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Journal articles on the topic 'Marginal farmers'
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1
Jat, Mohan Lal, P. S. Shekhawat, and Sonu Jain. "Socio-economic analysis of small and marginal farmers in Jaipur district of Rajasthan." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/170-175.
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The study was conducted in Jaipur district of Rajasthan to know the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers. A total of 60 farmers (30 farmers in each small and marginal category) were selected for the present investigation. The primary data relating to various socioeconomic variables were collected from the sample farmers by personal interview method using semistructured schedules and questionnaires for the purpose. Composite scales analysis like Udai Pareek revised scale-2019 and Modified BG Prasad scale-2019 were used to analyze the socio-economic status of small and marginal farmers, which have combinations of social and economic variables. The study revealed that, the socio-economic condition of small farmers was better than socio-economic condition of marginal farmers, according to composite scales analysis. On the basis of Udai Pareek revised scale, majority of marginal farmers (about 47.00%) belonged to lower middle class whereas, majority of small farmers (about 53.00%) belonged to middle class. Study further found that, in both categories of farmers, no farmer belonged to the lower and upper class. As per BG Prasad modified scale which is based on monthly income of household, majority of marginal farmers (50.00%) belonged to upper middle class while, majority of small farmers (60.00%) belonged to upper class. In both categories of sample farmers, no farmer belonged to lower and lower middle class.
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Babu, Challuri, and Sri Krishna Sudheer Patoju. "Impact of Farmer Producer Companies on Marginal and Small Farmers: A Study of Osmanabad District of Maharashtra, India." Grassroots Journal of Natural Resources 4, no. 2 (May 30, 2021): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33002/nr2581.6853.040202.
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The concept of a farmer producer company (FPC) has emerged as an inclusive concept to address the issues of farmers, especially, small, and marginal farmers. The present study is to examine the impact of farmer producer companies on small and marginal farmers. 150 small and marginal farmers were chosen through multi-stage stratified random sampling in the Osmanabad district of Maharashtra state, India to assess the impact. It was found that the farmers organized under FPCs in the study area are not getting adequate support from the FPCs. It was also found that services provided by FPCs like marketing, value addition, technological services and pre-harvest services were satisfactory, while agricultural advisory services, capacity building and credit access services were poor. A model ACITM (Agriculture Advisory, Capacity Building, Technological and Marketing Services) is suggested to be executed by the FPCDN (Farmer Producer Companies Development Network) – a development network consortium for addressing FPCs problems and strengthening the FPCs.
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Sankar, A. Siva, and K. Nirmal Ravi Kumar. "Efficient Utilisation of Credit by The Farmer-Borrowers in Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, India." Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) 4, no. 2 (August 13, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47253/jtrss.v4i2.616.
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The present study has aimed at analyzing the technical and scale efficiencies of credit utilization by the farmer-borrowers in Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. DEA approach was followed to analyze the credit utilization efficiency and to analyze the factors influencing the credit utilization efficiency, log-linear regression analysis was attempted. DEA analysis revealed that, the number of farmers operating at CRS are more in number in marginal farms (40%) followed by other (35%) and small (17.5%) farms. Regarding the number of farmers operating at VRS, small farmers dominate the scenario with 72.5 per cent followed by other (67.5%) and marginal (42.5%) farmers. With reference to scale efficiency, marginal farmers are in majority (52.5%) followed by other (47.5%) and small (25%) farmers. At the pooled level, 26.7 per cent of the farmers are being operated at CRS, 63 per cent at VRS and 32.5 per cent of the farmers are either performed at the optimum scale or were close to the optimum scale (farms having scale efficiency values equal to or more than 0.90). Nearly 58, 15 and 28 percents of the farmers in the marginal farms category were found operating in the region of increasing, decreasing and constant returns respectively. Compared to marginal farmers category, there are less number of farmers operating at CRS both in small farmers category (15%) and other farmers category (22.5%). At the pooled level, only 5 per cent of the farmers are operating at DRS, majority of the farmers (73%) are operating at IRS and only 22 per cent of the farmers are operating at CRS indicating efficient utilization of credit. The log-linear regression model fitted to analyze the major determinants of credit utilization (technical) efficiency of farmer-borrowers revealed that, the three variables viz., cost of cultivation and family expenditure (both negatively influencing at 1% significant level) and family income (positively influencing at 1% significant level) are the major determinants of credit utilization efficiency across all the selected farmers categories and at pooled level. The analysis further indicate that, escalation in the cost of cultivation of crop enterprises in the region, rise in family expenditure and prior indebtedness of the farmers are showing adverse influence on the credit utilization efficiency of the farmer-borrowers.
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Chattopadhyay, K., S. Gayan, I. Mondal, SK Mishra, Ak Mukherjee, JN Reddy, BC Marndi, and RK Sarkar. "Stress Tolerant Rice And On-Farm Seed Production Ensure Food Security And Livelihood To Small And Marginal Farmers Of Sundarbans (Indian Site)." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 2 (February 3, 2020): 127–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i2.45300.
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Natural calamities have adverse effects on the life of marginal and small farmer practicing rice cultivation in Sundarban areas. Through discussion and questionnaires opinion of farmers were obtained that was applied to mitigate the problem of rice cultivation. Rice varieties tolerant to stagnant flooding, submergence and salinity had great promise to improve food security and livelihoods of the poor farmers of Sundarban area. The study revealed that small and marginal farmers accepted the new varieties very readily if seeds were produced locally. Informal seed systems had better promise for small and marginal farmers live in fragile ecosystem of Sundarban.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(2): 127-139 (2019)
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Manik, Bibhu Kaibalya, and Dr Puranjoy Ghosh. "Small and Marginal Farmers – Vulnerable to flimsy Agricultural framework." International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation 24, no. 04 (February 29, 2020): 1411–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37200/ijpr/v24i4/pr201111.
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Kumar, Priya Ranjan, Sudarshan Maurya, Asit Chakrabarti, V. K. Yadav, Soumen Naskar, Sanju Gupta, Sonal Kumari, Arun Kumar Singh, B. P. Bhatt, and Bikash Das. "Farm diversification options for ensuring livelihood security of peri-urban farmers in eastern plateau and hill region: Learnings from Farmer FIRST Project." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 90, no. 3 (June 22, 2020): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i3.101508.
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The research work was undertaken in four villages near Ranchi, Jharkhand under the Farmer FIRST Project to test the effectiveness of the technological options in improving the profitability of peri-urban agriculture system. Based on Principal Component Analysis of data on agri-economic conditions of farmers, the farm households could be classified into five broad typologies, viz. 1: Marginal farmers and landless labourers, 2: Cereal dominated small farmers, 3: IFS based small farmers, 4: Livestock based marginal farmers and 5: Cereal based medium farmers. Results of two years of experimentation indicated promising technological options like rainy season cultivation of solanaceous vegetables, cultivation of crops like wheat, chickpea and other rabi and summer season vegetables in rice fallow, management of ecto- and endo parasite in the animals and supplementation of area specific mineral mixture, cultivation of oyster mushroom for increasing income from agricultural production system. The project has resulted in increase in income of all typologies of farmers with a maximum increase in case of small farmers practising integrated farming and minimum increase in case of marginal farmers and landless labourers. Notably, income from non-farm sources saw a decrease in all five typologies.
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Lightfoot, C., O. De Guia, and F. Ocado. "A Participatory Method for Systems-Problem Research: Rehabilitating Marginal Uplands in the Philippines." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 3 (July 1988): 301–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970001615x.
