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Journal articles on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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Korajkic, Asja, Brian R. McMinn, Valerie J. Harwood, Orin C. Shanks, G. Shay Fout, and Nicholas J. Ashbolt. "Differential Decay of Enterococci and Escherichia coli Originating from Two Fecal Pollution Sources." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 7 (February 1, 2013): 2488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03781-12.
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ABSTRACTUsingin situsubtropical aquatic mesocosms, fecal source (cattle manure versus sewage) was shown to be the most important contributor to differential loss in viability of fecal indicator bacteria (FIB), specifically enterococci in freshwater andEscherichia coliin marine habitats. In this study, sunlight exposure and indigenous aquatic microbiota were also important contributors, whose effects on FIB also differed between water types.
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Khalid, Farah Eryssa, Zheng Syuen Lim, Suriana Sabri, Claudio Gomez-Fuentes, Azham Zulkharnain, and Siti Aqlima Ahmad. "Bioremediation of Diesel Contaminated Marine Water by Bacteria: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9020155.
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Oil pollution can cause tremendous harm and risk to the water ecosystem and organisms due to the relatively recalcitrant hydrocarbon compounds. The current chemical method used to treat the ecosystem polluted with diesel is incompetent and expensive for a large-scale treatment. Thus, bioremediation technique seems urgent and requires more attention to solve the existing environmental problems. Biological agents, including microorganisms, carry out the biodegradation process where organic pollutants are mineralized into water, carbon dioxide, and less toxic compounds. Hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria are ubiquitous in the nature and often exploited for their specialty to bioremediate the oil-polluted area. The capability of these bacteria to utilize hydrocarbon compounds as a carbon source is the main reason behind their species exploitation. Recently, microbial remediation by halophilic bacteria has received many positive feedbacks as an efficient pollutant degrader. These halophilic bacteria are also considered as suitable candidates for bioremediation in hypersaline environments. However, only a few microbial species have been isolated with limited available information on the biodegradation of organic pollutants by halophilic bacteria. The fundamental aspect for successful bioremediation includes selecting appropriate microbes with a high capability of pollutant degradation. Therefore, high salinity bacteria are remarkable microbes for diesel degradation. This paper provides an updated overview of diesel hydrocarbon degradation, the effects of oil spills on the environment and living organisms, and the potential role of high salinity bacteria to decontaminate the organic pollutants in the water environment.
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TIWARI, PANKAJ KUMAR, IULIA MARTINA BULAI, ARVIND KUMAR MISRA, and EZIO VENTURINO. "MODELING THE DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS ON THE SURVIVAL OF FISH IN WATER BODIES." Journal of Biological Systems 25, no. 03 (September 2017): 521–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218339017500243.
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Several sources of water pollution are causing negative consequences to marine life. The organisms that are more affected are fishes and marine mammals since they are at the top of the food chain. They are directly exposed to high levels of toxins in water and/or they feed on other fishes that are contaminated. Unfortunately, the main cause of the contaminations, and thus of the fish deaths, come from human activities, such as industry, agriculture, municipal wastewater and solid wastes. The present study is concerned with the effect of organic and inorganic pollutants on the survival of fish in water bodies. We introduce a nonlinear mathematical model by considering five interacting variables; organic pollutants, inorganic pollutants, bacteria, dissolved oxygen and fish in the water body. The model is analyzed using the stability theory of differential equations and to confirm the analytical findings, numerical simulations are performed. Our results suggest that to maintain water quality and to save fish life, the global community has to limit the release of organic and inorganic pollutants into the aquatic system.
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Cappello, S., A. Crisari, M. Hassanshahian, M. Genovese, S. Santisi, and M. M. Yakimov. "Effect of a Bioemulsificant Exopolysaccharide (EPS2003) on Abundance and Vitality of Marine Bacteria." Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 223, no. 7 (April 18, 2012): 3903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1159-8.
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Poeton, Thomas S., H. David Stensel, and Stuart E. Strand. "Biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by marine bacteria: effect of solid phase on degradation kinetics." Water Research 33, no. 3 (February 1999): 868–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(98)00232-2.
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Asryadin, Asryadin, Syarifuddin Syarifuddin, Nahrio Nahrio, M. Sidik, Lalu Addien Faqih Panjenengan, Agus Ramdani, and M. Yustiqvar. "Bima Bay Wiring, Natural Phenomenon Versus Pollution: a Review." Prisma Sains : Jurnal Pengkajian Ilmu dan Pembelajaran Matematika dan IPA IKIP Mataram 10, no. 3 (July 4, 2022): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.33394/j-ps.v10i3.5334.
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The incident that occurred some time ago in Bima Bay, West Nusa Tenggara Province, which began to be seen on April 25/26 2022 is a phenomenon that is quite horrendous for residents of the City/Regency of Bima and outside the Bima area. According to several preliminary studies based on laboratory tests and local inspections, it is estimated that there are three possible causes, namely: (1) Sea Snot, (2) Algae Explosion and Metabolism (Algae Blooms) and (3) Oil Spill (Algae Blooms). oil spill). This study aims to examine the assessment of the sea on human health and welfare, in particular to examine the causes of seawater phenomena that occur in Bima Bay by considering many aspects. This study identifies and makes estimates based on data and facts that relate the phenomena that occur/pollutants to health effects on marine biota and on humans. It was carried out by observing the quality of sea water in Bima Bay based on the results of several laboratory tests on specimens taken on 27-29 April 2022. The test results of sea water samples taken on 27 April 2022 showed a high nitrate content. levels of 9.75 mg/l to 34.75 mg/l (water quality standard for nitrate content = 0.008 mg/l) and accompanied by an increase in ammonia level of 0.41 mg/l (water quality standard for ammonia content = 0, 3 mg/l) l). l) and phosphate content of 0.06-0.08 mg/l (Phosphate quality standard = 0.015 mg/l). Total ammonia, nitrate and phosphate are environmental parameters that contain nutrients which if present in high concentrations and even continue to increase in marine waters will cause eutrophication (bloom) which can be very dangerous for other marine biota by causing a decrease in dissolved oxygen, plankton growth which can cause decrease in fish population, bad smell, and bad taste and can cause the formation of biomass in the form of jelly. The biomass can be in the form of polysaccharides and proteins with an estimated containing bacteria, viral pathogens known as sea snot.
