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1
Johnston, Katherine G., Abdelfatah Abomohra, Christopher E. French, and Abdelrahman S. Zaky. "Recent Advances in Seaweed Biorefineries and Assessment of Their Potential for Carbon Capture and Storage." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (September 1, 2023): 13193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151713193.
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Seaweeds are among the most important biomass feedstocks for the production of third-generation biofuels. They are also efficient in carbon sequestration during growth and produce a variety of high-value chemicals. Given these characteristics together with the relatively high carbohydrate content, seaweeds have been discussed as an ideal means for CO2 capture and biofuel production. Though third-generation biofuels have emerged as some of the best alternatives to fossil fuels, there is currently no large-scale production or mainstream use of such liquid fuels due to the many technical challenges and high production costs. The present study describes the concept of coastal marine biorefineries as the most cost-effective and sustainable approach for biofuel production from seaweeds, as well as atmospheric carbon capture and storage (CCS). The suggested refinery system makes use of marine resources, namely seawater, seaweed, and marine microorganisms. Firstly, extensive screening of the current literature was performed to determine which technologies would enable the emergence of such a novel biorefinery system and its merits over conventional refineries. Secondly, the study investigates various scenarios assessing the potential of seaweeds as a means of carbon sequestration. We demonstrate that the removal of 100 Gigatons of excess CO2 using seaweed farms can be achieved in around 4 months to less than 12 years depending on the area under cultivation and the seaweed species. The total bioethanol that could be generated from the harvested biomass is around 8 trillion litres. In addition, high-value chemicals (HVC) that could potentially be recovered from the process represent a considerable opportunity with multi-billion-dollar commercial value. Overall, coastal marine biorefineries have strong potential for a sustainable green economy and represent a rapid approach to climate change mitigation.
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Mulders, Y., L. Mattio, JC Phillips, PS Lavery, GA Kendrick, and T. Wernberg. "Patch dynamics driven by wave exposure in subtidal temperate seaweeds are exacerbated by warming oceans." Marine Ecology Progress Series 685 (March 10, 2022): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps13989.
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Over the past decades, ocean temperatures have been steadily increasing and are projected to continue to do so, stressing many temperate marine organisms. Changing temperatures do not affect ecosystems in isolation, but interact with many other factors in shaping ecological communities. We investigated the changes over 2 decades in subtidal temperate seaweed communities over a wave exposure gradient in Western Australia, a global warming hotspot. We found higher diversity in the seaweed community and a higher proportion of biomass of species with a warm affinity (expressed as the tropicalization index: TI) over time. There was no decline in biomass of the dominant habitat-forming kelp Ecklonia radiata on low wave exposure reefs, while it was patchier and comprised a lower proportion of the total seaweed biomass on the medium and high wave exposure reefs. Furthermore, the presence of E. radiata was disproportionally associated with low abundances of seaweeds with warm affinity. The increasing patchiness of E. radiata likely provided a competitive release for other seaweeds, and the increase in abundance of Scytothalia dorycarpa likely provided a compensatory effect which resulted in a lower than expected TI. We found no indication of an ameliorating effect by wave exposure, and conclude that the patch dynamics driven by wave exposure are more likely exacerbated by increasing ocean temperatures on subtidal temperate reefs. If this continues, the reduction in E. radiata and increase in warm affiliated seaweeds will result in a more diverse seaweed community, but one with a lower standing biomass.
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Faisal, Shah, Abdelrahman Zaky, Qingyuan Wang, Jin Huang, and Abdelfatah Abomohra. "Integrated Marine Biogas: A Promising Approach towards Sustainability." Fermentation 8, no. 10 (October 7, 2022): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fermentation8100520.
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Fossil fuel depletion, climate change, and increased global energy demands are the driving forces to find alternative sources of energy. Marine-based biorefinery has been recently discussed as a promising route to mitigate the environmental challenges, enhance the energy recovery, and provide a potential source for value-added products. Anaerobic digestion is a promising technology that can convert the organic compounds of marine ecosystems into biogas. To date, a comprehensive review incorporating integrated biogas potential and effective approaches to enhance seaweed digestibility for biogas production from marine resources has not been reported. Thus, the present review aims to explore and comprehensively present seaweed and other marine resources for potential biogas production. The basics and challenges of biogas production from seaweed are elucidated. The impact of biochemical composition on biogas and the microbial communities involved in anaerobic digestion of seaweed are discussed. Utilization of different techniques such as pretreatment, co-digestion, and sequential extraction of seaweed biomass to enhance the biogas yield and to mitigate the effect of inhibitors are presented. Specifically, this article evaluates the co-digestion of seaweed with other biomass feedstocks or liquid biowastes. Integration of marine microalgae cultivation on anaerobic digestate for value-added compound production, biogas upgrading, and bioenergy recovery provides a promising approach towards a zero-waste marine-based system.
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Ginocchio, Rosanna, Matías Araya, Jéssica Machado, Luz María de la Fuente, Fabiola Orrego, Eduardo C. Arellano, and Loretto Contreras-Porcia. "Seaweed biochar (sourced from marine water remediation farms) for soil remediation: Towards an integrated approach of terrestrial-coastal marine water remediation." BioResources 18, no. 3 (May 17, 2023): 4637–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.18.3.4637-4656.
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Biochar made from seaweed biomass of marine farms established for water pollutant remediation may be a promising amendment for soil remediation in the same coastal territory. The study aimed to assess the soil Cu-immobilizing, pH neutralizing, and nutrient improvement capabilities of a seaweed biochar when incorporated into degraded soil of the same coastal territory (Puchuncaví District, central Chile). Experimental design considered five treatments; degraded soil of Puchuncaví valley (C-), C- amended with either local seaweed biochar (B), vermicompost (V), or its mixture (BV), and a background soil (C+). Experimental soils were placed in pots and kept in a greenhouse (4 weeks). Lolium perenne was then sown and cultivated until week 11. Treatments amended with biochar (B and BV) significantly increased soil pH, available nitrogen and decreased Cu2+ ions. These treatments reached very high EC values but had no negative effect on plant yield. Regarding plant growth, V and BV significantly increased biomass, but V resulted in higher yield because of its higher nutritional status. It was concluded that seaweed biochar, made from local seaweed biomass of a coastal marine water pollutant remediation farm, may be an effective soil amendment for degraded soils of the same coastal territory, although its combination with an organic amendment should be considered.
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Khan, Nida, K. Sudhakar, and R. Mamat. "Thermogravimetric Analysis of Marine Macroalgae Waste Biomass as Bio-Renewable Fuel." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6417326.
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Macroalgae are considered as the 3rd generation of biofuels and a future feedstock for biorefinery. This research aims to provide simple and dependable analytical techniques for measuring the thermal characteristics of dried seaweed. The main objective was to investigate the thermal characteristics of four seaweed species utilizing a thermogravimetric analyzer. The seaweeds Gracilaria fisheri, Caulerpa lentillifera, Ceramium rubrum, and Eucheuma cottonii were collected from the Pahang state of Peninsular Malaysia. The calorific value of the samples was revealed by using a calorimeter. Ceramium rubrum showed the highest calorific value, while Gracilaria fisheri had the most negligible calorific value among the selected samples. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data revealed that the most significant weight loss for this biomass occurred between 160 and 300° for the selected species. Gracilaria fisheri has shown the highest decomposition with the minor residue at 30.26%, whereas Caulerpa lentillifera has a slow weight loss rate in the mentioned range. SEM analysis has been used to perform the morphology of samples, which shows differences in the concentration of epiphytic diatoms with different structural shapes. Based on the results, macroalgae is a promising sustainable biomass feedstock for biofuel application.
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Korzen, Leor, Yoav Peled, Shiri Zemah Shamir, Mordechai Shechter, Aharon Gedanken, Avigdor Abelson, and Alvaro Israel. "An economic analysis of bioethanol production from the marine macroalga Ulva (Chlorophyta)." TECHNOLOGY 03, no. 02n03 (June 2015): 114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2339547815400105.
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We performed a cost-benefit analysis for bioethanol production using biomass of Ulva rigida, a marine macroalga (seaweed), co-cultured with fish in an intensive offshore aquaculture unit. This is the first report for such analysis that takes into consideration offshore seaweed cultivation and uses a recently developed, novel and simplified ethanol production technology that is devoid of costly pre-treatments imposed to the seaweed biomass. By simultaneously producing ethanol with valuable Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles (DDGS) by-products such as animal feed, the economic viability of this system is plausible over a production range of 77–240 dry tons of seaweed per day. As such, applying the model to suggested future scenarios for the Israeli Mediterranean shorelines, which limits aquaculture to ca. 600 ha, results in unprofitability. Further, sensitivity analyses place profitability as mainly dependent on DDGS prices and on the daily growth rate (biomass yield) of the macroalga. These two are key factors to achieve profitability at the 600-ha scenario.
