Journal articles: 'Marine algae'

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Mišurcová, L., S. Kráčmar, B. Klejdus, and J. Vacek. "Nitrogen content, dietary fiber, and digestibility in algal food products." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 28, No. 1 (February 18, 2010): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/111/2009-cjfs.

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The basic nutritional aspects and parameters of freshwater and marine algal food products are described. Blue-green algae (Spirulina pacifica, S. platensis), green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa), red algae (Palmaria palmata, Porphyra tenera), and brown algae (Eisenia bicyclis, Hizikia fusiformis, Laminaria japonica, Undaria pinnatifida) were used for this purpose. The ash content, total nitrogen, dietary fibers, and in vitro digestibility of the above-mentioned algal species were studied. The ash contents amounted to 8–11% (for freshwater) and 9–33% (for marine) of the weights of the algal samples. The total nitrogen contents were analysed using a modified Winkler’s method; in the process, higher nitrogen contents were observed in freshwater algae than in marine ones. For the analysis of dietary fiber contents, the instrument Ankom220 Fibre Analyser was used. The marine brown algae species were generally assigned higher contents of dietary fiber than the freshwater algal products. The results of the dietary fiber analysis differed with the methodologies used. Pepsin, pancreatin, and a combination of both were applied for the study of in vitro digestibility. Generally, brown algae showed the worst digestibility in comparison with other algal food products.

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Maliki, Intan Mariana, Mailin Misson, Peik Lin Teoh, Kenneth Francis Rodrigues, and Wilson Thau Lym Yong. "Production of Lectins from Marine Algae: Current Status, Challenges, and Opportunities for Non-Destructive Extraction." Marine Drugs 20, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20020102.

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Marine algae are an excellent source of novel lectins. The isolation of lectins from marine algae expands the diversity in structure and carbohydrate specificities of lectins isolated from other sources. Marine algal lectins have been reported to have antiviral, antitumor, and antibacterial activity. Lectins are typically isolated from marine algae by grinding the algal tissue with liquid nitrogen and extracting with buffer and alcohol. While this method produces higher yields, it may not be sustainable for large-scale production, because a large amount of biomass is required to produce a minute amount of compound, and a significant amount of waste is generated during the extraction process. Therefore, non-destructive extraction using algal culture water could be used to ensure a continuous supply of lectins without exclusively disrupting the marine algae. This review discusses the traditional and recent advancements in algal lectin extraction methods over the last decade, as well as the steps required for large-scale production. The challenges and prospects of various extraction methods (destructive and non-destructive) are also discussed.

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Nair, Rathish, Rajesh Chabhadiya, and Sumitra Chanda. "Marine Algae." Journal of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 7, no. 1 (January 2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j157v07n01_07.

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Nair, Rathish, Rajesh Chabhadiya, and Sumitra Chanda. "Marine Algae." Journal Of Herbal Pharmacotherapy 7, no. 1 (June 14, 2007): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j157v07n01_07.

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Pangestuti, Ratih, and Singgih Wibowo. "Prospects and Health Promoting Effects of Brown Algal-derived Natural Pigments." Squalen Bulletin of Marine and Fisheries Postharvest and Biotechnology 8, no. 1 (May 24, 2013): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/squalen.v8i1.26.

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Recently, a great deal of interest has been developed to isolate novel bioactive compounds from marine resources. Among marine resources, marine brown algae are considered valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds such as chlorophylls and carotenoids. Chlorophyll has been known for its antioxidant activity; meanwhile carotenoid is well known for its anticancer and anti-obesity properties. Therefore, marine brown algal-derived natural pigments have great potential for further development of valuable products in nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical areas. This contribution presents an overview of potential health benefits properties, and prospects of natural pigments derived from marine brown algae. Keywords: Marine algae, natural pigments, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical.

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Rull Lluch, Jordi. "Marine benthic algae of Namibia." Scientia Marina 66, S3 (December 30, 2002): 5–256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2002.66s35.

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Patyshakuliyeva, Aleksandrina, Daniel L. Falkoski, Ad Wiebenga, Klaas Timmermans, and Ronald P. de Vries. "Macroalgae Derived Fungi Have High Abilities to Degrade Algal Polymers." Microorganisms 8, no. 1 (December 26, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010052.

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Marine fungi associated with macroalgae are an ecologically important group that have a strong potential for industrial applications. In this study, twenty-two marine fungi isolated from the brown seaweed Fucus sp. were examined for their abilities to produce algal and plant biomass degrading enzymes. Growth of these isolates on brown and green algal biomass revealed a good growth, but no preference for any specific algae. Based on the analysis of enzymatic activities, macroalgae derived fungi were able to produce algae specific and (hemi-)cellulose degrading enzymes both on algal and plant biomass. However, the production of algae specific activities was lower than the production of cellulases and xylanases. These data revealed the presence of different enzymatic approaches for the degradation of algal biomass by macroalgae derived fungi. In addition, the results of the present study indicate our poor understanding of the enzymes involved in algal biomass degradation and the mechanisms of algal carbon source utilization by marine derived fungi.

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Ragazzola, Federica, Regina Kolzenburg, Jurgita Zekonyte, Sebastian Teichert, Chulin Jiang, Ante Žuljević, Annalisa Caragnano, and Annalisa Falace. "Structural and Elemental Analysis of the Freshwater, Low-Mg Calcite Coralline Alga Pneophyllum cetinaensis." Plants 9, no. 9 (August 24, 2020): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9091089.

