and females. Males reached gonadal maturity slightly earlier and at a slightly smaller size than females. Sepiola atlantica was present in the bay in each of the months in which sampling took place suggesting a resident population, the structure of which varied considerably. Juveniles were found over a prolonged period of the year but peak recruitment (animals of 4–10 mm DML) was in May and July. Animals <4 mm DML were not caught and no egg masses were found in the trawls. In aquarium conditions, S. atlantica fed on live crustaceans such as mysids, Crangon crangon and Palaemon serratus, although Corophium volutator, an estuarine crustacean not normally found in the marine sandy bay, was the most accepted food.

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Easton, Blair Alexander Andrew, Kevin Scott, Joe Richards, and Adam Rees. "Catch per Unit Effort of Decapod Species, C. pagurus and H. gammarus, from a Voluntary Marine Reserve." Fishes 8, no. 8 (July 27, 2023): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8080390.

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C. pagurus and H. gammarus are deemed to be declining in abundance in the Berwickshire Marine Reserve from personal communications with local inshore fishers. Fisheries data in the form of catch per unit effort (CPUE) were collected for these two commercially important decapods. Other explanatory variables from fishing activity such as the creel and bait type used, the soak time of the fishing gear, and deployment depth were recorded to provide as much detail as possible to describe the effort applied to catch these decapod species. In this study, CPUE was higher for H. gammarus and C. pagurus outside the Berwickshire Marine Reserve. General additive models (GAMs) were used to describe the effects of the explanatory variables and showed that soak time (days) and depth (m) significantly affected CPUE for C. pagurus, not H. gammarus. Sea temperature (°C) showed a negative correlation with the CPUE of both H. gammarus and C. pagurus; however, a positive correlation was found with the number of C. pagurus caught. The data collected in this study provide a foundation in understanding the current abundance of C. pagurus and H. gammarus in a voluntary marine reserve on the east coast of Scotland, which can be used to inform future changes in fisheries management in Berwickshire.

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Simmonds, E. John, and Stephen Keltz. "Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring." ICES Journal of Marine Science 64, no. 4 (April 30, 2007): 679–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm048.

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Abstract Simmonds, E. J., and Keltz, S. 2007. Management implications and options for a stock with unstable or uncertain dynamics: west of Scotland herring. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 679–685. An evaluation of the stock-recruitment relationship for west of Scotland herring indicates that the models fitting the data from different periods deviate substantially. The different perceptions of the population dynamics processes emerging from these relationships lead to a range of potential scenarios for future development of the stock. Optimized strategic choices vary between exploitation at fishing mortality (F) of 0.25 and 0.45, with substantial differences in long-term yield depending primarily on the validity of the underlying stock–recruitment relationship. A detailed evaluation of the consequences for management in the short, medium and long term is presented. The uncertainty in stock dynamics and the strategic options are discussed along with the consequences for potential yield caused by the choice between management options. The study includes an evaluation showing that it may take at least ten years of exploitation at reduced yield before the current uncertainties about stock productivity might be resolved.

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Laurenson, Chevonne H., Helen Dobby, and H. Anne McLay. "The Lophius budegassa component of monkfish catches in Scottish waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 7 (June 19, 2008): 1346–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn100.

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Abstract Laurenson, C. H., Dobby, H., and McLay, H. A. 2008. The Lophius budegassa component of monkfish catches in Scottish waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1346–1349. To date, research efforts on Lophius species in waters around Scotland (ICES Divisions IVa, VIa, and VIb) have focused almost exclusively on Lophius piscatorius. Here, the characteristics and distribution of the Lophius budegassa component of the catch are described using data collected by observers during commercial fishing trips and scientific surveys on chartered commercial fishing vessels between 1998 and 2006. At Rockall Bank (VIb), L. budegassa were rare, just 0.1% of the catch of Lophius spp., whereas west of Scotland (VIa) and around the Shetland Islands (IVa), they made up 18 and 2% of catches, respectively, with greatest prevalence towards the shelf edge. Fish length ranged from 16 to 89 cm with a modal length at 40 cm. Greater proportions of large individuals were recorded around the Shetland Islands than in other parts of the study area. Overall, the sex ratio was 1:1, and lengths at 50% maturity were estimated to be 70.4 cm for females and 49.4 cm for males.

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Graham, Isla M., Robert N. Harris, Becks Denny, Dan Fowden, and Dave Pullan. "Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent device for excluding seals from Atlantic salmon rivers in Scotland." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 5 (April 22, 2009): 860–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp111.

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Abstract Graham, I. M., Harris, R. N., Denny, B., Fowden, D., and Pullan, D. 2009. Testing the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent device for excluding seals from Atlantic salmon rivers in Scotland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 860–864. In Scotland, there is frequent conflict between salmon rod fisheries and seals, which is often managed by the shooting of seals in rivers, with potential negative impacts on protected populations of seals. Non-lethal devices have not been tested extensively in rivers as an alternative to shooting. Trials were carried out between January and May 2006 on the River North Esk and between October 2007 and February 2008 on the River Conon in northeast Scotland to examine the effectiveness of an acoustic deterrent device (ADD) at deterring seals from a specific area of river and as a barrier to the upstream movement of seals. The ADD was switched on and off alternately for periods of several days, and surveys were carried out to estimate the number of seals present within each river. The ADD had no significant effect on the absolute abundance of seals in the survey area in either river, but it did reduce seal movement upstream significantly, by ∼50% in both rivers. This reduction was constant over the 4-month period of both trials. The results suggest that ADDs might be a useful conservation tool in the management of seal–salmon conflicts, particularly in estuaries and rivers where the potential for adversely impacting cetaceans is limited.