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Sarkar, Md Shirajul Islam, Md Kamal, Muhammad Mehedi Hasan, and Md Ismail Hossain. "Present status of naturally occurring seaweed flora and their utilization in Bangladesh." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 3, no. 1 (May 26, 2016): 203–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v3i1.27879.
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A survey was conducted to know the present status of naturally occurring seaweed flora and their utilization in Bangladesh by interviews of scientific officers of MFTS (Marine Fisheries and Technology Station, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute, Coxs Bazar), NGO officials associated with seaweed research project, local seaweed food products manufacturer, seaweed collectors and Mog or Rakhyine tribal community of Coxs Bazar and St. Martin Island. Lack of knowledge on availability, distribution, seasonal variation, utilization status is causing impediment on utilization (e.g. seaweeds as human food, hydrocolloids, animal feed, fertilizer, cosmetic products, etc.) of available seaweeds naturally occurring in Bangladesh. Seaweeds are available along the whole Bangladeshi coast, mostly in St. Martin Island, Coxs Bazar and Sundarbans Mangrove forest. Total 193seaweed species including 19 commercially important species, belonging to 94 genera are found. Approximately, 5,000 metric ton of seaweed biomass is available. Due to seasonal variation in water quality parameters, generally seaweeds are available from October to April, but highest abundance occurs from January to March. Seaweed salad and sauce has been utilizing by Mog people as food. About 400 seaweed collectors at St. Martin Island annually harvested 6-9 metric tons of wet seaweeds (Hypnea spp.) for smuggling to Myanmar. Different value added food, functional food and personal care products have prepared by Govt. institution, NGO and in private sector. Considering the economic importance and potentials of seaweeds, for effective and environmentally sustainable utilization, special concern is required by both government and private organizations.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(1): 203-216, April 2016
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Ingle, Kapilkumar Nivrutti, Hadar Traugott, and Alexander Golberg. "Challenges for marine macroalgal biomass production in Indian coastal waters." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 327–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0099.
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AbstractDue to its large, exclusive economic zone, India has considerable potential for implementing large-scale cultivation of macroalgae. However, such cultivation requires the availability of, and access to, sites where technical, legal, governmental, and environmental factors are favorable. This review discusses the challenges that have held back the development of seaweed cultivation in India. The review is based on a literature survey and informal discussions with industry-related personnel. It cites the strong need for clear and definitive policies related to access to and use of coastal waters to enable the Indian seaweed industry to reach its full potential. The main challenges that the expansion of macroalgal cultivation in India face are related to legal and regulatory aspects that can be resolved by focusing the policy issues on providing planning tools toward success. In addition, there is a strong need for an adequate bioeconomy that clearly defines the need for marine macroalgal biomass for food, chemicals, and biofuels. Furthermore, the Indian government needs to allocate sufficient funds for accelerating seaweed R&D in areas of seaweed cultivation, harvesting, processing technologies, and their implementation in the local industry.
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Song, Yun-Mi, Hui Gyeong Park, and Jung-Soo Lee. "Hierarchically Graphitic Carbon Structure Derived from Metal Ions Impregnated Harmful Inedible Seaweed as Energy-Related Material." Materials 17, no. 18 (September 21, 2024): 4643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma17184643.
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This study explored the development of hierarchical graphitic carbon structures (HGCs) from harmful inedible seaweed waste harvested in the summer. Elevated sea temperatures during the summer increase the cellulose content of seaweeds, making them unsuitable for consumption. By utilizing seaweed biomass, this study addresses critical marine environmental issues and provides a sustainable solution for promising electrode materials for energy storage devices. The fabrication process involved impregnating seaweed with Ni ions, followed by annealing to create a highly crystalline carbon structure. Subsequent etching produced numerous nano-sized pores and a large surface area (806 m2/g), significantly enhancing the number of electrically active sites. The resulting HGCs exhibited a high capacitance and maintained their capacity even after 10,000 cycles in fast-current systems. This innovative approach not only mitigates the environmental burden of seaweed waste but also offers a sustainable method for converting it into efficient energy storage materials.
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Phang, Siew-Moi, Hui-Yin Yeong, and Phaik-Eem Lim. "The seaweed resources of Malaysia." Botanica Marina 62, no. 3 (June 26, 2019): 265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2018-0067.
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Abstract The extensive coastline and numerous islands of Malaysia provide various habitats suitable for the growth of a diversity of the marine macroalgae (seaweeds). Since the last checklist of the Malaysian seaweeds was published in 2006, there has been an increase of 17 families, 32 genera, and 75 species. Seven new species were described. The present tally stands at 459 taxa in 72 families; with 35 species in 12 families of Cyanophyta; 113 species in 16 families of Chlorophyta; 95 species in 8 families of Ochrophyta; and 216 species in 36 families of Rhodophyta. Only three species, Kappaphycus alvarezii, Eucheuma denticulatum and Gracilaria manilaensis, are being cultivated commercially. A small seaweed industry centered in Sabah, produces semi-refined carrageenan, which is mainly exported. Some of the biomass is brought over to Peninsular Malaysia, where seaweed products like desserts, health drinks, soaps and air-fresheners, are manufactured and sold. In 2016, Malaysia produced 205,989 tonnes wet weight seaweeds valued at US$24.83 million. The seaweed industry, can be enhanced by increasing the number of farms and farmers, strengthening local seaweed cooperatives and including them in decision-making, as well as by technological advances in the form of new and improved strains, more efficient seed supply and products.
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Avila-Peltroche, José, and Jaraj Padilla-Vallejos. "The seaweed resources of Peru." Botanica Marina 63, no. 4 (August 27, 2020): 381–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0026.
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AbstractThe coast of Peru (3.5–18°S) is one of the most productive marine areas in the world. The updated seaweed checklist reports a total of 260 specific/intraspecific taxa, of which the Rhodophyta show the highest number (185 species), followed by Chlorophyta (41 species) and Phaeophyceae (34 species). Since 2012, an increase in molecular studies has been reported mostly in Rhodophyta, while Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae have lagged far behind. Utilization of seaweed resources has been based on artisanal collection from natural beds. These are mainly consumed fresh or salt-dried (Chondracanthus chamissoi and Porphyra/Pyropia species), or exported for polysaccharide extraction (Lessonia nigrescens, Lessonia trabeculata, Macrocystis pyrifera). Although some regulations for brown seaweed extraction exist, overexploitation is a constant threat that must be addressed. Biomass from seaweed farms accounts, at most, for only 4% of the total annual landings, and there is a decreasing trend on seaweed aquaculture production since 2012. However, some cultivation projects for C. chamissoi and Porphyra/Pyropia species are currently being undertaken. In addition, recent studies have started to explore new uses of commercial and non-commercial seaweeds. Uncovering the Peruvian seaweed diversity and establishing well sustained culture and management projects are essential for utilizing and preserving the seaweed resources of Peru.
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Li, Xunmeng, Kai Wang, Shouyu Zhang, and Meiping Feng. "Distribution and Flora of Seaweed Beds in the Coastal Waters of China." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 10, 2021): 3009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063009.
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Seaweed plays an important role in energy production in marine, coastal, and island ecosystems. The protection of seaweed beds is a key point for coastal ecosystem health, but the community characteristics, dominant species, and distribution of seaweed beds in the coastal waters of China are still unknown. Dividing seaweed beds based on their ecological function is also required for coastal ecosystem conservation, marine development, and utilization. We conducted ecological surveys on various types of ecosystems at approximately 50 sites dedicated to the conservation of seaweed bed biodiversity in China from 2018 to 2019. These seaweed beds were classified into different flora by water temperature and the attributes of the dominant species. The study showed that Sargassum dominated the coast of China. The coverage of the genus Undaria and the genus Laminaria in the coastal waters of Liaoning and Shandong was high and gradually decreased from Zhejiang to the south. The mean biomass of the seaweed beds along the coast of China was 7.29 kg/m2, and the mean coverage was 41.25%. The height and fresh weight of the dominant species gradually decreased with the decreasing latitude. The seaweed beds were distributed from the shallow water zone to the profundal zone along the coast from north to south, and the bathymetry of seaweed beds in Hainan was below 6 m. Based on the water temperature, the attributes of the seaweed beds, the temperature attributes of the dominant species, and the seaweed’s distribution, the seaweed beds in China can be specifically divided into temperate warm water types, subtropical warm water types, and tropical warm water types. This study is relevant to the development of regulations and directives to ensure biodiversity conservation and environmental sustainability.