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Fonti, Viviana, Andrea Di Cesare, Jadranka Šangulin, Paola Del Negro, and Mauro Celussi. "Antibiotic Resistance Genes and Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Central Adriatic Sea: Are They Connected to Urban Wastewater Inputs?" Water 13, no. 23 (November 24, 2021): 3335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233335.
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Despite last decades’ interventions within local and communitarian programs, the Mediterranean Sea still receives poorly treated urban wastewater (sewage). Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) performing primary sewage treatments have poor efficiency in removing microbial pollutants, including fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, and mobile genetic elements conferring resistance to antimicrobials. Using a combination of molecular tools, we investigated four urban WWTPs (i.e., two performing only mechanical treatments and two performing a subsequent conventional secondary treatment by activated sludge) as continuous sources of microbial pollution for marine coastal waters. Sewage that underwent only primary treatments was characterized by a higher content of traditional and alternative fecal indicator bacteria, as well as potentially pathogenic bacteria (especially Acinetobacter, Coxiella, Prevotella, Streptococcus, Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Empedobacter, Paracoccus, and Leptotrichia), than those subjected to secondary treatment. However, seawater samples collected next to the discharging points of all the WWTPs investigated here revealed a marked fecal signature, despite significantly lower values in the presence of secondary treatment of the sewage. WWTPs in this study represented continuous sources of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) ermB, qnrS, sul2, tetA, and blaTEM (the latter only for three WWTPs out of four). Still, no clear effects of the two depuration strategies investigated here were detected. Some marine samples were identified as positive to the colistin-resistance gene mcr-1, an ARG that threatens colistin antibiotics’ clinical utility in treating infections with multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study provides evidence that the use of sole primary treatments in urban wastewater management results in pronounced inputs of microbial pollution into marine coastal waters. At the same time, the use of conventional treatments does not fully eliminate ARGs in treated wastewater. The complementary use of molecular techniques could successfully improve the evaluation of the depuration efficiency and help develop novel solutions for the treatment of urban wastewater.
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Cui, Liang, Bitong Zhu, Xiaobo Zhang, Zhuhua Chan, Chungui Zhao, Runying Zeng, Suping Yang, and Shicheng Chen. "Effects of Supplement of Marichromatium gracile YL28 on Water Quality and Microbial Structures in Shrimp Mariculture Ecosystems." Genes 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12010040.
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The elevated NH3-N and NO2-N pollution problems in mariculture have raised concerns because they pose threats to animal health and coastal and offshore environments. Supplement of Marichromatium gracile YL28 (YL28) into polluted shrimp rearing water and sediment significantly decreased ammonia and nitrite concentrations, showing that YL28 functioned as a novel safe marine probiotic in the shrimp culture industry. The diversity of aquatic bacteria in the shrimp mariculture ecosystems was studied by sequencing the V4 region of 16S rRNA genes, with respect to additions of YL28 at the low and high concentrations. It was revealed by 16S rRNA sequencing analysis that Proteobacteria, Planctomycete and Bacteroidetes dominated the community (>80% of operational taxonomic units (OTUs)). Up to 41.6% of the predominant bacterial members were placed in the classes Gammaproteobacteria (14%), Deltaproteobacteria (14%), Planctomycetacia (8%) and Alphaproteobacteria (5.6%) while 40% of OTUs belonged to unclassified ones or others, indicating that the considerable bacterial populations were novel in our shrimp mariculture. Bacterial communities were similar between YL28 supplements and control groups (without addition of YL28) revealed by the β-diversity using PCoA, demonstrating that the additions of YL28 did not disturb the microbiota in shrimp mariculture ecosystems. Instead, the addition of YL28 increased the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria. The quantitative PCR analysis further showed that key genes including nifH and amoA involved in nitrification and nitrate or nitrite reduction significantly increased with YL28 supplementation (p < 0.05). The supplement of YL28 decreased the relative abundance of potential pathogen Vibrio. Together, our studies showed that supplement of YL28 improved the water quality by increasing the relative abundance of ammonia-oxidizing and denitrifying bacteria while the microbial community structure persisted in shrimp mariculture ecosystems.
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Bacosa, Hernando Pactao, Sheila Mae B. Ancla, Cris Gel Loui A. Arcadio, John Russel A. Dalogdog, Dioniela Mae C. Ellos, Heather Dale A. Hayag, Jiza Gay P. Jarabe, et al. "From Surface Water to the Deep Sea: A Review on Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of Spilled Oil in Marine Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030426.
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Over the past century, the demand for petroleum products has increased rapidly, leading to higher oil extraction, processing and transportation, which result in numerous oil spills in coastal-marine environments. As the spilled oil can negatively affect the coastal-marine ecosystems, its transport and fates captured a significant interest of the scientific community and regulatory agencies. Typically, the environment has natural mechanisms (e.g., photooxidation, biodegradation, evaporation) to weather/degrade and remove the spilled oil from the environment. Among various oil weathering mechanisms, biodegradation by naturally occurring bacterial populations removes a majority of spilled oil, thus the focus on bioremediation has increased significantly. Helping in the marginal recognition of this promising technique for oil-spill degradation, this paper reviews recently published articles that will help broaden the understanding of the factors affecting biodegradation of spilled oil in coastal-marine environments. The goal of this review is to examine the effects of various environmental variables that contribute to oil degradation in the coastal-marine environments, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, oxygen level, pressure, shoreline energy, salinity, and pH are taken into account. In general, increase in temperature, exposure to sunlight (photooxidation), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), shoreline energy (physical advection—waves) and diverse hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms consortium were found to increase spilled oil degradation in marine environments. In contrast, higher initial oil concentration and seawater pressure can lower oil degradation rates. There is limited information on the influences of seawater pH and salinity on oil degradation, thus warranting additional research. This comprehensive review can be used as a guide for bioremediation modeling and mitigating future oil spill pollution in the marine environment by utilizing the bacteria adapted to certain conditions.
