Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Marche (locomotion) – Chez le nourrisson'
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Forma, Vincent. "Étude de la mobilité quadrupède en position ventrale chez le nouveau-né et le nourrisson humain." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB223/document.
Full textSelf-produced locomotion is a key stage in infant development, which usually begins with hand and knees crawling in the second semester of life. Since the moment of birth, however, newborns are already capable of autonomous propulsion from a prone position. This precocious form of quadrupedalism remains largely unstudied due in part to the fact that most researchers consider these creeping movements to constitute a mere reflex, destined dissipate as cortical development progresses. Under such an interpretation, this creeping « reflex » would have no link with mature, bipedal walking, would not recruit the upper limbs and would serve mainly as a mechanism by which newborns could reach the maternal breast. Contrary to this point of view, a handful of authors have observed that these patterns of locomotion seem complex, and might persist in some form until the age of 2-3 months. These observations invite us to consider the possibility that such primitive locomotion might be directly involved in the emergence of quadrupedal and bipedal gait. The present thesis examines the various characteristics (particularly cinematic) of this prone mobility, from birth to about six months of age. To this end, we describe the creation of an experimental tool that frees the use of a newborn's limbs and facilitates the aforementioned form of propulsion: the CrawliSkate. We present three studies showing that neonatal prone mobility goes beyond simple reflexes, involves coordination between the upper and lower limbs, and can be partially modified at birth at a supra-spinal level through visual stimulation. Lastly, we demonstrate that this pattern of locomotion persists, albeit with heavy modification, throughout the first semester of life
Dumuids, Marie-Victorine. "Faisabilité et efficacité d'une stimulation précoce de la marche quadrupède sur le développement moteur de grands prématurés sans lésions cérébrales majeures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2022. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=6182&f=50364.
Full textThe acquisition of postural control and locomotion are central to the motor and cognitive development of the infant and any abnormality in neuromotor development can have adverse consequences for the future development of the child. This issue is particularly salient in the case of very premature infants whose numbers are constantly increasing and for whom there is an increased risk of neuromotor anomalies, ranging from minor sensorimotor deficits to cerebral palsy. In view of this, there is an urgent need for very early intervention strategies to stimulate the motor development of these children during the period of high plasticity of the nervous and musculoskeletal systems following birth. In a systematic review on the subject, we show that very few interventions exist to stimulate the development of mobility in infants at risk of neuromotor abnormalities at an early age, i.e. before 12 months. Moreover, these studies often do not meet the quality criteria required by the international community (Dumuids-Vernet et al., 2022). This thesis proposes to test the feasibility, quality and effectiveness of a new early intervention that aims to stimulate the motor development of very premature infants as soon as they leave the neonatology department. The primary aim of the intervention is to train the infants at home to propel themselves in a quadrupedal manner, every day for eight weeks, using a mini skateboard on which they lie on their stomach (Crawli training). Our results show that such a training, tested on very premature babies without major brain lesion but at risk of motor abnormality, is highly feasible. Moreover, longitudinal tracking of motor development by the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III and general development by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire-3 (ASQ-3) of these children shows a positive effect of Crawli training. Preterm infants who received Crawli training had higher Bayley gross motor scores between 2 and 12 months of corrected age than preterm infants who received equivalent training on their stomachs on a mattress but without a mini-skateboard (mat training) or conventional medical follow-up (control). In addition, more infants in the Crawli group than in the Mat or Control groups passed the specific Bayley items on head carriage development at 2 months corrected age (CA) and on quadrupedal gait acquisition at 9 months CA, which are recognized as important milestones in motor development. Crawli-trained infants also showed enhanced general development, particularly in terms of communication level, on the ASQ-3 at 9 months CA and fine motor skill development at 12 months CA than infants in the Control and Mat groups. Finally, after training, preterm infants in the Crawli group had motor and general scores that were close to those of typically-developing infants. Indeed, the Crawli group's Bayley scores after training and ASQ-3 scores at 9 and 12 months CA were not different from those of term infants, contrary to the Mat and Control preterm infants whose motor scores were significantly worse at 2 months CA than those of the term infants. The overall ASQ-3 scores of the Control group at 9 and 12 months CA were also below typical norms. The high scores obtained by our Crawli-trained infants on the international developmental scales and the positive results obtained regarding the feasibility and effectiveness of our early intervention are very encouraging. They suggest this new protocol could be deployed on a larger scale and with other populations at risk of motor anomaly (trisomy 21, spina bifida, stroke, prematurity with brain lesion etc.)
