Journal articles on the topic 'Marginal profit'
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Ren, Si-Tong, Yang Liu, Xin-Yi Yang, Ding-Gui Tong, and Gao-Feng Ren. "Extended Ultimate-Pit-Limit Methodology for Optimizing Surface-to-Underground Mining Transition in Metal Mines." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (January 13, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2753991.
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The transition from surface mining to underground is a critical issue for metal mines. The commonly cited procedure cored by ultimate-pit-limit (UPL) methodology is restricted to maximize the profit from both surface and underground mining, due to the absence of the integration of the profit from either of them. Under the target for such maximization, this study proposes a new optimization approach, which directly relates the design of open-pit limit and underground stopes, by equalizing the marginal profit from either surface or underground mining. The variation of the crown pillar size is involved in this approach. The proposed approach is applied to the Dagushan iron mine, and results show the total profit increased from 3.79 billion CNYs (original design by conventional UPL methodology) to 4.17 billion CNYs (optimal design by the proposed approach), by 9.91%. Moreover, the marginal profit from surface and underground mining, as well as total profit, of all possible designs of surface-to-underground mining transition in Dagushan iron mine is calculated to validate the proposed approach. When the marginal profits satisfy the criterion of the proposed approach, the maximum value of the total profit appears, and this demonstrates the proposed approach is robust to maximize the total profit in surface-to-underground mining transition. This work contributes to existing literature studies primarily from practical aspect, by providing a unified approach to optimize the transition from surface to underground mining.
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ORLOV, Oliver. "INNOVATIONS IN PLANNING BASED ON THE MARGINAL APPROACH CONCEPT." Economy of Ukraine 2018, no. 5 (May 10, 2018): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/economyukr.2018.05.023.
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In modern economic theory and practice, there is a whole range of problems, where the lack of analytical tools does not allow adequately measuring the expected results. A number of hypotheses are presented; proofs of these hypotheses show that a set of important economic problems (planning of cost production, profit, break-even point by product, pricing for new products and evaluation of effectiveness of inno-vation projects) do not meet an appropriate solution because of the lack of analytical tools. As an alternative, solutions of these problems based on the marginal approach concept are proposed. Distribution of fixed costs between types of products (proposed in accordance with the concept of marginal approach) is inherently a covering of fixed costs by marginal profit and formation on this basis of profit and profitableness both by the types of products and by enterprise as a whole. The concept of the marginal approach was also used to solve the problems of pricing on new products of industrial and technical purpose, which allowed forming the lower and upper limits of prices on an anti-costly basis. Methods for evaluating the effectiveness of innovative projects, which are pre-sented in economic literature and practice from the second half of the 20th century, are reduced to comparing investments with magnitude of profit from sale of an in-novative product during its life cycle. It is proposed to compare investments with the marginal profit received by the enterprise from a new product during its life cycle (of course, taking into account discounting). The results obtained have theoretical value, since they allow new ways to form cost price, profit and profitableness by product types, offer an anti-costly approach to pricing with provision of appropriate tools, as well as evaluation of effectiveness of innovation projects. And a practical significance of these results is to create ap-propriate conditions for a flexible cost management, profits and prices, which is es-pecially important for a rapidly changing market conditions.
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MAPLES, JOSHUA G., KALYN T. COATNEY, JOHN M. RILEY, BRANDI B. KARISCH, JANE A. PARISH, and RHONDA C. VANN. "COMPARING CARCASS END-POINT AND PROFIT MAXIMIZATION DECISION RULES USING DYNAMIC NONLINEAR GROWTH FUNCTIONS." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 47, no. 1 (January 26, 2015): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aae.2014.8.
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AbstractThis article develops a market timing decision rule for cattle feeders based on profit maximization. We then compare it with the “status quo” strategy of feeding cattle to a targeted carcass end point. We estimate individual nonlinear dynamic growth functions to derive each animal's value of the marginal product in relation to days on feed. Given individual marginal factor costs, our results indicate that the use of a profit maximization rule could have increased average profits by $16.56 to $21.09 per head for the cattle of known age, and $7.67 to $11.32 per head if age was unknown.
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Smirnova, Yu. "Profitability marginal profit in the system marginal analysis of the economic subject." Auditor, no. 10 (October 17, 2013): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/12692.
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PATTANAYAK, SUBHRENDU K., and RANDALL A. KRAMER. "Worth of watersheds: a producer surplus approach for valuing drought mitigation in Eastern Indonesia." Environment and Development Economics 6, no. 1 (January 15, 2001): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x01000079.
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This study combines hydrological modeling with applied micro-econometric techniques to value a complex ecosystem service: drought mitigation provided by tropical forested watersheds to agrarian communities. Spatial variation in current baseflow allows estimation of drought mitigation values as the marginal profit accruing to agricultural households. The paper shows that this uncommon focus on producer (not consumer) surplus measures is appropriate for valuation as long as markets for commodities related to the environmental services are complete. For the typical household, the estimated marginal profit is positive, validating the central hypothesis that baseflow makes positive contributions to agricultural profits. There is some evidence, however, that increased watershed protection will increase profits through greater baseflow only in watersheds with a unique mix of physio-graphic and climatic features. The paper evaluates and provides some support for the hypothesis, put forward by hydrological science and the Indonesian Government, that protected watersheds can supply latent and unrecognized ecosystem services to local people.
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Jiang, Shumin, Fei Xu, Zhanwen Ding, Chen Yang, and Huanhuan Liu. "Dynamics of a Duopoly Game with Two Different Delay Structures." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2363804.
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Two different time delay structures for the dynamical Cournot game with two heterogeneous players are considered in this paper, in which a player is assumed to make decision via his marginal profit with time delay and another is assumed to adjust strategy according to the delayed price. The dynamics of both players output adjustments are analyzed and simulated. The time delay for the marginal profit has more influence on the dynamical behaviors of the system while the market price delay has less effect, and an intermediate level of the delay weight for the marginal profit can expand the stability region and thus promote the system stability. It is also shown that the system may lose stability due to either a period-doubling bifurcation or a Neimark-Sacker bifurcation. Numerical simulations show that the chaotic behaviors can be stabilized by the time-delayed feedback control, and the two different delays play different roles on the system controllability: the delay of the marginal profit has more influence on the system control than the delay of the market price.
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Kudryashova, Yu N., T. G. Lazareva, T. N. Makushina, and Yu V. Chernova. "The organization of management accounting as a mechanism to improve the efficiency of agricultural enterprises." BIO Web of Conferences 17 (2020): 00028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20201700028.