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Coralline algae are one of the most diversified groups of red algae and represent a major component of marine benthic habitats from the poles to the tropics. This group was believed to be exclusively marine until 2016, when the first freshwater coralline algae Pneophyllum cetinaensis was discovered in the Cetina River, southern Croatia. While several studies investigated the element compositions of marine coralline algal thalli, no information is yet available for the freshwater species. Using XRD, LA-ICP-MS and nano indentation, this study presents the first living low-Mg calcite coralline algae with Mg concentrations ten times lower than is common for the average marine species. Despite the lower Mg concentrations, hardness and elastic modulus (1.71 ± 1.58 GPa and 29.7 ± 18.0 GPa, respectively) are in the same range as other marine coralline algae, possibly due to other biogenic impurities. When compared to marine species, Ba/Ca values were unusually low, even though Ba concentrations are generally higher in rivers than in seawater. These low values might be linked to different physical and chemical characteristics of the Cetina River.

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Pangestuti, Ratih, Evi Siahaan, and Se-Kwon Kim. "Photoprotective Substances Derived from Marine Algae." Marine Drugs 16, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16110399.

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Marine algae have received great attention as natural photoprotective agents due to their unique and exclusive bioactive substances which have been acquired as an adaptation to the extreme marine environment combine with a range of physical parameters. These photoprotective substances include mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs), sulfated polysaccharides, carotenoids, and polyphenols. Marine algal photoprotective substances exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as ultraviolet (UV) absorbing, antioxidant, matrix-metalloproteinase inhibitors, anti-aging, and immunomodulatory activities. Hence, such unique bioactive substances derived from marine algae have been regarded as having potential for use in skin care, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products. In this context, this contribution aims at revealing bioactive substances found in marine algae, outlines their photoprotective potential, and provides an overview of developments of blue biotechnology to obtain photoprotective substances and their prospective applications.

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Bird, C. J., and J. P. van der Meer. "Systematics of economically important marine algae: a Canadian perspective." Canadian Journal of Botany 71, no. 3 (March 1, 1993): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b93-040.

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Marine algae of economic importance encompass species of positive value, such as seaweeds harvested for food or hydrocolloid extractives, and species with negative effect, such as toxic phytoplankton or nuisance macrophytes. Only a small part of the global algal resource is obtained in Canada, and the overall benefit to the nation's economy is relatively minor, but there exists the potential for further development of useful species. On the other hand, the negative effects of toxic microalgae are increasing, in the form of losses to the shellfish fishery and aquaculture industry and the cost of providing toxicity-testing and phytoplankton-monitoring services. It is obvious that effective utilization of valuable algae, or defense against undesirable ones, must be attended by sound taxonomy to ensure that algae of interest are correctly identified and recognizable. However, the algae present particular problems to systematists, a major one being the variety of life histories, which may involve independent and conspicuous dissimilar phases. In addition, many algae are phenotypically highly variable in response to environment, which is often insufficiently appreciated. The converse situation also exists, in that morphologically similar species are sometimes regarded as a single entity. Algal taxonomists should strive to determine which variations are genetic and therefore taxonomically significant. To illustrate these points, we review recent taxonomic studies on some algal genera of present or potential economic importance in Canada. Key words: marine algae, systematics, economic potential, variability, genetics.

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Scholz, Sabine, Manuel Serif, David Schleheck, Martin D. J. Sayer, Alasdair M. Cook, and Frithjof Christian Küpper. "Sulfoquinovose metabolism in marine algae." Botanica Marina 64, no. 4 (July 19, 2021): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0023.

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Abstract This study aimed to survey algal model organisms, covering phylogenetically representative and ecologically relevant taxa. Reports about the occurrence of sulfonates (particularly sulfoquinovose, taurine, and isethionate) in marine algae are scarce, and their likely relevance in global biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem functioning is poorly known. Using both field-collected seaweeds from NW Scotland and cultured strains, a combination of enzyme assays, high-performance liquid chromatography and matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to detect key sulfonates in algal extracts. This was complemented by bioinformatics, mining the publicly available genome sequences of algal models. The results confirm the widespread presence of sulfonates and their biosynthetic pathways in macro- and microalgae. However, it is also clear that catabolic pathways, if present, must be different from those documented from the bacterial systems since no complete cluster of gene homologues of key genes could be detected in algal genomes.

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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, and Saif Uddin. "Assessment of Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. as Poultry Feed Supplements: Feasibility and Environmental Implications." Sustainability 14, no. 14 (July 21, 2022): 8968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148968.

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Eutrophication, coupled with ocean acidification and warming, results in an increased concentration of marine algae, severely impacting some regions. Several algae are a rich source of protein and minerals. Marine algae are rich in bioactive molecules with antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, and antimicrobial properties. These properties make them attractive for usage in the pharmaceutical industry. This study evaluated Sargassum sp., Spirulina sp., and Gracilaria sp. for use as poultry feed. Chemical analyses show that crude protein (CP) in analyzed algae was 9.07–63.63%, with a fiber content of 0.15–17.20%, and a crude fat range of 0.152–2.11%, suggesting that algae can partially substitute imported protein sources used for poultry feed. A rapid impact assessment matrix (RIAM) was used to assess the environmental footprint of algae usage in poultry feed. The environmental assessment results show promising opportunities to help harvest the algae from the marine area. However, the feasibility of establishing outdoor algal ponds is not environmentally viable in the Middle East.

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Pardee, K. I., P. Ellis, M. Bouthillier, G. HN Towers, and C. J. French. "Plant virus inhibitors from marine algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-002.