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Sunwoo, In-Yung, Hyunjin Cho, Taeho Kim, Eun-Jeong Koh, and Gwi-Taek Jeong. "Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Residue from Bioethanol Production Using Seaweed Biomass." Marine Drugs 22, no. 8 (July 26, 2024): 340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22080340.
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This study explores the potential of producing bioethanol from seaweed biomass and reusing the residues as antioxidant compounds. Various types of seaweed, including red (Gelidium amansii, Gloiopeltis furcata, Pyropia tenera), brown (Saccharina japonica, Undaria pinnatifida, Ascophyllum nodosum), and green species (Ulva intestinalis, Ulva prolifera, Codium fragile), were pretreated with dilute acid and enzymes and subsequently processed to produce bioethanol with Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4741. Ethanol production followed the utilization of sugars, resulting in the highest yields from red algae > brown algae > green algae due to their high carbohydrate content. The residual biomass was extracted with water, ethanol, or methanol to evaluate its antioxidant activity. Among the nine seaweeds, the A. nodosum bioethanol residue extract (BRE) showed the highest antioxidant activity regarding the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition of H2O2-treated RAW 264.7 cells. These by-products can be valorized, contributing to a more sustainable and economically viable biorefinery process. This dual approach not only enhances the utilization of marine resources but also supports the development of high-value bioproducts.
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Jacobsen, Charlotte, and Susan L. Holdt. "Introduction to the Special Issue: “Advance in Recovery and Application of Bioactive Compounds from Seafood”." Foods 10, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020266.
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Due to increased focus on a circular bioeconomy, full utilization of marine biomass, including side streams from the seafood processing industry as well as utilization of biomass that has not been used to a great extent in the Western world (e.g., seaweed), is receiving increased attention from both academia and industry. [...]
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Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina, Daniel L. Falkoski, Ad Wiebenga, Klaas Timmermans, and Ronald P. de Vries. "Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010052.
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Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.
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Li, Xunmeng, Xu Zhao, Huarong Yuan, Yu Guo, Jun Li, Shouyu Zhang, Jianqu Chen, Zhenhua Wang, and Kai Wang. "Diversity and Carbon Sequestration of Seaweed in the Ma’an Archipelago, China." Diversity 15, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d15010012.
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Seaweed communities perform a variety of ecological services, including primary productivity supply, biological habitat construction, water purification, and acting as marine carbon sinks. The abundance of seaweed is the basis for the assessment of ecological services in communities. The Ma’an Archipelago, adjacent to the Yangtze River estuary in China, is an important and typical island group. In this study, the abundance of seaweed in the typical coastal islands of the Ma’an Archipelago, Zhejiang Province, was evaluated by means of sonar detection and scuba diving sampling methods. The organic carbon content of six dominant seaweed species was measured to estimate the carbon sequestration capacity of the dominant species in the Ma’an Archipelago. The results show that 27 species of Rhodophyta, 10 species of Ochrophyta, and two species of Chlorophyta were found in the Ma’an Archipelago. Seaweed was distributed in the coastal areas of the islands, with a distribution width of 2–60 m. Gouqi Island had the longest shoreline, and there, the distribution depth of the seaweed reached 15 m and the area of the seaweed community was the largest. The slope of the rocks in the Sanheng survey area was large and the width of the seaweed community was small. The distribution area of seaweed in the Ma’an Archipelago was 6.51–13.43 km2 and the organic carbon content of the seaweed was 33.16 ± 3.26%. The biomass of Ochrophyta in the Ma’an Archipelago was the largest, followed by Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta. Among the six dominant species, the carbon sequestration of Sargassum thunbergii was the largest, at 277.91–848.74 t per year, and that of Undaria pinnatifida was the smallest. This study provides scientific guidance for the assessment of the primary productivity supply, carbon sink, and conservation capacity of seaweeds in China.
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Granados, Paola, Sergio Mireles, Engil Pereira, Chu-Lin Cheng, and James Jihoon Kang. "Effects of Biochar Production Methods and Biomass Types on Lead Removal from Aqueous Solution." Applied Sciences 12, no. 10 (May 17, 2022): 5040. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12105040.
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Biochar has proven its potential in removing heavy metal ions from water. The objective of this study was to evaluate locally obtained biomass feedstocks for biochar production and their efficiency as a sorbent for aqueous lead (Pb2+) removal. The biomass feedstocks consisted of avocado seed, avocado peel, grapefruit peel, and brown seaweed, which represent agricultural and marine biomasses. The biochar materials were produced in two different methods: (1) a laboratory tube furnace at 300 °C and (2) a Do-It-Yourself (DIY) biochar maker, “BioCharlie Log”. The biochars were characterized for selected physicochemical properties, and batch adsorption tests with 10 mg Pb2+ L−1 were conducted. All biochars exhibited >90% Pb2+ removal with the avocado seed and grapefruit peel biochars being the most effective (99%) from the tube-furnace-produced biochars. BioCharlie-produced-biochars showed similar Pb2+ removal (90–97%) with brown seaweed and avocado seed biochars being the most effective (97%). Land-based biochars showed a higher carbon content (>53%) than the brown seaweed biochar (28%), which showed the highest ash content (68%). Our results suggested that oxygen-containing surface functional groups in land-based biochar and mineral (ash) fraction in marine-based biochar play a key role in Pb2+ removal.
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Healy, Laura E., Xianglu Zhu, Milica Pojić, Carl Sullivan, Uma Tiwari, James Curtin, and Brijesh K. Tiwari. "Biomolecules from Macroalgae—Nutritional Profile and Bioactives for Novel Food Product Development." Biomolecules 13, no. 2 (February 17, 2023): 386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom13020386.
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Seaweed is in the spotlight as a promising source of nutrition for humans as the search for sustainable food production systems continues. Seaweed has a well-documented rich nutritional profile containing compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids and polysaccharides as well as proteins, fatty acids and minerals. Seaweed processing for the extraction of functional ingredients such as alginate, agar, and carrageenan is well-established. Novel pretreatments such as ultrasound assisted extraction or high-pressure processing can be incorporated to more efficiently extract these targeted ingredients. The scope of products that can be created using seaweed are wide ranging: from bread and noodles to yoghurt and milk and even as an ingredient to enhance the nutritional profile and stability of meat products. There are opportunities for food producers in this area to develop novel food products using seaweed. This review paper discusses the unique properties of seaweed as a food, the processes involved in seaweed aquaculture, and the products that can be developed from this marine biomass. Challenges facing the industry such as consumer hesitation around seaweed products, the safety of seaweed, and processing hurdles will also be discussed.
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Chen, Binbin, Huawei Zhang, Zengling Ma, and Mingjiang Wu. "Epiphytic macroalgae of maricultured Sargassum and their potential utilizations." Aquatic Living Resources 37 (2024): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/alr/2024009.
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Epiphytism commonly occurs in marine benthic macroalgae and seagrass communities under natural conditions and those of mariculture. This can greatly obstruct the cultivation of commercial seaweeds and ultimately impacts the seaweed aquaculture industry negatively. Against a background of climate change and a rapidly increasing market demand, the commercial Sargassum species is experiencing increasing challenges posed by epiphytic macroalgae. Severely reduced growth, lower quality, the emergence of diseases, and the ultimate death of the algae can lead to a commercial loss. Attempts to limit epiphytic macroalgae in aquaculture have so far been inefficient. However, epiphytic macroalgae are also rich in nutritional compounds and their relative biomass could be used as efficiently as the cultivated seaweed. As epiphytes cannot effectively be controlled by the current physical, chemical, and other methods in most cases, the perspective of comprehensive utilization could be an alternative over complete prevention and control by traditional methods. Compared to the existing strategies for controlling the growth and spread of epiphytes in seaweed aquaculture, the integrated and indiscriminate harvest and utilization of epiphytic macroalgae as fertilizer, animal food additive agents, as well as the development of biodegradable materials, might prove to be alternative valorization. However, the implementation of epiphytic macroalgae utilizations still needs to overcome the technical obstacles.
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Andrade, Herika Mylena Medeiros de Queiroz, Luiz Pinguelli Rosa, Flavo Elano Soares de Souza, Neilton Fidelis da Silva, Maulori Curié Cabral, and Dárlio Inácio Alves Teixeira. "Seaweed Production Potential in the Brazilian Northeast: A Study on the Eastern Coast of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, RN, Brazil." Sustainability 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12030780.