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The article discusses a comparative analysis of full cost systems, “direct cost” and “standard cost”. A comparative characteristic and features of using the accrual method and the cash basis method in management accounting are given. A practical example illustrates the advantages of using the cash method and the accrual method in calculating marginal income. The necessity of reflecting the marginal profit on a separate account 92 “Marginal profit (loss)” is substantiated and, in accordance with this, correspondence of accounts on the formation of marginal income using various methods is proposed. A new methodology for calculating CVP analysis indicators is proposed.
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Pogorelova, Lioubov. "Trade and Transfer Pricing." Intertax 40, Issue 1 (January 1, 2012): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/taxi2012004.
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Although there may be difficulties, especially during challenging economic times, in applying profit-based regulations when an income tax dimension is considered, if a trade dimension is introduced, in some circumstances profit-based methods, such as the comparable profits method (CPM) or transactional net marginal method (TNMM), may be preferred transfer pricing methods for multinationals. The article provides a comprehensive overview of the profit-based methods CPM and TNMM, where advantages and disadvantages of these methods are considered, and differences between these two methods are pointed out. The article also introduces a conceptual framework for transfer price coordination in the context of income tax and customs laws and examines issues pertaining to harmonization of income tax and customs laws.
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Panoutsou, Calliope, and David Chiaramonti. "Socio-Economic Opportunities from Miscanthus Cultivation in Marginal Land for Bioenergy." Energies 13, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 2741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13112741.
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Substantial areas of agricultural land in south European countries are becoming increasingly marginal and being abandoned due to arid climate with prolonged summers and low rainfall. Perennial, lignocellulosic crops, such as Miscanthus, offer an outlet that couples agriculture with energy, creates employment, and increases profits from feedstock production in rural areas. This research paper follows an Input Output methodology and uses an econometric model to investigate the impact of crop yielding performance and marginal land to jobs and profit from the cultivation and supply of Miscanthus in low quality, marginal land in Italy and Greece. Two value chain cases are analysed: small scale Combined Heat and Power (CHP) and Fast Pyrolysis Bio Oil (FPBO). The cultivation of Miscanthus in both reference value chains exhibits good employment prospects, with smaller scale value chains creating more labour-intensive logistics operations. The activities can also generate substantial financial profit especially with higher crop yields. Results show a pronounced relationship between profitability and crop yield for both reference value chains - cultivation and supply operations become more profitable with increasing yield. It is, therefore, important to achieve higher yields through good cropping practices, while maintaining high levels of environmental sustainability.
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Gong, Bengang, Xuan Xia, and Jinshi Cheng. "Supply-Chain Pricing and Coordination for New Energy Vehicles Considering Heterogeneity in Consumers’ Low Carbon Preference." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 11, 2020): 1306. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041306.
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Given consumers’ willingness to pay different prices for new energy vehicles (NEVs) and traditional vehicles, we construct a utility model of ordinary and green consumers. We establish pricing game models for centralized and decentralized decisions in an NEV’s supply chain in order to study the impact of changes in consumers’ low carbon preference heterogeneity on supply chain pricing and member profit. The results show that consumers’ low carbon preferences and the ratio of green consumers increases with the ex-factory and selling prices of NEVs. An increase in the percentage of green consumers under centralized decision-making will reduce the total profit of the supply chain. Manufacturers’ profits under decentralized decision-making are greater than the dealers’ profits, and the sum of the two members’ profits under decentralized decision-making is less than the total profit of the supply chain under centralized decision-making. We design a revenue-sharing contract to eliminate the double marginal effect.
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Markina, Iryna, Valeriya Lenʹ, and Vitaly Shapka. "Cost management as a factor for improving enterprise economic security." Actual problems of innovative economy, no. 3 (May 30, 2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2524-0455-2019-3-12.
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Introduction. Modern enterprises operate in conditions of political and economic instability. This requires enterpris-es to build an integrated system for ensuring economic security. In Ukraine, the issue of economic security is relevant. But not fully understood. Need to clarify issues related to improving cost management. This is a factor in improving the econom-ic security of the enterprise. The purpose of the study is the theoretical and practical justification of cost management. Results. One of the the main goal of the enterprise is maximum profit. A factor in the success of enterprises is to re-duce production costs. Business security is a prerequisite for stable sustainable development and effective operation of the enterprise. Economic security depends on many factors: the actions of competitors, unsuccessful state policies, changing market conditions, and crisis phenomena. Object of enterprise security: personnel (managers, structural divisions, share-holders and employees), financial, economic, material and intellectual capital of the enterprise; specifics of activity. The head of the enterprise makes a decision. The decisions concern the price of the product, the amount of expenses. Costs - a decrease in the volume of material assets, cash. Cost management involves functions: forecasting, planning, rationing, organization, calculation, motivation and stimulation, accounting, analysis, regulation and control of expenses. Conclusions. We consider the “Cost-Volume-Profit” (CVP- analysis) analysis to be successful. It allows you to iden-tify changes in costs. The dependence of changes in production volumes and incomes on sales is studied; expenses and net profit. It’s substantiated that cost and profit planning using CVP analysis has limitations. Marginal income (profit) – the difference between sales revenue and variable costs. The higher the marginal income level, the faster fixed costs are reim-bursed. The average marginal income is an “indicator” of the contribution of a unit of production to covering fixed costs. The purpose of break-even analysis (CVP-analysis) is to predict financial results. Break-even analysis of economic activity is an indicator of the brink of effective and inefficient management. The same is the condition for maximizing profits. The main thing is an effective defense mechanism of the enterprise. Provides economic security of the enterprise from the threat of bankruptcy. Keywords: economic security, cost management, profit, costs, cost-volume-profit analysis.
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Jere, Thomas. "Marginal Analysis as the Basis for Decision Making." Interactive science, no. 4 (59) (May 26, 2021): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-553800.
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Margin analysis is a very powerful tool for modelling how individual producers and consumers make decisions. The basic idea is that decision makers make choices based on the comparative costs and benefits associated with small changes in a given state of the world. If the marginal benefits of a small change outweigh the marginal costs of that change, the decision maker makes that small change and then re-analyses for the next potential additional change. Margin analysis is an important component in modelling how producers make decisions to maximize profits and how consumers make decisions to maximize utility. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the different aspects of marginal analysis and how it may be applied in management accounting, therefore it encompasses a lot of aspects from how to evaluate actual opportunity costs to profit maximization and how these aspects can be applied in decision making, consequently this research will try to determine and infer whether the concept can be reliably applied in real life scenarios and be able to produce reliable results which can benefit firms to reduce costs and maximize their profits.