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SUMMARYA participatory method that promotes farmer involvement in systems-problem research was developed in response to the failure to adopt improved cropping patterns among upland farmers. Techniques to identify systems problems involved group and individual farmer meetings. Problems concerning the cultivation of marginal cogonal (Imperata cylindrica) uplands were identified. An informal random sample survey, guided by topics of inquiry and biological measurements that employed systems analytical tools, was used to obtain a farmers' perception of ‘systems-problems’. Systems diagrams also provided a framework for searching and screening solutions. A sequence of vining legumes was tested in rehabilitating the marginal uplands. For this experiment farmers elaborated hypotheses on control of Imperata, recovery of soil fertility, and reduced labour costs in re-cultivation. Extensive research activity among the farmers indicates the value of this participatory method.
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Modi, Pratik. "Vanraj Mini-Tractors: Is Small Beautiful?" Asian Case Research Journal 12, no. 02 (December 2008): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218927508001035.
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This case presents the dilemma of the decision maker in selecting the most appropriate market segment for Vanraj 10 HP mini-tractors — an innovation from a small farmer in Gujarat, India. Four market segments were identified: small and marginal farmers, large farmers, industries, and horticulture farmers. Vanraj was economical and possessed all the features of a big tractor. Mr. Trivedi, the decision maker, believed that the tractor would serve the needs of small and marginal farmers better, but his colleagues wanted him to think further before selecting any particular market segment for targeting. This case is useful for exploring segmentation and targeting decisions in marketing.
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Sharma, Som Dutt, Jattin Sharma, Kamal Sharma, and Dushyant Sharma. "Economic Analysis of Existing Agroforestry Systems Among Different Categories of Farmers in Tehsil Bangana of Una District of Himachal Pradesh, India." International Journal of Economic Plants 9, Nov, 4 (November 24, 2022): 305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23910/2/2022.ijep0477a.
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The present study was conducted to evaluate the existing agroforestry systems and their economic returns in Tehsil Bangana of Una district of Himachal Pradesh, India during the year 2019−2020. A total number of 324 farmers were selected randomly from three categories viz., marginal, small, and medium based on landholding capacity for survey and data collection. The data was collected through a pre-tested schedule for personal interviews with the head of each household and field sampling. The study revealed that five agroforestry system types prevalent among different categories of farmers namely: AS, AH, AHS, HP, and SP. The bioeconomic of the different systems was analyzed by calculating the cost of cultivation, gross returns per hectare, net returns per hectare, and benefit: cost ratio. The higher net returns of agroforestry systems among different farmers categories were observed in AS, small farmer’s category (` 1,51761), and lowest were observed in SP, marginal farmer’s category (` 5,999). Benefit: cost ratio of agroforestry systems among different farmers category was observed maximum in AH, medium farmer’s category (1.89) whereas, minimum benefit: cost ratio was recorded in SP, marginal farmer’s category (1.72). Irrespective of farmers category, maximum mean benefit: cost ratio (1.88) was recorded in AHS and minimum (1.72) was observed in the SP system. Hence the study represents the clear picture of economic analysis of existing agroforestry systems which will help the local peoples to fulfill their basic needs and the researchers to gain the benefit from the agroforestry.
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Chattopadhyay, Panchanan. "Book review: Marginal Farmers of India." Indian Journal of Public Administration 68, no. 1 (March 2022): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00195561211052110.
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Kundu, Amit, and Pubali Goswami. "Enhancement of Farm Income among the Marginal Farmers in West Bengal, India: Importance of Micro-Credit and Co-Operative Farming." Asian Development Policy Review 10, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 226–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v10i3.4594.
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This paper, based on a field investigation in rural West Bengal, aims to identify possible ways which can enhance the farm income of marginal farmers. It is observed that the micro-credit system under a joint liability credit contract can play a dominant role during the time of disbursement of institutional farm credit, but the availability and size of this credit mainly depend on the operational holdings of the farm households. It is also observed that institutional credit, which is mainly provided through a micro-credit system, helps the beneficiary farmers to utilize their operational holdings optimally by enhancing their cropping intensity and or crop diversification. This creates a positive impact on their net farm income. It is also proved that the size of operational holdings creates a positive impact on the net farm income of the marginal farmer households at an increasing rate, which establishes the importance of cooperative farming through forming farmer’s groups at the ground level.
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Kaviraj, Gauns Dessai, Sanjay Kumar, and A. K. Rai. "An Economic Analysis of Cost, Returns and Profitability in Production of Cashew Nut in South Goa District of Goa." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 9 (July 25, 2023): 2041–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i92435.
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Cashew is known as ‘Gold mine’ of wasteland because it can give high yield under any climatic conditions and soil condition with little or no maintenance. Due to its high nutritive value cashew is gaining importance among the health-conscious people both in domestic market and international market. Implementation of new technology and optimum utilization of resources will help the farmers to reduce the cost of production and to increase net returns. Cashew nut cultivation plays vital role in Cherishing and sustaining the momentum of rural development in study area. The study was conducted in South Goa district of Goa during the year 2023 and is based on both primary and secondary data collected from 100 cashew nut growers with the help of pretested personal interview scheduled from 5 villages selected randomly and the data was analysed using analytical tools. The results revealed that total establishment cost of cashew of marginal category is Rs 175320.67, small category is Rs 172541.83, semi medium category Rs 171890.83 and medium category is Rs 170401.34. Total annual cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) from 5th year onwards of marginal category was Rs 99512.45, small category was Rs 97091.63, semi medium category was Rs 95443.67 and medium farmer was Rs 93202.29. It Clearly reveals that cost of cultivation (Rs/ha) increases with decrease in farm size. It clearly indicates that in all the size groups average maximum cost was spent on hired human labour around (30.41%) followed by rental value of owned land (20.77%) and miscellaneous cost (20.50%). It shows that net returns were more in medium category (Rs 77072.72) followed by semi medium (Rs 70761.33), small category (Rs 62048.37) and marginal category (Rs 55487.55). Input-output ratio was found to be 1:1.56 for marginal farmers, 1:1.64 for small farmers, 1:1.74 for semi medium farmers and 1:1.83 for medium farmers. It inferred that the cashew nut production is profitable enterprise for medium farmer than semi medium, small and marginal farmers.
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Mohanraj, V., P. Balasubramaniam, and M. Senthilkumar. "Risk Behavior of Small and Marginal Farmers in Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 3 (March 4, 2023): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i31691.
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Farmers’ risk preferences play an important role in agricultural production decisions, risk takers means the farmers who are willing to take risky decisions in farming, risk aversion means an attitude of reluctance to take risky decisions in farming. Climatic change effects all regions across the globe and causes substantial agitations that can be expected to be natural systems that have foreseeable influences on the economic systems of upland regions through both direct and indirect means. Risk preferences reflect the farmers’ personal experiences and beliefs, these preferences explain how the decision-maker assesses and react to risks. This study characterizes risk behaviour among marginal and small farmers in Cauvery Delta Zone and determines how these risk preferences affects the farmers. The study was conducted in Cauvery Delta zone of Thanjavur, Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam districts with a Sample size of 366 farmers which consists of 183 marginal and 183 small farmers was selected randomly based on proportionate random sampling method. The risk behavior was measured by the measure of risk attitude and two lottery methods viz., Eckel-Grossman and Holt-Laury based lottery method. Measure of risk attitude results shows that, 27.60 per cent of farmers were moderate risk taker followed by 24.30 per cent were risk averser and 15.00 per cent of farmers were risk taker. The Eckel and Grossman lottery method result shows CRRA (Constant Relative Risk Aversion) value was 0.38 to 0.67, which shows that marginal farmers were risk aversers and small farmers were moderate risk takers. The CRRA adapted from Holt and Laury [1] range for the maximum was 1.37 and minimum -1.71 for their choices. The majority of marginal farmers were risk aversers, the socio-economic characteristics of the farmers decides the risk preference. The risk-averse farmer this may imply risk-taking behavior that is reduced by risk aversion (resulting in on-farm risk management strategies) and a reduced demand of insurance.