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Seaweed is a source of multipurpose bioresources, providing millions of dollars to the world’s economy and performing various ecosystem services that aid in maintaining marine balance, reducing eutrophication, providing nutrients and mitigating atmospheric CO2. In this context, this study aims to evaluate the potentialities of the cultivation of the Crassiphycus birdiae seaweed on the eastern coast of the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, considering the physical and environmental aspects. Estimates concerning suitable areas and their productive potential for the Biomass, Bioethanol, Biofertilizer and Agar bioproducts were carried out. These estimates were based on the Modular Ferry System (MFS) installed on the state coast. Suitable cultivation areas were determined by applying an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and change detection analysis based on physical and infrastructure factors, such as areas sheltered by winds, sea currents and waves, proximity to seaweed banks, road infrastructure and socioeconomic and environmental factors. Areas identified as suitable for seaweed cultivation totaled 2227.59 ha in area, with a productive potential of 195 thousand tons of fresh biomass/year, over two million liters of ethanol/year and about 43 tons of agar/year. These findings demonstrate that the northeastern coast of Brazil has the potential to generate employment and income through seaweed cultivation, stimulating the coastal region’s development in a sustainable manner.
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Coelho, Fernando Pinto, Rômulo Simões C. Menezes, Everardo Valadares de S. B. Sampaio, Márcio Gomes Barboza, Emerson Carlos Soares, Elica Amara C. Guedes-Coelho, Elvis J. de França, et al. "Biorefinery of Beach Cast Seaweed in Brazil: Renewable Energy and Sustainability." Phycology 4, no. 3 (August 13, 2024): 394–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology4030022.
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Macroalgae are a natural oceanic resource of inexhaustible abundance for the biomass energy industry with growth rates that are three to four times greater than those of terrestrial plants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sustainability of macroalgae as biomass for biorefining through two investigations. Firstly, the deposition of macroalgae was sampled through 28 collections on seven beaches in the city of Maceió, Brazil, over a two-year period using a zigzag sampling method, covering a deposition area of 135,000 m2. From this, it was estimated that daily collection would yield 5.03 t/ha of dry biomass. Secondly, the calorific values of macroalgal biomass energy and pellet compounds were calculated. The lower calorific value (8.82 MJ/kg) found from a compound of 13 species analyzed was similar to that of the main biomass used in Brazil to obtain energy, i.e., sugarcane bagasse, which has been evaluated as 8.91 MJ/kg. Macroalgal biomass in the form of condensed energy pellets was found to have a higher calorific value of 20.18 MJ/kg, i.e., 1.2% greater than the average for terrestrial biomass pellets. Based on the results obtained, it was observed that macroalgal biomass has the possibility of becoming a new renewable feedstock with potential for bioenergy. The estimates for the deposition of biomass show possibilities for producing biofuels from marine algal raw material, which provides scope for creating another sustainable alternative for global energy issues with a reduction in environmental problems.
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Cadar, Emin, Rodica Sirbu, Bogdan Negreanu Pirjol, Ana Maria Ionescu, and Ticuta Negreanu Pirjol. "Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation Capacity on Marine Algae Biomass from Romanian Black Sea Coast." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 8 (September 15, 2019): 3065–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.8.7489.
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Knowledge of environmental pollution with an impact on health is essential for a sustainable environment and useful for people. The coastal areas of the world�s seas and oceans are polluted with different pollutants from technological sources and from other sources of socio-human activities. The pollutants studied are heavy metals Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb. In the paper are presented researches regarding the heavy metal concentrations determined in samples from marine water, sediments and algal mass, harvested from six stations from different areas of the Romanian Black Sea in two different years 2017 and 2018. The analyses were performed in the Chemistry Laboratories of the Faculty of Pharmacy, Ovidius University in Constanta, by a spectrophotometric method using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ContrAA-700, Analytic Jena AG. For marine water in 2018 the following concentrations were obtained: Zn ] Pb ] Cu ] Cd and in 2017 the order was different: Zn ] Cu ] Pb ] Cd. For sediments in 2017 the order of concentrations is Cu ] Zn ] Pb ] Cd and in 2018 the highest values in the sediment are recorded by the next high values Cu ] Pb ] Zn ] Cd. Constant climate change and increased eutrophication in recent years have led to a massive increase in marine biomass in the Black Sea. For seaweed samples there are accumulations in the order of Zn ] Cu ] Pb ] Cd in both years. Bioaccumulation factors in water BCF water, were higher in algae for Zn and Cu. From the analysis of bioaccumulation factors, it can be noticed that seawater algae accumulate heavy metals from seawater and sediment (confirmed by BCF water ] 1 or BCF sed. ] 1). The accumulation of heavy metals in seaweed shows the existence of pollutants and marine pollution factors. Marine algae are the best biomarkers of pollution.
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Pratiwi, Rifqah, Ni Putu Dian Kusuma, Lukas G. G. Serihollo, Pieter Amalo, Lego Suhono, and I. Wayan Darya Kartika. "Application of kajarula technology to the productivity of seaweed Kappaphycus striatus at Tablolong Beach, West Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara." E3S Web of Conferences 442 (2023): 02032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202344202032.
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Seaweed Kappaphycus striatus is a potential marine biological resource in Indonesia, but the cultivation uses still the conventional method (long line). The decline in production yields is affected by environmental disturbances, such as pest attacks and release due to strong currents and waves, which are also not environmentally friendly. Therefore, it is necessary to develop new cultivation methods to increase seaweed productivity. This study aims to analyze the productivity of seaweed using Kajarula (Kantong Jaring Rumput Laut, also known as seaweed net bag) technology at Tablolong Beach, West Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. The research design used for observation data was randomized pretest-posttest Control Group Design. Next, this research is a case study that includes interviews, observations, and following the process of production of seaweed using Kajarula technology. The production performance of seaweed cultivated for 42 days resulted in biomass production of 7.54 ± 0.27 kg/units with an average relative growth of 153.41 ± 10.97 %/day, a growth rate of 239.32 ± 21.95 g/day, and a total harvest of 5.82 – 7.45 kg/units. The water quality conditions in these waters are within the optimal range to support seaweed growth. The productivity of seaweed cultivation using Kajarula technology shows optimal growth and yields.
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Peñuela, Ana, Daniel Robledo, Nathalie Bourgougnon, Gilles Bedoux, Emanuel Hernández-Núñez, and Yolanda Freile-Pelegrín. "Environmentally Friendly Valorization of Solieria filiformis (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) from IMTA Using a Biorefinery Concept." Marine Drugs 16, no. 12 (December 6, 2018): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16120487.
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Marine macroalgae (seaweed) are an excellent source of novel bioactive metabolites. The biorefinery concept applied to seaweed facilitates the extraction of many chemical constituents from the same biomass ensuring that the resource is used fully, generating few residues through a succession of extraction steps. In the present study, the biomass of the carragenophyte Solieria filiformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) cultured in an integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) system was evaluated to obtain valuable products by a biorefinery approach. Enzymatic-assisted extraction (EAE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) were the eco-friendly technologies used to ensure an environmentally friendly valorization of the biomass. Three valuable products were successfully recovered: a water-soluble extract rich in proteins and sulfated polysaccharides suitable as a food supplement; a lipid fraction rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with potential to be used in the nutraceutical industry; and a pure ι-carrageenan with a powerful antiviral activity against Herpes simplex virus (EC50 = 6.3 µg mL−1) comparable to the commercial antiviral acyclovir (EC50 = 3.2–5.4 µg mL−1).
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Lytou, Anastasia E., Eirini Schoina, Yunge Liu, Kati Michalek, Michele S. Stanley, Efstathios Z. Panagou, and George-John E. Nychas. "Quality and Safety Assessment of Edible Seaweeds Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima Cultivated in Scotland." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 17, 2021): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092210.
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Within Europe over the last 10 years, there has been an increase in seaweeds cultivated for human consumption. For food safety reasons, it is important to assess the microbiological and nutritional quality of the biomass. The fresh and dried edible seaweeds Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima were assessed over two consecutive years for the presence of microorganisms. Seaweed samples supplied from Scotland were stored under isothermal conditions for specific time intervals depending on the sample’s condition (fresh, dried or rehydrated). During storage, microbiological analyses were performed for the enumeration of Total Viable Counts (TVC), Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae and Bacillus spp., as well as yeasts and molds. Additionally, bacterial colonies from the Marine Agar growth medium were isolated and subjected to PCR-RAPD analysis for characterization of the bacterial diversity of seaweeds. Bacterial isolates with different fingerprint patterns were further subjected to sequencing (16S rDNA, V1–V4 region). The presence of human pathogenic bacteria was also investigated. Results showed that the initial population of TVC was differentiated depending on the year of seaweed harvest, being closer to the enumeration limit (1.0 log CFU/g) in fresh samples from 2020 and higher in samples from 2019 (6.7 and 3.9 log CFU/g in A. esculenta and S. latissima, respectively). DNA-based analysis revealed the presence of Psychrobacter, Cobetia and Pseudomonas species in A. esculenta, while Psychrobacter and Micrococcus species were present in S. latissima.