Maciaszczyk, Sabine. "De la marche automatique à la marche autonome : effets d'un exercice précoce." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H013.
Full textVarraine, Elodie. "Contrôle des forces propulsives au cours de la marche chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX22084.
Full textChrachri, Abdesslam. "La marche chez les crustacés décapodes : étude chez un animal intact et sur une préparation in vitro." Bordeaux 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BOR10652.
Full textSeze, Mathieu de. "Etude anatomique, cinématique et électomyographique de l'axe rachidien lors de la marche chez l'homme." Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21488.
Full textMajority of studies on human locomotion concerns the kinematic of the legs and the activation of their muscles. Likely because, the most of the authors considers the trunk as an inertial mass moved by legs, there are few studies concerning movements of the trunk and activities of its muscles. Nevertheless, there are several anatomical, phylogenetic and experimental arguments suggesting the functional implication of the trunk in human walking. We focused our works on erector spinae muscles because of their important role in the active mobility of the trunk. Three main approaches have been used : (1) an anatomical approach looking for highlighting the functional role of these muscles and studying the possibility to record the activity of the erector spinae muscles ; (2) an electromyographical approach to determine the pattern of activity of axial muscles during walking ; (3) a kinematical approach to bring to light the relation between the movements of the trunk and the activity of the erector spinae muscles. Our results suggest the functional implication of the movements and of the muscles of the trunk in the genesis of the human walking
Leteneur, Sébastien. "Effets de l'inclinaison naturelle du tronc sur le contrôle de l'équilibre orthostatique, l'initiation de la marche et la marche." Valenciennes, 2009. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/9258a7db-ad5c-4e48-b794-fb7b7f85551a.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the effects of natural trunk inclination in the sagittal plane on the standing posture control, gait initiation and gait. Young and able-bodied subjects are classified into groups, from the measure of their trunk angle with respect to vertical axis, and from the clinical model proposed by Sohier and Haye in 1989. Two preliminary studies were needed to specify the methodology. For the study of the standing posture, the moments at the ankle, hip and L5 and the anteroposterior (AP) position of the center of mass of the HAT with respect to hip axis allow to explain the differences observed in the postural control for the two respective trunk inclinations, whatever the classification used. The study of gait initiation explains the net moments of the standing limb at the ankle, knee, hip and L5 during the execution of the first step. Although the spatiotemporal parameters, trunk dynamics and AP component of the ground reaction force are similar between the groups, these net moments present characteristics that are specific to the trunk inclination. The study of the stance phase of gait shows that the net moments of the lower limbs and L5 are affected by the natural trunk inclination and that gait asymmetries appear between the lower limbs, only at the end of the stance phase, whatever the classification used. In conclusion, this work shows the effects of the natural trunk inclination in the sagittal plane on the three motor tasks studied. Moreover, the results indicate that, in the absence of motion analysis system, the clinical model appears to be an interesting alternative to the experimental classification
Courbon, Annabelle. "Effets d'un réentrainement à l'effort sur les capacités de marche après hémiplégie vasculaire chez l'adulte." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STET010T.
Full textGérin-Lajoie, Martin. "Comportement anticipatoire de navigation durant la locomotion chez l'humain." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18873.