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Mondal, Mridul, A. Jha Chakraborty, and B. K. Bera. "A Study on Factors Affecting Marketed and Marketable Surplus of Major Food Grains of Nadia District of West Bengal." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 5 (May 10, 2022): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1105.011.
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Surplus quantities of farm can stimulate the development of both farm and non-farm sector, which ultimately helps in boosting the economy. Major foodgrain crops like rice, lentil and gram grow extensively in Nadia district of West Bengal. Study on socio-economic status of sample farmers are extensively covered in nadia district. This study reveals that 51 percent of farmer comes under age group of 31 to 50 years, In case of literacy 30 percent of farmer comes under class 10 to 12 years of schooling and sample farmers accounting 72% of the total have family size ranging 3-5 persons. Socio economic study also shows that total operational holding is highest for marginal farmers accounting 88.83 hectare but average size holding is highest for large farmers accounting 2.32 hectare. Study on marketed and marketable surplus in case of rice and lentil depicts that gross marketed surplus is highest for marginal farmers, whereas marketable surplus is highest for large farmers for both of these crop. But for gram both gross marketed surplus and marketable surplus is highest for large farmers. Study on the factors responsible for marketed surplus of foodgrain crop demonstrates that price impact is not prominent in rice and lentil except in case of gram.
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BISHIST, ROHIT, DEACHEN WANGMO, KRISHAN LAL GAUTAM, and KHALANDAR S. "Socioeconomic status and livestock scenario of Spiti valley of Western Himalayas." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 7 (June 19, 2022): 908–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i7.122900.
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Livestock rearing plays a cogent role in the economy of Himachal Pradesh, as it contributes about 28-30% ofthe total value of agricultural produce. In the study area, the majority of livestock farmers belonged to marginalcategory and were rearing sheep, goat, local cattle, Churu and Yak for their sustenance. The literacy rate in the areawas highest in semi-medium farmers followed by small and marginal farmers. Study revealed that contribution oflivestock sector to the gross farmer’s income was highest in case of marginal farmers. In the study area, inadequateexposure to improved breeding practices, scarcity of green fodder and poor marketing facilities were themajor constraints in livestock production. The majority of farmers in this region were adopting modern veterinarymedicines/vaccines for the treatment of their livestock; however, ethnoveterinary practices are still in progress.In the light of results obtained, it can be concluded that the socio-economic status of the livestock farmers in thealpine area of Lahaul and Spiti is appreciable, though there are multiple constraints in livestock production practiceswhich directly affect the animal health and thus the farmers livelihood.
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N, Venkatesa Palanichamy, Kalpana M, Divya M, and Aruna Prabha S. "Farmers Buying Behaviour of Micronutrients in Coimbatore District, India." Journal of Basic and Applied Research International 30, no. 2 (April 25, 2024): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56557/jobari/2024/v30i28665.
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Micronutrients play an important role in enriching the soil nutrients and thereby improve the quantity and quality of products. The wide spread occurrence of micronutrient deficiencies over a decade is due to cultivation of crops in problem soils and on marginal lands such as sandy soil which is low in organic matter. The present study is to analyse the multidimensional behaviour of the farmers for adoption of micronutrients and their influence in coconut farming. Both Primary and Secondary data is used for the study. Coimbatore district is purposefully selected for the study as recommended by the case firm. Based on the time and resource available with the researcher the sample size was fixed as 90 farmers. Percentage analysis was used to study the general characteristic of the consumers which include age, education, gender, income, etc. The marginal effects of a change in one of the independent variables on the probability of adoption level were calculated by using probit model. Education and experience were the positively influencing factors on adopting micronutrients. Age and annual income of the farmer were the negatively influencing factors for adopting micronutrients among the respondents. Therefore, the firm could concentrate on the factors like experience and education status of farmer to improve its market. Quality of the product was ranked as the most important factor followed by the farmer’s preference, company image, promotional activities and credit availability.
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Gautam, Supriya, and L. C. Mallaiah. "Enhancing Farmer’s Income and Farmer Producer Organizations’ (FPOs) in India." Saudi Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 04 (April 2, 2024): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjef.2024.v08i04.001.
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The agriculture sector in India has spent the last few decades primarily focusing on expanding agricultural output and enhancing food security. This approach included the following steps: first is, enhancing production through the use of high-quality seeds, agricultural chemicals, fertilizers, and irrigation. Second is, providing subsidies for farm inputs and paying fair prices for crops. Third is, Public investments in agriculture, and last is institutions that facilitate trade. Mid through the 1960s, the nation experienced a food shortage. In India, the green revolution overcome the path to address the food crisis that had persisted for the previous fifty years. India's population increased by 2.55 times while production of food increased by 3.7 times, which has made India a self-sufficient country in the food industry and able to export the net food to other countries. The strategy had no impact on the rise of farmers' income and had no provisions for their welfare. Several studies demonstrate that an increase in output should increase a farmer's income, but this was not always true. The Government of India (GoI) has announced in the union budget to double the income of farmers by 2022. Various grass root institutions are existing in India such as self-help groups, farmer's groups, farmer's interest groups, cooperatives, common interest groups, and Farmer Producer Organization (FPO). The GOI has suggested FPO as a tool, In order to mobilize the farmers and bring them under one umbrella to achieve the goal and double the farmers' income. Farmer Producer Organizations offer small and marginal farmers institutional support, assure a stable income for their agricultural output, and ultimately improve their standard of living. The main objective of this paper is to examine the structure of farmers' income in the country and how Farmer producer organizations empower the farmer's income to assess the possibility of enhancing the farmers’ income and discuss the FPO's tools for increasing the farmers’ incomes. The study is based on secondary data and the study is primarily exploratory. This paper addresses the issue of farmers' income and FPOs. This paper is based on 70th and 77th round NSSO Situation Assessment Surveys. The data pertains to the years 2012 and 2018-19. The information was gathered from different secondary sources, such as data on policies and other government sources, including NGOs, National and international management journals, and online sources are included. The study concludes that although boosting farmers' real earnings in six years is a challenging challenge, it may not be entirely unachievable if appropriate techniques are used. The study finds that increases over five to six years in nominal terms are already occurring. The instruments should be multifaceted and focus on increasing returns, lowering costs, and creating sustainable incomes while taking into account the dwindling natural resource base. For tracking the development, we should periodically have access to trustworthy income statistics. The income described in this paper is the gross cost of production. It can be concluded that FPOs form a core part of the strategy to sustain the life of small and marginal farmers out of poverty and enhance their income and competitiveness in agricultural markets. The expected result of this effort is to provide a single window for farmers to increase their income from farm produce through direct marketing and to gain collective bargaining power. So, the purpose of this study is to illustrate how smallholder farmers might raise their income through FPOs, which may help the farmers in doubling their income and empower them.
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Patel, Mamta, Sneha Pandey, Sumit B. Wasnik, and Jwala Parte. "An Economic Analysis of Soybean Production in Rajnandgaon District of Chhattisgarh, India." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, no. 8 (June 14, 2023): 1587–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i82108.
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The Present study is to examine An Economic Analysis of soybean Production in Rajnandgaon district of Chhattisgarh, India. The study was undertaken by taking 80 sample farmers during the year 2020-21. To collect information from the sample area, an interview schedule and survey approach were utilized. The objective was achieved by using cost concepts and income measures. The cost of cultivation of soybean was observed highest in case of large farm and lowest in case of marginal farms. The overall cost of production was Rs. 1785.71 per quintal. Gross return from soybean was found to be Rs. 68670.84 per hectare. The net return of overall farmers was observed Rs. 32135.15. The Input-output ratio was highest in case of large farmer 1:2.16 and lowest in case of marginal farmer 1:1.98. None of the soybean farmer was applying potash fertilizer to soybean crops, but it plays an important role in nodule formation. Therefore it is required that farmers should apply potash fertilizer to the soybean crop.
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Sri, Ch Ramya, and K. Suhasini. "A study on marketing of milk by small and marginal farmers in Khammam district of Telangana state." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/233-236.