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Mandalka, Andrea, Maria Irisvalda Leal Gondim Cavalcanti, Talissa Barroco Harb, Mutue Toyota Fujii, Peter Eisner, Ute Schweiggert-Weisz, and Fungyi Chow. "Nutritional Composition of Beach-Cast Marine Algae from the Brazilian Coast: Added Value for Algal Biomass Considered as Waste." Foods 11, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11091201.
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In some coastal areas, large quantities of beach-cast macroalgae can accumulate and are usually considered waste and disposed of. However, due to their biofunctional and nutritional properties, they have great potential as a new source of raw materials. Increasing population growth has made the search for alternative raw materials with valuable nutritional properties urgent; here, beach-cast macroalgae could provide great potential. Our research goal was to characterize the nutritional profile of 12 beach-cast seaweed species from the Brazilian coast to assess their potential valorization. A considerable number of nutritional compounds was observed, such as ash (6.5–59.3%), total dietary fibers (22.1–65.8%), proteins (5.1–21.5%), and carbohydrates (31.4–81.0%), with an expressive abundance of minerals, free amino acids, and fatty acids. Spatoglossum schroederi and Alsidium seaforthii showed protein contents of 21.5 ± 0.2%, 19.7 ± 0.1%, and high amounts of total dietary fiber of 59.2 ± 0.4%, 61.7 ± 4.9%, respectively. The overall profile suggests that beach-cast seaweeds are suitable for nutritional and other bioeconomical purposes, to which different species with different characteristics contribute. Contamination of these seaweeds with unwanted toxic compounds like micropollutants was not studied. However, this must be considered before they are used for human consumption.
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Rogerson, Andrew, Alan G. Williams, and Peter C. Wilson. "Utilization of Macroalgal Carbohydrates By The Marine Amoeba Trichosphaerium Sieboldi." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 78, no. 3 (August 1998): 733–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002531540004474x.
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Trichosphaerium sieboldi is a marine amoeba with a cosmopolitan distribution. The ability of three strains, from different geographical regions, to digest a range of macroalgae was investigated. Prior to these experiments, methods were developed for the axenic cultivation of T. sieboldi. Algae included Fucus vesiculosus, F. spiralis, Laminaria digitata, L. saccharina, Mastocarpus stellatus, Palmaria palmata, Porhyra sp., and Ulva sp. All were degraded with equivalent ease; typically 50% of the tissue biomass was removed within seven days. The wall of this amoeba was studied to obtain clues on how a protist could be digesting macroalgal tissue. The fibrous nature of the outer cell wall presumably allows the wall to part and remesh during consumption of large particles. It is suggested that during digestion of macroalgae, the wall is parted to enable digestive enzymes to be localized along the surface of the seaweed wall, effectively forming an ‘enzyme pocket’. Trichosphaerium has both polysaccharidases and glycosidases, notably glucosidase, cellobiosidase, mannosidase and fucosidase. These enzymes work in concert to facilitate the breakdown of the complex polysaccharides found across the range of seaweeds used. These studies suggest that T. sieboldi could be a primary invader of seaweeds in the field. They also suggest that some protistan groups may be important in the degradation and recycling of algal material in coastal waters.
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Sudhakar, M. P., A. Jegatheesan, C. Poonam, K. Perumal, and K. Arunkumar. "Biosaccharification and ethanol production from spent seaweed biomass using marine bacteria and yeast." Renewable Energy 105 (May 2017): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.12.055.
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Eimontas, Justas, Adolfas Jančauskas, Kęstutis Zakarauskas, Nerijus Striūgas, and Lina Vorotinskienė. "Investigation of Optimal Temperature for Thermal Catalytic Conversion of Marine Biomass for Recovery of Higher-Added-Value Energy Products." Energies 16, no. 8 (April 14, 2023): 3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16083457.
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The eutrophication process, caused by the uncollected seaweed and macroalgae, is a relevant and ongoing ecological issue. In case this biomass is collected from the seashores, it could be used as a potential feedstock for recovery of higher-added-value energy products. This paper aims to investigate the seaweed perspective of uses as a potential feedstock in the slow-pyrolysis process, using microthermal analysis combined with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry and experiments at the laboratory scale at different temperatures with two different types of zeolite catalysts. The primary investigation was performed using a micro-thermal analyser, and the results revealed that seaweed thermally decomposes in two stages, at 250 and 700 °C, while the catalyst slightly decreased the activation energy required for the process, lowering the temperatures of decomposition. Experiments on a laboratory scale showed that the most common compounds in the gaseous phase are CnHm, H2, CO, and CO2. Nevertheless, the most abundant liquid fraction derivatives are substituted phenolic compounds, pyridine, benzoic acid, naphthalene, d-glucopyranose, and d-allose. Furthermore, the catalyst decreased the amount of higher molecular mass compounds, converting them to toluene (71%), which makes this technology more attractive from the recovery of higher-added-value products point of view.
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Rowbotham, J. S., P. W. Dyer, H. C. Greenwell, D. Selby, and M. K. Theodorou. "Copper(II)-mediated thermolysis of alginates: a model kinetic study on the influence of metal ions in the thermochemical processing of macroalgae." Interface Focus 3, no. 1 (February 6, 2013): 20120046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2012.0046.
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Thermochemical processing methods such as pyrolysis are of growing interest as a means of converting biomass into fuels and commodity chemicals in a sustainable manner. Macroalgae, or seaweed, represent a novel class of feedstock for pyrolysis that, owing to the nature of the environments in which they grow coupled with their biochemistry, naturally possess high metal contents. Although the impact of metals upon the pyrolysis of terrestrial biomass is well documented, their influence on the thermochemical conversion of marine-derived feeds is largely unknown. Furthermore, these effects are inherently difficult to study, owing to the heterogeneous character of natural seaweed samples. The work described in this paper uses copper(II) alginate, together with alginic acid and sodium alginate as model compounds for exploring the effects of metals upon macroalgae thermolysis. A thermogravimetric analysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic study revealed that, unusually, Cu 2+ ions promote the onset of pyrolysis in the alginate polymer, with copper(II) alginate initiating rapid devolatilization at 143°C, 14°C lower than alginic acid and 61°C below the equivalent point for sodium alginate. Moreover, this effect was mirrored in a sample of wild Laminaria digitata that had been doped with Cu 2+ ions prior to pyrolysis, thus validating the use of alginates as model compounds with which to study the thermolysis of macroalgae. These observations indicate the varying impact of different metal species on thermochemical behaviour of seaweeds and offer an insight into the pyrolysis of brown macroalgae used in phytoremediation of metal-containing waste streams.
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Jung, Seung Wook, Hyun Soo Rho, and Chang Geun Choi. "Seaweed Beds and Community Structure in the East and South Coast of Korea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2022): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050689.
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This study conducted a community investigation via scuba-diving excursions into the subtidal regions of seven sea areas on the eastern coasts and three sea areas on the southern coasts, from October to December 2017, to determine the characteristics of seaweed communities and the current status of barren ground in natural seaweed beds in Korea. The results showed that species composition and average biomass in the sea area were 5–48 species and an average of 114.42 g/m2 (0.29–273.60 g/m2) in the eastern coasts, where red algae—an annual opportunity species—were dominant, and 21–48 species and an average of 1056.84 g/m2 (53.03–2683.02 g/m2) in the southern coasts, where perennial large brown algae were dominant. Using Orfanidis’ EEI-c model, evaluations of the community states showed they varied significantly depending on the inclusion of melobesidean algae, and this model was determined to be inappropriate for direct application in sea areas with a low coverage of all macroalgae. A comprehensive review of the seaweed community characteristics of seaweed beds, the marine environment, the coverage of melobesidean algae, and the analysis results regarding the density of grazers showed that a decrease in the seaweed community, according to the barren ground phenomenon, was more severe in the eastern than southern coasts. Furthermore, there were also significant differences in seaweed community characteristics according to sea area and barren ground. Therefore, suitable countermeasures corresponding to the characteristics of each sea area are necessary; for example, the creation of growth substrates for the colonization of macroalgae in Deoksin and Saido Is., the transplantation of large brown algae in Gangyang and Daedurado Is., action plans for marine forest monitoring in Geomundo Is., and an improvement in substrates in Yeongjin, Mangsang, Daejin, Chogok, and Geundeok are possible countermeasures.