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Arifin, Fazilah, Rozilawati Mohamed Razali, and Vigneswari Sevakumaran. "Isolation and Identification of Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria from Polychaete Marphysa moribidii." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 16, no. 3 (December 17, 2021): 130–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.567.
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Marine contamination caused by anthropogenic activities has side effects and causes severe contamination to the environment. Polychaetes are benthic organisms that live in the sediment and can be a good indicator of sediment contamination by organic compounds. In this study, bacterial strains were isolated and identified from the gut of polychaete worm Marphysa moribidii and the potential of the bacteria was evaluated to degrade hydrocarbon compounds. The isolated bacteria were primary and secondary screened on Minimal Salt Media (MSM) agar supplemented with 1% v/v of diesel oil. Diesel degradation analysis was performed by inoculating potential bacterium into MSM broth with 1% v/v diesel oil and incubated at 37 oC for 20 days. Diesel degradation percentage was analyzed using the gravimetric method, while the bacteria cell densities were measured using the standard plate count method. Then, the selected isolates were identified based on their morphological characteristics and 16S rDNA sequences. As a result, two bacteria isolates coded as Isolate 6 and Isolate 8 were able to degrade diesel oil up to 52.29% and 39.24% after 20 days of incubation. The 16S rDNA sequence analysis revealed that it was identified as Bacillus sp. strain UMTFA1 (RB) and Staphylococcus kloosii strain UMTFA2 (RS). Our result showed that these strains have the potential in oil-degrading processes, which will provide new insight into bioremediation process and decrease environmental pollution in soil and water contaminated with hydrocarbons.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S. "The effect of heavy metals on the marine ciliate Euplotes mutabilis (Tuffrau, 1960)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358875.
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Lau, Ken Wan Keung. "The identification of novel marine bacteria, and the construction of single chain fragment variable antibodies for the control of a viral pathogen /." View abstract or full-text, 2006. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?AMCE%202006%20LAU.
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Degger, Natalie. "Disruption of steroidogenesis and reproduction in marine medaka (oryzias melastigma) upon water and dietary exposure to silver nanoparticles." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211562.
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Kelly, Joann. "The effect of nutrient limitation on the growth and toxicity of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium instriatum." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/kellyj/joannkelly.pdf.
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Naigaga, Irene. "Bioaccumulation and histopathology of copper in Oreochromis mossambicus." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005077.
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Cu is one of the most toxic elements that affect fish populations when the fish are exposed to concentrations exceeding their tolerance. To investigate the effects of elementary Cu on aspects of bioconcentration, histology and behaviour, O. mossambicus were exposed to 0 and 0.75 ± 0.20 mg/l of Cu for 96 hours (short-term study), and 0, 0.11 ± 0.02, 0.29 ± 0.02, and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l of Cu for 64 days (longterm study) under controlled conditions in the laboratory. For the long-term study fish were sampled for gills, liver, and kidney Cu accumulation analysis after 1, 32 and 64 days of exposure and after 1, 2, 4, 16, 32, and 64 days for gills, liver and spleen histology analysis. Cu accumulation was concentration-duration dependent with the highest accumulation capacity in the liver. A multifactor linear model was developed for the relationship between exposure dose, exposure duration and Cu accumulation in the organs with the liver model: Log L = 3.35 + 0.85W + 0.31T (r² = 0.892) giving a better fit than the gills: G = −35.09 + 10.58W + 17.58T (r² = 0.632). Where L = Cu accumulation values in the liver, G = Cu accumulation values in the gills (both in μg/g dry mass); W = exposure dose in water (mg/l); and T = exposure time (days). Using this model Cu accumulation in organs can be estimated when exposure concentration and duration is known. This model should be tested under different conditions to determine the potential of the model in monitoring Cu toxicity in the environment. Lesions were observed in the liver, gills and spleen in all Cu treatments at all exposure concentration and exposure durations. However, the incidence and the degree of alteration was related to the concentration of Cu and duration of exposure. The sequential appearance of lesions in the order of, hepatic vacuolar degeneration, fatty degeneration and necrosis indicated a gradual increase in liver damage with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The initial lesions in the gills were manifested as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the gill epithelium causing increase in the thickness of the secondary lamellae, mucous cell hypertrophy and proliferation, mucous hypersecretion, proliferation of eosinophilic granule cells and hyperplasia of interlamellar cells. With increase in exposure time, necrosis of the eosinophilic granule cells, lamellar oedema, epithelial desquamation and increase in severity of lamellar hyperplasia were observed. These lesions indicated an initial defence mechanism of the fish against Cu toxicity followed by advanced histological changes that were related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure. Changes in the spleen were haemosiderosis, increase in the white pulp and macrophage centres, reduction in the red pulp, and necrosis suggesting that fish exposed to environmentally relevant levels of Cu may be histopathologically altered leading to anaemia and immunosuppression. Regression analysis was used to quantify the relationship between the total activity of the fish, and duration of exposure. There was a gradual decline in fish activity related to Cu concentration and duration of exposure before introducing food into the tanks. There was a constant activity after introducing food in the tanks at the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu exposure levels irrespective of exposure time. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test for the difference in slopes between treatments. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between slopes of the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu, and between 0.29 ± 0.02 and 47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu before and after introducing food in the tanks. The slopes of both the control and 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu were significantly different from those of 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu (p < 0.05). There were significant differences in the mean opercular movements per minute between treatments (p < 0.05). There was hyperventilation at 0.11 ± 0.02 mg/l Cu i.e. 87 ± 18 opercular movements per minute (mean ± standard deviation) and hypoventilation at 0.29 ± 0.02 and 0.47 ± 0.04 mg/l Cu i.e. 37 ± 34 and 13 ± 6 opercular movements per minute compared to the control. Hypo- and hyperventilation were related to the lesser and greater gill damage, respectively. In conclusion Cu accumulation and effects on histology of the liver, gills and were related to the concentration of Cu in the water and duration of exposure showing a gradual increase in incidence and intensity with larger duration of exposure time and increasing Cu concentration. The fish were initially able to homeostatically regulate and detoxify Cu. However, as the exposure continued, the homeostatic mechanism appears to have failed to cope with the increasing metal burden causing advanced histological changes.