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Campbell, Neil, Francis Neat, Finlay Burns, and Phil Kunzlik. "Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope (ICES Subdivision VIa)." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 2 (June 21, 2010): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq070.

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Abstract Campbell, N., Neat, F., Burns, F., and Kunzlik, P. 2011. Species richness, taxonomic diversity, and taxonomic distinctness of the deep-water demersal fish community on the Northeast Atlantic continental slope (ICES Subdivision VIa). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 365–376. The fish community on the Atlantic deep continental shelf and upper slope to the northwest of Scotland has been the subject of biological studies for more than a century, and subject to bottom-trawl fishing for around 25 years. In this work, we examine trends in biodiversity of the deep-water demersal fish community revealed by a decade of trawl surveys by Marine Scotland—Science. The composition and structure of the fish assemblage was described using species richness as well as the descriptors of community interrelatedness: taxonomic diversity (Δ) and taxonomic distinctness (Δ*). Results revealed no temporal trends in community composition. The most significant factor in determining richness and taxonomic diversity of the demersal fish fauna was depth, and to a lesser extent latitude. Diversity and distinctness decreased with increasing depth and showed a complex relationship with latitude, while richness peaked at depths around 1400 m. This study shows taxonomic measures of diversity and distinctness to be sensitive indicators of ecological conditions in the deep-water fish community, with respect to depth and latitude, and the fact that no temporal trends were detected suggests that the structure of the fish community at exploitable depths on the Scottish slope has remained stable over the period 1998–2008. These findings imply that care should be taken when planning spatial measures designed to safeguard deep-water fish biodiversity because the optimal area recommended for protection is strongly dependent on the choice of metric used.

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McBeath, AJA, N. Bain, and M. Snow. "Surveillance for infectious salmon anaemia virus HPR0 in marine Atlantic salmon farms across Scotland." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 87 (December 3, 2009): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao02128.

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Cage, A. G., and W. E. N. Austin. "Marine climate variability during the last millennium: The Loch Sunart record, Scotland, UK." Quaternary Science Reviews 29, no. 13-14 (June 2010): 1633–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.01.014.

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Urquhart, K., C. C. Pert, R. Kilburn, R. J. Fryer, and I. R. Bricknell. "Prevalence, abundance, and distribution of Lepeoptheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) on wild sea trout Salmo trutta L." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (January 31, 2008): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm188.

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Abstract Urquhart, K., Pert, C. C., Kilburn, R., Fryer, R. J., and Bricknell, I. R. 2008. Prevalence, abundance, and distribution of Lepeoptheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) on wild sea trout Salmo trutta L. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 171–173. Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Krøyer, 1837) and Caligus elongatus (Nordmann, 1832) were found on 100% and 90%, respectively, of 30 wild sea trout from the east coast of Scotland. Mean abundances of the same two sea lice were 7.8 and 7.7, respectively. The distribution of the two species of sea louse differed, however, with a greater proportion of L. salmonis in the posterior and anterior dorsal regions, and a greater proportion of C. elongatus in the caudal and posterior ventral regions.

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Benjamin, Jonathan, Andrew Bicket, Deborah Anderson, and Alex Hale. "A Multi-Disciplinary Approach to Researching the Intertidal and Marine Archaeology in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland." Journal of Island and Coastal Archaeology 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2014): 400–424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2014.934490.

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de Castro, Carlos, Peter J. Wright, Colin P. Millar, and Steven J. Holmes. "Evidence for substock dynamics within whiting (Merlangius merlangus) management regions." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 6 (May 22, 2013): 1118–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst027.

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Abstractde Castro, C., Wright, P. J., Millar, C. P., and Holmes, S. J. 2013. Evidence for substock dynamics within whiting (Merlangius merlangus) management regions. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1118–1127. Whiting in the North Sea and Eastern Channel is currently assessed as a single management unit. However, several studies suggest that this stock may be comprised of more than one subpopulation within a larger metapopulation. A key characteristic of metapopulations is asynchrony in the dynamics of component subpopulations. In this study, indices of recruitment and spawning–stock biomass (SSB) were developed to test for asynchrony across putative subpopulations in the North Sea and west of Scotland. Differences in SSB and recruitment trends were detected, consistent with expectations from metapopulation dynamics. At least three different subpopulation components (southern and northern North Sea, and west of Scotland) were indicated on the basis of differing trends. Analysis of spatial distribution suggested that the boundary between the northern and southern North Sea subpopulations was associated with the change in bathymetry that extended from the coast of Norfolk in England to the southern tip of Norway. The current management system for whiting in the North Sea assumes a unit stock, which is contrary to current sources of biological evidence and seems inappropriate. Consideration of a north–south split along the boundary detected should be beneficial for both assessment and management of the resource.

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Ashton, Gail V., Michael T. Burrows, Kate J. Willis, and Elizabeth J. Cook. "Seasonal population dynamics of the non-native Caprella mutica (Crustacea, Amphipoda) on the west coast of Scotland." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 5 (2010): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09162.