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Wang, Kai, Shuaian Wang, Lu Zhen, and Xiaobo Qu. "Cruise service planning considering berth availability and decreasing marginal profit." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 95 (January 2017): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2016.10.020.
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Simshauser, Paul, and Jude Ariyaratnam. "What is normal profit for power generation?" Journal of Financial Economic Policy 6, no. 2 (May 6, 2014): 152–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfep-09-2013-0045.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present a multi-period dynamic power project financing model to produce pragmatic estimates of benchmark wholesale power prices based on the principles of normal profit. This, in turn, can guide policymakers as to whether price spikes or bidding above marginal cost in wholesale electricity markets warrants any investigation at all. One of the seemingly complex areas associated with energy-only wholesale electricity pools is at what point market power abuse is present on the supply side. It should not be this way. If a theoretically robust measure of normal profit exists, identification of potential market power abuse is straightforward. Such a definition readily exists and can be traced back to the ground-breaking work of financial economists in the 1960s. Design/methodology/approach – Using a multi-period dynamic power project model, the authors produce pragmatic and theoretically robust measures of normal profit for project financed plant and plant financed on balance sheet. These model results are then integrated into a static partial equilibrium model of a power system. The model results are in turn used to guide policymaking on generator bidding in energy-only power markets. Findings – Under conditions of perfect plant availability and divisibility with no transmission constraints, energy-only markets result in clearing prices which are not economically viable in the long run. Bidding must, therefore, deviate from strict short-run marginal cost at some stage. To distinguish between quasi-contributions to substantial sunk costs and market power abuse, a pragmatic and robust measure of normal profit is required. Originality/value – This article finds policymakers can be guided by an ex-post analysis of base energy prices against pragmatic estimates for the long-run marginal cost of the base plant, and an ex-ante analysis of call option prices along the forward curve against pragmatic estimates of the carrying cost of the peaking plant.
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Chen, You-Hua, and Xiao-Wei Wen. "Vertical Cooperative Advertising with Substitute Brands." Journal of Applied Mathematics 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/480401.
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Cooperative (co-op) advertising is attracting more and more attention. This paper analyzes co-op advertising behavior based on a dual-brand model with a single manufacturer and a single retailer, and some interesting conclusions are achieved. Firstly, the firm in the supply chain advertises both brands, and the difference of advertising expenditure is not very large in equilibrium. Secondly, the retailer's advertising and the manufacturer's participation ratios depend on both the retailer's and the manufacturer's marginal profits. Thirdly, the stimulating effect increases the advertising investment while the competition effect decreases it, but they have no effect on the manufacturer's participation ratio. Fourthly, co-op advertising is more sensitive to the manufacturer's marginal profits than those of the retailer. Lastly, total advertising investment and profit are greater under cooperative decision than under Stackelberg decision.
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Song, Jiekun, Xiaoping Ma, and Rui Chen. "A Profit Distribution Model of Reverse Logistics Based on Fuzzy DEA Efficiency—Modified Shapley Value." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 7354. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137354.
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Reverse logistics is an important way to realize sustainable production and consumption. With the emergence of professional third-party reverse logistics service providers, the outsourcing model has become the main mode of reverse logistics. Whether the distribution of cooperative profit among multiple participants is fair or not determines the quality of the implementation of the outsourcing mode. The traditional Shapley value model is often used to distribute cooperative profit. Since its distribution basis is the marginal profit contribution of each member enterprise to different alliances, it is necessary to estimate the profit of each alliance. However, it is difficult to ensure the accuracy of this estimation, which makes the distribution lack of objectivity. Once the actual profit share deviates from the expectation of member enterprise, the sustainability of the reverse logistics alliance will be affected. This study considers the marginal efficiency contribution of each member enterprise to the alliance and applies it to replace the marginal profit contribution. As the input and output data of reverse logistics cannot be accurately separated from those of the whole enterprise, they are often uncertain. In this paper, we assume that each member enterprise’s input and output data are fuzzy numbers and construct an efficiency measurement model based on fuzzy DEA. Then, we define the characteristic function of alliance and propose a modified Shapley value model to fairly distribute cooperative profit. Finally, an example comprising of two manufacturing enterprises, one sales enterprise, and one third-party reverse logistics service provider is put forward to verify the model’s feasibility and effectiveness. This paper provides a reference for the profit distribution of the reverse logistics.
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Chang, Yang-Ming, Joel M. Potter, and Shane Sanders. "Inelastic sports ticket pricing, marginal win revenue, and firm pricing strategy." Managerial Finance 42, no. 9 (September 12, 2016): 922–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-02-2016-0047.
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Purpose A standard result of firm theory is that a monopoly maximizes profit somewhere along the elastic portion of its demand curve. However, empirical studies of sports ticket pricing routinely find that (home) teams price along the inelastic portion of demand. Despite compelling theoretical explanations of this finding, at least one important factor remains unconsidered. A profit-maximizing team considers not only direct marginal revenue and direct marginal cost when setting a ticket price but also deferred, strategic benefit (revenue) from present game success. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Prior literature finds that a given win is valued in that it generates additional future revenue and likelihood of home victory rises, ceteris paribus, in crowd density. The authors construct a firm profit maximization problem in which a sports team considers both present and future revenue when pricing home games in the present period. Findings If the deferred benefit is sufficiently large, a forward-looking, profit-maximizing team prices along the inelastic portion of its static demand curve. Importantly, this same price falls along the elastic portion of the firm’s (empirically unobserved) dynamic demand curve. Originality/value This is the first model of sports ticket pricing to recognize the intertemporal nature of demand for a sports match.
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Gasparian, Mikhail Samuilovich, Irina Anatolievna Kiseleva, Valery Aleksandrovich Titov, and Natalia Alekseevna Sadovnikova. "Modeling an enterprise's operations based on marginal ideology." Nexo Revista Científica 34, no. 01 (April 15, 2021): 457–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/nexo.v34i01.11323.
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The paper explores the topical subject of modeling enterprise operations with the use of marginal analysis. The market economy is characterised by the heightened instability of the complex socioeconomic system, which is almost impossible to fully grasp and study. Businesses face intense competition. Adequate managerial decision-making requires in-depth comprehensive assessments of the situation and reliable forecasting. A firm that makes correct forecasts gains additional profit compared to one abstaining from forecasting. Meanwhile, a firm making an incorrect forecast loses most of all. Managerial decisions often rely on break-even analysis, i. e., marginal analysis. This paper explores examples where even in cases when disadvantageous choices are made (as shown by break-even analysis), the setting can still lead to positive results, i. e., at least a moderate profit, through the validation of the managerial decision by further analysis and calculations. The methods of enquiry, retrospective and document analysis, as well as synthesis, generalisation and systematisation were used.