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Sahir, Muhammad, Isma Riskiani, Uttari Dewi, and Muhammad Yusfi Yusuf. "Analysis of Carbon Sequestration Rate in Seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) Based on Environmental Mitigation." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 25, no. 2 (December 30, 2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.89967.
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Blue economy is a development concept that develops by relying on marine or aquatic resources. An increase in carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere is fueling climate change. This study aims to analyze the rate of carbon uptake in the waters, using seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii which utilizes carbon to be converted into biomass before returning to the air. The results showed that highest carbon absorption rate was found in location A with the highest total carbon absorption of 94.87±0.77 tons C/planting cycle, then treatment B with 83.96±0.54 tons C/planting cycle, and the lowest in treatment C with 76.88±0.18 tons C/planting cycle. Water quality parameters are still mostly in decent condition for the cultivation of Kappaphycus alvarezii seaweed. Salinity conditions of waters are relatively high (35-39 ppt) even though the optimum seaweed grows in the range of 30-34 ppt. The conclusion of the study is that the highest total carbon is found at Location A, which is 94.87±0.77 tons C/planting cycle. The suggestion of this study is that it is necessary to analyze the suitability of seaweed cultivation land with various water quality parameters, so that mapping of potential types of seaweed that can be cultivated according to the characteristics and quality of the waters.
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Southichak, B., K. Nakano, M. Nomura, N. Chiba, and O. Nishimura. "Marine macroalga Sargassum horneri as biosorbent for heavy metal removal: roles of calcium in ion exchange mechanism." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 3 (August 1, 2008): 697–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.696.
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Brown seaweed Sargassum horneri, a troublesome biomass scattered along the seashore, was utilized as a biosorbent for Pb(II) removal from aqueous solutions. The Pb(II) adsorption by brown seaweed was enhanced by pretreatment with CaCl2, and the Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation showed a maximum capacity of a Qmax of 0.696 mmol/g and ab value of 94.33 L/mmol. Results obtained from the mass-balance equation derived from the simulation model of the Langmuir adsorption isotherm suggested that the adsorption performance of brown seaweed biosorbent was sufficient to reduce the concentration of Pb(II) to meet the range of WHO guideline. The mechanism, as elucidated using pH monitoring, adsorption rate and ion exchange model, involved the rapid pH change of metal solutions that led to high reaction rate and Pb(II) uptake in the first 30 min of the biosorption process. The energy X-ray analysis's result confirmed the sharp reduction of calcium content in the biosorbent after Pb(II) adsorption. The amount of calcium ions released from the biosorbent was about 1.5 times the amount of Pb(II) adsorbed and proved the role of calcium in the ion exchange mechanism. These adsorption equilibrium and mechanistic studies provide useful information for system design and performance prediction of biosorption processes.
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Cadar, Emin, Emilia Mihaela Cadar, and Cristina-Luiza Erimia. "New Formulation with Marine Algae from Black Sea." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/559smu76z.
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Seaweed is a natural treasure that can be intensely evaluated for therapeutic purposes. During the past years, it became obvious that the ecosystem presents a marine algae excedent, which should be utilized in one way or another. Marine algae have been intensely studied. The superior exploitation of the marine biomass represents a highly important resource for the pharmaceutical industry, supplying raw material for the extraction of bioactive substances (vitamins, sterols, and aminoacids) and various other substances, the purity of which is strongly connected to the state of the marine ecosystem. In present work the extracts from marine algae are incorporated in type I non-denatured fibrillar collagen matrixes for obtain new pharmaceutical product. In order to obtain therapeutic effects at nanostructure level, it is important to know the rheological characteristics of the relevant mixtures of collagen gels and extracts from marine algae selected for use. In this survey we have studied mixtures made of non-denatured fibrillar collagen hydro-gels where different concentrations of marine algae have been incorporated.
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Farhan, Andi M., Andi Zaky Hanifan, Rifqiyanti Ismi, Al Fikriyani, Chanifah T. Maulita, and Irene E. Rieuwpassa. "Potential extract of green algae (Ulva luctuca) as antimicrobial in mouthwash: literature review." Makassar Dental Journal 11, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35856/mdj.v11i3.640.
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Green algae as one of the marine natural resources which is included in the main seaweed is found in many coastal areas of In-donesia. The bioactive component that acts as an antibacterial agent in green algae type Ulva lactuca is ulvan polysaccharide extract. Ulvan is a cell wall polysaccharide that accounts for 9-36% dry weight of Ulva biomass and is mainly composed of rhamnose sulfate, uronic acid (glucuronic acid and iduronic acid) and xylose. Polysaccharide ulvan extracted from Ulva lactuca can be one of the antimicrobial materials used in mouthwash in dentistry.
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Chung, Ik Kyo, Jung Hyun Oak, Jin Ae Lee, Jong Ahm Shin, Jong Gyu Kim, and Kwang-Seok Park. "Installing kelp forests/seaweed beds for mitigation and adaptation against global warming: Korean Project Overview." ICES Journal of Marine Science 70, no. 5 (January 11, 2013): 1038–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fss206.
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Abstract Chung, I. K., Oak, J. H., Lee, J. A., Shin, J. A., Kim, J. G., and Park, K.-S. 2013. Installing kelp forests/seaweed beds for mitigation and adaptation against global warming: Korean Project Overview. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 1038–1044. Seaweed beds can serve as a significant carbon dioxide (CO2) sink while also satisfying global needs for food, fodder, fuel, and pharmaceutical products. The goal of our Korean Project has been to develop new baseline and monitoring methodologies for mitigation and adaptation within the context of climate change. Using innovative research approaches, we have established the Coastal CO2 Removal Belt (CCRB), which comprises both natural and man-made plant communities in the coastal region of southern Korea. Implemented on various spatial–temporal scales, this scheme promotes the removal of CO2 via marine forests. For example, when populated with the perennial brown alga Ecklonia, a pilot CCRB farm can draw down ∼10 t of CO2 per ha per year. This success is manifested by an increment in biomass accumulations and a decrease in the amount of dissolved inorganic carbon in the water column.
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Negreanu-Pirjol, Bogdan-Stefan, Ticuta Negreanu-Pirjol, and Gabriela Mihaela Paraschiv. "Residual Marine Algae Biomass - An Important Raw Material for Obtaining a Soil Biostimulator-Regenerator." European Journal of Medicine and Natural Sciences 2, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/749ztk83f.
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This paper highlight a study regarding the valorification of residual marine algae biomass along Romanian Black Sea Coast, which recorded in the last summer period an accumulation of a large seaweed biomass quantities. The valorization of this waste was conceived as a result of theirs nutritional potential for improvind degraded soils of Dobrudja region, Romania and as complex capitalization of this biomass. It was establish the biotechnological process for the new biosolid nutrient composite obtaining. The parameter physical-chemical results of raw material used for biofertilizer obtaining, emphasized an increased organic charge compared with the inorganic compounds. Also, an increased value of total organic nitrogen and an optimum pH limits, was registered. Regarding the nutrients concentrations values, it could be noticed that the new biosolid fertilizer contains organic matter and valuable nutritive elements (N, P) could be contributed to the enhancement of the soil quality. The new biosolid biostimulator-regenerator obtained from natural residues bring a complex of nutrients for degraded soils by the presence of organic residual compounds, through the proteins, lipids, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus) and mineral salts content, necessary for plants nutrition and improvement of soils quality.
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Hiraoka, Masanori. "Massive Ulva Green Tides Caused by Inhibition of Biomass Allocation to Sporulation." Plants 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 2482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10112482.
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The green seaweed Ulva spp. constitute major primary producers in marine coastal ecosystems. Some Ulva populations have declined in response to ocean warming, whereas others cause massive blooms as a floating form of large thalli mostly composed of uniform somatic cells even under high temperature conditions—a phenomenon called “green tide”. Such differences in population responses can be attributed to the fate of cells between alternative courses, somatic cell division (vegetative growth), and sporic cell division (spore production). In the present review, I attempt to link natural population dynamics to the findings of physiological in vitro research. Consequently, it is elucidated that the inhibition of biomass allocation to sporulation is an important key property for Ulva to cause a huge green tide.
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Song, Hanmo, Yan Liu, Jingyu Li, Qingli Gong, and Xu Gao. "Interactions between Cultivated Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis and Floating Sargassum horneri under Controlled Laboratory Conditions." Water 14, no. 17 (August 28, 2022): 2664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14172664.