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Dairying is recognized as an important source of income for small and marginal farmers in India, since on an average 22-26 per cent of the income of the rural households is contributed by milk. Low capital intensity, short operating cycle, steady returns make dairying a preferred livelihood activity among the small and marginal farmers. It helps to improve the status of rural masses especially weaker sections, consisting of small and marginal farmers, landless labourers and women of low income families. Cluster sampling technique is adopted for identification of three clusters which are mutually homogeneous but internally heterogeneous. The average size of family of selected marginal and small farms was 3.42 and 3.53 members, respectively. The average number of dairy animals possessed by small farmers are 1.32 units and marginal farmers are 1.47 units are small farmers and 1.47 units, respectively. Price realized for the dairy enterprise under taken is considered as key to success. In case of marginal farmers, maximum price of milk was obtained from channel through milk vendors (Rs. 44.66) followed by co-operative milk society (Rs. 42.66) and direct sale (Rs. 38). However, like marginal farmers small farmers also receive highest price from milk vendors (Rs. 46) followed by cooperatives (Rs. 42.66) and direct sale (Rs. 40). The price from milk venders is high by the farmers and the payment is prompt by them. Farmers in the study area were questioned about various government schemes and interventions for dairy farmers about which they are aware and they were beneficiaries. It was seen that none of the total respondents were taking any benefit from the government intervention. State government introduced a calf rearing programme “Sunandini” due to decreasing number of calves in the state and subsequent reduction in milk production. Telangana government has introduced a cash incentive of Rs. 4.00 per litre of milk to the state who supply milk to the state dairy federation in Telangana state.
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Widiyono, Irkham, and Sarmin Sarmin. "Pemberdayaan Peternak Marginal: Studi Kasus di Wilayah Banguntapan Bantul." Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 2, no. 2 (March 19, 2017): 163–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.27031.
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Over the recent years, villagers in the countryside havefaced the problem of limited resources for livestock and crop productions. Decreased land quality and agricultural land areawith respect to the increased need for housing landhas resulted in economic and environmental problems for livestock farmers in this area. Most livestock farmers have poor standard of education, limited ownership of land and livestock, and are not capable of managing the natural resources in sustainable ways. The present services for small livestock farmersare aimed to transform the unintegrated livestock and agricultural farming into a sustainable integrated system in the marginal community. Some efforts were conducted to improve knowledge and skills in zero waste system in livestock and agricultural farming by livestock farmers in marginal areas. The present community development programs were conducted using farmer-centered learning methods (participative learning) and mentoring by professionals on the implementation of sustainable integrated farming system (learning by practice). Furthermore, institutional development and cooperative networking with related parties were carried out. Results showed that the livestock farmerswere able to adopt integrated farming practices and the community was capable of independently producing organic fertilizer from livestock wastes and converting agricultural byproducts into animal feed. Both farmers and villagers have come together to cultivate fruit and vegetable plantations in vacant lands and back yards which were previously unused. The farmers’ group has successfully networked with the related partners to ensure sustainability of environmental conservation efforts and improvement of livelihood. In conclusion, active participation of farmersin the marginal area throughout the development process and mentored-practice are key factors for successful agricultural transformation in the marginal community. Implementation of the sustainable integrated farming system will ensure food security, environmental protection and safety, conservation of natural resources, and better quality of life.
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Chakravorty, Ujjayant, Manzoor H. Dar, and Kyle Emerick. "Inefficient Water Pricing and Incentives for Conservation." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 15, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 319–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20210011.
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Farmers often buy water using fixed fees—rather than with marginal prices. We use two randomized controlled trials in Bangladesh to study the relationship between marginal prices, adoption of a water-saving technology, and water usage. Our first experiment shows that the technology only saves water when farmers face marginal prices. Our second experiment finds that an encouragement to voluntarily convert to hourly pumping charges does not save water. Taken together, efforts to conserve water work best when farmers face marginal prices, but simply giving an option for marginal pricing is insufficient to trigger water-saving investments and reduce irrigation demands. (JEL O13, Q12, Q15, Q16, Q25)
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Paulson, Nicholas, Gary Schnitkey, and Patrick Kelly. "Evaluating the marginal risk management benefits of the supplemental coverage option." Agricultural Finance Review 76, no. 3 (September 5, 2016): 411–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/afr-03-2016-0022.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the risk management benefits provided by the supplemental coverage option (SCO) insurance plan which was created in the 2014 Farm Bill. Specifically, the marginal expected utility benefits are compared with the potential additional subsidy cost introduced by the new program for a stylized example of a corn producer. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses a stylized simulation model examines the preferred insurance program choice for a typical Midwestern corn farmer. The expected utility of the farmer is calculated under their preferred insurance program choice both with and without the availability of the SCO program, and compared to the case where crop insurance is not available. Scenarios are examined for a range of farmer risk aversion levels, different levels of correlation between farm-level and county-level corn yields, and case with and without insurance premium subsidies. Findings The SCO program is found to enter into the preferred insurance program choice for risk averse farmers. As risk aversion increases, farmers are estimated to prefer higher coverage levels for individual products along with SCO coverage. While the availability of existing crop insurance programs are shown to substantially increase the expected utility of farmers, the marginal impact of adding SCO to the crop insurance program is relatively small. Furthermore, the additional expected benefits generated by SCO are shown to include both risk management and expected return components. With subsidies removed, the estimated marginal benefits provided by SCO are reduced significantly. Practical implications The findings of this paper can help inform the policy debate for future farm bills as agricultural support programs continue to evolve. The results in this paper can also be used to help explain farm-level decision making related to crop insurance program choices. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature by documenting a new, federally supported risk management programs made available to farmers in the 2014 Farm Bill and evaluates the marginal benefits the SCO program offers US crop producers.
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K K, Jisha, and Prashobhan Palakkeel. "Availability of agricultural credit: determinants, marginal effect, and predicted probability." Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal 9, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.51599/are.2023.09.04.01.
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Purpose. This paper aims to identify the major determinants of agricultural credit and their marginal effects, along with describing the pattern of the predicted probability of getting credit from the agricultural credit cooperatives.
Methodology / approach. We used a multi-stage stratified random sampling method to collect data from the paddy farmers of Kerala, India. Descriptive statistics are used to describe the profile of the farmers. Ordered logistic and probit regression models are used to model the credit categories. The authors analyzed the determinants of credit and their marginal effect, while the pattern of the predicted probability is described using tables and graphs.
Results. Results show that age, household size, farming experience, and farm size significantly influence the probability of a farmer falling into a particular credit category. However, the estimated coefficients of other factors, like gender and occupation, are not statistically significant. The results from the study clearly show that relatively large paddy farms are not getting enough credit from the cooperatives, contrary to the common perception. An evaluation of the predicted probabilities shows that the very high and shallow categories are much more dispersed than the middle categories.
Originality / scientific novelty. This is the first study that describes the predicted probability of credit availability pattern from the agricultural credit cooperatives to the paddy farmers. Moreover, this study describes the determinants and their marginal effects by credit category.
Practical value / implications. The results indicate the probability of a farmer falling into a specific credit category based on his/her characteristics or background. The results can help them frame a strategy while approaching a credit cooperative for a loan. The inverse relationship between age and the likelihood of getting higher credit amounts requires government policy intervention. It will be hard for farmers to continue farming while aging if they do not get sufficient credit. The government must develop policies to counteract the influence of age on credit availability, like special schemes for older age groups.
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Ajgaonkar, Mihir, and Tanvi Mankodi. "Lakhpati Kisan programme: boosting the income of marginal farmers through women empowerment." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 13, no. 2 (August 1, 2023): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-10-2022-0368.