Full textUne approche biomécanique a été utilisée pour analyser le comportement locomoteur naturel de contournement d’obstacles stationnaires et mobiles sous différents facteurs environnementaux incluant l’incertitude initiale associée au mouvement de l’obstacle, des distractions auditives, l’éclairage ambiant et le type d’environnement (physique/virtuel). De jeunes adultes, des personnes plus âgées et des athlètes d’élite ont été étudiés afin de mieux comprendre le contrôle adaptatif de la marche en lien avec l’environnement chez des populations ayant différentes capacités locomotrices. Une méthode basée sur la mesure du mouvement a été développée afin de quantifier l’espace personnel (EP) pour la première fois durant la locomotion. Les jeunes adultes maintiennent un EP elliptique de façon systématique lors du contournement d’obstacles à différentes vitesses de marche ainsi qu’un EP réduit généralement du côté dominant. La taille de l’EP est cependant ajustée en fonction de différents facteurs environnementaux. Entre autres, diriger de l’attention vers un message auditif pendant le contournement nécessite l’agrandissement de l’EP chez de jeunes adultes, avec un effet encore plus marqué chez des personnes plus âgées. Ces dernières doivent, outre la diminution de leur vitesse de marche, agrandir davantage leur EP afin de libérer des ressources attentionnelles pour effectuer la tâche auditive en parallèle. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’EP soit calculé en continu et utilisé pour contrôler la navigation durant la marche. Les résultats suggèrent aussi que les athlètes puissent traiter l’information visuo-spatiale plus rapidement que les non-athlètes puisque les deux groupes ont pris des décisions de navigation semblables, mais les athlètes ont navigué les nouveaux parcours d’obstacles complexes plus rapidement, et ce, avec l’accès à la même vitesse de marche maximale. Les scores chronométrés des athlètes ont été davantage affectés par l’éclairage diminué, suggérant l’utilisation d’informations à propos des obstacles distants lorsque celles-ci sont disponibles. Ces protocoles innovateurs jumelés aux mesures développées (EP, efficacité de navigation, etc.) ont d’importantes implications pour l’évaluation et le réentraînement des capacités locomotrices dans des environnements complexes et écologiques chez diverses populations. Comme le comportement lié à l’EP s’est avéré robuste dans l’environnement virtuel utilisé, la réalité virtuelle est proposée comme une plate-forme prometteuse pour le développement de telles applications.
A biomechanical approach was used to analyze the natural locomotor behavior employed to circumvent stationary and mobile obstacles under different environmental factors including the initial uncertainty related to the obstacle movement, auditory distractions, the ambient lighting and the type of environment (physical/virtual). Young and older adults as well as elite athletes were tested in order to better understand adaptive walking behavior in relation with the environment in populations with different locomotor capacities. A novel method, based on the measure of human movement, was developed to quantify personal space (PS) for the first time during locomotion. Results showed that young adults systematically maintain an elliptical PS during obstacle circumvention at different walking speeds as well as a reduced PS, generally on the dominant side. The size of PS, however, was adjusted according to different environmental factors. For instance, attending to an auditory message during circumvention requires the enlargement of PS in young adults, and to an even greater extent in older adults. In addition to decreasing their gait speed, older adults further enlarged their PS in order to “free up” attentional resources for the parallel processing of auditory messages. These results suggest that PS is calculated online and used to control navigation during walking. In addition, results suggest that trained athletes are able to process visuo-spatial information more rapidly than non-athletes since both groups took similar navigational decisions, but athletes navigated through new and complex obstacle courses faster even though both groups had access to the same unobstructed maximal speeds. The temporal scores of athletes were more affected by the reduction of ambient lighting, suggesting an anticipation strategy using information about distant obstacles when it is available. Such innovative protocols together with the developed measures (e.g. PS and navigation efficiency) have important implications for the evaluation and retraining of locomotor capacity within complex, ecological environments in various populations. Since the PS behavior was shown to be robust in the virtual environment used for this project, the virtual reality technology is proposed as a promising platform for the development of such applications.
Cottalorda, Jérôme. "Analyse de la marche de l'enfant sain sur la plate-forme adal." Saint-Etienne, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STET001T.
Full textFerragne, Solange. "Evaluation de la déambulation assitée par SEF (Parastep) chez le blessé médullaire, à propos de 8 cas." Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR23089.
Full textDiop, Mountaga. "Influence de l'âge et de la vitesse sur les paramètres de la marche de l'enfant sain." Saint-Etienne, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004STET007T.
Full textMederreg, Lotfi. "Etude cinématique et reproduction robotique de la marche chez l'oiseau." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006VERS0043.