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Information on the life history and population dynamics of non-native species is essential to understand the process of invasion and impacts on invaded ecosystems. The non-native marine caprellid amphipod Caprella mutica has successfully established populations on coastlines throughout the temperate northern hemisphere and in New Zealand in the southern hemisphere. The introduction mechanism has been surpassed and it is now important to understand its ecology and biology in non-native habitats. The seasonal population dynamics of C. mutica were investigated over 18 months at four sites with different levels of anthropogenic disturbance on the west coast of Scotland. Abundance of C. mutica fluctuated seasonally at all sites, peaking during June to October. The highest abundance recorded on a single mesh collector was 319 000 individuals m−2 in August 2004 at one of the fish farms. Both seasonal and site-specific factors influenced the population dynamics of C. mutica. Both males and females were significantly larger and more abundant at the fish farm sites. Individuals displayed reproductive characteristics at a smaller size at the fish farm sites, indicating earlier maturity. The results suggest that anthropogenic disturbance and artificial resource enhancement contribute to the global establishment success of non-native C. mutica.

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Schnurr, Sarah, and Marina V. Malyutina. "Two New Species of The Genus Eurycope (Isopoda, Munnopsidae) from Icelandic Waters." Polish Polar Research 35, no. 2 (July 29, 2014): 361–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/popore-2014-0013.

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AbstractCollections of munnopsid isopods of the BIOICE (Benthic Invertebrates of Icelandic Waters; 1991–2004) and the IceAGE1 (Icelandic Marine Animals: Genetics and Ecology; since 2011) expeditions included ten species of the genusEurycopeG.O. Sars, 1864, thereof are two species new to science. Thus, the descriptions of the two new species are presented herein.Eurycope elianaesp. n. is distinguished from the other species of the genus mainly by two long, slightly robust, simple setae on the tip of the rostrum in combination with the size and shape of the rostrum itself.E elianaesp. n. shares the presence of two long, slightly robust, simple seta on the tip of the rostrum withE. tumidicarpus. The shape of the rostrum itself is more similar toE. inermisand species of theE. complanatacomplex.E. aculeatasp. n. is characterized by possessing dorsomedial acute projections on pereo-nites 5–7, which is unusual for the genus.E. aculeatasp. n. is most similar toE. cornuta. Both new species are, so far, known only from localities south of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge.

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Holt, Rebecca E., Andrew Foggo, Francis C. Neat, and Kerry L. Howell. "Distribution patterns and sexual segregation in chimaeras: implications for conservation and management." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 6 (June 19, 2013): 1198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst058.

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Abstract Holt, R. E., Foggo, A., Neat, F. C., and Howell, K. L. 2013. Distribution patterns and sexual segregation in chimaeras: implications for conservation and management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1198–1205. Chimaeras such as Chimaera monstrosa and Hydrolagus mirabilis are commonly found in commercial bycatch of deep-sea fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic. Very little information exists on their life history, ecology or behaviour. Segregation of populations by sex and/or age classes has been demonstrated in several elasmobranchs, but whether segregation occurs in chimaeras, and if so what mechanisms are involved, remains unknown. This study investigates the distribution and sexual segregation of four species of chimaera (C. monstrosa, H. mirabilis, C. opalescens n. sp. and Harriotta raleighana) in relation to sex, size (maturity) class, bottom depth, and latitude. Data were obtained from annual trawl surveys undertaken by Marine Scotland, Aberdeen, from 1998–2009, at 400–2000 m in the Northeast Atlantic (55–59°N 5–11°W). A factorial General Linear Model (GLM) with planned contrasts indicated complex patterns of age- and sex-related segregation. All adult males and females were sexually segregated by depth: in all four species investigated females occurred at greater depths than males. Potential birthing grounds were identified for H. mirabilis. Latitudinal spatial segregation was not evident in relation to sex or maturity stage. The patterns of segregation reported here suggest a potential for differential exploitation of the sexes by spatially focused fisheries.

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Pampoulie, Christophe, Sigurlaug Skirnisdottir, Sigurbjorg Hauksdottir, Kristinn Olafsson, Hrafnkell Eiríksson, Valérie Chosson, Gudmundur O. Hreggvidsson, Gudmundur H. Gunnarsson, and Sigridur Hjorleifsdottir. "A pilot genetic study reveals the absence of spatial genetic structure in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) on fishing grounds in Icelandic waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, no. 1 (November 11, 2010): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsq165.

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Abstract Pampoulie, C., Skirnisdottir, S., Hauksdottir, S., Olafsson, K., Eiríksson, H., Chosson, V., Hreggvidsson, G. O., Gunnarsson, G. H., and Hjorleifsdottir, S. 2011. A pilot genetic study reveals the absence of spatial genetic structure in Norway lobster (Nephrops norvegicus) on fishing grounds in Icelandic waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 20–25. Stock structure of Norway lobster off southern Iceland was investigated using 12 microsatellite loci. No genetic method detected significant genetic differentiation among the locations sampled, even among Icelandic samples and an out-group from Scotland. Testing the power of resolution of microsatellite loci, the loci and sample sizes used were sufficient to detect significant genetic differentiation with confidence. The lack of genetic structure is discussed in terms of the level of gene flow, recent isolation of populations, and the statistical power of the experimental design.

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Downie, Alexander John, and John M. Baxter. "The Water Framework Directive: driving the development of a co-ordinated marine monitoring strategy for Scotland." Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 14, S1 (2004): S69—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aqc.651.

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Eyles, Carolyn H. "Glacially- and tidally-influenced shallow marine sedimentation of the late Precambrian Port Askaig Formation, Scotland." Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 68, no. 1 (November 1988): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(88)90013-2.

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Al-Dulaimi, Omar, Mostafa E. Rateb, Andrew S. Hursthouse, Gary Thomson, and Mohammed Yaseen. "The Brown Seaweeds of Scotland, Their Importance and Applications." Environments 8, no. 6 (June 21, 2021): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments8060059.