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Methanolic extracts from 30 species of marine algae were assayed for antiviral activity against Potato virus X (PVX) in local lesion assays, using Chenopodium quinoa L. as host. Extracts from six algal species (Fucus gardneri Silva, Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht, Ralfsia sp. (Berkeley), Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, Fragilaria oceanica Cleve, and Egregia menziesii (Turner) J.E. Areschoug) inhibited PVX infectivity by more than 80%. Most extracts with antiviral activity came from algae that belong to the phylum Heterokontophyta. Fractionation of a crude extract from F. gardneri resulted in identification of the polysaccharide alginate as an antiviral component. Alginate inhibited PVX infectivity by 95%, and the mode of action may be via aggregation of virus particles. The present study is the first to investigate New World algae for compounds with activity against plant viruses and the first report that extracts of F. gardneri, Ralfsia sp., and Fragilaria oceanica are sources of antiviral activity.Key words: marine algae, plant viruses, antiviral activity, alginate, polysaccharides, Fucus gardneri.

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Costa, Pedro Reis, António Marques, and Jorge Diogène. "Marine Biotoxins and Seafood Poisoning." Toxins 11, no. 10 (September 24, 2019): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins11100558.

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Prevalence of marine biotoxins in seafood has been associated with increasing frequency, intensity, and duration of harmful algal blooms, and an increase of the geographical and temporal distribution of harmful algae [...]

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BALAKRISHNAN, M., R. C. SRIVASTAVA, and M. RAMACHANDRAN. "Database of marine and freshwater algae resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 82, no. 2 (February 7, 2012): 166–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v82i2.15295.

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This repository can contribute and document all information of endemic algae resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands and help prosperity. Database for algae resources of Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been developed with an aim of providing technical information to the researchers. About 313 freshwater algal species belonging to 15 families and 57 marine algal species belonging to 18 families have been included in this database among which 40 species are new records. It is needless to state that algal resources play an essential role in phytochemical industry, Pharmaceuticals, Sidha medicine, drug discovery research and agricultural economy in future. Algae products have a vital place in the list of essential commodities in the day-to- day life of common person. When compared to Indian mainland, very limited variety of algae is found in these islands. This database provides a common place for the entire information and user-friendly database. This database would be updated on a regular basis, so that it could provide status about the algae resources, which could be useful to scientists, research scholars, pharma companies and common person.

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Hoffmann, Lucien. "Biogeography of marine blue-green algae." Algological Studies/Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Supplement Volumes 75 (October 27, 1995): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/algol_stud/75/1995/137.

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MARUMO, Teruaki. "Production System of Marine Algae: Industrialization with Marine Algae Biomass." Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan 135, no. 10 (2015): 691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejjournal.135.691.

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Menaa, Farid, Udari Wijesinghe, Gobika Thiripuranathar, Norah A. Althobaiti, Aishah E. Albalawi, Barkat Ali Khan, and Bouzid Menaa. "Marine Algae-Derived Bioactive Compounds: A New Wave of Nanodrugs?" Marine Drugs 19, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19090484.

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Marine algae are rich in bioactive nutraceuticals (e.g., carbohydrates, proteins, minerals, fatty acids, antioxidants, and pigments). Biotic (e.g., plants, microorganisms) and abiotic factors (e.g., temperature, pH, salinity, light intensity) contribute to the production of primary and secondary metabolites by algae. Easy, profitable, and sustainable recovery methods include novel solid-liquid and liquid-liquid extraction techniques (e.g., supercritical, high pressure, microwave, ultrasound, enzymatic). The spectacular findings of algal-mediated synthesis of nanotheranostics has attracted further interest because of the availability of microalgae-based natural bioactive therapeutic compounds and the cost-effective commercialization of stable microalgal drugs. Algal extracts can serve as stabilizing/capping and reducing agents for the synthesis of thermodynamically stable nanoparticles (NPs). Different types of nanotherapeutics have been synthesized using physical, chemical, and biological methods. Marine algae are a fascinating source of lead theranostics compounds, and the development of nanotheranostics has been linked to enhanced drug efficacy and safety. Indeed, algae are remarkable nanobiofactories, and their pragmatic properties reside in their (i) ease of handling; (ii) capacity to absorb/accumulate inorganic metallic ions; (iii) cost-effectiveness; and (iv) capacity of eco-friendly, rapid, and healthier synthesis of NPs. Preclinical and clinical trials shall enable to really define effective algal-based nanotherapies. This review aims to provide an overview of the main algal compounds that are nutraceuticals and that can be extracted and purified for nanotheranostic purposes.

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Li, Jun, Chao Cai, Chendong Yang, Jianghua Li, Tiantian Sun, and Guangli Yu. "Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Potential of Brown Algal Polysaccharides and their Derivatives." Current Pharmaceutical Design 25, no. 11 (August 6, 2019): 1290–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612825666190618143952.

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Marine plants, animals and microorganisms display steady growth in the ocean and are abundant carbohydrate resources. Specifically, natural polysaccharides obtained from brown algae have been drawing increasing attention owing to their great potential in pharmaceutical applications. This review describes the structural and biological features of brown algal polysaccharides, including alginates, fucoidans, and laminarins, and it highlights recently developed approaches used to obtain the oligo- and polysaccharides with defined structures. Functional modification of these polysaccharides promotes their advanced applications in biomedical materials for controlled release and targeted drug delivery, etc. Moreover, brown algal polysaccharides and their derivatives possess numerous biological activities with anticancer, anticoagulant, wound healing, and antiviral properties. In addition, we also discuss carbohydrate- based substrates from brown algae, which are currently in clinical and preclinical studies, as well as the marine drugs that are already on the market. The present review summarizes the recent development in carbohydratebased products from brown algae, with promising findings that could rapidly facilitate the future discovery of novel marine drugs.

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Rajanikanth, A. "Rock building Cretaceous - Tertiary algae from India - an ecological perspective." Journal of Palaeosciences 40 (December 31, 1991): 399–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.54991/jop.1991.1790.