Full textThis work deals with the kinematics study of bird-like robot locomotion capabilities. An experimental protocol has been developed in collaboration with the researchers of the Natural History Museum of Paris. The experiments consist of filming trained quails walking on a specific walk-way trough an X-ray camera. Kinematics data are recorded and processed with special mathematical tools developed for this purpose. The analysis of the results allow to identify several characteristic leg configurations of the walking cycle, make some assumptions concerning the kinematics of the movement and propose a geometrical model for the bird-like structure. In order to develop control laws, and because of the redundancy of the structure, some optimization criteria are defined to help solve the inverse geometrical model. Finally, some control strategies are developed to reproduce the walking pattern for robotics applications
David, Élisabeth. "Psychogenèse de la perte de la marche chez la personne âgée." Paris 8, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA081773.
Full textDohin, Bruno. "Influence de la toxine botulique sur la vitesse angulaire articulaire chez l'enfant spastique marchant." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10178.
Full textThe aim of this work was to verify that the treatment by botulinum toxin in cerebral palsy children had an influence on the joint angular velocity. A cohort study was conduct on 10 subjects, observing the clinical examination of range of motion, the functional capacities, the spasticity level, the kinematic and the kinetics data and the dynamic electromyography. The data were collected before the administration of botulinum toxin, then 2 and 6 months later. The target muscles were rectus femoris and medial hamstrings. The analysis was limited to the hip and knee in the sagittal plan. The results shown variations of clinical examinisation and kinematic and kinetic data after administration of botulinum toxin. Those were correlated with the varaiations observed on angular velocity at least on one of the two investigated joints. The clinical relevance of this study could be to determine, muscle bye muscle , the action of the botulinum toxin. These results also suggest that the botulinum toxin could be involved in the facilitation of the movements felt by the treated subjects and that its action would be expressed by variations of angular velocity
Mbourou, Azizah Ginette. "Les caractéristiques de l'amorce de la marche et les effets d'une modification des information sensorielle sur la programmation et l'exécution du premier pas chez les aînés chuteurs, non chuteurs et chez les jeunes adultes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2001. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2001/19540/19540.pdf.
Full textTrias, Dominique. "Etude électromyographique cinématique et énergétique de la marche chez des enfants myopathes encore valides." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR28184.
Full textThe electromyographic (EMG) and cinematic patterns of gait in normal subjects reveal the optimisation of motor command in order to obtain the lower energetic cost for this movement. Myopathic childrens who are still able to walk have to change their motor in relation with the progressive muscle weakness. We studied the adaptations in relation with the energetic cost, obtained by oxygen consumption measurement, in treadmill locomotion. Three groups of patients have been identified, correlated with the evolution degree of the myopathic disease. We observed a quantitive and progressive modification of the cinematic and EMG patterns, correlated with an increase of the energetic cost. But some aspects looks like qualitative adaptations of motor commands and regulations
Anvari, Zohreh. "Transport des enfants et locomotion : approche intégrative biomécanique et comparative chez l'humain et le primate non humain." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0003.
Full textIn the past, the infant carrying could be a limiting factor for the mobility of pre-human and human groups. In order to better understand the infant carrying strategies of hominids, we developed a quantified study of the impact of infant carrying in two terrestrial locomotor models: the olive baboon (Papio anubis), as a quadrupedal model, and humans (Homo sapiens) as bipedal model. The analysis focuses on the sagital kinematics (joint angles, speed, position of the center of mass) and kinetic (ground reaction forces) of the unloaded and loaded walking of 11 female olive baboons living in captivity at the Station of Primatology (CNRS, France) and 26 Qachqai women, nomads living in a natural environment of the Fars province (Iran). Data were collected thanks to an integrated setup with a high speed video recording system, a force plate and individual anthropometry. The results demonstrate that several mechanisms exist that are related to the mode of carrying and the weight of the infant. As a result, in olive baboon, the global architecture of the female's body prevents increasing constraints on the forelimb that could be expected while carrying a load quadrupedally. In Qachqai women, lower limbs are less bent which help limiting energy expenditure related to infant carrying
Lazerges, Michel. "Effets immédiats des changements d'activité tonique des muscles extenseurs sur la marche chez l'homme. Contribution à l'étude des troubles de l'habileté motrice des spationautes." Toulouse 3, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991TOU30197.