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Suzuki, Naoki, and Takeru Kitahara. "Net Profit and Marginal Net Profit in the Scoop Net Fishery of Ayu Population in Lake Biwa." Fisheries science 64, no. 6 (1998): 939–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2331/fishsci.64.939.
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Flores, Guillermo, Juan Carlos Hernández, Miguel Acosta, and Mario Montero. "Análisis económico de la utilización de inoculante biológico (Rhizobium sp.) en frijol común, en la Región Brunca, Costa Rica." Agronomía Mesoamericana 10, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/am.v10i2.17934.
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This study was carried out in two zones of the Brunca Region using a biological inoculants of the Rhizobium sp bacteria. The objective was to reduced the chemical fertilizer utilization. Four treatments were evaluated: Absolute control; Inoculants (0,7 kg/ha); Inoculants (0,7 kg/ha)+ Fertilizer 10-30-10 (63 kg/ha is) and Fertilizer10-30-10 (125 kg/ha) in property of farmer at a density of 30-32 kg seed/ha. A partial budget and an analysis of Dominance (CIMMYT, 1988) were used to carry out the economic analysis determining net profit and marginal rate of return. In the zone of Changuena, Buenos Aires the use of single inoculants presented the higher net profit and a rate of marginal return of 388%. For the zone of Pejibaye de Pérez Zeledón the use of single fertilizer obtained the higher net profit and a rate of marginal return of 621%, inoculants+ fertilizer 814% and single inoculants 173%. The use of biological inoculants was a practice economically profitable for the farmers
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Khabibullozoda, Kh Kh, and N. K. Goryaev. "IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF INTERCITY FREIGHT ROAD TRANSPORTATION BASED ON ACCOUNTING FOR FACTORS AFFECTING VARIABLE COSTS." Intelligence. Innovations. Investment, no. 2 (2022): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25198/2077-7175-2022-2-95.
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Abstract. According to official statistics, about a quarter of road transport enterprises are unprofitable, so increasing their efficiency is an urgent task of the transport industry. In the market, carriers always has alternative options for loading vehicles. Based on the profit maximization criterion, the most effective trips are those that provide the maximum specific margin profit, which is determined by dividing the difference between the tariff and variable costs for the duration of the ride. Earlier studies conducted to determine effective trips were determined on the basis of average variable costs for the vehicles in question, however, studies have shown that variable costs significantly depend on the age of the vehicles and the load factor. The purpose of this study is to improve the efficiency of intercity road freight transport on the basis of improving the methodology for selecting transportation orders, providing the maximum specific marginal profit in the specific operating conditions of vehicles. The basis of the methodology is to take into account the factors affecting variable costs in long-distance road transportation of goods. The study was conducted based on statistical data on the operation of Mercedes-Benz Actros-1840 truck tractors in AlliansAuto LLC in 2020 and 2021. The regularities of the influence of the age of the vehicles on fuel consumption and repair costs, as well as the load factor on fuel consumption were determined. The scientific novelty of the research is the improved methodology for selecting applications for transportation by marginal profit, taking into account the established patterns of influence of specific conditions on variable costs. The calculated economic effect in the form of an increase in marginal profit by 61860 rubles in annual terms for the conditions of transportation by road trains LLC “AllianceAuto” on the direction Chelyabinsk — Moscow testifies to the practical significance of the proposed methodology. Further improvement of the methodology for selecting applications for transportation by marginal profit is advisable to clarify the pattern of influence of the load on repair costs.
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Ji, Wen, Bo-Wei Chen, Yiqiang Chen, and Sun-Yuan Kung. "Profit Improvement in Wireless Video Broadcasting System: A Marginal Principle Approach." IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2015): 1659–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmc.2014.2362919.
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Lee, Chia-Yen. "Meta-data envelopment analysis: Finding a direction towards marginal profit maximization." European Journal of Operational Research 237, no. 1 (August 2014): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2014.01.026.
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Howard, Bruce. "Fundamentals Or Fancies? The Justification Of Returns To Equity From 1950 To 2007." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 4 (September 24, 2014): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i4.8864.
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Profit-maximizing firms should continue to invest in economic capital to the point where the marginal product of capital equals the marginal cost of financial capital. As such, the returns to shareholders on the right-hand side of the balance sheet should be justified by the returns generated by assets employed on the left-hand side. The author compares the net real after-tax marginal product of capital with returns on U.S. equities over the period 1950 to 2007. The results show that long-term returns on large cap U.S. equities are justified by the marginal product of capital.
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Kameel Mydin Meera, Ahamed, and Hamida Mubasheera. "REVISITING THE CONCEPTS OF MONEY, PROFIT AND INTEREST FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF VALUE AND DIMINISHING MARGINAL UTILITY." Journal of Islamic Monetary Economics and Finance 1, no. 1 (August 10, 2015): 25–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.21098/jimf.v1i1.482.
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This article is a theoretical article that attempts to clarify the inherent meanings of the concepts of profit and interest, i.e. two important concepts in finance, particularly Islamic Finance. These are age-old concepts in economics that still draw confusion among people. Profit comes from trade and interest comes from lending and borrowing activities. While the former is much encouraged in Islam, the latter is strongly forbidden. Nonetheless, in today’s monetary and financial circumstances, the market interest rate is being used as a benchmark for the Islamic profit rate, drawing criticisms from many quarters that both are indeed one and the same. Using the fundamental economic concept of marginal utility, this paper attempts to clarify the fundamental difference in these two concepts and their implications for modern finance, particularly Islamic finance. Indirectly in the process, the paper also clarifies the concepts of money and riba.Keywords: Money, marginal utility, monetary systemJEL Classification: D11, E40, E50, E60
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Ding, Zhanwen, Xiaofeng Zhu, and Shumin Jiang. "Dynamical Cournot game with bounded rationality and time delay for marginal profit." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 100 (June 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2013.11.004.
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Singha, Chandan. "Marginal value of sub-watershed treatment on profit in Darjeeling district, India." Land Use Policy 101 (February 2021): 105089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105089.
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Garcı´a-Bertrand, Raquel, Antonio J. Conejo, and Steven Gabriel. "Electricity market near-equilibrium under locational marginal pricing and minimum profit conditions." European Journal of Operational Research 174, no. 1 (October 2006): 457–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2005.03.037.