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Yu, Pui-shan, and 余珮珊. "The potential for using biomonitoring in the Hong Kong marine environment." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253611.
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Hayteas, David Lawrence. "A Semiquantitative Analysis of PCB and P,P-DDE Residues in Stranded Marine Mammals Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography." PDXScholar, 1996. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1395.
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Organochlorines are ubiquitous pollutants of the marine environment. These lipid-soluble and highly persistent compounds are found in detectable amounts in almost all marine organisms, and accumulate in the lipid tissues of marine animals. This bioaccumulation leads to biomagnification of these contaminants in higher trophic levels. Near the top of many marine food chains are found the marine mammals, in whose blubber high levels of organochlorine residues have been measured. The most commonly occurring of these pollutants in these animals are the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) and p,p-DDE, a metabolite of the insecticide DDT. These substances have been shown to cause disruptions in the endocrine, immune, and reproductive systems, and are passed from mother to offspring through the placenta and by lactation. Presence and levels of residues of these compounds are, therefore, monitored in marine mammals to provide an indication of the health of a given population and the environment in which they live. Such monitoring is generally done with the use of gas chromatography (GC). High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is little used due to the poor ultraviolet (UV) absorbance properties of many of the organochlorines. PCB's and p,p-DDE do absorb UV well enough at concentrations usually encountered in marine mammals to permit the use of HPLC for detection and semiquantification of these substances. A method was developed for the screening of blubber of marine mammals for total PCB's and p,p-DDE using HPLC. The method was applied to the detection and approximation of levels of these two organochlorines in marine mammals from the east and west coasts of the United States. Geographical differences in levels of the two pollutants were found, indicating differences in primary feeding ranges. Evidence of placental transfer of these two organochlorines was also found. Especially high residue levels were found in the blubber of stranded killer whales, indicating that acquisition of high pollutant burdens is still a problem in these top predators. It was concluded that HPLC can be used to screen marine mammals for PCB's and p,p-DDE, and that residue levels determined can be useful in investigating species range, pollutant burdens, and health of populations.
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Hemming, Jon Michael. "Evaluation of the Use of the Bivalves Ischadium recurvum Rafinesque, 1820 and Corbicula fluminea Muller, 1774 as Biological Indicators of Relative Water Quality in Terms of Growth and Upper Temperature Tolerance." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278827/.
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Growth of mussels under laboratory conditions was examined under various food regimes in different water types and temperatures. Growth was less than would be useful as an indicator and comparisons with field exposures were of minimal value. The effects of organophosphates on bivalves were examined via toxicity tests, tissue concentration, and by controlling exposure through the use of physical constraints. Upper temperature tolerance of both bivalve species was examined with respect to different acclimation temperatures and organophosphate exposures. Deviations from control exposures occurred at some temperatures. Copper effectively lowered the mean heat coma temperatures of C. fluminea at some concentrations, however, chlorine exposures did not alter heat coma temperature.
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Mostert, Bruce Petrus. "Responses of intertidal macroalgae and associated fauna to interactive processes acting over multiple spatial scales." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013370.
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The decrease of biological diversity from low latitudes near the equator towards high latitudes is one of the most fundamental patterns noted in ecology. These trends have been the subject of numerous terrestrial and marine studies and have caused the proposal of several explanatory hypotheses. No single hypothesis has adequately accounted for these observed trends. Furthermore, large-scale patterns are frequently modified by processes acting at meso- to small-scales. It is imperative to understand the interaction of these processes to elucidate the mechanisms controlling the structure of intertidal assemblages. The main aim of this thesis was to test the influence of multiple processes at a range of spatial scales on biogenic engineers. Biogenic engineers, such as macroalgae, have been reported to be strongly influenced by processes such as grazing, biogeography and upwelling and subsequent effects are expected to be linked to their associated assemblages. I used infaunal assemblages associated with macroalgae as a model system to understand the interactive effects of meso-scale upwelling in conjunction with large-scale factors (regional and biogeographic). Three species of macroalgae, Hypnea spicifera, Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis, inhabiting different but overlapping home ranges were used in this study. Smaller scale, physical attributes and the associated fauna of these algal species were compared. The effects of meso- to large-scale physical gradients on marine organisms have been investigated in many instances and resultant gradients in physical variables observed. This study was undertaken to investigate morphological trends exhibited by Hypnea spicifera and Champia lumbricalis to compare possible similarities between coastlines and to determine if inferred meso- to large-scale processes influence physical trends in a similar manner despite the coastlines being affected by different hydrodynamic processes. The macroalgae were located in two distinctly different upwelling regimes, Hypnea spicifera on the east and south coasts and Champia lumbricalis on the west coast. Upwelling (delivery of nutrients and primary production) was not found to be an important factor in determining the physical characteristics of macroalgae but there were clear patterns linked to latitude. Mean percentage cover of Hypnea spicifera was positively correlated with distance along the east and south coasts. Mean mass and mean surface area of H. spicifera were, however, negatively correlated with distance from Port St Johns. Mean frond length showed a negative trend but this relationship was not statistically significant. On the west coast, there was a significant increase in mean frond length from north to south for Champia lumbricalis. Mean surface area and mean mass of C. lumbricalis exhibited non-significant negative trends from north to south while there was a non-significant positive trend for mean percentage cover. Following the “Productivity Hypothesis”, these patterns from north to south along the coastlines of South Africa could have important implications for biodiversity associated with these algae. Many previous studies have focussed on the effects of upwelling on species (i.e. effects of nutrients and temperature) but have failed to separate