Full textDelpierre, Yannick. "Etude des adaptations locomotrices lors d'un portage dorsal chez l'adolescent." Valenciennes, 2004. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/33167490-00d8-40d3-a0b6-c94faea3db73.
Full textLoad carriage corresponds to a courant practice, especially for adolescents who use to carry a schoolbag. This load carriage entails several adaptations (kinematical, physiological. . . ). The aim of this work is to quantify adaptations during adolescents schoolbag carrying. First part of this study is based on sociological analysis (type of schoolbag, method of carriage, weight of schoolbag. . . ). This lets to establish the principal particularities of schoolbag carrying and a classification of population with these sociological parameters. In second part, the movement analysis has been focused on coordination and electromygraphy on lower limbs. The studied conditions are: unload, 10% bodyweight and 20% bodyweight. The biomechanical results show two important results. On one hand, the results show an adaptation with same amplitude for both the load carriage conditions. On other hand, according to individuals, this adaptation can be more or less important: this result shows different classes that depend on gait clusters, movements of bag, anthropology of subject. The study is completed with a muscular activity analysis on the main muscles of ankle. The muscular contraction pattern is studied with several approaches: characteristic instants, envelope of signal and co-contraction. The heavier the bag is, the longer the contractions are, without inducing co-contraction of the muscles studied
Coudrat, Laure. "Construction d’un modèle intégré : interactions entre émotion et production d’un mouvement volontaire de l’ensemble du corps : application à l’initiation de la marche." Paris 10, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA100159.
Full textThe purpose of this work was to study the interactions between emotion, cognition and movement in terms of approach-avoidance emotional dimension integrated on the production of a voluntary whole body movement: the preparation and the selection of gait initiation’s motor programs. An integrative model has been built in order to articulate four theories: those relating to the cognitive control of the movement, to the biphasic organisation of emotion, to the conflict monitoring and to the perceptual load. First, results provide new insights about gait initiation: this movement has an emotional significance in terms of its approach-avoidance direction. This movement production is dependent on the emotional context (pleasant/unpleasant) in which there is provided. Moreover, this dependance is even more important than emotional influence on reaction time and on the magnitude of the motor response of the medio-lateral axis could not be modulated by the implementation of cognitive (high level of cognitive control) and perceptual (high level of perceptual load) processes. In typical button press tasks, these processes are used to modulate the interactions between emotion and movement. In addition, results obtained on the approach-movement direction demonstrated a specificity of the anteroposterior postural control, since the emotional influence on its magnitude has been modulated (attenuated) by these same cognitive and perceptual processes
Michel, Valérie. "Programmation de la génération des forces de propulsion au cours de l'initiation de la marche : ajustements posturaux anticipateurs, stratégies motrices globales et locales mises en jeu chez le sujet amputé d'un membre inférieur." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112265.
Full textThe aim of the thesis was to analyze the reorganization of the propulsive forces process of a gait initiation when the postural constraints were modified by a unilateral lower limb amputation. The analyze use the reaction forces of the ground and electromyography. The results were collected from three groups of subjects were analyzed: 7 healthy subjects; 6 below-knee amputee subjects and 7 above-knee amputee subjects. Four main original results can be stressed : l- Role of the anticipatory postural adjustments. In the healthy subjects, the anticipatory postural adjustments were predictive of the progression velocity. In opposite, in the amputee subjects the anticipatory postural adjustments were not predictive of the kinematic characteristics of the progression velocity. Their role would be limited to the initiation of the desequilibrium couple which was a necessary condition to initiate the first step. 2- Strategy of generation of the propulsive forces. Strategies depend of the state of the limb which initiate the step. When the gait was initiated with prosthetic limb, propulsive forces were adjusted during the phase of step execution. When the gait was initiated with intact limb, the propulsive forces were adjusted both during the anticipatory postural adjustments and the phase of step execution. 3- Elements determining the propulsive forces strategies : 2 elements determine the choice of the strategies. The capacity to the swing limb to generate propulsive forces and the capacity to the stance limb to control postural equilibrium. 4- Role of ankle plantar flexors during the phase of step execution. Maximal progression velocity was the same whatever the state of the lower limb initiating the limb. This results shows that ankle plantar flexors were not necessary to generate propulsive forces
Wicart, Philippe. "Initiation de la marche : influence de la latéralité et des défauts résiduels de pied bot varus équin congénital idiopathique unilatéral." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112335.