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More than 50% of the UK coastline is situated in Scotland under legislative jurisdiction; therefore, there is a great opportunity for regionally focused economic development by the rational use of sustainable marine bio-sources. We review the importance of seaweeds in general, and more specifically, wrack brown seaweeds which are washed from the sea and accumulated in the wrack zone and their economic impact. Rules and regulations governing the harvesting of seaweed, potential sites for harvesting, along with the status of industrial application are discussed. We describe extraction and separation methods of natural products from these seaweeds along with their phytochemical profiles. Many potential applications for these derivatives exist in agriculture, energy, nutrition, biomaterials, waste treatment (composting), pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and other applications. The chemical diversity of the natural compounds present in these seaweeds is an opportunity to further investigate a range of chemical scaffolds, evaluate their biological activities, and develop them for better pharmaceutical or biotechnological applications. The key message is the significant opportunity for the development of high value products from a seaweed processing industry in Scotland, based on a sustainable resource, and locally regulated.

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D'Arcy, J., L. Mirimin, and R. FitzGerald. "Phylogeographic structure of a protogynous hermaphrodite species, the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta, in Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, using mitochondrial DNA sequence data." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 3 (February 19, 2013): 685–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst018.

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Abstract D'Arcy, J., Mirimin, L., and FitzGerald, R. Phylogeographic structure of a protogynous hermaphrodite species, the ballan wrasse Labrus bergylta, in Ireland, Scotland, and Norway, using mitochondrial DNA sequence data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 685–693. The ballan wrasse, Labrus bergylta, is a protogynous hermaphrodite marine fish species that inhabits coastal waters of the eastern North Atlantic. Sequential hermaphrodite species tend to be characterized by a skewed sex ratio, which is thought to lead to marked population structuring due to a reduced effective number of breeders. Furthermore, due to its large body size (compared with other wrasse species) and its peculiar feeding behaviour, this species has been identified as a candidate cleaner fish to be used in parasite control of farmed finfish. In the present study, we used mitochondrial DNA (control region) sequence data to investigate the genetic diversity and population structuring of ballan wrasse in waters around the British Isles and southern Norway. Ballan wrasse in southern Norway showed lower levels of genetic diversity than around the British Isles, which appear to be the result of historical demographic events (population bottleneck followed by expansion). Analysis of mismatch distributions and the presence of two highly divergent clades unevenly represented in Atlantic and Scandinavian regions suggest distinct recolonization patterns in these two regions. These results provide a first insight on the status of wild populations of ballan wrasse in the eastern North Atlantic, with implications for conservation and management.

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Lane, JV, CJ Pollock, R. Jeavons, M. Sheddan, RW Furness, and KC Hamer. "Post-fledging movements, mortality and migration of juvenile northern gannets." Marine Ecology Progress Series 671 (August 5, 2021): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13804.

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Studying the at-sea movements and behaviour of juvenile seabirds is logistically challenging, but new technologies now allow tracking birds on their first migration, giving a more complete picture of population-level spatial ecology. We investigated the post-fledging migration of juvenile northern gannets Morus bassanus from the world’s largest colony, at Bass Rock, Scotland. We first examined the movements and survival of 38 juveniles over their initial days at sea with GPS precision for up to 53 d post-fledging. We then compared their migration journeys with those of 35 adults tracked with geolocators. Almost one-third of juveniles died within 2 mo of leaving the colony, and this mortality was often associated with apparent uncertainties in their direction of migration, including marked, abrupt and often repeated changes in bearing within the North Sea. Both juveniles and adults then migrated as far as the Canary Current Large Marine Ecosystem (CCLME) off the Atlantic coast of West Africa, initially taking both clockwise and counter-clockwise routes around the UK. Juveniles covered a distance each day similar to that of adults, but they reached the CCLME much more quickly, mainly because they travelled more directly, staying close to the coast throughout most of their migration, whereas adults additionally spent long periods over relatively restricted areas of ocean further offshore. The CCLME is a hotspot of unregulated fishing activity, and our findings highlight the importance of this region across different age-classes of birds, echoing previous calls that the regional strengthening of marine conservation should be a high priority.

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Todd, Christopher D., Bryce D. M. Whyte, Julian C. MacLean, Crawford W. Revie, Michael E. Lonergan, and Nora N. Hanson. "A simple method of dating marine growth circuli on scales of wild one sea-winter and two sea-winter Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 71, no. 5 (May 2014): 645–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2013-0359.

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A method of dating the marine growth circuli on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) scales is presented. Data were available for 54 salmon, intercepted as smolts at the completion of their downstream migration in the River North Esk, Scotland. Smolts were tagged, released, and recaptured as return adults after either one (1SW) or two (2SW) winters at sea. Dating of circuli was achieved by fitting a simple quadratic model to the circuli pertaining to fixed points on the scale. For 1SW fish, the latter were the dates of river emigration and completion of marine migration, and the midpoint circulus (equal to the winter solstice) of the winter annulus. For 2SW salmon, these were the date of emigration and the two winter annulus midpoints. A key assumption is that winter annulus formation arises from constraints of light availability on foraging, and hence, reduced growth rate. Comparative analyses indicate the method to be robust and effectively transferable to salmon of known capture date — but of unknown smolt emigration date — by assuming a fixed date of emigration; in such cases, circuli could still be allocated with confidence to a calendar month.

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BOULTON, GEOFFREY S., P. NEIL CHROSTON, and JACK JARVIS. "A marine seismic study of late Quaternary sedimentaion and inferred glacier fluctuations along western Inverness-shire, Scotland." Boreas 10, no. 1 (January 16, 2008): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00467.x.