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The golden tide dominated by Sargassum has become a frequently-occurring marine ecological event that may constitute major biotic threats to seaweed aquaculture. In this study, the interaction between cultivated Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (GL) and floating Sargassum horneri (SH) was investigated by physiological and biochemical measurements under mono-culture and co-culture with different biomass density ratios of 2:1 (2GL:1SH), 1:1 (1GL:1SH), and 1:2 (1GL:2SH). The relative growth rate, net photosynthetic rate, and NO3-N uptake rate of G. lemaneiformis were significantly greater at the biomass density ratio of 2:1 than at mono-culture. However, these physiological parameters and biochemical composition contents (chlorophyll a and soluble protein) of G. lemaneiformis decreased significantly with increasing biomass of S. horneri. Meanwhile, these physiological and biochemical parameters of S. horneri were greater in all co-culture models than at mono-culture. They decreased significantly with decreasing biomass of G. lemaneiformis. These results indicate that the occurrence of floating S. horneri with low biomass can stimulate the growth of G. lemaneiformis, whereas its outbreak may significantly reduce the production and quality of G. lemaneiformis. G. lemaneiformis cultivation may be beneficial to the increased biomass of floating S. horneri.
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Le Strat, Yoran, Margaux Mandin, Nicolas Ruiz, Thibaut Robiou du Pont, Emilie Ragueneau, Alexandre Barnett, Paul Déléris, and Justine Dumay. "Quantification of Xylanolytic and Cellulolytic Activities of Fungal Strains Isolated from Palmaria palmata to Enhance R-Phycoerythrin Extraction of Palmaria palmata: From Seaweed to Seaweed." Marine Drugs 21, no. 7 (July 5, 2023): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21070393.
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R-phycoerythrin (R-PE) can be enzymatically extracted from red seaweeds such as Palmaria palmata. This pigment has numerous applications and is notably known as an antioxidant, antitumoral or anti-inflammatory agent. Enzymes secreted by P. palmata associated fungal strains were assumed to be efficient and adapted for R-PE extraction from this macroalga. The aim of the present study was to quantify both xylanolytic and cellulolytic activities of enzymatic extracts obtained from six Palmaria palmata derived fungal strains. Degradation of P. palmata biomass by fungal enzymatic extracts was also investigated, focused on soluble protein and R-PE extraction. Enzymatic extracts were obtained by solid state fermentation. Macroalgal degradation abilities were evaluated by measuring reducing sugar release using DNS assays. Soluble proteins and R-PE recovery yields were evaluated through bicinchoninic acid and spectrophotometric assays, respectively. Various enzymatic activities were obtained according to fungal isolates up to 978 U/mL for xylanase and 50 U/mL for cellulase. Enzymatic extract allowed high degrading abilities, with four of the six fungal strains assessed exhibiting at least equal results as the commercial enzymes for the reducing sugar release. Similarly, all six strains allowed the same soluble protein extraction yield and four of them led to an improvement of R-PE extraction. R-PE extraction from P. palamata using marine fungal enzymes appeared particularly promising. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first on the use of enzymes of P. palmata associated fungi in the degradation of its own biomass for biomolecules recovery.
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Ravindiran, Gokulan, Kalyani Gaddam, and Killi Sunil. "Experimental Investigation on Reactive Orange 16 Removal Using Waste Biomass of Ulva prolifera." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (May 23, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7323588.
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Ulva prolifera marine seaweed was tested for its capacity to eliminate reactive orange 16 (RO16) from aqueous solutions. Algae has recently been regarded as one of the most environmental friendly wastewater treatment methods and resources. The batch study used variations in solution pH, sorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and temperature. The biochar was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, an elemental analyser, proximate analysis, and a BET analyser. The adsorption mechanism was further investigated using adsorption isotherm and kinetic models. The thermodynamic analysis was performed by varying temperatures at different dye concentrations and calculating thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy. The study was performed to evaluate the sorbent’s performance in real-time wastewater treatment, a variety of chemicals, solid-liquid ratios, and regeneration cycles that were used to determine desorption efficiency.
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Walls, AM, MD Edwards, LB Firth, and MP Johnson. "Ecological priming of artificial aquaculture structures: kelp farms as an example." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 99, no. 4 (September 27, 2018): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315418000723.
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AbstractThe continued development of the aquaculture industry is contributing to the proliferation of artificial structures in the marine environment. Observations of seaweed farms (infrastructure and biomass) suggest they act as a habitat for associated species. Seaweed farms differ from other forms of artificial infrastructure as the material deployed already has marine organisms (i.e. culture species) growing on it. This ‘priming’ of ropes with juvenile sporophytes may affect future development of communities by facilitating colonizing species or suppressing competitors. We call this process ‘ecological priming’: the provision of a biological platform that influences the successional development of specific communities. The communities that developed on ropes primed with Alaria esculenta individuals were compared with unprimed ropes to assess the ecological priming effect, at a commercial kelp farm in south-west Ireland. Species richness increased over two cultivation seasons and species composition was consistent between years, with distinct communities developing on primed and unprimed treatments. Timing of species occurrence on primed ropes was predictable with no predictable pattern occurring on unprimed ropes. Multivariate tests indicated distinct communities between treatments, with suppression of other algal species and potential facilitation of some species that have a particular association with A. esculenta on primed ropes. Communities from primed holdfasts contained a lower diversity of algal species compared with unprimed communities. Cultivated kelp holdfasts represent a habitat for distinct assemblages that reflect ecological priming of the substratum.
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Saji, Sijin, Andrew Hebden, Parikshit Goswami, and Chenyu Du. "A Brief Review on the Development of Alginate Extraction Process and Its Sustainability." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 5181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095181.
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Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, various studies have been carried out to optimize the operation condition. Based on literature survey, the most commonly used protocol is soaking milled seaweed in 2% (w/v) formaldehyde, overnight, solid loading ratio of 1:10–20 (dry weight biomass to solution), then collecting the solid for acid pre-treatment with HCl 0.2–2% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 1:10–30 ratio for 2–4 h. Next, the solid residue from the acid pre-treatment is extracted using Na2CO3 at 2–4% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 2–3 h, 1:10–30 ratio. Then the liquid portion is precipitated by ethanol (95%+) with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Finally, the solid output is dried in oven at 50–60 °C. Novel extraction methods using ultrasound, microwave, enzymes and extrusion improved the extraction yield and alginate properties, but the financial benefits have not been fully justified yet. To improve the sustainable production of alginate, it is required to promote seaweed cultivation, reduce water footprint, decrease organic solvent usage and co-produce alginate with other value-added products.
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Saji, Sijin, Andrew Hebden, Parikshit Goswami, and Chenyu Du. "A Brief Review on the Development of Alginate Extraction Process and Its Sustainability." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2022): 5181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095181.
Full textAbstract:
Alginate is an attractive marine resource-based biopolymer, which has been widely used in pharmaceutical, food and textile industries. This paper reviewed the latest development of the conventional and alternative processes for alginate extraction from brown seaweed. To improve extraction yield and product quality, various studies have been carried out to optimize the operation condition. Based on literature survey, the most commonly used protocol is soaking milled seaweed in 2% (w/v) formaldehyde, overnight, solid loading ratio of 1:10–20 (dry weight biomass to solution), then collecting the solid for acid pre-treatment with HCl 0.2–2% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 1:10–30 ratio for 2–4 h. Next, the solid residue from the acid pre-treatment is extracted using Na2CO3 at 2–4% (w/v), 40–60 °C, 2–3 h, 1:10–30 ratio. Then the liquid portion is precipitated by ethanol (95%+) with a ratio of 1:1 (v/v). Finally, the solid output is dried in oven at 50–60 °C. Novel extraction methods using ultrasound, microwave, enzymes and extrusion improved the extraction yield and alginate properties, but the financial benefits have not been fully justified yet. To improve the sustainable production of alginate, it is required to promote seaweed cultivation, reduce water footprint, decrease organic solvent usage and co-produce alginate with other value-added products.
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Wu, Jingjing, Shane W. Rogers, Rebekah Schaummann, and Nichole N. Price. "A Comparison of Multiple Macroalgae Cultivation Systems and End-Use Strategies of Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae Based on Techno-Economic Analysis and Life Cycle Assessment." Sustainability 15, no. 15 (August 7, 2023): 12072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151512072.