Full textLampire, Nicolas. "Caractérisation de la cinématique et de la dynamique musculaire lors de la marche chez les sujets hémiparétiques : approche par modélisation musculosquelettique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10262/document.
Full textThis thesis was carried out under a CIFRE, marking the collaboration between LBMC (Laboratory of Biomechanics and Impact Mechanics) and the Centre of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation ADAPT Loiret. The research theme emerging from this collaboration is the characterization of gait disorders in subjects affected by a disease of the central nervous system
Beauchet, Olivier. "Marche, double tâche et sujet agé : de l'étude des interférences d'une tâche attentionnelle réalisée en marchant à la prédiction de la chute." Saint-Etienne, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2005STET002T.
Full textMoineau, Bastien. "Analyses des pressions à l'interface moignon-emboiture de la prothèse chez le patient amputé fémoral." Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENS023/document.
Full textAbove-knee amputees' rehabilitation aims at providing a comfortable prosthesis to recover autonomy in daily life activities. The aim of our study is to understand the determinants of successful prosthesis fitting, and to provide a new instrumental method to evaluate the quality of the stump-socket interface. A clinical exam and questionnaires were performed in 40 above-knee amputee patients. Gait and posture were assessed in these patients and in 40 matched controls. Pressures at the stump-socket interface were assessed with 14 force sensing resistor sensors, 0.5 mm thick and 25 mm in diameter, placed on the stump. Pressures were analyzed in terms of intensity and with cross-correlation functions. Pressure assessments were repeated in 16 patients to test the reproducibility of the proposed parameters. Pains and skin lesions were more frequent on the bony part of the stump and in thinner patients. Posture and gait were strongly deteriorated in amputees as compared to controls and were negatively correlated to patient's weight but positively correlated to patient's prosthesis experience. However, better prosthesis do not provided better walking capabilities. Most of the proposed pressure parameters were reproducible (50 out of 70). Good prosthesis (providing high satisfaction, few pain and no wound) exhibited higher pressures at mid-height and at the proximal part of the stump, and their pressure patterns covariated strongly (r=0.93-0.99) and were synchronized during gait. Bony parts were less tolerant to pressure. Prosthetic fitting was easier in patients with a big stump because soft tissues distributed the pressures on the stump in a hydrostatic manner. However, these heavier patients had poorer gait capabilities. Thus, a better stump-socket interaction cannot guarantee better walking abilities but only more comfort and less pain and wound during prosthesis use.Pressure measures detected poorly fitted prosthesis. Therefore, it might be interesting to extent the use of pressure measures to clinical practice to improve patient's comfort. However, application of these material and methods in daily practice need additional experiments
Kemoun, Gilles. "Stratégies neuromotrices et chutes chez la personne âgée saine et le sujet parkinsonien : analyse de la marche et de la posture." Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOMU07.
Full textAntri, Myriam. "Contrôle sérotoninergique de la locomotion : étude de la restauration de la fonction chez le rat paraplégique et des propriétés intrinsèques des motoneurones spinaux." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066002.
Full textCaffier, Delphine. "La traversée de rue : anticipation chez le piéton âgé et perturbation de l'initiation." Thesis, Valenciennes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018VALE0038.
Full textRésumé en anglais non disponible
Gomes, Paiva Ana flávia. "Adaptation sensorimotrice aux troubles de la marche et de l’équilibre chez les patients présentant une neuropathie périphérique." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS569/document.