this effect from large scale effects such as biogeography and latitudinal gradients. I tested the influence meso-scale upwelling, large-scale biogeographic processes and latitudinal gradients with two different species of macroalgae one on the east and south coasts of South Africa and the other on the west coast. Hypnea spicifera inhabits the east and south coasts of South Africa spanning two biogeographic provinces and is generally affected by relatively weak upwelling, whereas Champia lumbricalis inhabits the west coast spanning one biogeographic province which is subjected to intense persistent upwelling year round. Within the east and west coast biogeographic provinces there are, however, regions with both upwelling and non-upwelling. On the east and south coasts, entire assemblages differed significantly among the three Regions (St Lucia, Port Alfred and Knysna, while assemblages between upwelling/non-upwelling areas were not different. Assemblages on the different shores differed significantly from each other. There were no significant effects of region or upwelling for the number of individuals of Crustacea or Polychaeta, while Mollusca showed a significant effect of region. The number of individuals of other taxa showed a significant interaction of region and upwelling. Region had a significant effect on number of species of molluscs and other taxa, while there was no effect for either region or upwelling for the Crustacea or Polychaeta. In general different factors were shown to be important (region and shore) while upwelling was rarely important. On the west coast assemblages associated with C. lumbricalis were not influenced by region or upwelling but there were significant differences between shores. Region, upwelling ad shore did not affect number of individuals. There was a significant interaction of region and upwelling for the number of species of crustaceans, while numbers of species of Mollusca, Polychaeta and other taxa showed no effects. In general, regional factors strongly influenced most organisms, while upwelling played a minor role. Hypotheses about differences between upwelling and non-upwelling regions in terms of species abundances and composition due to the input of cold nutrient rich water were not supported. A link between the effects of larger-scale biogeographic factors and their influence on habitat forming taxa and the resultant effects on associated infauna would be a likely explanation for the patterns observed in this study. Diversity of assemblages is known to be influenced by the structural complexity of a habitat, increasing complexity increases the amount of available niches therefore potentially increasing the number of species found within that habitat. Three species of macroalgae, Hypnea spicifera, Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis were selected on the basis of being structurally similar and having their distributional ranges overlap in order to elucidate the effects of structure and macroalgal species on associated assemblages. Hypnea spicifera is different in terms of surface area and biomass from Champia lumbricalis and Bifurcaria brassicaeformis. Assemblages of species found on the three rhodophytes showed both shore and the species of alga had significant effects on composition. Only numbers of individuals of molluscs were affected by the species of alga. Crustacea and Polychaeta showed an interaction of the species of alga with shore. In the case of this study, it is likely that the three species of macroalgae mitigate biological stressors such as predation and physical stressors such as wave exposure and desiccation. In general, meso-scale upwelling is suggested to be marginalised when considering the structuring of assemblages associated with macroalgae, while large scale biogeography has more of an influence. Within shores, assemblages were also strongly influenced by smaller-scale factors such as differences in the structure and species of alga. This study indicates the importance of investigating patterns across a range of spatial scales to gain a comprehensive understanding of factors influencing intertidal organisms.
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Tsui, Man-leung, and 徐文亮. "Biological monitoring and its value in assessing the marine environment of Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3125357X.
Full textBooks on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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1925-, Vernberg F. John, Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research., University of South Carolina. School of Public Health., and Northeast Fisheries Center (U.S.), eds. Marine pollution and physiology, recent advances. Columbia, S.C: Published for the Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research by the University of South Carolina Press, 1985.
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G, Vos Joseph, ed. Toxicology of marine mammals. London: Taylor & Francis, 2003.
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Bioaccumulation in marine organisms: Effect of contaminants from oil well produced water. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2002.
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Charles, Warwick, and Illinois. Natural History Survey Division, eds. Contaminants in unionid mussels from the confluence of the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. Champaign, Ill: Illinois Natural History Survey, 2008.
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L, Bayne B., ed. The Effects of stress and pollution on marine animals. New York: Praeger, 1985.
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Sindermann, Carl J. Coastal pollution: Effects on living resources and humans. Boca Raton, FL: CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006.
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J, Sindermann Carl, ed. Coastal pollution: Effects on living resources and humans. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis, 2005.
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Sloan, Ronald J. PCB in striped bass from the marine district of New York in 1984. Albany, N.Y: Bureau of Environmental Protection, Division of Fish and Wildlife, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 1985.
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Ocean pollution: Effects on living resources and humans. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1996.
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Christensen, Victoria G. Occurrence of dissolved solids, nutrients, atrazine, and fecal coliform bacteria during low flow in the Cheney Reservoir watershed, south-central Kansas, 1996. Lawrence, Kan: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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Khandeparker, Lidita, and A. C. Anil. "Global Concerns of Ship’s Ballast Water Mediated Translocation of Bacteria." In Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation, 255–62. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1044-6_16.
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Kerkar, Savita, and Kirti Ranjan Das. "Bioremediation of Heavy Metals from Saline Water Using Hypersaline Dissimilatory Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria." In Marine Pollution and Microbial Remediation, 15–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1044-6_2.
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Gray, John S., and Michael Elliott. "Human impacts on soft-sediment systems—pollution." In Ecology of Marine Sediments. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198569015.003.0013.