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Fossil benthonic photosynthetic algae capable of calcification contributed to the formation of Indian Cretaceous-Tertiary carbonate deposits. A comparative assessment of different marine calcareous algal assemblages known from various sedimentary basins and their ecological requirements have been highlighted. A comprehensive synthesis and retrospect of research on calcareous algae demonstrate extensive growth of green and red algae during Cretaceous-Tertiary times in India. The calcareous blue-green algae are feebly represented in the Cretaceous deposits and not recorded from the Tertiary deposits. Various ecological factors determined the distribution of different calcareous algal groups. An apparent extinction of calcareous algae is attributed to gaps in our knowledge and evolutionary changes.

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Luxem, Katja E., Bas Vriens, Renata Behra, and Lenny H. E. Winkel. "Studying selenium and sulfur volatilisation by marine algae Emiliania huxleyi and Thalassiosira oceanica in culture." Environmental Chemistry 14, no. 4 (2017): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en16184.

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Environmental contextVolatile selenium compounds from the oceans may ultimately be an important selenium source for agricultural soils. It has been hypothesised that marine algae are responsible for volatile selenium emissions, but in laboratory experiments, we observed minimal volatile selenium production by two marine algae known to produce large amounts of volatile sulfur. Instead, we found hints that bacterial processes may be important in the production of volatile selenium in the oceans. AbstractVolatile methylated selenium compounds, especially dimethylselenide, are thought to comprise the majority of marine selenium emissions. Despite their potential importance for the global redistribution of this trace element, which is essential for human health, little is known about the algal production of volatile organic selenium compounds. Previous studies have found correlations between dissolved dimethylselenide concentrations, dimethylsulfide concentrations (the sulfur analogue of dimethylselenide) and proxies for algal activity, most notably during a bloom of the coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi. In culturing studies, we investigated the ability of three globally important marine algal species, E. huxleyi, Phaeocystis globosa and the diatom Thalassiosira oceanica, to produce dimethylselenide. Despite substantial uptake of selenium and the production of volatile sulfur, E. huxleyi and T. oceanica produced negligible volatile selenium (<2nM). P. globosa produced low amounts of volatile selenium (~8nM), but grew poorly in our laboratory. However, cultures of marine bacteria and mixed bacterial–algal cultures showed that substantial amounts of volatile selenium can be produced in the presence of marine bacteria. In addition, a culture of marine bacteria alone produced ~50nM volatile selenium, far more than axenic cultures of E. huxleyi when exposed to equivalent selenite concentrations. Our results hint that marine algae may be of minor importance in the direct production of volatile selenium in the oceans, and suggest that the production of these compounds in the marine biosphere may instead be controlled by bacterial activity.

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Geetha Bai, Renu, and Rando Tuvikene. "Potential Antiviral Properties of Industrially Important Marine Algal Polysaccharides and Their Significance in Fighting a Future Viral Pandemic." Viruses 13, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13091817.

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Over the decades, the world has witnessed diverse virus associated pandemics. The significant inhibitory effects of marine sulfated polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 shows its therapeutic potential in future biomedical applications and drug development. Algal polysaccharides exhibited significant role in antimicrobial, antitumor, antioxidative, antiviral, anticoagulant, antihepatotoxic and immunomodulating activities. Owing to their health benefits, the sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae are a great deal of interest globally. Algal polysaccharides such as agar, alginate, carrageenans, porphyran, fucoidan, laminaran and ulvans are investigated for their nutraceutical potential at different stages of infection processes, structural diversity, complexity and mechanism of action. In this review, we focus on the recent antiviral studies of the marine algae-based polysaccharides and their potential towards antiviral medicines.

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Hultgren, Kristin M., and Hannah Mittelstaedt. "Color change in a marine isopod is adaptive in reducing predation." Current Zoology 61, no. 4 (August 1, 2015): 739–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/61.4.739.

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Abstract Although background matching is a common form of camouflage across a wide diversity of animals, there has been surprisingly little experimental work testing the fitness consequences of this camouflage strategy, especially in marine ecosystems. In this study, we tested whether color camouflage enhances survival of the intertidal marine isopod Pentidotea (Idotea) wosnesenskii, quantified patterns of camouflage in different algal habitats, and examined how algal diet affected color change and growth using laboratory assays. In the field, isopods collected from two differently colored algal habitats (the brown alga Fucus distichus and the red alga Odonthalia floccosa) matched the color of their respective algal habitats, and also differed significantly in body size: smaller red isopods were found on red algae, while larger brown isopods were found on brown algae. Predation experiments demonstrated these color differences had fitness benefits: brown isopods that matched their brown algae habitats survived at higher rates than red unmatched isopods. Surprisingly, despite the propensity of isopods to match their algal habitats, algal diet had no effect on color change in color change experiments. Instead, isopods in all treatments turned browner, matching the color of the algal habitat that many isopods are found on as adults. In summary, our data supported our hypothesis that background matching serves an adaptive function in reducing predation, with important evolutionary implications for explaining the wide variation in color change mechanisms in idoteid isopods.

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Williamson, Bo, Paul W. Gabrielson, and Margarita Brandt. "First report of any species of the red algal order Nemaliales from mainland Ecuador: Neoizziella asiatica (Liagoraceae, Rhodophyta)." Botanica Marina 65, no. 2 (February 28, 2022): 135–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2021-0092.

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Abstract The benthic marine algae of the mainland coast of Ecuador are poorly known mainly due to a lack of collections. Currently, DNA barcoding is the preferred method to identify species of benthic marine algae worldwide, as morpho-anatomical characters are inadequate to distinguish many species of macroalgae. We used the red algal barcode rbcL-3P to identify specimens collected in January 2020 from Manabí, Ecuador as Neoizziella asiatica. This is the first member of the red algal order Nemaliales to be reported from the mainland coast of Ecuador and extends the distribution of this alga by 1,100 km to the south from Panama.