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Smeaton, Craig, William E. N. Austin, Althea L. Davies, Agnès Baltzer, Richard E. Abell, and John A. Howe. "Substantial stores of sedimentary carbon held in mid-latitude fjords." Biogeosciences 13, no. 20 (October 19, 2016): 5771–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-5771-2016.

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Abstract. Quantifying marine sedimentary carbon stocks is key to improving our understanding of long-term storage of carbon in the coastal ocean and to further constraining the global carbon cycle. Here we present a methodological approach which combines seismic geophysics and geochemical measurements to quantitatively estimate the total stock of carbon held within marine sediment. Through the application of this methodology to Loch Sunart, a fjord on the west coast of Scotland, we have generated the first full sedimentary carbon inventory for a fjordic system. The sediments of Loch Sunart hold 26.9 ± 0.5 Mt of carbon split between 11.5 ± 0.2 and 15.0 ± 0.4 Mt of organic and inorganic carbon respectively. These new quantitative estimates of carbon stored in coastal sediments are significantly higher than previous estimates. Through an area-normalised comparison to adjacent Scottish peatland carbon stocks, we have determined that these mid-latitude fjords are significantly more effective as carbon stores than their terrestrial counterparts. This initial work supports the concept that fjords are important environments for the burial and long-term storage of carbon and therefore should be considered and treated as unique environments within the global carbon cycle.

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Reilly, T. O. M., H. M. Fraser, R. J. Fryer, J. Clarke, and S. P. R. Greenstreet. "Interpreting variation in fish-based food web indicators: the importance of “bottom-up limitation” and “top-down control” processes." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 2 (September 4, 2013): 406–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst137.

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Abstract Reilly, T. O. M., Fraser, H. M., Fryer, R. J., Clarke, J., and Greenstreet, S. P. R. 2014. Interpreting variation in fish-based food web indicators: the importance of “bottom-up limitation” and “top-down control” processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 71: 406–416. Proposed indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) food webs Descriptor focus on structural elements of food webs, and in particular on the abundance and productivity of top predators. However, the inferences that can be drawn from such indicators depend on whether or not the predators are “bottom-up limited” by the availability of their prey. Many seabird populations appear to be “bottom-up limited” so that variation in their reproductive success and/or abundance reflects changes in lower trophic levels. Here we find that gadoid fish predators off the Firth of Forth, southeast Scotland, do not appear to be “bottom-up limited” by the biomass of their main prey, 0-group sandeels; gadoid biomass and feeding performance was independent of sandeel biomass. Variability in food web indicators based on these gadoid predators seems to impart little insight into underlying processes occurring at lower trophic levels in the local food web. The implications of this in terms of how the currently proposed MSFD food web indicators should be used and interpreted are considered, and the ramifications in terms of setting targets representing good environmental status for both fish and seabird communities are discussed.

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Freitag, Thomas E., and James I. Prosser. "Community Structure of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacteria within Anoxic Marine Sediments." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, no. 3 (March 2003): 1359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.3.1359-1371.2003.

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ABSTRACT The potential for oxidation of ammonia in anoxic marine sediments exists through anaerobic oxidation by Nitrosomonas-like organisms, utilizing nitrogen dioxide, coupling of nitrification, manganese reduction, and anaerobic oxidation of ammonium by planctomycetes (the Anammox process). Here we describe the presence of microbial communities with the potential to carry out these processes in a natural marine sediment system (Loch Duich, Scotland). Natural microbial communities of Planctomycetales-Verrucomicrobia and β- and γ-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria were characterized by analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified using group-specific primers by PCR- and reverse transcription-PCR amplification of 16S rDNA and RNA, respectively. Amplification products were analyzed by sequencing of clones and by denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Amplification of primers specific for Planctomycetales-Verrucomicrobia and β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria generated products at all sampling sites and depths, but no product was generated using primers specific for γ-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. 16S rDNA DGGE banding patterns indicated complex communities of β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in anoxic marine sediments. Phylogenetic analysis of sequences from clones and those excised from DGGE gels suggests dominance of Nitrosospira cluster 1-like organisms and of strains belonging to a novel cluster represented in dominant bands in 16S rRNA DGGE banding patterns. Their presence indicates a group of organisms closely related to recognized β-proteobacterial ammonia-oxidizing bacteria that may be selected in anoxic environments and may be capable of anoxic ammonia oxidation. Sequence analysis of planctomycete clone libraries and sequences excised from DGGE gels also demonstrated a diverse microbial community and suggested the presence of new subdivisions, but no sequence related to recognized Anammox organisms was detected.

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SUTHERLAND, DONALD G. "The high-level marine shell beds of Scotland and the build-up of the last Scottish ice sheet." Boreas 10, no. 3 (January 16, 2008): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00485.x.

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Todd, Christopher D., Kevin D. Friedland, Julian C. MacLean, Bryce D. Whyte, Ian C. Russell, Michael E. Lonergan, and Michael B. Morrissey. "Phenological and phenotypic changes in Atlantic salmon populations in response to a changing climate." ICES Journal of Marine Science 69, no. 9 (November 1, 2012): 1686–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss151.