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A widely accepted definition of marine pollution is “the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of substances or energy into the marine environment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to marine activities including fishing, impairment of the quality for use of seawater, and reduction of amenities”. (Wells et al. 2002). This differs from contamination since it results in biological damage, whether to the natural or human system, whereas contamination can be regarded merely as the introduction of substances by human activities (McLusky and Elliott 2004). Furthermore, pollution and pollutants can refer to biological and physical materials as well as chemicals (Gray 1992, Elliott 2003). In the case of the benthos, there is an extensive literature indicating that every type of pollutant has an effect on the benthos and so it is not surprising that the benthos is the mainstay of any monitoring and investigative programme. Pollution can affect organisms living in sediments by physical variables associated with the pollution source, such as increased sedimentation of particles, which leads to smothering of the fauna. In such cases the effect can in fact be regarded as a disturbing factor if the effects lead to mortality of individuals (Gray 1992). Alternatively, pollution can affect the fauna by toxicity where increased concentrations of contaminants lead to biochemical and physiological effects and ensuing mortality if certain thresholds for adaptation are exceeded. Here, however, we first treat the effects of the most widespread form of pollution affecting the marine environment— increased organic matter in sediments. Excess organic matter enters the marine environment principally as sewage, although it can also include waste from paper pulp mills or changed river run-off, for example. Excess organic matter causes physical effects such as smothering and also leads to reduced oxygen concentrations in the water column or pore-water in sediments. Sewage discharged into confined bodies of water frequently leads to the well-known symptoms termed eutrophication, resulting, in the most extreme cases, in a total lack of oxygen and the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the sediment, with a corresponding absence of fauna (e.g. de Jonge and Elliott 2001).
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Jangid, Nirmala Kumari, Anjali Yadav, Sapana Jadoun, Anamika Srivastava, and Manish Srivastava. "Outdoor Pollution Management by Nanotechnology." In Impact of Textile Dyes on Public Health and the Environment, 258–77. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0311-9.ch012.
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Remediation of environmental pollution has become a hot issue in the world. Environmental pollution, mainly caused by toxic chemicals, includes air, water, and soil pollution. This pollution results not only in the destruction of biodiversity, but also the degradation of human health. Textile industrial effluent often contains the significant amount of synthetic and toxic dyes. Some dyes are water-soluble, dyes such as azo dyes, sulfonated azo dyes, etc. Hazardous effect of dyes results in the formation of tumor, cancer, liver or kidney damage, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dermatitis, chronic asthma, coughing, headaches, and allergies in humans and also inhibit growth of bacteria, protozoan, plants, and different animals. A range of wastewater treatment technologies have been proposed that can efficiently reduce toxic dyes to less toxic forms such as nanotechnology. In this chapter, the authors give an overview of the various aspects of nanotechnology to remediate industrial textile dye effluents.
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Chandra Chakraborty, Bikash. "FRP for Marine Application." In Fiber-Reinforced Plastic [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.101332.
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Fiber Reinforced Plastics (FRPs) are widely used in marine sector owing to their high specific strength and resistance to marine corrosion. For naval application, additional advantages are transparency to radar wave and better vibration damping than metals. The use of various FRPs in off-shore structures and marine vessels needs analysis of desired properties considering the types of matrices and fiber. The common consideration is effect of sea water on the properties of the FRP. This chapter gives a brief on use of different FRPs in various areas such as off-shore pillars, Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) enclosers, primary and secondary marine components. A brief discussion is included here on diffusion models and estimation of durability by a time-temperature superposition principle applied to water ingress and corresponding change in mechanical strength of FRPs with examples. The effect of microbial activity on the damage of FRP is not very much reported in literature. It is known that sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) are the most damaging microbes for FRP. In conclusion, it is highlighted that vinyl-ester-based FRPs using glass and carbon fibers are best for marine application. To determine the realistic service life in marine environment, Vinyl Ester- FRP (VE-FRP) are to be simultaneously studied for damage due to sea water and the microbes such SRB.
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Chen, Huanyong, Yao Chen, Xinyi Tian, Houqing Huang, Wenfu Xiao, and Xuexin Liu. "Research on Water Environment Protection Technology During the Construction Period of Bridges in Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220991.
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During the construction period of sea-crossing bridge, pile foundation construction and other operations are easy to cause marine water environment pollution. In order to enhance the green development level of the cross-river (sea) channel project, this paper selects the Shenzhen-Zhongshan Link, a typical cross-sea traffic cluster project, as the research object. And introduces water environmental protection technologies such as bored pile with steel casing, cofferdam formed by locking steel pipe pile, cofferdam formed by geotech-bag, and whole trestle across the sea. The variation characteristics of suspended solids, oil, inorganic nitrogen, inorganic phosphorus and heavy metal concentrations with respect to time and space in the whole sea area of the bridge project were systematically analyzed, to explore the influence of bridge construction on water quality of the whole sea area. Further verify the application effect of the water environmental protection technologies, and provide reference for similar bridge green construction and water environment protection research in the future.
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O. Ajibare, Adefemi, Olaronke O. Olawusi-Peters, and Joshua O. Akinola. "Eco-Morphology of Some Decapod Crustaceans in a Tropical Coastal Marine Waters." In Crustacea - Nano, Micro and Macro Studies [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.102987.