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Macroalgae can be processed into various products with the potential to substitute land-based crops; their cultivation can bioextract nutrients from coastal waters. This study investigated the economic cost and environmental impacts of multiple seaweed cultivation platforms, cultivation strategies, and processing/end-use strategies through techno-economic analysis (TEA) and life cycle assessment (LCA) with a focus on Saccharina latissima and Gracilaria tikvahiae. Cultivation platforms included single-layer longline, dual-layer longline, single-layer strip, and dual-layer strip systems. Processing/end-use products included seaweed to biofuel, dried sea vegetables, marketable commercial fertilizer, and animal feed. Economic and environmental costs decreased with dual-layer and strip cultivation systems. Cultivation costs were highest using the common single-layer longline system ($4.44 kg−1 dry weight (dw) S. latissima and $6.73 kg−1 dw G. tikvahiae when cultivated on rotation). The use of the dual-layer strip system reduced cultivation costs to $2.19 kg−1 dw for S. latissima and $3.43 kg−1 dw for G. tikvahiae. Seaweed drying was the major contributor to economic and environmental costs for macroalgae processing. Yet, all scenarios achieved environmental benefits for marine eutrophication. The best environmental performance was observed when biomass was processed to dry sea vegetables, assuming the offset of land-based vegetable production, or used as biofeedstock for anaerobic digestion for combined heat and power.
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Caroca-Valencia, Sofía, Jorge Rivas, Matías Araya, Alejandra Núñez, Florentina Piña, Fernanda Toro-Mellado, and Loretto Contreras-Porcia. "Indoor and Outdoor Cultures of Gracilaria chilensis: Determination of Biomass Growth and Molecular Markers for Biomass Quality Evaluation." Plants 12, no. 6 (March 16, 2023): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12061340.
Full textAbstract:
Taking into consideration climate change scenarios, marine contamination, and a constantly expanding world population, seaweed aquaculture has become an important option for the large-scale production of high-quality biomass. Due to existing biological knowledge of Gracilaria chilensis, several cultivation strategies have been established for obtaining diverse biomolecules (lipids, fatty acids, pigments, among others) with nutraceutical properties. In this research, indoor and outdoor cultivation methodologies were applied to generate high biomass of G. chilensis with positive quality for productive purposes, where the quality was determined according to the concentrations of lipoperoxides and phenolic compounds and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The results showed that G. chilensis cultures, which were fertilized for three weeks with Basfoliar® Aktiv (BF) at concentrations of 0.05–1% v/v, obtained high biomass (1–1.3 kg m–2) and DGR (0.35–4.66% d–1), low lipoperoxides (0.5–2.8 µmol g–1 DT), and high phenolic compounds (0.4–0.92 µ eq. GA g–1 FT) and TAC (5–7.5 nmol eq. TROLOX g–1 FT) as compared with other culture media. Lower stress was determined under indoor cultures, due to the operative control of diverse physicochemical stressor parameters (T°, light intensity, photoperiod, among others). Therefore, the cultures developed allow scaling the biomass in productive terms and are suitable for obtaining compounds of interest.
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Marks, Lindsay M., Daniel C. Reed, and Sally J. Holbrook. "Niche Complementarity and Resistance to Grazing Promote the Invasion Success of Sargassum horneri in North America." Diversity 12, no. 2 (January 29, 2020): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d12020054.
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Invasive species are a growing threat to conservation in marine ecosystems, yet we lack a predictive understanding of ecological factors that influence the invasiveness of exotic marine species. We used surveys and manipulative experiments to investigate how an exotic seaweed, Sargassum horneri, interacts with native macroalgae and herbivores off the coast of California. We asked whether the invasion (i.e., the process by which an exotic species exhibits rapid population growth and spread in the novel environment) of S. horneri is influenced by three mechanisms known to affect the invasion of exotic plants on land: competition, niche complementarity and herbivory. We found that the removal of S. horneri over 3.5 years from experimental plots had little effect on the biomass or taxonomic richness of the native algal community. Differences between removal treatments were apparent only in spring at the end of the experiment when S. horneri biomass was substantially higher than in previous sampling periods. Surveys across a depth range of 0–30 m revealed inverse patterns in the biomass of S. horneri and native subcanopy-forming macroalgae, with S. horneri peaking at intermediate depths (5–20 m) while the aggregated biomass of native species was greatest at shallow (<5 m) and deeper (>20 m) depths. The biomass of S. horneri and native algae also displayed different seasonal trends, and removal of S. horneri from experimental plots indicated the seasonality of native algae was largely unaffected by fluctuations in S. horneri. Results from grazing assays and surveys showed that native herbivores favor native kelp over Sargassum as a food source, suggesting that reduced palatability may help promote the invasion of S. horneri. The complementary life histories of S. horneri and native algae suggest that competition between them is generally weak, and that niche complementarity and resistance to grazing are more important in promoting the invasion success of S. horneri.
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Carneiro, Pedro Bastos De Macedo, Jamile Ulisses Pereira, and Helena Matthews-Cascon. "Standing stock variations, growth and CaCO3 production by the calcareous green alga Halimeda opuntia." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 2 (August 30, 2016): 401–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315416001247.
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The present paper investigates standing stock variations of Halimeda opuntia on a sandstone reef of the South-west Atlantic Ocean, in order to better understand the role of this seaweed as a CaCO3 producer. The study was conducted over two 3-month periods, using photo quadrats to analyse the coverage area, and destructive sampling to quantify area-specific biomass and CaCO3 percentage. The alga occupied 2.4% of the substrate (4464 m2), growing as clumps with an average biomass of 1.59 kg m−2, resulting in a standing stock of 7097.8 kg of alga. This standing stock varied with environmental conditions, particularly wind speed. Assuming an exponential model for these variations, H. opuntia produced at least 13,050.14 kg (54.37 g m−2 day−1) of carbonate sediments. There was a positive correlation between changes in standing stock and coverage, but not with area-specific biomass. This suggests that net algal growth results in the occupation of new spaces, with minimal increases in height or segment density. Therefore monitoring coverage should complement traditional individual-based methods for estimating Halimeda growth and production. Combined, these approaches should result in more accurate models of the role of this alga on marine carbonate budgets.
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Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Soheil, Hamed Karimian, Ramin Khanabdali, Mahboubeh Razavi, Mohammad Firoozinia, Keivan Zandi, and Habsah Abdul Kadir. "Anticancer and Antitumor Potential of Fucoidan and Fucoxanthin, Two Main Metabolites Isolated from Brown Algae." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/768323.
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Seaweed is one of the largest producers of biomass in marine environment and is a rich arsenal of active metabolites and functional ingredients with valuable beneficial health effects. Being a staple part of Asian cuisine, investigations on the crude extracts of Phaeophyceae or brown algae revealed marked antitumor activity, eliciting a variety of research to determine the active ingredients involved in this potential. The sulfated polysaccharide of fucoidan and carotenoid of fucoxanthin were found to be the most important active metabolites of brown algae as potential chemotherapeutic or chemopreventive agents. This review strives to provide detailed account of all current knowledge on the anticancer and antitumor activity of fucoidan and fucoxanthin as the two major metabolites isolated from brown algae.
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Hala, Yusafir, Syahruddin udin Kasim, and Indah Raya. "FORMULASI PAKAN UNGGUL BERBASIS BIOTEKNOLOGI LIMBAH ORGANIK LOKAL UNTUK IKAN LELE ORGANIK KUALITAS EKSPOR." KOVALEN: Jurnal Riset Kimia 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2019): 197–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/kovalen.2019.v5.i2.12926.
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Research on Superior Feed Formulations Based on Local Organic waste Biotechnology for Export quality organic Catfish. Research Objective: The discovery of feed types of tilapia and organic catfish that have export quality nutritional content based on the best quality local marine organic waste through a touch of biotechnology. Furthermore, the complete chemical composition of the waste used and feed components is obtained. Research Methods: Determine the best composition of biomass of marine organic waste and local onshore organic wastes with the highest levels of protein and carbohydrates and integrated with other wastes. The nutritional content is analyzed, namely: Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and supporting minerals, namely: Fe, K and Ca. Instrumentation used to support the research objectives is AAS and HPLC. Research Results: Export quality organic catfish pellet feed in the form of waste: marine fish, sea shrimp waste, sea crab waste, rice bran waste, corn waste, mixed organic waste, golden snail waste, seaweed waste and coconut water waste respectively (27; 15; 7.5; 33; 3; 2.5; 5; 2.5 and 2) %b/ b, starch 2% b/b and marine phytoplankton biomass 0.5% b/b. The nutritional content of organic catfish pellets that have been produced, namely: 51% protein b/b, 24% carbohydrate b/b, 9% fat b/b, crude fiber 8%b/b, water content 2 - 2.5%b/b, mineral Fe 1% b/b, mineral K 1% b/b, mineral Ca 1%b/b, ash content 2 - 2.5%b/b. Feed packing for export quality organic catfish pellets is given the "SANTARI-KU" label.
Keywords: Superior feed, local organic waste biotechnology, export quality organic catfish, Santari-ku.