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Learning outcomes This case will help students to analyse and develop insights into the concepts of servant leadership; to analyse and develop insights into women’s empowerment and a process to achieve such empowerment; and to explore the social business models for scaling up. Case overview/synopsis The Lakhpati Kisan programme under the aegis of Tata Trusts focussed on empowering women marginal farmers in the tribal belts in India to significantly increase their income from 2015. Ganesh Neelam, Executive Director, Collectives for Integrated Livelihood Initiatives (CInI), a nodal agency of Tata Trusts, advocated various livelihood options in agriculture, livestock, non-timber forest resources and water conversation. Initially, CInI faced the challenge of getting the farmers to sign up for the programme due to lack of trust. CInI facilitators educated the farmers about the purpose of the initiative and the benefits they would accrue and built trust. CInI created awareness through knowledge-sharing sessions on best practices in agriculture. They formed self-help groups of farmers for decision-making and for easy access to capital. CInI established farmer producer organisations (FPOs) to bring in a business perspective among farmers. The farmers as Board members and executives ran the FPOs like commercial organisations. CInI built capabilities to create a sustainable and autonomous ecosystem that looked impressive. But still the programme was falling short of the desired target. The farmers were so far reluctant to move forward independently. Ganesh felt that the social business model that CInI had evolved needed a re-look to achieve a significant and lasting impact on the majority of the marginal farmers in India. Complexity academic level The case can be used in the organisation behaviour, human resource management courses and courses on social enterprises as part of the MBA or post-graduate management programme or in executive education programmes. Supplementary materials Teaching notes are available for educators only. Subject code CSS 6: Human Resource Management.
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Patel, Amrit. "DIGITAL INDIA REACHING TO SMALL, MARGINAL & WOMEN FARMERS." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 4, no. 7 (July 31, 2016): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v4.i7.2016.2603.
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India has relatively much higher global hunger index than that in China. In last 25 years India could improve it from 31.2 in 1990 to 17.8 in 2014 as against 13.6 to 5.4 in China. Now when in September 2015 India has committed to achieve the United Nations General Assembly’s mandated Sustainable Development Goal-2 targets to “end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture” by 2030, it is necessary to analyze the strength and weaknesses of India’s agriculture. Potential for developing agriculture in India has been significant. However, agriculture is predominantly dominated by a larger number of small, marginal & tenant farmers, oral lessees, share croppers, agricultural laborers and those residing in desert, drought-prone, hilly and tribal areas in particular. It is in this context, this article attempts to highlight the immediate need to strengthen the Information and Communication Technology [ICT] to enable small, marginal and women farmers in particular in the light of measures already initiated by the government, NABARD and the private sector in developing farmer-friendly portals as an integral part of digital India project to accelerate farm productivity, production and profitability.
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Sabu, Aiswarya, S. Padma Rani, and A. Vidhyavathi. "Economic analysis of integrated farming systems in the Kuttanad region of Kerala state, India: A case study." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 12, no. 2 (June 13, 2020): 270–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.vi.2292.
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Agriculture, with its allied sectors, is unquestionably the largest livelihood provider in India. According to Committee on Doubling of Farmers’ Income Report, the average annual earning of a small and marginal farmer household was Rs 79,779 in 2015-16 and indicates that 86% of farmer households earn only 9% of total income and rest of the farmers earn 91% of total income. Integrated farming system practised mostly by small and marginal farmers, is a viable option for increasing farm income. The present study was undertaken to identify the farming systems practised by small and marginal holdings in Kuttanad region of Kerala state, India and also attempts to assess the profitability of these farms and suggest optimal farm plans using linear programming technique. The study revealed that rice + fish and Coconut + Banana+ Dairy cow + Poultry+ Goat were the most profitable farming systems with a benefit cost ratio of 2.63 and 2.86, respectively. The resource allocation in the existing plan was sub-optimal. The optimisation of resource use led to maximization of net returns, indicating the potential for realising greater income. The net returns of rice + fish increased from Rs. 181724 to Rs. 220010 in the optimal plan. The study also suggests the extent to which net returns can be increased with additional units of constraint resources viz., land/labour. The net returns in FS IV can be increased by Rs.286177.9 per additional acreage of land allotted. Thus, the farmers in Kuttanad can increase their income by optimal resource allocation and by deploying additional units of land or labour.
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KUMAR, SUNIL, GOPAL SANKHALA, PRIYAJOY KAR, P. H. ROMEN SHARMA, and DEVENDRA KUMAR MEENA. "An Exploratory Study on Farmer’s Perception about dairy-based Farmer Producer Companies in India." Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 92, no. 5 (June 14, 2022): 619–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v92i5.124749.
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Farmer Producer Company (FPCs) has emerged as a novel collective approach model and is considered to be a very effective tool for improving the overall socio-economic development of small and marginal farmers in India. To authenticate this prerogative, a survey was conducted among 360 dairy farmer members of 12 dairy-based farmer producer companies in three states of India. Most of the farmers expressed that the major objectives of FPCs are to maximize the benefits of members (75.50%), capacity building of its members (76.38%), better accessibility of agricultural services (74.44%) followed by reducing the transport cost of members (72.75%). Furthermore, the study has also investigated the socio-economic variables and their relationship with the individual perception of the farmer about FPCs. Findings aid us to formulate an appropriate strategy that will help to improve the farmers’ perception about the FPCs. Enhanced farmers’ awareness and knowledge about the beneficial effects of FPCs will encourage fellow farmers to form FPCs and reap its benefits on a larger scale
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Uddin, Md Ektear. "Household Food Security Status of Marginal Farmers in Selected Storm Surge Prone Coastal Area of Bangladesh." Agriculturists 10, no. 1 (July 1, 2012): 98–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11070.
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The objective of the study was to understand and describe the household food security status of the marginal farmers in a selected storm surge prone coastal area of Bangladesh. The study also assessed the extent of livelihood vulnerability and coping strategies of the storm surge affected marginal farmers. To collect data from the 30 randomly selected respondents a pre-tested structured interview schedule was administered during 01 to 10 October 2010. The finding reveals that maximum marginal farmers were food insecured (56.67%), while 30% were moderately food secured and only 13% were food secured. Though adequate food was available in local markets those were beyond affordability. The partial food security was due to poor food utilization in marginal farmers family. The most three vulnerable options of livelihood for the marginal farmers were crop farming, fish farming and livestock farming. The respondent farmers adopted six self coping strategies and three assisted coping strategies to cope with the vulnerability and food insecurity. The self coping strategies were decreasing the number and size of daily meals, consumption of wild food, selling labour at very low rate, selling fixed and movable household assets, contracting new loan at a high interest rate and cultivation of short duration crop. On the other hand, assisted coping strategies include relief food, social network and begging.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/agric.v10i1.11070The Agriculturists 2012; 10(1): 98-103
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Balamurugan, V. "Learning experience of marginal farmers in sugarcane cultivation." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 13, no. 3 (August 15, 2018): 379–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/13.3/379-381.
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Prusty, Ashisa K., Ravisankar Natesan, Azad S. Panwar, Mangi L. Jat, Jagdish P. Tetarwal, Santiago López-Ridaura, Roos Adelhart Toorop, et al. "Redesigning of Farming Systems Using a Multi-Criterion Assessment Tool for Sustainable Intensification and Nutritional Security in Northwestern India." Sustainability 14, no. 7 (March 25, 2022): 3892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14073892.