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Smith, Martin T. Croft and Alison G. "With a little help from their friends: Algae acquire vitamins through intimate associations with bacteria." Biochemist 28, no. 4 (August 1, 2006): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bio02804017.

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Everyone is familiar with the concept of the Amazonian rainforest as the lungs of the world, but what is less well known is that 50% of the world's photosynthesis is carried out by algae1 -- simple aquatic plants found in all freshwater and marine systems. By analogy with higher plants, which evolved from the green algal lineage, it is assumed that algae are autotrophic, requiring merely light and a mixture of inorganic compounds to grow. It is perhaps surprising therefore to discover that more than half of all algal species require exogenous cobalamin for growth. Recent work has established that the source of the vitamin is from closely associated bacteria, which appear to live in symbiosis with the algal cells. At the same time, reports of other interactions between algae and bacteria are appearing, prompting a rethink on the concept of organisms existing as separate entities, and having profound implications for our understanding of oceanic ecosystems.

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Kumarasinghe, H. S., T. L. Gunathilaka, R. G. P. T. Jayasooriya, and K. W. Samarakoon. "Impact of Algal Research and its Potential for Industrial Applications: A Review." Sri Lankan Journal of Biology 8, no. 2 (June 30, 2023): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljb.v8i2.113.

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Marine biotechnology is a broad field with a profound and global sociological footprint. Within that sociological macrocosm, marine algae act as an emerging field of research that is exemplified by the superabundance of natural sources to harvest bioactive compounds. Algae synthesize a comprehensive array of bioactive compounds including polysaccharides, polyphenols, sterols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, proteins, essential fatty acids, enzymes, vitamins, and carotenoids. Many of these bioactive compounds are composed of significant biological properties such as antioxidant, ultra-violet protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-wrinkling, skin-whitening, anti-microbial, anti-thrombotic, and anti-cancer activities. With the discovery of novel bioactive compounds from marine algae, it as a collective performs the role of a conveyer belt of ingredients for industrial applications, namely the pharmaceutical industry, cosmeceutical industry, nutraceutical industry, energy industry, and functional food industry, etc. New generations have now focused their attention towards natural, safe, and highly available bioproducts as it downplays the risks linked to consumption while providing benefits. Considering the rising demand for natural bioproducts globally, marine algae turn into biological factories with vast economic potential. Therefore, this mini-review mainly focuses on the impact of algal research and its potential for industrial applications.

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Willett, Marnie, Michael Campbell, Ebony Schoenfeld, and Esther Callcott. "Review of Associated Health Benefits of Algal Supplementation in Cattle with Reference to Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex in Feedlot Systems." Animals 12, no. 15 (July 30, 2022): 1943. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12151943.

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Within the Australian beef industry bovine respiratory disease is considered one of the most common disease and costs the industry an average net loss of $1647.53 Australian dollars per animal death to bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). This is due to the disease overwhelming the animal’s immune system during a period where they experience multiple stressors that consequently increase the animal’s susceptivity to disease. Research into the bioactive compounds commonly found in marine algae is rapidly increasing due to its positive health benefits and potential immune modulating properties. Algal supplementation within previous studies has resulted in improved reproduction potential, growth performance, increases antioxidant activity and decreased proinflammatory cytokine concentrations. Additional research is required to further understand the aetiology of BRD and complete analysis of the bioavailability of these bioactive compounds within marine algae to fully explore the potential of marine algae supplementation.

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Ahmadi, Azin, Soheil Zorofchian Moghadamtousi, Sazaly Abubakar, and Keivan Zandi. "Antiviral Potential of Algae Polysaccharides Isolated from Marine Sources: A Review." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/825203.

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From food to fertilizer, algal derived products are largely employed in assorted industries, including agricultural, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Among different chemical compositions isolated from algae, polysaccharides are the most well-established compounds, which were subjected to a variety of studies due to extensive bioactivities. Over the past few decades, the promising results for antiviral potential of algae-derived polysaccharides have advocated them as inordinate candidates for pharmaceutical research. Numerous studies have isolated various algal polysaccharides possessing antiviral activities, including carrageenan, alginate, fucan, laminaran, and naviculan. In addition, different mechanisms of action have been reported for these polysaccharides, such as inhibiting the binding or internalization of virus into the host cells or suppressing DNA replication and protein synthesis. This review strives for compiling previous antiviral studies of algae-derived polysaccharides and their mechanism of action towards their development as natural antiviral agents for future investigations.

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Güven, Kasım Cemal, Aline Percot, and Ekrem Sezik. "Alkaloids in Marine Algae." Marine Drugs 8, no. 2 (February 4, 2010): 269–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md8020269.

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Cheong, Xin Chan. "Phylogenomics of Marine Algae." Malaysian Journal of Science 32, no. 3 (December 31, 2013): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjs.vol32no3.2.

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McLellan, D. S., and K. M. Jurd. "Anticoagulants from marine algae." Blood Coagulation & Fibrinolysis 3, no. 1 (February 1992): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001721-199202000-00011.

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Yang, Ming-He, Gerald Blunden, and Ernö Tyihák. "Formaldehyde from marine algae." Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 26, no. 1 (January 1998): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0305-1978(97)00083-5.

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Horiguchi, Takeo. "Marine Algae of Japan." Phycologia 38, no. 1 (January 1999): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2216/i0031-8884-38-1-75.1.

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Percot, Aline, Ahmet Yalçın, Veysel Aysel, Hüseyin Erduğan, Berrin Dural, and Kasım Cemal Güven. "Loliolide in marine algae." Natural Product Research 23, no. 5 (March 20, 2009): 460–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14786410802076069.