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Abstract Todd, C. D., Friedland, K. D., MacLean, J. C., Whyte, B. D., Russell, I. C., Lonergan, M. E., and Morrissey, M. B. 2012. Phenological and phenotypic changes in Atlantic salmon populations in response to a changing climate. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 1686–1698. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) of southern European origin migrating to the Norwegian Sea currently encounter anomalously high sea-surface temperatures, and returning adults are of low mean condition factor. For the River North Esk (Scotland), time-series changes in river age-structure of emigrant smolts and returning one- and two-sea-winter (1SW and 2SW) adults are assessed. A comparison of the river age-structure of returning adults (1977–1999) with that of their respective annual emigrant smolt cohorts shows no evidence of river age-related bias in survivorship at sea. Evidence is presented of a possible transgenerational, or maternal, influence (poor somatic condition of spawners) driving reduced quality of emigrant S2 smolts in the North Esk. This effect is concurrent with an influence of freshwater climate as indicated by the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI). The maternal influence and NAOI variation in the winter immediately prior to smolt migration jointly explain approximately 29 (S2) and 17% (S3), respectively, of the variation in the mean size of smolts over the period 1975–2010. Run-timing of 1SW adult cohorts returning to Scotland shows recent delays. Variation in river flow did influence mean return date for the River Tweed, but adult condition factor, which itself shows temporal trends likely to be associated with ocean climate change, was the primary significant explanatory variable for run-timing in the rivers North Esk and Tweed. Overall, in years of poorer adult condition, 1SW salmon stay at sea longer.

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Hamilton, K. M., P. W. Shaw, and D. Morritt. "Prevalence and seasonality of Hematodinium (Alveolata: Syndinea) in a Scottish crustacean community." ICES Journal of Marine Science 66, no. 9 (June 8, 2009): 1837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp152.

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Abstract Hamilton, K. M., Shaw, P. W., and Morritt, D. 2009. Prevalence and seasonality of Hematodinium (Alveolata: Syndinea) in a Scottish crustacean community. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 1837–1845. Protist parasites of the genus Hematodinium were detected in seven crustacean species (Cancer pagurus, Carcinus maenas, Liocarcinus depurator, Munida rugosa, Necora puber, Pagurus bernhardus, and Pagurus prideaux) from the Clyde Sea in Scotland. Seasonal screening of different tissues with sensitive molecular probes showed average infection of 3–23%, with prevalence reaching almost 60% in hermit crabs (P. bernhardus) and brachyuran hosts in spring and >30% in C. pagurus and N. puber in autumn. During summer, Hematodinium infections were rare. Hematodinium seemed to be present in all host sizes sampled. The infection was equally distributed between males and females in most host species, except C. maenas, where males seemed to be more susceptible to infection. PCR amplification of the Hematodinium ribosomal RNA gene in crustacean tissue detected the parasite most frequently in muscle, gills, and heart throughout the 2-year sampling period.

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Church, Gabriella E., Robert W. Furness, Glen Tyler, Lucy Gilbert, and Stephen C. Votier. "Change in the North Sea ecosystem from the 1970s to the 2010s: great skua diets reflect changing forage fish, seabirds, and fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 76, no. 4 (December 10, 2018): 925–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsy165.

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Abstract Understanding anthropogenic impacts are crucial to maintain marine ecosystem health. The North Sea has changed in recent decades, largely due to commercial fishing and climate change. Seabirds can act as useful indicators of these changes. By analyzing n = 20 013 pellets and n = 24 993 otoliths regurgitated by great skuas Stercorarius skua in northern Scotland over five decades from the 1970s to the 2010s (in 36 years 1973–2017), we reveal how the diet of this top predator has changed alongside the changing North Sea ecosystem. Sandeels Ammodytes spp. were the most common dietary item during the 1970s, but became virtually absent from the 1980s onward. Discarded whitefish dominated skua diets from the 1980s to the present day, despite long-term declines in North Sea discard production. However, the discarded fish eaten by great skuas has become smaller and the species composition changed. Skua pellets only rarely contained avian prey in the 1970s but this increased during the 1980s, and fluctuated between 10% and 20% from the 1990s to 2010s. There have also been changes in the avian prey in the diet—black-legged kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla generally being replaced by auks Alcid spp. and northern fulmars Fulmarus glacialis. The Shetland marine ecosystem has experienced steep declines in sandeel stocks and in seabirds that feed on them. Great skuas have been able to prey switch to respond to this change, supported by abundant discards, enabling them to maintain a favourable population status while other seabird species have declined.

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Phillips, Emrys, and Jon Merritt. "Evidence for multiphase water-escape during rafting of shelly marine sediments at Clava, Inverness-shire, NE Scotland." Quaternary Science Reviews 27, no. 9-10 (May 2008): 988–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.01.012.

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Holmes, Steven J., Peter J. Wright, and Robert J. Fryer. "Evidence from survey data for regional variability in cod dynamics in the North Sea and West of Scotland." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 2 (January 25, 2008): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsm192.

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Abstract Holmes, S. J., Wright, P. J., and Fryer, R. J. 2008. Evidence from survey data for regional variability in cod dynamics in the North Sea and West of Scotland. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 206–215. Although cod (Gadus morhua) in the North Sea and ICES Division VIa are assessed as single units, recent research suggests that the stocks consist of reproductively isolated subpopulations within a metapopulation. We investigate whether temporal trends in stock indicators are asynchronous across subpopulations, which would support the metapopulation hypothesis. First quarter trawl survey data for the years 1983–2005 were aggregated into putative areas of high spawner fidelity (three in VIa, seven in the North Sea) to obtain indices of spawning–stock biomass (SSB) and recruitment (numbers-at-age 1). Asynchrony was investigated by fitting a smoother to the data for each of the ten spawning areas and testing whether the smoothers were parallel. Trends in SSB differed between spawning areas in both VIa and the North Sea. In VIa, SSB collapsed in the most southwesterly area, but remained more constant elsewhere. In the North Sea, there was a general decline in SSB, but areas thought to contain resident inshore populations showed more rapid declines than those in adjacent offshore areas. Recruitment results offered less support for a metapopulation, although recruitment in the southern North Sea declined rapidly before any trend was seen for the North Sea as a whole.