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Sustaining agricultural systems dominated by small and vulnerable resource-poor farms that are subject to climatic aberrations is a major challenge for most Asian countries. In this context, the role of agriculture requires immediate attention in northwestern India where marginal farmers with less than a meagre 1 hectare of land represent about 67% of the population. Research based on prototype farms is being promoted in the redesign of current farming practices to help give these farmers sustainable livelihoods. We hypothesize that integrating innovative cropping systems into smallholder marginal farms could help to achieve these objectives. The study presented here describes a modelling approach for the ex-ante assessment of the current farming practices of marginal households in terms of economic, environmental, and nutritional indicators in comparison with those of experimental research farms in order to delineate an alternative scope of flexibility to optimize farming practices. We used the FarmDESIGN model to evaluate farmers’ realities, with a focus on marginal farms (marginal poor farmers (MPFs)) and marginal diversified farmers (MDF) with the objective of enhancing profit, soil organic matter balance, and nutritional system yield in terms of dietary energy and reducing pesticide usage. Introducing prototype cropping systems in up to 33% of the farm area, combined with rearrangements of the existing crops, provided ample opportunity to improve farm performance. The improvements were greater when prototype cropping systems were added, and MPFs could benefit greatly from improvements in soil organic matter balance when considering the current negative organic matter balance of most farms. We conclude that the model-based approach of evaluating the potential of new cropping systems, along with the fine tuning of alternative combinations, will support the enhanced adaptability of innovative cropping practices, which will help to improve the livelihoods of marginal farmers.
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Malik, Sushant, and Dilip Kajale. "Empowering Small and Marginal Farmers: Unveiling the Potential and Addressing Obstacles of Farmer Producer Organizations in India." Research on World Agricultural Economy 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.36956/rwae.v5i1.994.
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Farmers' organizations worldwide are essential, ensuring collective bargaining power, sustainable practices, and knowledge-sharing. This supports small farms in commercializing and meeting the growing global demand for better and more diverse food choices. India is also experiencing an increase in Farmer Producer Originations (FPOs), crucial in enhancing economic opportunities for small and marginal farmers. FPOs provide a host of services to members, like input supply, procurement, marketing, technical services, financial services, etc. The study delves into the existing literature and policy landscape surrounding FPOs and their role in the economic development of small and marginal farmers in India. This study also analyses the problems and obstacles concerning the growth of FPOs and provides a future direction. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with leaders of the FPOs to understand the background, issues, future goals and member expectations. The results suggest that lack of working capital, poor management, absence of skilled professionals, and dependency on external agencies are the significant problems FPOs face; there is also a need for proactive government support. There needs to be more literature concerning the auxiliary services of FPOs. As the Indian government plans to add ten thousand FPOs in the next few years, the government needs to address the issues regarding lack of working capital, develop a comprehensive database of FPOs, establish performance metrics and determinants, provide management skill assistance, streamline licensing procedures, and foster social capital building initiatives. This research sheds light on the potential of FPOs to empower small and marginal farmers and suggests vital measures for the effective implementation and sustainable growth of these organizations.
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Divya, G., P. Balasubramaniam, M. Nirmala Devi, and V. Mohanraj. "Issues and Challenges Faced by Small and Marginal Farmers during COVID-19 Pandemic." Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology 41, no. 9 (June 21, 2023): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2023/v41i92018.
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Agriculture is an important sector of Indian economy as it contributes about 17 per cent to the total GDP and provides employment to over 60 per cent of the population. Among 60 per cent of total workforce, 82 per cent of farmers in India were small and marginal farmers. Sudden outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic impacts small and marginal farmers to carry out their farming activities. Hence, it is important to study various issues faced by small and marginal farmers during COVID-19 pandemic. The study has been conducted in North western zone of Tamil Nadu and a total sample size of 320 has been fixed for the study based on Cochran’s sample size estimation. Problem confrontation Index (PCI) has been computed to measure various issues faced by small and marginal farmers during COVID-19 pandemic. From the calculated PCI value, it has been concluded that the farmers faced major issues such as wastage of the produce (919), drop in regular farm income (915), hike in input price (868), limited government support (844) and lack of access to market (816). Hence, the government should take necessary steps to ensure fair functioning of local mandis and markets in terms of open auction, price negotiations and logistics, proper unloading and storage of farmers’ perishable produce to overcome their issues to stabilize their standard of living.
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Darsani, Y. R., A. Hairani, M. Alwi, and M. Saleh. "Feasibility of farming and farmer’s perceptions of introduced technology of rice cultivation on tidal swampland." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1241, no. 1 (September 1, 2023): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1241/1/012043.
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Abstract Tidal swampland has great potential for increasing rice production through the application of introduced technology of rice cultivation. In 2021, research has been conducted at Terusan Karya village, Bataguh district, Kapuas regency, Central Kalimantan to obtain information on the feasibility of farming and farmer’s perceptions as well as extension workers on the introduced technology of rice cultivation on tidal swampland. The survey was conducted on 10 farmers who were purposively selected, while 11 extension workers and 10 farmers who were not implementing introduced technology were randomly selected as comparisons. The introduced technology includes water management, land preparation, amelioration and fertilization, adaptive varieties, and management of plant-disturbing organisms. Data were collected through interviews with farmers using a structured questionnaire. These data include inputs and outputs of rice farming and perceptions of farmers and extension workers on the introduced technology. The data were analyzed using the balance of costs and revenues. The results showed that the introduced technology increased rice production by 27.79% compared to farmer technology. The introduced technology is profitable and feasible to be developed on a large scale with Marginal Benefit Cost Ratio (MBCR) value >2. The perception of farmers and extension workers is positive towards the introduced technology.
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Karo-Karo, Esra Frandika, Dominicus Savio Priyarsono, and Sri Hartoyo. "Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Kubis Petani di Kabupaten Karo." Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 39, no. 1 (June 7, 2021): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v39n1.2021.51-68.
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<strong>English</strong><br />Karo Regency is the center of cabbage production in North Sumatra Province. The cabbage farming productivity in North Sumatra Province is low compared to other provinces on the island of Sumatra. This study aims to evaluate the cabbage farmings economic feasibility and technical efficiency. Farming feasibility was evaluated financially whereas technical eficiency was measured using the stochastic Cobb-Douglas production function in two categories, marginal and non-marginal farmings. The data was collected through a survey in February-June 2020 with respondents of 58 farmers for each categories. The results showed that the marginal farmings were technically efficient but were not profitable if land rent and labor cost were inputed. In contrary, the non-marginal farmings were technically inefficient but were profitable. This indicates that the poor but efficient hypothesis is true. The significant determinants of of the marginal farmings technical inefficiency were farmer’s age, labor ratio, land ownership, and farmer group membership. The study failed to find any significant determinant of technical inefficiency of the non-marginal farmers. The techical efficiency and profitablity of the cabbage farmings could possibly increased by increasing farmers’ participation in farmers group, building irrigation, developing agricultural institutions and trainings on good seedling practices.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Kabupaten Karo adalah sentra utama produksi kubis di Provinsi Sumatera Utara. Tingkat produktivitas usaha tani kubis di Provinsi Sumatera Utara relatif rendah dibandingkan provinsi lainnya di Pulau Sumatera. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi kelayakan ekonomi dan efisiensi teknis usaha tani kubis. Kelayakan usaha dianalisis secara finansial, sedangkan efisiensi teknis diukur dengan fungsi produksi <em>Cobb-Douglas</em> stokastik dalam dua kategori usaha tani, yaitu petani gurem dan bukan gurem. Data dikumpulkan melalui survei pada Februari–Juni 2020 dengan responden 58 petani untuk setiap kategori yang dipilih purposif. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa usaha tani kubis skala gurem efisien secara teknis namun tidak menguntungkan jika biaya tenaga kerja keluarga dan sewa lahan diperhitungkan. Sebaliknya, usaha tani kubis berskala bukan gurem tidak efisien secara teknis namun menguntungkan secara finansial. Artinya, hipotesis ‘<em>poor but efficient’</em> berlaku. Faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap inefisiensi teknis usaha tani gurem hingga tingkat nyata 10% adalah usia petani, rasio tenaga kerja, status lahan, anggota kelompok tani, sedangkan untuk usaha tani bukan gurem tidak ditemukan faktor-faktor sosial ekonomi yang memengaruhi efisiensi teknis hingga tingkat nyata 10%. Efisiensi teknis dan pendapatan usaha tani kubis masih dapat ditingkatkan dengan meningkatkan partisipasi petani dalam kelompok tani, membangun saluran irigasi, memfasilitasi tumbuh kembangnya lembaga pertanian dan memberikan pelatihan menyemai bibit yang baik.