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Blunden, Gerald. "Metabolites from marine algae." Progress in Oceanography 21, no. 2 (January 1988): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6611(88)90041-9.

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Khotimchenko, S. V. "Phospholipids of marine algae." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 21, no. 3 (1985): 378–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00574218.

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S, Princely, and Dhanaraju Md. "ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS, IN VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL OF ULVA EXTRACTS FROM VISHAKHAPATNAM COAST." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2017): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18582.

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Objective: Antimicrobial drug resistance is the foremost problem faced worldwide with the current antibiotic therapy in treating infectious diseases. Marine algae were considered as a potential source of biologically active compounds with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and anticancer activities.Materials and Methods: In the present investigation, the purified fractions of marine algal crude extracts of different solvents such as aqueous, ethyl acetate (EtAc), and ethanol for antioxidant (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay) and antimicrobial activities (agar well diffusion assay) were evaluated.Results: The extracts of EtAc, ethanol, and water showed minimum inhibitory concentration values of 3.125, 6.25, and 12.25 μg/ml, respectively, for tested bacterial pathogens. The active fractions showed very little activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Salmonella Typhi, and no activity was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results of our screening showed that the EtAc marine algal fractions were active against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria and Candida albicans. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous, ethanolic, and EtAc extracts of marine algae showed the presence of the various phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, phenols, and amino acids. The ethanolic extracts showed the highest antioxidant activity as compared to aqueous and EtAc extracts.Conclusion: This work can be extended further to isolate, characterize, and discover more bioactive metabolites from marine algae, which can be exploited for the production of lead molecules in pharmaceuticals for the treatment of chronic diseases.

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Min, Juhee, and Kwang Young Kim. "Quantification of the ichthyotoxic raphidophyte Chattonella marina complex by applying a droplet digital PCR." Algae 37, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4490/algae.2022.37.11.30.

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Quantifying the abundance of Chattonella species is necessary to effectively manage the threats from ichthyotoxic raphidophytes, which can cause large-scale mortality of aquacultured fish in temperate waters. The identification and cell counting of Chattonella species have been conducted primarily on living cells without fixation by light microscopy because routine fixatives do not retain their morphological features. Species belonging to the Chattonella marina complex, including C. marina and C. marina var. ovata, had high genetic similarities and the lack of clear morphological delimitations between the species. To estimate the abundance of C. marina complex in marine plankton samples, we developed a protocol based on the droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay, with C. marina complex-specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the rDNA. Cell abundance of the C. marina complex can be determined using the ITS copy number per cell, ranging from 25 ± 1 for C. marina to 112 ± 7 for C. marina var. ovata. There were no significant differences in ITS copies estimated by the ddPCR assay between environmental DNA samples from various localities spiked with the same number of cells of culture strains. This approach can be employed to improve the monitoring efficiency of various marine protists and to support the implementation of management for harmful algal blooms, which are difficult to analyze using microscopy alone.

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Generalić Mekinić, Ivana, and Vida Šimat. "Marine Algae Bioactives: Isolation, Characterization, and Potential Application." Foods 13, no. 11 (June 1, 2024): 1736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13111736.

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This Special Issue (SI) of Foods, entitled “Marine Algae Bioactives: Isolation, Characterization, and Potential Application”, was focused on algal organisms, both microalgae and macroalgae, which have recently been recognized as new, cost-effective, and valuable sources of health-promoting nutrients and bioactive compounds with a full spectrum of activities and beneficial effects on health [...]

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Remya, R. R., Antony V. Samrot, S. Suresh Kumar, V. Mohanavel, Alagar Karthick, V. Kumar Chinnaiyan, Dhamodharan Umapathy, and M. Muhibbullah. "Bioactive Potential of Brown Algae." Adsorption Science & Technology 2022 (May 6, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9104835.

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Marine-derived natural products are rich source of secondary metabolites with huge potentials including novel therapeutic agents. Marine algae are considered to be a good source of secondary metabolites with versatile bioactivities. During the last few decades, researches related to natural products obtained from brown algae have remarkably escalated as they contain active compounds with varied biologically activities like antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antiparasitic properties. The main bioactive components such as phlorotannin, fucoxanthin, alginic acid, fucoidan, and laminarin have been briefly discussed here, together with their composition and biological activities. In this review, the biological function of extracts and the metabolites of brown algae as well as their pharmacological impacts with the description of the possible mechanism of their action are described and discussed. Also, this study is expected to examine the multifunctional properties of brown algae that facilitate natural algal products, including the ability to integrate these functional properties in a variety of applications.

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Aleena B. Eluvathingal, Amitha T V, Carolin Joe Rosario J, and Vimal Priya S. "An in vitro anticancerous and antioxidant potentials of the brown seaweed Sargassum polycystum C. Agardh." Kongunadu Research Journal 10, no. 2 (December 31, 2023): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj.2023.13.

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Discovering new therapeutic agents for cancer treatment remains a significant issue in the search for a cure as, cancer is the preeminent reason of death worldwide. The majority of compounds used as chemotherapeutic medications to treat cancer have been found and isolated in plants for their synthetic derivatives. Biomaterials made from marine algae are crucial components of several medications used for the treatment of cancer and other diseases, due to their diverse bioactivities. The goal of the current study was to assess the marine algae Sargassum polycystum antioxidant capacity and anticancer efficacy against the A549 cell line. The antioxidants are crucial for preventing oxidative stress-related damage (OS). OS has been linked to the pathogenesis of several illnesses, including cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. Marine algae-derived natural compounds shield cells by reducing the effects of oxidative stress. From the algal extract DPPH radical scavenging activity in a concentration–dependent manner with maximum scavenging activity (IC50 value = 27.7±1.3µg/ml) was carried out. The in vitro anticancerous activity against the A549 Lung cancer cell line revealed that the IC50 value of Sargassum polycystum was 13±1.5 µg/ml. Thus we can deduce that the secondary metabolites from marine algae can advance with a substantial range of anti-cancerous medicaments.