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Stoddard, Robyn A., William G. Miller, Janet E. Foley, Judy Lawrence, Frances M. D. Gulland, Patricia A. Conrad, and Barbara A. Byrne. "Campylobacter insulaenigrae Isolates from Northern Elephant Seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 6 (January 26, 2007): 1729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01816-06.

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ABSTRACT There are only two reports in the literature demonstrating the presence of Campylobacter spp. in marine mammals. One report describes the isolation of a new species, Campylobacter insulaenigrae sp. nov., from three harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) and a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in Scotland, and the other describes the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and an unknown Campylobacter species from northern elephant seals (Mirounga angustirostris) in California. In this study, 72 presumptive C. lari and unknown Campylobacter species strains were characterized using standard phenotypic methods, 16S rRNA PCR, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Phenotypic characterization of these isolates showed them to be variable in their ability to grow either at 42°C or on agar containing 1% glycine and in their sensitivity to nalidixic acid and cephalothin. Based on both 16S rRNA PCR and MLST, all but 1 of the 72 isolates were C. insulaenigrae, with one isolate being similar to but distinct from both Campylobacter upsaliensis and Campylobacter helveticus. Phylogenetic analysis identified two C. insulaenigrae clades: the primary clade, containing exclusively California strains, and a secondary clade, containing some California strains and all of the original Scottish strains. This study demonstrates the inability of phenotypic characterization to correctly identify all Campylobacter species and emphasizes the importance of molecular characterization via 16S rRNA sequence analysis or MLST for the identification of Campylobacter isolates from marine mammals.

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Ferrier, R. C., R. C. Helliwell, B. J. Cosby, A. Jenkins, and R. F. Wright. "Recovery from acidification of lochs in Galloway, south-west Scotland, UK: 1979-1998." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 3 (September 30, 2001): 421–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-421-2001.

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Abstract. The Galloway region of south-west Scotland has historically been subject to long-term deposition of acidic precipitation which has resulted in acidification of soils and surface waters and subsequent damage to aquatic ecology. Since the end of the 1970s, however, acidic deposition has decreased substantially. The general pattern is for a rapid decline in non-marine sulphate in rainwater over the period 1978-1988 followed by stable concentrations to the mid-1990s. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium in deposition have remained constant between 1980 and 1998. Seven water quality surveys of 48 lochs in the Galloway region have been conducted between 1979 and 1998. During the first 10 years, from 1979, there was a major decline in regional sulphate concentrations in the lochs, which was expected to have produced a decline in base cations and an increase in the acid neutralising capacity. But sea-salt levels (as indicated by chloride concentrations) were approximately 25% higher in 1988 than in 1979 and thus short-term acidification due to sea-salts offset much of the long-term recovery trend expected in the lochs. During the next 10 years, however, the chloride concentrations returned to 1979 levels and the lochs showed large increases in acid neutralising capacity despite little change in sulphate concentrations. From the observed decline in sulphate deposition and concentrations of sulphate in the lochs, it appears that approximately 75% of the possible improvement in acid neutralising capacity has already occurred over the 20-year period (1979-1998). The role of acid deposition as a driving factor for change in water chemistry in the Galloway lochs is confounded by concurrent changes in other driving variables, most notably, factors related to episodic and year-to-year variations in climate. In addition to inputs of sea-salts, climate probably also influences other chemical signals such as peaks in regional nitrate concentrations and the sharp increase in dissolved organic carbon during the 1990s. Keywords: acidification, recovery, Galloway, sulphur, nitrogen

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Smith, J. W., A. E. Elarifi, R. Wootten, A. W. Pike, and M. D. B. Burt. "Experimental Infection of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, with Contracaecum osculatum (Rudolphi, 1802) and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878) (Nematoda; Ascaridoidea)." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 12 (December 1, 1990): 2293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-255.

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The fate of freshly hatched larvae of the marine ascaridoid nematodes Contracaecum osculatum and Pseudoterranova decipiens (from grey seals, Halichoerus grypus, from Scotland and the Canadian Atlantic) was investigated following oral or intraperitoneal introduction into rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, maintained at 7–13 °C in fresh water. Neither species appeared to survive for long in the trout alimentary tract following oral introduction; a few larvae were found alive after 2 d but none after 21 d. intraperitoneally, P. decipiens did not survive beyond 21 d, but some C. osculatum exsheathed and developed over several months to lengths over 13 mm, and morphologically and morphometrically resembled third-stage larvae from naturally infected whiting, Merlangius merlangus, from the northern North Sea; no moult was detected. Thus, freshly hatched free-living larvae of C. osculatum are able to develop directly to the third stage in the body cavity of a fish without earlier passage through a crustacean or other invertebrate host.

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Smith, I. Philip, and Antony C. Jensen. "Dynamics of closed areas in Norway lobster fisheries." ICES Journal of Marine Science 65, no. 9 (October 20, 2008): 1600–1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsn170.