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Nirmala, G., A. Amarender Reddy, P. K. Pankaj, R. Nagarjuna Kumar, K. Ravi Shankar, C. N. Anshida Beevi, Jagriti Rohit, and V. K. Singh. "Livelihood Diversification in Rainfed Areas of Telangana State: Evidence from Household Level Survey." Indian Journal of Extension Education 60, no. 1 (2024): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.48165/ijee.2024.60113.
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Farmers in rainfed agriculture participate in both on-farm and off-farm activities to reduce risks from weather shocks, low farm fragmentation, low soil productivity, and frequent droughts and floods. Dependence on farm revenue alone proved difficult and risky. The study was conducted in 2022 to determine patterns and a livelihood diversification index at the household level for various farm sizes producing the chickpea crop. Primary data were acquired from 80 randomly selected farmer respondents in four mandals of Kamareddy district in Telangana State. Descriptive statistics were applied to characterize the sample households’ demographic, social, and economic factors. The livelihood diversification index was estimated using the Simpson diversity index at the household level. The data revealed that small and marginal farmers have very high diversification levels, while medium and large farmers have high diversification levels. The percentage share of on farm income stands highest for large farmers and lowest for marginal farmers and vice versa about non-farm activity. Regression analysis indicated education, farm size, total on-farm income, and net returns from pulse crops were significant determinants for diversification. The study further suggests that government support needs to focus on the provision of incentives for diversification at both on-farm and non-farm levels.
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Dipu, SMMA, MR Begum, and S. Sultana. "Socio-economic, farm and technological characteristics of the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers of Chittagong metro area, Bangladesh." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 17, no. 1 (August 25, 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v17i1.42763.
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The paper depicted the salient features of the socio-economic, farm and technological background and the existing problems of the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers of Chittagong Metro Area (CMA), Bangladesh. Data were collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Snowball sampling method was used to gather socioeconomic, farm and technological data. Both descriptive statistics and mathematical analyses were used for analyzing the data. The study finds the peri-urban small and marginal dairy farmers are not fully dependent on dairy farming for income and young people are less interested in dairy farming as well. Better education status, less profitability, unfair and unstable price, etc. might be the reasons behind this circumstance. Though the farmers get lesser price for milk, the milk price is higher in urban market. Interestingly, 62.7%, 52.9% and 51.0% of the farmer families have smartphone, facebook and internet users respectively. Based on the findings, the study recommends that technology-based market linkage could be created by any government/non-government development partner between the cluster-based farmers’ group and the urban consumers for ensuring fair price for milk.
SAARC J. Agri., 17(1): 77-91 (2019)
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Iskandar, Muhammad Joni, Adnan Putra Pratama, and Andi Lisnawati. "Impact Of Climate Change On Cognitive Aspect And Income Of Marn Farmers In Marginal Area In Lombok Timur District." AGRITEPA: Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Pertanian 10, no. 2 (December 23, 2023): 507–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37676/agritepa.v10i2.4979.
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Climate change is a phenomenon that farmers do not want to exist because the production risk it creates is quite high. Given that the ability of farmers in anticipation is still minimal with limited information and knowledge so that the potential for crop failure is large. The purpose of this study is to estimate the impact of climate change on the cognitive aspects and income of corn farmers in marginal areas. The research location was determined purposively in Jerowaru District. The research sample of 30 was determined by census in the Temodo Lestari farmer group. Estimation of the cognitive aspects uses the EPIC model with the Likerts Summated Rating Scale (LSRS) while income is estimated using the concept of total revenue minus the total cost while running a corn farming business. The results showed that more than 60 percent of farmers know about climate change and the risks it poses. While the climate change adaptation strategy for the majority of farmers has not implemented it as a result of more than 30 percent of farmers still lack information related to climate change. The income of corn farmers due to climate change is more than 40 million per hectare.
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Duglio, Stefano, Giulia Salotti, and Giulia Mascadri. "Conditions for Operating in Marginal Mountain Areas: The Local Farmer’s Perspective." Societies 13, no. 5 (April 24, 2023): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc13050107.
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Agriculture and local food products can have a significant impact on the economic development of rural areas. However, in environments as harsh as marginal mountain areas it may be difficult to find the right conditions to start a new production. This study aims to present the positive and negative circumstances for starting and operating agricultural activities in minor mountain contexts while assuming the mountain farmer’s viewpoint. With reference to the Soana Valley, in the Northwestern Italian Alps, four semi-structured interviews with mountain farmers have been carried out to assess strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Preliminary results include land availability, lack of marketing skills, high level of bureaucracy and financial overexposure as the main limitations in starting new economic activity. The adoption of quality/origin labels and multifunctionality in agriculture and tourism as the end market can be considered to be potential flywheels by operators. Therefore, local policy makers can support farmers by firstly reducing land fragmentation and secondly by providing technical assistance for achieving financial funding.
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Sharma, Dr Renu. "Farm Producers Organizations a collectiveness Approach, Study & Review of Scheme." International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 04, no. 04 (2022): 517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2022.v04i04.059.
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Small and marginal farmers always face problem in production and income in absence of economy of scale. Farmers and governments always tried to get the advantage of collectiveness to get the both ended advantage of economy of scale. Cooperative societies of farmers were one of the mitigation techniques. SHG, JLG, farmers club etc are the efforts to achieve the economy of scale in production and marketing but distress of the farmers proved all efforts incomplete. In the year 2002 a special structure comprising the characteristics of cooperatives society and company was designed for original farm producers in the form and style of FPOs (farm producer organizations) managed and run by Cluster based Business organization (CBBO).The ownership of the PO (Producer organization) is with its members it is an organization of the producers for the producers. FPO also known as farmers company (FPC) is an legal entity by primary producers. An FPO can be a producer company, a cooperative society or any other form. The small farmers Agri-business consortium (SFAC) developed by Government of India to increase the Income of small and marginal farmers. Central Sector Scheme of “Formation and Promotion of 10,000 Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs)” is the attempt to accelerate the formation of FPO, Govt. assistance at all level of formation and operation of FPO, hand holding support for five year budget allocation GOI budget 2020-21. The study will evaluate and asses the scheme and role to increase the farm producers’ income by way of FPO on account of budget allocation and implementation of central scheme.
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Phukan, Pallabi, and U. Barman. "Decadal Change in Income Diversification of Small and Marginal Farmers of Assam in Climate-Vulnerable Situations." Journal of Scientific Research and Reports 30, no. 5 (March 26, 2024): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jsrr/2024/v30i51957.
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The cross-sectional, micro-level study was conducted to determine the changing trends of some income-related variables and income diversification in a decade among marginal and small farmers of Assam. The base years were 2010 and 2020. The number of samples was selected randomly to make it three hundred from the three districts of Assam, viz., Jorhat, Majuli and Golaghat. Data were collected during 2021. The data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the Simpson Index of Diversity. The findings asserted that between 2010 and 2020, landholding declined among the respondents. The average annual income of respondents also did not increase between 2010 and 2022. Respondents still preferred to stay in the joint family type. The findings show that farmers in 2020 preferred to change income sources. Many farmers’ income diversification also increased, though income did not increase. The study identified that in a decade, there was a decrease in operational landholdings, no increase in annual income, and marginal and small farmers opted for income diversification. So, it suggested that livestock and non-farm-based income sources may be provided to improve the income of marginal and small farmers of Assam. The study suggests that the scientists and policymakers of government going for more micro-level study would help develop different policies for small and marginal farmers.