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Lomartire, Silvia, and Ana M. M. Gonçalves. "Marine Macroalgae Polyphenols as Potential Neuroprotective Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Diseases." Marine Drugs 21, no. 5 (April 23, 2023): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md21050261.

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Polyphenols are beneficial natural compounds with antioxidant properties that have recently gain a lot of interest for their potential therapeutic applications. Marine polyphenols derived from marine macroalgae have been discovered to possess interesting antioxidant properties; therefore, these compounds can be included in several areas of drug development. Authors have considered the use of polyphenol extracts from seaweeds as neuroprotective antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases. Marine polyphenols may slow the progression and limit neuronal cell loss due to their antioxidant activity; therefore, the use of these natural compounds would improve the quality of life for patients affected with neurodegenerative diseases. Marine polyphenols have distinct characteristics and potential. Among seaweeds, brown algae are the main sources of polyphenols, and present the highest antioxidant activity in comparison to red algae and green algae. The present paper collects the most recent in vitro and in vivo evidence from investigations regarding polyphenols extracted from seaweeds that exhibit neuroprotective antioxidant activity. Throughout the review, oxidative stress in neurodegeneration and the mechanism of action of marine polyphenol antioxidant activity are discussed to evidence the potential of algal polyphenols for future use in drug development to delay cell loss in patients with neurodegenerative disorders.

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Sen Sarkar, Neera, and Srijonee Choudhury. "Algae as Source of Natural Flavour Enhancers - A Mini Review." Plant Science Today 4, no. 4 (October 19, 2017): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2017.4.4.338.

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Algae are popular sources of food, fodder, feed, fuel, fertilizers, pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products, and other co-products. The reason for preferring algae as source of a wide array of commercial products is that provisions for algal biomass production for application in different fields are long-term, pro-environmental and sustainable. This is related to the numerous varieties of ways and places in which algae can grow naturally or can be cultivated for commercialization. The fact that different species of algae have traditionally been used as preferred food or delicacy throughout the world speaks volumes about the taste attributes of edible algae. However, the use of algae or its derivatives as taste or flavour enhancers has not been explored enough, though sporadic works and reports can be found worldwide. This review attempts to scout the role of algae in imparting flavours in various cuisines made from algae or algae derived products. Also a number of fish and marine organisms have been reported to have flavours which are considered to contain flavour-enhancing compounds derived from algae, with uniqueness in such tastes been attributed to algae. Contrary to this, few algae have also been reported to impart “off-flavour” in some marine organisms. The present review brings together all such available reports to open avenues in bio-prospecting algae for extracting natural flavour enhancing products to enhance flavours of food items deficit in these appetite-stimulating flavours. Further, this review could stimulate research on “off-flavour” producing algae to remove distaste or toxicity imparting compounds by modification of biochemical pathways.

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Liao, Lawrence M., Dominic Franco C. Belleza, and Paul John L. Geraldino. "Marine algae of the Sulu Sea Islands, Philippines II: annotated list of the brown seaweeds (Phaeophyceae) from the Cuyo Islands." Phytotaxa 152, no. 1 (December 11, 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.152.1.1.

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The western section of the Philippine archipelago comprising the frontier island of Palawan and numerous islands within the vast Sulu Sea basin is least known in terms of its marine biota. The Smithsonian Institution Philippines Expedition (SIPHILEXP) collected thousands of marine samples to document the rich marine biodiversity there. Collections of marine benthic algae were made from the small islets of the Cuyo Islands located in the northern section of the Sulu Sea. This paper documents 17 species and one form of brown algae (Phaeophyceae) grouped into nine genera and five families. All except three taxa are new records for the locality. The classification and nomenclature of each species follow currently accepted systems. Extensive remarks on the peculiarities of each species are provided. Compared to the marine flora of other regions of the Indo-Pacific, the brown algal flora of the Cuyo Islands is potentially as diverse, but owing to some species that are commonly found elsewhere and were not accounted for in this survey, the rich diversity of the marine flora here cannot be fully appreciated. The available information represents a valuable contribution to the knowledge of marine brown algal diversity in this poorly known region of the Philippines.

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Klintzsch, Thomas, Gerald Langer, Gernot Nehrke, Anna Wieland, Katharina Lenhart, and Frank Keppler. "Methane production by three widespread marine phytoplankton species: release rates, precursor compounds, and potential relevance for the environment." Biogeosciences 16, no. 20 (October 28, 2019): 4129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-4129-2019.