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DUBKOVA, Valeria B. "THE PECULIARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES’ PROFIT TAXATION IN A DIFFERENTIATED APPROACH." Tyumen State University Herald. Social, Economic, and Law Research 7, no. 2 (2021): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-7897-2021-7-2-219-242.
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This article studies the problem of improving enterprise profit taxation, the ways to solve it, and one of the main problems of the modern system of the enterprises taxation — how it is connected to the production efficiency. By solving it, we can determine the differentiation of the tax rates to the enterprises’ profit. Within its methodological framework, the author proposes to use the theory of surplus value. In order to spread the global methods for solving the issues of improving the taxation profit of enterprises and ensuring the economic efficiency and growth, the principles of neoclassic marginal theory are used. The system of indicators — signs and criteria — provides evidence for differentiating industrial enterprises into groups for a more optimal taxation of their profits. The author provides suggestions for forming the rate of the profit tax to stimulate the increase of production efficiency and reinvestment of funds for its development. The algorithm for calculating the profit tax rate assumes using the index of the norms of surplus value — profitableness of labor. This article proposes using a matrix for classifying industrial enterprises into groups, defining the level of the tax rates to profit for each of them based on the developed algorithm together with the level of production efficiency for 2018. For industrial enterprises, special industrial level of indicators — the signs differentiation — are considered: the structure of capital, the standard of profit, the profitableness of labor, and the results of their profit taxation using the method of free balance, the normative method, the modern and the proposed tax profit systems. In the case of the industrial enterprises, the relevance of the proposed reforms of the taxation of profit is explained. The results of research constitute the methodological basis of developing a more effective mechanism of taxing enterprises’ profit, which is especially necessary when realizing anti-crisis economic politics.
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Babiak, N., and N. Krutous. "CVP-analysis in the conditions of multiproduct manufacturing as a tool of operational controlling." UKRAINIAN BLACK SEA REGION AGRARIAN SCIENCE 109, no. 1 (2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31521/2313-092x/2021-1(109)-2.
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CVP-analysis in the conditions of multiproduct manufacturing as a tool of operational controlling The peculiarities of CVP analysis in conditions of multiproduct manufacturing are revealed, comparing methods of its implementation are carried out. The possibilities of application the results of analysis when making managerial decisions in the operating system are determined. The problem of distribution of general constant retained expenses on separate types of products by various methods, as well as the definition of a break-free level of production and realization of certain types of products based on weighted average margin profits, are investigated. The impact on the profit of changing the level of constant costs and specific variables of expenses through an operating lever within the production enterprise is investigated. Keywords: CVP analysis, variable costs, fixed costs, marginal profit, break-even point, operational analysis, operational controlingl.
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Saad Omer, T. Z., S. E. Ahmed, and A. Karimi. "OPTIMAL OPERATION OF MULTIPURPOSE RESERVOIRS IN SERIES: ROSEIRES AND SENNAR CASE STUDY." Міжвідомчий тематичний науковий збірник "Меліорація і водне господарство", no. 2 (December 23, 2021): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mivg202102-310.
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The Roseires-Sennar Dams System (RSDS) at lower part of Blue Nile River play a vital role in water supply to the irrigation schemes in Sudan. The existing rule curves for this system belong to 1925 and 1966 for Sennar and Roseires reservoirs, respectively. Introduction of new irrigation schemes, approved climate change impacts on Blue Nile River flow and upstream developments in Ethiopia as well as the heightening of the Roseires Dam from elevation 480 to 490 m.a.s.l have shown the RSDS is losing its efficiency in terms of fully supplying the water demands. The literature addresses the simulation of Roseires and Sennar dams, and tries to find the best coordinated rule curves through a limited number of operation rules to find optimal operating rules for reservoirs that minimize the impacts of new developments, water demand growth and climate change on water supply to various demands on Blue Nile River. Such decisions are locally optimal in best condition since they do not consider the storage and carry-over capability of reservoirs that can transfer the non-optimal (locally optimal) decisions to other time steps of planning horizon and creat shortages in other time steps. Therefore, aim of this research is to find optimal coordinating operation rules for Roseires and Sennar dams that through a non-linear multi-period optimization model that considers the conditions of climate change, flow regime and water demand as scenarios. Model is validated by comparison with observed reservoir operation during November 1999 till May 2000. Eighteen scenarios that cover the normal, dry and very dry flow regimes, along with three suggested crop patterns and climate change impact are analyzed. Results shows in normal conditions of flow, crop pattern 2 is the most recommended with more than 11 Billion USD marginal profit and fully supplying the water demand and 1530 GWh energy generation per annum. The coordinated rule curves have a totally different pattern of emptying and filling compared with existing ones. Rule curves change from one flow regime to another, which proves how change in conditions of the system has influence on optimal operation rules. Comparison of marginal profits with crop pattern 2 shows in three inflow conditions of normal, dry and very dry years multi-period optimization model could keep the marginal profits above 11 Billion USD, let’s say, 11,050, 11,056 and 11,042 Billion USD, respectively, which shows the robustness of model in dealing with all conditions and keeping the marginal profits not affected. However, the Roseires rule curves are different in these three condition, while Sennar rules curves are almost the same. Without climate change impact, model can manage to supply the water demands fully in all flow conditions. However, water supply reliability is affected by climate change with all crop patterns. Roseires-Sennar Dams system in a normal year under climate change can produce 10,688 Billion USD marginal profit and 1371 GWh per year energy. It shows that model could manage the system performance so that climate change decrease the marginal profit by 3.27%, while inflow is reduced by 25% and water demands and evaporation increased by 19%. Energy generation under climate change has decreased by 10.5%, which is the most affected sector. Crop pattern 2 and 3 are not suitable for climate change conditions since up to 65% deficit in water supply can happen if very dry year realizing with climate change. In very dry conditions crop pattern 1 is more suitable to be practiced.
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Gurčík, Ľ., R. Dúbravská, and J. Miklovičová. "Economics of the cultivation of Salvia officinalis and Melissa officinalis." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 8 (February 20, 2012): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5118-agricecon.
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The economic results show that the Melissa officinalis cultivation is economically effective and in comparison with the economic indicators of conventional crops planted on arable land, this herb achieves several times higher profit per hectare. The marginal costs of production are higher than its marginal revenues. Our research confirms that production of Salvia officinalis – sort Krajova and Comune is not profitable. The dominant factors that negatively affect the efficiency of growing this herb are low and unstable hectare yields on the one hand and high production costs on the other hand. Based on our research, it is possible to assume that the profit from production of Salvia officinaliswas obtained only of the sort of Primorska and only through direct planting.