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Zohora, Kanij Fatema Tuz, Bir Jahangir Shirazy, Md Asaduzzaman, Nadia Akter, Saikat Hossain Bhuiyan, A. K. M. Ariful Hoque, A. A. M. Mohammad Mustakim, Md Maniruzzaman, A. B. M. Zahidul Hoque, and Abul Kalam Azad. "Rural Development and Food Security Through Homestead Vegetable Production: A Case Study." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 10, sp2 (December 30, 2022): 2951–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp2.2951-2960.5644.
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Cumilla Sadar Dakshin region is highly diverse in respect to land types, topography, agro-ecology, land-use pattern, cropping systems and crop variability & variety. Agricultural development of the region largely depends on the reliable and comprehensive statistics of the existing cropping cultivation and its related system adopted by the farmers. To investigate the homestead vegetable production and its impact on family nutrition, food security, income generation as well as involvement of female members a survey study was conducted at Cumilla Sadar Dakshin during 2019. A total of 150 selected homesteads were surveyed for this purpose through developed questionnaire and focus group discussion. Both primary and secondary data has been collected from different sources to fulfill the objectives of the study. The results of this study indicated that the farmer’s age, marital status, education level, farm size, source of income, women participation etc. Farmer’s knowledge and farming experiences, perception and attitude differs on different demographic conditions like: age, sex, education, farm size, training which significantly influence the adoption of modern technologies provided by different organizations. The results also showed that women contribution in homestead vegetable production is high in medium farmer’s category 41.67% and low in small farmers 36.36% respectively. The highest number of total vegetables was produced by the medium farmer (63,732 kg/year) followed by small (39,445 kg/year) and marginal farmer (25,514 kg/year). This study provides some recommendation which might impacts on betterment of farmers’ occupational and socio-economic condition by establishing proper policy and legislation both in local and national level administration as well as agricultural extension.
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Dadabhau, Argade Shivaji, and Dr T. GopiKrishna Dr. T. GopiKrishna. "Sustainable Rural Livelihoods for Small and Marginal Farmers Through Employment Generation in Maharashtra." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 5 (June 1, 2012): 581–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/may2013/200.
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Setiawan, Iwan, and Eddy Jajang Jaya Atmaja. "MAXIMIZING THE INCOME OF OIL PALM FARMERS IN BATU BETUMPANG VILLAGE PULAU BESAR DISTRICT, SOUTH BANGKA REGENCY." Journal of Integrated Agribusiness 5, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 47–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.33019/jia.v5i1.4083.
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Smallholder oil palm plantations have not been able to meet the maximum level of income for their farmers. This study aims to determine the characteristics of farmers and to find out how farmers can maximize their income from their oil palm plantations. This study used a survey method, involving 43 farmers. The data is processed and analyzed using the approach to the relationship between costs and production results in order to obtain a total cost equation. From this equation, the marginal cost and average cost equations are then used to calculate the farmer's maximum income. The results showed that the more family members, the more oil palm yields that could be obtained, although most of the family members of these farmers still had low education. The income earned by oil palm farmers varies according to the area and age of their oil palm plantations. Oil palm that is getting older tends to provide less income for farmers. Oil palm farmers who have an average land area of 2.75 Ha and receive a selling price of IDR 1,456.00/Kg Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) only earn IDR 788,531.00/Ha. At the same FFB price level, farmers can get a maximum income of IDR 1,081,093.00/Ha, by selling 1,334 Kg of FFB. If for example the price of FFB is IDR 700.00/Kg, farmers can also get a maximum income of IDR 169,562.00/Ha by selling 2,550 Kg of FFB. Basically, farmers can obtain maximum income by adjusting the amount of FFB sold based on the prevailing FFB price level. This can only be done if the farmer uses the maximum income calculation formula as has been obtained from the research results.
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Muntasim Bhaijan, Rakesh Birajdar, Rushikesh Deshmukh, Karansinh Deshmukh, Rohit Jundal, and Prof .Sanjay More. "DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF UNIVERSAL CROP CUTTER." international journal of engineering technology and management sciences 7, no. 4 (2023): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46647/ijetms.2023.v07i04.027.
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Agriculture plays a vital role in Indian economy. India is a country which is dependent on farming as a main source of income for many families. As far as Indian scenario is concerned, more than 75 percent farmers are belonging to small and marginal land carrying. So any improvement in the productivity related task help to increase Indian farmer’s status and economy. Now a day’s agriculture equipments have lot of limitation and it required more energy to operate. The purpose of the project is to fabricate and enhance the design specifications of harvesting machine for multipurpose crop which should be helpful for the farmers having less & marginal land. Further, the comparative study of harvesting from manual method, machine method and proposed machine method is discussed. It is observed from the results that, the proposed machine method shows reasonably good result when compared manual method and machine method.
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Rana, R. B., C. J. Garforth, and B. R. Sthapit. "Farmers' management of rice varietal diversity in the mid-hills of Nepal: implications for on-farm conservation and crop improvement." Plant Genetic Resources 7, no. 1 (April 2009): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479262108048259.
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Season-long monitoring of on-farm rice (Oryza sativa, L.) plots in Nepal explored farmers' decision-making process on the deployment of varieties to agroecosystems, application of production inputs to varieties, agronomic practices and relationship between economic return and area planted per variety. Farmers deploy varieties [landraces (LRs) and modern varieties (MVs)] to agroecosystems based on their understanding of characteristics of varieties and agroecosystems, and the interaction between them. In marginal growing conditions, LRs can compete with MVs. Within an agroecosystem, economic return and area planted to varieties have positive relationship, but this is not so between agroecosystems. LRs are very diverse on agronomic and economic traits; therefore, they cannot be rejected a priori as inferior materials without proper evaluation. LRs have to be evaluated for useful traits and utilized in breeding programmes to generate farmer-preferred materials for marginal environments and for their conservation on-farm.
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Tayang, Weijimlu, M. Nirmala Devi, C. Karthikeyan, and R. Gangai Selvi. "A Meta-analysis on Diversified Challenges Faced by Small and Marginal Farmers in Adopting Agricultural Technology." International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 14, no. 1 (January 15, 2024): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13840.
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Each year innovation takes place in Agricultural and allied sector and adoption of this agricultural technologies is essential for enhancing the agricultural output and productivity. For the successful transfer of agricultural innovations Government of India has implemented number of schemes to support farmers in adopting the technology for production. However, various literature have shown that small and marginal farmers, being largest population among the farming community in India, still lag in adopting agricultural technologies successfully. Therefore this study was taken with the aim to analyse the diversified challenges faced in adopting agricultural technologies. Meta-analysis was used to identify the elements that play a key part in adoption behaviour of small and marginal farmers. The study observed such major factors viz., Psychological based, Economic based, Resource based, Tech-Bridge based, Tech-outreach based, Diversity based and Ambivalence based that hampered decision making behaviour in adopting agricultural technologies among small and marginal farmers.
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MRUNALINI, KANCHETI, and M. L. V. V. PRASAD. "Marketing opportunities of farm machinery- small and marginal farmers." AGRICULTURE UPDATE 12, Special-6 (September 5, 2017): 1739–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/au/12.techsear(6)2017/1739-1740.
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Panda, C. K., and S. R. Singh. "Marginal and small farmers’ climate change perception and adaptation." International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Biotechnology 9, no. 5 (2016): 839. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2230-732x.2016.00108.x.
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Singh, Brijendra, Satish Hadiyal, Ramesh Rathod, Saurabh Sharma, and Angad Prasad. "Entrepreneurship development of landless and marginal farmers through training." Indian Journal of Extension Education 56, no. 4 (2020): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2454-552x.2020.00070.5.
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Phukan, Pallabi, and Utpal Barman. "Livelihood Problems of Small and Marginal Farmers of Assam." IARJSET 8, no. 6 (June 30, 2020): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17148/iarjset.2021.8645.
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