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Abstract. Methane (CH4) production within the oceanic mixed layer is a widespread phenomenon, but the underlying mechanisms are still under debate. Marine algae might contribute to the observed CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters, but so far direct evidence for CH4 production by marine algae has only been provided for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. In the present study we investigated, next to E. huxleyi, other widespread haptophytes, i.e., Phaeocystis globosa and Chrysochromulina sp. We performed CH4 production and stable carbon isotope measurements and provide unambiguous evidence that all three investigated marine algae are involved in the production of CH4 under oxic conditions. Rates ranged from 1.9±0.6 to 3.1±0.4 µg of CH4 per gram of POC (particulate organic carbon) per day, with Chrysochromulina sp. and E. huxleyi showing the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Cellular CH4 production rates ranged from 16.8±6.5 (P. globosa) to 62.3±6.4 ag CH4 cell−1 d−1 (E. huxleyi; ag = 10−18 g). In cultures that were treated with 13C-labeled hydrogen carbonate, δ13CH4 values increased with incubation time, resulting from the conversion of 13C–hydrogen carbonate to 13CH4. The addition of 13C-labeled dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and methionine sulfoxide – known algal metabolites that are ubiquitous in marine surface layers – resulted in the occurrence of 13C-enriched CH4 in cultures of E. huxleyi, clearly indicating that methylated sulfur compounds are also precursors of CH4. By comparing the algal CH4 production rates from our laboratory experiments with results previously reported in two field studies of the Pacific Ocean and the Baltic Sea, we might conclude that algae-mediated CH4 release is contributing to CH4 oversaturation in oxic waters. Therefore, we propose that haptophyte mediated CH4 production could be a common and important process in marine surface waters.

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García-Salgado, Sara, Georg Raber, Reingard Raml, Christoph Magnes, and Kevin A. Francesconi. "Arsenosugar phospholipids and arsenic hydrocarbons in two species of brown macroalgae." Environmental Chemistry 9, no. 1 (2012): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en11164.

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Environmental contextAlthough organoarsenic compounds occur in marine organisms at high concentrations, the origin and role of these compounds is unknown. Arsenic-containing lipids (arsenolipids) are newly discovered compounds in fish. We identify a range of arsenolipids in algae and propose that algae are the origin of these unusual arsenic compounds in marine ecosystems. AbstractFourteen arsenolipids, including 11 new compounds, were identified and quantified in two species of brown algae, Wakame (Undaria pinnatifida) and Hijiki (Hizikia fusiformis), by high resolution mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Both algal species contained arsenosugar-phospholipids as the major type of arsenolipid, and arsenic-hydrocarbons were also significant components, particularly in Hijiki. The origin of the various arsenolipids, and the possible significance of their relative quantities, is briefly discussed.

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Pore, Smita M., and Vinayak P. Dhulap. "Identification of marine micro algae in correlation with water quality assessment of coastal region of Maharashtra, India." Clean Technologies and Recycling 3, no. 4 (2023): 257–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/ctr.2023016.

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<abstract> The recent marine algae study was carried out in the coastal region of Maharashtra, which is a district of Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg between 2021 and 2022. Water and algae samples were collected between September to October, mainly because to availability of algae is maximum in this period. The sampling locations were decided based on both previous work performed by researchers and on a literature review. The sampling sites were fixed based on the size of study area, sampling site accessibility, availability of algae on surface and substratum of the rock or wall. The microalgae were collected and preserved in plastic jar containing 3% to 4% formalin. The water samples were collected and specific physical and chemical parameters such as pH with pH meter, dissolved oxygen (mg/L) by DO meter, and temperature (Celsius) by digital thermometer were analyzed in situ. The remaining physical and chemical parameters were analyzed in the departmental research laboratory using standard methods outlined by the American Public Health Association (APHA). The collected micro algae were identified by a standard microscopy method using key references and with the help of algae experts. The main objective of the present research was to conduct extensive research on the collection and identification of diverse algal species in a coastal region to determine algal diversity, to determine the water quality standard and to measure the occurrence of algae in water. </abstract>

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De la Rosa Álamos, Julio, María Altamirano, and Marianela Zanolla. "Checklist of benthic marine Cyanoprokariota of Chafarinas Islands (Alboran Sea, Western Mediterranean). Catálogo de cianoprocariotas bentónicas marinas de las Islas Chafarinas (Mar de Alborán, Mediterráneo Occidental)." Acta Botanica Malacitana 38 (December 1, 2013): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v38i0.2619.

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Catálogo de cianoprocariotas bentónicas marinas de las Islas Chafarinas (Mar de Alborán, Mediterráneo Occidental) Keywords: Chafarinas Islands, Cyanoprokariota, marine algae, Alboran Sea. Palabras clave: Islas Chafarinas, Cyanoprokariotas, algas marinas, Mar de Alborán.

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Schoenrock, Kathryn M., Charles D. Amsler, James B. McClintock, and Bill J. Baker. "Life history bias in endophyte infection of the Antarctic rhodophyte, Iridaea cordata." Botanica Marina 58, no. 1 (January 1, 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2014-0085.

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AbstractEndophytic organisms are known to have varied effects on their host organism in terrestrial and marine environments. In previous studies on marine algae, these symbioses range from innocuous to pathogenic depending on the host and endophyte species. The present study further assessed a pathogenic relationship between filamentous algal endophytes and a red algal host from the western Antarctic Peninsula. We analyzed endophyte presence (appearance of filamentous thalli) in the three life history stages of

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Skelton, Posa A., and G. Robin South. "Annotated catalogue of the benthic marine algae of the Palolo Deep National Marine Reserve of Samoa." Australian Systematic Botany 15, no. 2 (2002): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb00036.

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A total of 124 species of benthic marine algae is reported from the Palolo Deep National Marine Reserve on the island of Upolu (Western) Samoa (13°49′S, 171°45′W). Included in the catalogue are 88 Rhodophyceae, 12 Phaeophyceae and 24 Chlorophyceae. This represents the first survey of benthic marine algae for any site in the Samoan Archipelago in the last 76 years. A total of 90 species newly recorded for the region brings the total reported species to 288 (includes Cyanophyceae not reported here). This is about 68% of the current flora from, for example, nearby Fiji. Of the 11 sites investigated, the eastern algal rim of the main Deep (0–10-m depth) is the most diverse, with 68 species. The subtidal (up to 25 m deep) is also diverse with 57 species recorded. The least diverse of all the sites is the Borrow Pit with only six species.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Marine algae'

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