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Bachtiar, Afifi. "PERENCANAAN KAPASITAS PRODUKSI DENGAN PENDEKATAN BIAYA MARJINAL PADA PABRIK TAHU “SBR†BENGKULU." Creative Research Management Journal 1, no. 1 (July 2, 2018): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/crmj.v1i1.621.
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Production capacity planning with a marginal cost approach and marginal sales proceeds to get the maximum profit at Bengkulu's "SBR" factory. This study aims to find out what the marginal production capacity planning will be produced with the marginal cost approach at Bengkulu's "SBR" plant. This research method is to establish a direct relationship with the tuhu factory "SBR" Bengkulu. The method of analysis is qualitative and quantitative analysis. The variables analyzed in this study are capacity planning and marginal cost. The calculation results are known that the factory knows "SBR" produces marginal production of 120 packs, with the minimum marginal cost of Rp 156.25 occurring in the third quarter of 2012. When compared with production knew that in the fourth quarter of 2012, the factory knew that Bengkulu's "SBR" had a marginal production of 80 packs with a marginal cost of Rp. 2000, so it would be more profitable when marginal production was 120 packs. These results can be concluded that production capacity planning with a marginal cost approach will benefit the factory knowing "SBR" Bengkulu.
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Jakovcevic, Klara. "Contribution to measurement of cost dynamics impaction on formation of lower profit limit." Privredna izgradnja 45, no. 1-2 (2002): 19–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0201019j.
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In market orientated firms income is the target result of reproduction. Survival and development of firms depend on the success of achieving the set goal. In order to find out whether a firm realizes profit or will it later and at which degree of utilization of facilities it will achieve the maximal profit, it is necessary to compare the total income and total costs. This paper analyses the different dynamics of costs on the formation of the lower marginal return at which a firm makes no profit or has no loss.
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Chiladze, Izolda. "Factor Analysis Aspects of the Enterprise’s Operating Leverage." Applied Finance and Accounting 3, no. 1 (January 22, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/afa.v3i1.2050.
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The aim of the research is to selection general coefficient of operating leverage of enterprise and to great factor model of this.The subject of the research is operating risk of enterprise. Accordingly had study coefficients operating leverage, the fixed and variable costs, the conception of marginal profit and break-even points.Had mace comparative analysis of well-known coefficients of enterprise operating leverage in the article. Here are discussed relationship between coefficients of Operating Leverage, Marginal Profit, Break-even point, the production Margin of Safety and structure of costs.Generally accepted methods of analysis are used in the paper, such as analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, quantitative and qualitative analysis methods, traditional analysis methods.Results of research had proofed that fixed costs and operating profit ratio can be recognition with General Coefficient of Operating Leverage of enterprise. Had great four-factors model of this indicator too, whose practical use will help the management of enterprises to explore positive and negative factors through the traditional analytical methods and to the adequate decisions will making.
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LU, YUANZHU. "THE RELATIVE-PROFIT-MAXIMIZATION OBJECTIVE OF PRIVATE FIRMS AND ENDOGENOUS TIMING IN A MIXED OLIGOPOLY." Singapore Economic Review 56, no. 02 (June 2011): 203–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590811004201.
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This paper investigates whether the relative-profit-maximization objective of private firms affects endogenous timing in a mixed oligopoly in the linear demand case. Assuming firms have constant marginal costs and symmetric private firms are more efficient than the public firm, it is found that such an objective does not affect endogenous timing compared with the absolute-profit-maximization case. When the equilibrium involves the public firm acting as a leader, social welfare increases compared with the level in the absolute-profit-maximization case. When the equilibrium involves the public firm acting as a follower, social welfare remains unchanged.
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CHU, JIANG, LIRONG SUN, FANGLI CHEN, XIANG JI, ZEJUN TIAN, and LAILI WANG. "Assessing the environmental profit and loss of the textile industry: A case study in China." Industria Textila 72, no. 01 (February 28, 2021): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.35530/it.072.01.1787.
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The textile industry contributes a lot to China’s economy in history and present. However, it also causes serious impacts on the environment. Environmental prices methodology was proposed to convert various environmental impacts into corresponding social marginal value and it can be applied for the evaluation of the environmental loads. This study applied environmental prices methodology to calculate the social marginal value of the caused environmental impacts in China’s textile industry during the period from 2001 to 2015. The results showed that the minimum value of caused environmental impacts was €9.556 billion and the maximum value was €16.599 billion. Among the three sub-industries of China’s textile industry, Manufacture of Textile had the highest value, followed by Manufacture of Chemical Fibers, and Manufacture of Textile, Wearing Apparel and Accessories. The value of greenhouse effect caused by CO2 emission was the largest. The value of ammonia nitrogen in wastewater was the largest and followed by the values of COD, As, cyanide, Hg, Pb and Cd. An in-depth analysis of the results indicated that the social marginal value of the textile industry closely related to the scale of the industry, the international market and government policies.
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Ho, C. K. M., J. W. Heard, W. J. Wales, J. L. Jacobs, P. T. Doyle, and B. Malcolm. "Evaluating the economics of concentrate feeding decisions in grazing dairy cows." Animal Production Science 58, no. 7 (2018): 1329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an16122.
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Purchased concentrates are a significant variable cost of a dairy business. Farm economic theory states that feeding supplements will enable a dairy farmer to improve profit as long as the marginal revenue received from the milk produced exceeds the marginal cost of the supplement. To do this, the quantities of milk, milk protein and milk fat produced from a unit of concentrate added to the diet are needed. Recent research has compiled results from short-term concentrate feeding experiments conducted in Victoria over a 30-year period. Using these data, relationships for the response of milk production to cereal grain supplements in dairy cows grazing temperate pastures have been developed and shown to be a better predictor than previous relationships. These response functions were used in the present study to investigate the economics of tactical (short-term; weekly, monthly or seasonally) and strategic (medium- to longer-term) supplementary feeding decisions in a pasture-based system, including, specifically, how much concentrate should be fed in a particular farm situation, given a certain feed cost and milk price. In the present paper, the relevant production economics method is explained and applied to determine the amount of supplement to feed that will maximise the margin of total extra milk income minus the total cost of supplement, thereby adding the most to farm profit. Currently, when dairy farmers make decisions about how much more supplement to feed their herd, they are making implicit judgements about the extra milk, and other potential benefits, that they expect to result as well as what the milk will be worth. More finely tuned decisions about feeding supplements based on comparing marginal cost and marginal revenue would add more to farm profit than decisions based on other common criteria, such as feeding supplement for maximum milk production. While some farmers may already be feeding supplements close to the point where marginal cost equals marginal revenue, the formal method of marginal analysis reported here makes explicit what is done implicitly at present and tests farmers’ intuitive decision-making. More detailed information about the responses to supplements and the costs and benefits of feeding supplements under particular circumstances at different times through the lactation has the potential to enable better, more profitable decisions to be made about feeding cows and managing the whole farm.