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AbstractSmith, I. P., and Jensen, A. C. 2008. Dynamics of closed areas in Norway lobster fisheries. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 1600–1609. A dynamic, age-structured population model was developed to investigate the potential effects of introducing a closed area to a fishery for a species with limited adult mobility and planktonic dispersal of larvae, using biological and fishery information from a Norway lobster fishery in eastern Scotland. Simulated closure of part of the fishing grounds led to a long-term increase in total biomass and recruitment to the fished zone, but the larval subsidy did not compensate for the loss of fishing ground, and fishery yield was reduced under all modelled combinations of closed-area size and prior fishing effort. Concentration of effort in the fished zone and increased recruitment there led to reduced average size, and therefore value, of animals in the catch, as well as increased destruction of biomass by discarding undersized lobsters. Implementation of a closed area also led to oscillations in stock biomass, recruitment, and yield over several years after the closure, particularly with large closed areas and high fishing effort.

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Urquhart, Katy, Campbell C. Pert, Rob J. Fryer, Paul Cook, Sarah Weir, Rachel Kilburn, Una McCarthy, et al. "A survey of pathogens and metazoan parasites on wild sea trout (Salmo trutta) in Scottish waters." ICES Journal of Marine Science 67, no. 3 (December 17, 2009): 444–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsp271.

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Abstract Urquhart, K., Pert, C. C., Fryer, R. J., Cook, P., Weir, S., Kilburn, R., McCarthy, U., Simons, J., McBeath, S. J., Matejusova, I., and Bricknell, I. R. 2010. A survey of pathogens and metazoan parasites on wild sea trout (Salmo trutta) in Scottish waters. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 444–453. In all, 300 wild sea trout were sampled from three east coast and two west coast sites around Scotland over a 3-year period to establish the prevalence and the abundance of bacteria, viruses, and ecto- and endoparasites. No bacterial pathogens were isolated from any fish. One fish tested positive for viral pathogens (infectious pancreatic necrosis virus). The viral agent syncytium, resulting from aquareovirus infection, was found in four fish from the east coast. The parasitic fauna consisted of three classes of ectoparasite, Monogenea, Isopoda, and Copepoda, and four classes of endoparasite, Cestoda, Digenea, Nematoda, and Acanthocephala. Sea trout from the east coast sites were larger than those from the west coast. The abundance of Lepeophtheirus salmonis, Hysterothylacium aduncum, and Anisakis sp. was significantly greater at the east coast sites. The only parasite found in significantly greater numbers at a west coast site was Pomphorhynchus laevis.

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Massiot-Granier, Félix, Etienne Prévost, Gérald Chaput, Ted Potter, Gordon Smith, Jonathan White, Samu Mäntyniemi, and Etienne Rivot. "Embedding stock assessment within an integrated hierarchical Bayesian life cycle modelling framework: an application to Atlantic salmon in the Northeast Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 71, no. 7 (February 13, 2014): 1653–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst240.

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Abstract We developed a hierarchical Bayesian integrated life cycle model for Atlantic salmon that improves on the stock assessment approach currently used by ICES and provides some interesting insights about the population dynamics of a stock assemblage. The model is applied to the salmon stocks in eastern Scotland. It assimilates a 40-year (1971–2010) time-series of data compiled by ICES, including the catches in the distant water fisheries at Faroes and West Greenland and estimates of returning fish abundance. Our model offers major improvements in terms of statistical methodology for A. salmon stock assessment. Uncertainty about inferences is readily quantified in the form of Bayesian posterior distributions for parameters and abundance at all life stages, and the model could be adapted to provide projections based on the uncertainty derived from the estimation phase. The approach offers flexibility to improve the ecological realism of the model. It allows the introduction of density dependence in the egg-to-smolt transition, which is not considered in the current ICES assessment method. The results show that this modifies the inferences on the temporal dynamics of the post-smolt marine survival. In particular, the overall decrease in the marine survival between 1971 and 2010 and the sharp decline around 1988–1990 are dampened when density dependence is considered. The return rates of smolts as two-sea-winter (2SW) fish has declined in a higher proportion than return rates as one-sea-winter (1SW) fish. Our results indicate that this can be explained either by an increase in the proportion maturing as 1SW fish or by an increase in the mortality rate at sea of 2SW fish, but the data used in our analyses do not allow the likelihood of these two hypotheses to be gauged.

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Homrum, Eydna í., Bogi Hansen, Sigurður Þór Jónsson, Kathrine Michalsen, Julian Burgos, David Righton, Petur Steingrund, et al. "Migration of saithe (Pollachius virens) in the Northeast Atlantic." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 4 (May 12, 2013): 782–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fst048.

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Abstract Homrum, E. í, Hansen, B., Jónsson, S. Þ., Michalsen, K., Burgos, J., Righton, D., Steingrund, P., Jakobsen, T., Mouritsen, R., Hátún, H., Armannsson, H., and Joensen, J. S. 2013. Migration of saithe (Pollachius virens) in the Northeast Atlantic. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 782–792. Saithe (Pollachius virens) stocks in the Northeast Atlantic intermingle as a result of migration among stock areas. The extent of migration has been poorly quantified. Here, we estimate measures of the migration based on existing tagging data from Icelandic, Faroese and Continental (Scotland, North Sea and Norway) waters. Saithe tagged in Icelandic waters were seldom caught outside Icelandic waters (<1% of tag returns), whereas 42% of adult saithe tagged in Faroese waters were recaptured outside Faroese waters. Of adult saithe tagged in Norwegian waters 6.6% were recaptured outside Continental waters. In broad terms, there was a net migration of saithe towards Icelandic waters. The distance between tagging and recapture increased with increasing size and age, with saithe tagged in Norwegian waters moving the longest distances. The results demonstrate significant, but variable, migration rates of adult saithe in the Northeast Atlantic. More detailed studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms behind the migration and what causes the differences among the areas.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Marine ecology – Scotland'

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