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The relationship among the morphology, population of crustaceans and water quality of the coastal marine waters of Ondo State, Nigeria, was assessed in order to accentuate the sustainability of biodiversity in the coasts. Standard methods were employed to identify and examine the effect of the environment on the crustaceans. The DO (7.58 mg/l), temperature (29.53°C), pH (6.69), turbidity (44.03NTU), salinity (16.48‰), hardness (85.88 mg/l), biochemical oxygen demand (21.22 mg/l) and conductivity (41.55 μS cm−1). The population structure of decapod crustaceans follows the order Nematopalaemon hastatus > Farfantepenaeus notialis > Holthuispenaeopsis atlantica > Macrobrachium macrobrachion > Sanquerus validus > Ocypode africana > Callinectes marginatus. The sampled organisms (F. notialis, M. macrobrachion, N. hastatus and Holthuispenaeopsis atlantica) had mean total length (cm) (9.41 ± 1.62, 7.14 ± 0.77, 6.69 ± 0.81 and 11.78 ± 0.60) and body weight (g) of (3.21 ± 1.63, 2.37 ± 0.79, 1.34 ± 0.56 and 6.72 ± 0.47 g), respectively. C. marginatus, Ocypode africana and Sanquerus validus had a mean carapace length (cm) of 5.50 ± 0.71, 4.83 ± 1.27 and 8.31 ± 3.50, respectively, and mean body weight (g) of 4.69 ± 0.95, 3.41 ± 4.72 and 66.21 ± 50.45, respectively. PCA revealed strong correlation among BOD, DO and the morphological parameters of each species. Also, Single Factor and Comprehensive Pollution Indices revealed a slightly and moderately polluted aquatic ecosystem, respectively. Thus, adequate control of all activities in the ecosystem for healthy growth and survival of aquatic species is essential.
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Levy, Sharon. "Emperor Joseph’s Roots." In The Marsh Builders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190246402.003.0008.
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On a May morning in 1957, ten thousand fish floated on the eastern edge of San Francisco Bay, their pale, upturned bellies bobbing on the surface of the dark water. The crowd of carcasses described an arc that stretched along the shore from Richmond’s harbor south to Point Isabel. Many striped bass, a prized game fish, were among the dead. Seth Gordon, director of California Department of Fish and Game (DFG), fielded complaints from anglers outraged by the fish kill. The Public Health Committee of the State Assembly passed a resolution admonishing DFG for its failure to enforce pollution control laws. Gordon told the committee members off. “We want to stop pollution,” he said, “but the law as it stands puts our Department in the position of a boxer going into the ring with one hand tied behind his back.” The ability to set and enforce pollution standards rested with California’s nine regional water pollution control boards. To effect any change, Gordon’s department had to prove to the boards’ satisfaction that pollution allowed by existing standards was harmful to fish, a challenge that had so far proved impossible. Responding to questions about the East Bay fish kill, he said, “We still don’t know what caused the die-off, or where it came from.” David Joseph was then starting out as a DFG biologist, armed with a doctorate in marine biology from the University of California at Los Angeles. Born in Connecticut, on a cooperative farm where his parents raised dairy cows and shade-grown tobacco with other immigrant Russian Jews, he’d grown up in Inglewood, in southern California, when the place was still a bucolic town and he could ride his horse to the beach. He’d met his wife, Marion, when they were both students at UCLA. “He was an outdoor guy,” she remembers. “He wasn’t a fisherman, he just loved the sea, loved the land. His work was always going to have something to do with protecting the environment.”
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Kumar, Sunil, Ranjit Kumar, and Pankaj Sood. "Role of Microbial Enriched Vermicompost in Plant-Parasitic Nematode Management." In Nematodes - Recent Advances, Management and New Perspectives [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97934.
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Earthworm causes increase in availability of soil organic matter through degradation of dead matters by microbes, leaf litter and porocity of soil. Vermicompost is a non-thermophilic biodegradation process of waste organic material through the action of microorganism with earthworm. Vermicompost is rich in many nutrients including calcium, nitrates, phosphorus and soluble potassium, which are essentially required for plant growth. Different plant growth hormones like gibberellins, auxins and cytokinins are present in vermicompost, which has microbial origin. Nematodes are mostly small, colorless and microscopic organisms which remain under soil, fresh or marine water, plants or animals, and act as parasite in different conditions, while very few have direct effect on human. The nematodes which are parasitic on plants use plant tissues as their food. They have well developed spearing device, like a hypodermic needle called stylet. It is used to penetrate host cell membrane. Management of plant-parasitic-nematodes therefore is necessary and several means are adopted. Of which, use of bio-chemicals and organic compost have shown encouraging results and proved to be potential in suppressing the nematode population. Vermicompost plays an important role of soil fortification on growth characteristics, such as length, weight, root, shoot branches, number of leaves and metabolism of host plant against nematode infection. Vermicompost fortified plants showed increment in sugar, protein and lipid over untreated control. Increment of these metabolites helps treated plants to metabolically cope up the infection and promotes excessive plant growth. The vermicompost caused the mortality of nematodes by the release of nematicidal substances such as hydrogen sulfate, ammonia, and nitrite apart from promotion of the growth of nematode predatory fungi that attack their cysts. It favours rhizobacteria which produce toxic enzymes and toxins; or indirectly favors population of nematophagous microorganisms, bacteria, and fungi, which serve as food for predatory or omnivorous nematodes, or arthropods such as mites, which are selectively opposed to plant-parasitic nematodes.
Conference papers on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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Chiba, Satoshi, Satoshi Chiba, Maki Oyagi, Maki Oyagi, Hideki Kokubu, Hideki Kokubu, Yoshinori Tanimura, et al. "FIELD SURVEY FOR REFRACTORY ORGANIC MATTER QUANTITY IN THE MARINE SEDIMENT OF ISE BAY AND EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECT ON THE PERSISTENCY OF HYPOXIC WATER GENERATION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b944a57dc00.06450512.
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This study was performed to investigate the effect of the refractory organic matter (ROM) in the marine sediment on the lengthening of the large scale generation of the hypoxic water in Ise Bay. A field survey for collecting core samples of the sediment was conducted in 2015. The analysis with the data of sedimentation rate revealed many important features. A considerable amount of ROM deposited during the period of excess eutrophication in the past was found in the sediment. The total quantity of the degradable ROM (d-ROM) per unit seafloor area was from 71 to 231 mgC/cm2. The mean characteristic time of degradation of d-ROM was about 47 years. A pelagic ecosystem - marine sediment coupled model was employed and the long-term simulation from 1950 was carried out. The simulation results showed the total quantity of d-ROM reaches its maximum at the year around 2000 and there is about a 20 year delay from the peak time of the eutrophication. This feature caused the prolongation of the higher oxygen consumption as well as the higher nutrient release from the sediment in recent years. The increase of the hypoxic water area and the volume in 2010 due to the excess ROM was about 11% and 18%, respectively. These findings show the substantial effect of ROM in the marine sediment on the persistency of water pollution.