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Panapakidis, Ioannis P., Nikolaos Koltsaklis, and Georgios C. Christoforidis. "A Novel Integrated Profit Maximization Model for Retailers under Varied Penetration Levels of Photovoltaic Systems." Energies 14, no. 1 (December 26, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14010092.
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In contemporary energy markets, the Retailer acts as the intermediate between the generation and demand sectors. The scope of the Retailer is to maximize its profits by selecting the appropriate procurement mechanism and selling price to the consumers. The wholesale market operation influences the profits since the mix of generation plants determines the system marginal price (SMP). In the related literature, the SMP is treated as a stochastic variable, and the wholesale market conditions are not taken into account. The present paper presents a novel methodology that aims at connecting the wholesale and retail market operations from a Retailer’s perspective. A wholesale market clearing problem is formulated and solved. The scope is to examine how different photovoltaics (PV) penetration levels in the generation side influences the profits of the Retailer and the selling prices to the consumers. The resulting SMPs are used as inputs in a retailer profit maximization problem. This approach allows the Retailer to minimize economic risks and maximize profits. The results indicate that different PV implementation levels on the generation side highly influences the profits and the selling prices.
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Poonia, Hemant, Manju S. Tonk, Jitender Kumar Bhatia, Rekha, and Nisha Rani. "Linear programming based crop land allocation to maximize profit of marginal/small farmers." Agricultural Research Journal 57, no. 2 (2020): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2395-146x.2020.00037.x.
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Rima, Ingrid H. "From profit margins to income distribution: Joan Robinson's odyssey from marginal productivity theory." Review of Political Economy 15, no. 4 (October 2003): 575–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0953825032000121496.
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ORLOV, OLIVER, and EYHENIYA RYASNYKH. "FLEXIBLE MANAGEMENT OF COSTS, PROFITS AND PRICES USING TARGETED PLANNING." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 298, no. 5 Part 1 (October 4, 2021): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5740-2021-298-5(1)-26.
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Under market conditions, the main feature of enterprises is the focus on consumer demand, the desire for innovation, the implementation of appropriate scientific and technical innovation policy. Flexibility in management, the ability to restructure quickly without losing new opportunities can be more important than just cost savings. The high degree of uncertainty, which is characteristic of modern conditions of economic development, requires the use of flexible planning tools that allow you to quickly take into account changes in supply and demand, requirements for product quality, prices, etc. In the conditions of competition between producers and the need to improve their economic performance and, above all, profit, employees must have economic tools that would allow them to consider different options for prices, costs, scale of production, changes in the structure of its range and to monitor the consequences of these changes in the economy of the enterprise. One such tool is targeted planning of prices, costs and profits. It is believed that the methodology of target pricing and calculation of target costs was developed in Japan and it is based on a given level of price and profit. The difference between the target price and the target profit is the target cost. But this technology does not work in terms of multi-item production. The problem of the need for flexible management of costs, profits and prices in market conditions is outlining. On the basis of theoretical and empirical researches the critical analysis of foreign scientists’ points of view to the problem of “target profit” planning and “target prime cost” is given. As authors believe the latter are possible only for single-product manufacturing companies. It is suggested to form a flexible system of targeted planning suitable for multi-product companies on the basis of the fixed costs’ distribution in proportion to the marginal profit.
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Askar, S. S. "Further Investigations on the Dynamics and Multistability Coexisted in a Memory-Based Cobweb Model." Complexity 2021 (March 20, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6642706.
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Based on a nonlinear demand function and a market-clearing price, a cobweb model is introduced in this paper. A gradient mechanism that depends on the marginal profit is adopted to form the 1D discrete dynamic cobweb map. Analytical studies show that the map possesses four fixed points and only one attains the profit maximization. The stability/instability conditions for this fixed point are calculated and numerically studied. The numerical studies provide some insights about the cobweb map and confirm that this fixed point can be destabilized due to period-doubling bifurcation. The second part of the paper discusses the memory factor on the stabilization of the map’s equilibrium point. A gradient mechanism that depends on the marginal profit in the past two time steps is adopted to incorporate memory in the model. Hence, a 2D discrete dynamic map is constructed. Through theoretical and numerical investigations, we show that the equilibrium point of the 2D map becomes unstable due to two types of bifurcations that are Neimark–Sacker and flip bifurcations. Furthermore, the influence of the speed of adjustment parameter on the map’s equilibrium is analyzed via numerical experiments.
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Venter, Gary G., John A. Major, and Rodney E. Kreps. "Marginal Decomposition of Risk Measures." ASTIN Bulletin 36, no. 02 (November 2006): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.2143/ast.36.2.2017927.
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The marginal approach to risk and return analysis compares the marginal return from a business decision to the marginal risk imposed. Allocation distributes the total company risk to business units and compares the profit/risk ratio of the units. These approaches coincide when the allocation actually assigns the marginal risk to each business unit, i.e., when the marginal impacts add up to the total risk measure. This is possible for one class of risk measures (scalable measures) under the assumption of homogeneous growth and by a subclass (transformed probability measures) otherwise. For homogeneous growth, the allocation of scalable measures can be accomplished by the directional derivative. The first well known additive marginal allocations were the Myers-Read method from Myers and Read (2001) and co-Tail Value at Risk, discussed in Tasche (2000). Now we see that there are many others, which allows the choice of risk measure to be based on economic meaning rather than the availability of an allocation method. We prefer the term “decomposition” to “allocation” here because of the use of the method of co-measures, which quantifies the component composition of a risk measure rather than allocating it proportionally to something. Risk adjusted profitability calculations that do not rely on capital allocation still may involve decomposition of risk measures. Such a case is discussed. Calculation issues for directional derivatives are also explored.
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Venter, Gary G., John A. Major, and Rodney E. Kreps. "Marginal Decomposition of Risk Measures." ASTIN Bulletin 36, no. 2 (November 2006): 375–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0515036100014562.
Full textAbstract:
The marginal approach to risk and return analysis compares the marginal return from a business decision to the marginal risk imposed. Allocation distributes the total company risk to business units and compares the profit/risk ratio of the units. These approaches coincide when the allocation actually assigns the marginal risk to each business unit, i.e., when the marginal impacts add up to the total risk measure. This is possible for one class of risk measures (scalable measures) under the assumption of homogeneous growth and by a subclass (transformed probability measures) otherwise. For homogeneous growth, the allocation of scalable measures can be accomplished by the directional derivative. The first well known additive marginal allocations were the Myers-Read method from Myers and Read (2001) and co-Tail Value at Risk, discussed in Tasche (2000). Now we see that there are many others, which allows the choice of risk measure to be based on economic meaning rather than the availability of an allocation method. We prefer the term “decomposition” to “allocation” here because of the use of the method of co-measures, which quantifies the component composition of a risk measure rather than allocating it proportionally to something.Risk adjusted profitability calculations that do not rely on capital allocation still may involve decomposition of risk measures. Such a case is discussed. Calculation issues for directional derivatives are also explored.
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van den Braber, Helleke, Nina Geerdink, Laurens Ham, Johan Oosterman, and Sander Bax. "Echte schrijvers zijn niet te koop : Praktijk en beeldvorming van het economisch profijt van de literaire auteur door de eeuwen heen1." Nederlandse Letterkunde 25, no. 1 (April 1, 2020): 27–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/nedlet2020.1.003.vand.
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Abstract A grand narrative of Dutch literary authors’ opportunities to economically profit from their writing is yet to be written. The general assumption, however, is that these opportunities developed teleologically from a dominant system of patronage during medieval and early modern times, in which financial gains were marginal and in which author’s independence of their supporters was constrained, to a system in which the commercial book market was dominant and where authors could be more self-supporting and thus more independent of supporters. This article argues that there is no such teleology. On the contrary: on the basis of an exploration of both practice and discourse of literary authors’ profits from the Middle Ages to the present, we conclude that in every period, it was possible for authors to profit from their writing through either patronage, market or governmental support, and often through a combination of these sources. Moreover, in every period varying types of independence of literary authors was valued highly. Our analysis of the discourse on profits shows that the continuous tendency to disguise financial advancement could be related to the importance of authorial independence throughout the ages.
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Zhou, Zhan Feng. "Research on Strategies of Pricing and Coordinating in Reverse Supply Chain for Remanufacturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 203 (October 2012): 459–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.203.459.
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Based on the remanufacturing reverse supply chain consisted of single retailer and single manufacturer, this paper applied game theory to establish a non-cooperative game and cooperative game model and got optimal pricing strategy by solving this two kinds of game model. By comparing the total profits of reverse supply chain in every game model, a conclusion was draw that non-cooperative game model led to profit loss and double marginal effect. In order to solve the problems, revenue sharing contract was used to coordinate the reverse supply chain and coordinating strategy was got. The results show that revenue sharing contract can increase the total profits of the reverse supply chain, while at the same time meet the respective interests of retailer and manufacturer and coordinate the reverse supply chain.
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Nielsen, Izabela, Sani Majumder, Eryk Szwarc, and Subrata Saha. "Impact of Strategic Cooperation under Competition on Green Product Manufacturing." Sustainability 12, no. 24 (December 8, 2020): 10248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410248.
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This study explores the optimal pricing and investment decision for two competing green supply chains, both consisting of a manufacturer and an exclusive retailer. Our focus is to explore, does the strategic integration decision with rivals at the horizontal level or with partners at the vertical level have any effect on green product types? The results reveal the following insights: retailer-retailer strategic integration at downstream level leads to a sub-optimal total supply chain profit and green quality level for a development-intensive green product. Two competing manufacturers can produce products at a higher level if they are vertically integrated with respective retailers. Manufacturer-manufacturer integration at upstream level sometimes leads to higher profits and product quality level if cross price-elasticity of consumers is high. However, an opposite phenomenon is observed while they are selling for a marginal-intensive green product, horizontal integration can improve green quality levels, but supply chain members will receive a lower profit. Therefore, selection of green product types and strategic integration decision are interrelated to achieve the profit maximization goal along with the aim to offer products at a higher green quality level. Vertical integration strategy can outperform horizontal integration strategy, especially if cross-price elastic for green products remain high.
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Liu, Andong, and Xuesong Gu. "Environmental Regulation, Technological Progress and Corporate Profit: Empirical Research Based on the Threshold Panel Regression." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 1416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041416.
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By assuming a scenario where corporations are facing increasingly stringent environmental regulation, this paper creates a theoretical framework that suggests the mechanism of how environmental regulation impacts corporate profit through the technical level. With a panel data of 900 listed corporations in China’s heavily-polluting industries from 2012 to 2016, a dynamic and static panel model and threshold model are built to present the consistency between our theoretical framework and empirical results, which indicate that the influence of environmental regulation has a threshold effect and is dependent on corporate technical level. The robustness tests on the method and variables are conducted to guarantee the robustness of our regressions. The results show that on the one hand, the marginal impacts of environmental regulation and technical level on corporate profit are mutually dependent on each other, and there is a substituting effect of environmental regulation and technical level on stimulating profit growth if the technical level is sufficiently high. On the other hand, when the technical level is lower than a certain value, the interaction effect of environmental regulation and technical level turns into a compounding effect, but corporations are fairly efficient at shifting their technical level to proper ranges where they can increase their profits by taking advantage of environmental regulations.
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Hong, Lucheng, and Angela Chao. "Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility, Sustainable Growth, and Energy Policy in China." Energies 11, no. 11 (November 3, 2018): 3024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11113024.
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China’s economy steps into the “new normal” phase, as it is growing in an innovation-driven instead of a factor-driven mode. In this paper, we constructed the corporate behavioral decision models in different scenarios of policy and analyzed the effect of energy policies on corporate behavior and societal welfare, in a duopoly market. The following conclusions were derived. (1) In a duopoly, the product pricing is irrelevant to the resource cost in their production process. (2) For the firm undertaking the social responsibility, the energy tax imposed by the government would increase either the production or the profit, but decrease the consumer surplus. In contrast, for the other firms, the energy tax rate is opposite to their profit. (3) Low-energy-consuming products will promote efficiency, which reduces either the price or the marginal cost, resulting in a more conspicuous cost advantage to the firm adopting the ecological innovation. (4) The marginal cost for a low-energy-consuming technology research and development steadily decreases, which turns their short-term financial disadvantages into the long-term competitive advantages. The marginal contribution of this paper was to build a simultaneously moving model, in duopoly market, and provide theoretical evidence to endogenize the firm strategy to undertake social responsibilities and to realize sustainable growth.