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Chiba, Satoshi, Satoshi Chiba, Maki Oyagi, Maki Oyagi, Hideki Kokubu, Hideki Kokubu, Yoshinori Tanimura, et al. "FIELD SURVEY FOR REFRACTORY ORGANIC MATTER QUANTITY IN THE MARINE SEDIMENT OF ISE BAY AND EVALUATION OF ITS EFFECT ON THE PERSISTENCY OF HYPOXIC WATER GENERATION." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b431690d4b8.
Full textAbstract:
This study was performed to investigate the effect of the refractory organic matter (ROM) in the marine sediment on the lengthening of the large scale generation of the hypoxic water in Ise Bay. A field survey for collecting core samples of the sediment was conducted in 2015. The analysis with the data of sedimentation rate revealed many important features. A considerable amount of ROM deposited during the period of excess eutrophication in the past was found in the sediment. The total quantity of the degradable ROM (d-ROM) per unit seafloor area was from 71 to 231 mgC/cm2. The mean characteristic time of degradation of d-ROM was about 47 years. A pelagic ecosystem - marine sediment coupled model was employed and the long-term simulation from 1950 was carried out. The simulation results showed the total quantity of d-ROM reaches its maximum at the year around 2000 and there is about a 20 year delay from the peak time of the eutrophication. This feature caused the prolongation of the higher oxygen consumption as well as the higher nutrient release from the sediment in recent years. The increase of the hypoxic water area and the volume in 2010 due to the excess ROM was about 11% and 18%, respectively. These findings show the substantial effect of ROM in the marine sediment on the persistency of water pollution.
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Kosyan, Alisa, Alisa Kosyan, Vladimir Gulbin, and Vladimir Gulbin. "FIRST CASE OF IMPOSEX IN NEPTUNEA CONVEXA (GASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE) FROM BATHYAL DEPTHS (SEA OF OKHOTSK, >1400 M)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93d3467d09.11646865.
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Owing to its worldwide use as an anti-fouling agent, tributyltin (TBT) is a common contaminant of marine ecosystems. Its wide distribution, high hydrophobicity and persistence have raised concern about bioaccumulation, potential biomagnifications in food webs, and adverse effects on the environment and human health. The most frequent and acute effect of TBT is found in gastropods, usually living in shallow waters, rarely at depths more than 100 m. This study reports about the first case of imposex in a deep water buccinid whelk Neptunea convexa collected at 1437 m in the Sea of Okhotsk. Among five collected specimens, the two were imposex females at the 1st stage of imposex development, while the rest three were males with normally developed penises. Most probably, TBT entered the whelk’s body by eaten benthic organisms, which feed on detritus with traces of TBT, but other reasons, such as heavy metal pollution, are also discussed.
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Kosyan, Alisa, Alisa Kosyan, Vladimir Gulbin, and Vladimir Gulbin. "FIRST CASE OF IMPOSEX IN NEPTUNEA CONVEXA (GASTROPODA: BUCCINIDAE) FROM BATHYAL DEPTHS (SEA OF OKHOTSK, >1400 M)." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4315a4e465.
Full textAbstract:
Owing to its worldwide use as an anti-fouling agent, tributyltin (TBT) is a common contaminant of marine ecosystems. Its wide distribution, high hydrophobicity and persistence have raised concern about bioaccumulation, potential biomagnifications in food webs, and adverse effects on the environment and human health. The most frequent and acute effect of TBT is found in gastropods, usually living in shallow waters, rarely at depths more than 100 m. This study reports about the first case of imposex in a deep water buccinid whelk Neptunea convexa collected at 1437 m in the Sea of Okhotsk. Among five collected specimens, the two were imposex females at the 1st stage of imposex development, while the rest three were males with normally developed penises. Most probably, TBT entered the whelk’s body by eaten benthic organisms, which feed on detritus with traces of TBT, but other reasons, such as heavy metal pollution, are also discussed.
Reports on the topic "Marine bacteria – Effect of water pollution on"
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Lenz, Mark. RV POSEIDON Fahrtbericht / Cruise Report POS536/Leg 1. GEOMAR, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/geomar_rep_ns_56_2020.
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DIPLANOAGAP: Distribution of Plastics in the North Atlantic Garbage Patch Ponta Delgada (Portugal) – Malaga (Spain) 17.08. – 12.09.2019 The expedition POS 536 is part of a multi-disciplinary research initiative of GEOMAR investigating the origin, transport and fate of plastic debris from estuaries to the oceanic garbage patches. The main focus will be on the vertical transfer of plastic debris from the surface and near-surface waters to the deep sea and on the processes that mediate this transport. The obtained data will help to develop quantitative models that provide information about the level of plastic pollution in the different compartments of the open ocean (surface, water column, seafloor). Furthermore, the effects of plastic debris on marine organisms in the open ocean will be assessed. The cruise will provide data about the: (1) abundance of plastic debris with a minimum size of 100 μm as well as the composition of polymer types in the water column at different depths from the sea surface to the seafloor including the sediment, (2) abundance and composition of plastic debris in organic aggregates (“marine snow”), (3) in pelagic and benthic organisms (invertebrates and fish) and in fecal pellets, (4) abundance and the identity of biofoulers (bacteria, protozoans and metazoans) on the surface of plastic debris from different water depths, (5) identification of chemical compounds (“additives”) in the plastic debris and in water samples.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert, and Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
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Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.