Full textThe balance function is a complex function that involves interaction between the somatosensory, the vestibular and the visual systems, the latter ensuring the equilibrium function regulation. In pathology, the control of posture and balance can be impaired as in the case of peripheral neuropathies, characterized by the impairment of sensory and motor fibers of variable level. Predominantly sensory neuropathies are called ataxic neuropathies; they are characterized by proprioceptive impairment in the lower limbs that can lead to disorders of posture and balance in static or dynamic condition, or even during gait. This study reports three assessment methods developed under the three balance conditions to better characterize balance disorders concerning this population. Balance assessment under static condition on a force platform has enabled us to characterize the weight of the sensory and motor impairments in neuropathies, provided that by the inclusion of measuring the limits of equilibrium balance parameter, which separates the most these two components. Under dynamic conditions, the analysis of balance on the motorized force platform "IsiMove" allowed us to create a composed score that distinguishes balance disorders in a population of ataxic subjects, which is characterized by major instability in quasi-static conditions (low frequency instability) and a less marked instability in more dynamic conditions (high frequencies). During gait, the eye tracker glasses have proven to be a relevant tool for the analysis of visual compensation, both reproducible and sensitive to the pathology. This technology has helped us to quantitatively characterize the visual strategy implemented by ataxic patients during locomotion. The results of this thesis open different perspectives regarding the development of more specific rehabilitation programs for this population. It also opens different perspectives on the instrumental characterization of new profiles of balance disorders in patients with instability of neurological origin
Théveniau, Nicolas. "Etude et analyse de la période d'acquisition de la marche chez l'enfant. Apports des neurosciences cognitives et comportementales. Etude des interactions enfant-tenue vestimentaire." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENS033/document.
Full textThe walking acquisition in toddlers involves different complex processes organized into a progressive but non linear way. The child requires several steps to acquire a postural balance, then the propulsion, and the anticipative muscle activation. To understand the gait development of a toddler is fascinating but a very complex work. Indeed, the most of current studies don’t take into account the effects of wearing diapers or clothes on the learning in bipedal locomotion. Regarding step width, which is relatively substantial for the beginner walker, we could wonder it's a strategy in order to improve the supports surface to best control the balance or on the other hand, does wearing diapers cause discomfort in crotch area children, and therefore bring out that postural strategy?Moreover, concerning the gait acquisition, it is known that the child needs well-fitting shoes to avoid any future postural or locomotive pathology. The same approach can be used for clothes. But, we can easily observe that currently most of children clothes are just a copy of adult models in miniature. These clothes don’t consider the morphological, postural and motor features of the beginner walker.The study introduced in this thesis manuscript will not only evaluate the importance of clothing on children walking but also propose possible solution and improvement for the conception of children clothes.Results are related to three studies all regarding children with less than 36 month of walking experience. First study is an analysis of the effect of wearing diaper or trousers on the children walking using spatiotemporal parameters. It has shown a greater influence from trousers than diapers. It has opened the second study. After how many months of experience the effect got the greater influence? Results show influence of trousers starting 3 month of walking but above all from 6 to 18 months. Finally, a prototype of trousers conceived in regards of children characteristics and walking acquisition has been used for around twenty children. Goal of this third study was to evaluate and to understand the importance of clothing on muscular activities of the lower limb. Utilization of the prototype has been conclusive. The muscular co-contractions which highlight the lack of experience in walking are less present when children use the prototype. Discomfort is reduced and walking with the prototype is close to the one performed with underwear
Goetz, Laurent. "La formation réticulée mésencéphalique : implication dans le contrôle de la locomotion et les troubles de la marche. Approche électrophysiologique chez le primate et le patient parkinsonien." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00872694.
Full textSouissi, Hiba. "Altération des stratégies musculaires chez des patients post-AVC : conséquences sur la marche et en condition de fatigue." Thesis, Côte d'Azur, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR4213/document.
Full textHemiparesis is one of the most frequent deficits after stroke. It is accompanied by an abnormal muscle co-contraction pattern and an altered force production that significantly contribute to reduced gait performance. These alterations lead to a reorganization of muscle coordination patterns to ensure stability and adjust the propulsion of the center of mass during walking. However, less is known about muscle actions in the paretic and non-paretic lower limbs during walking. In addition, co-contraction patterns were evaluated from only EMG data in post-stroke patients. Furthermore, post-stroke patients manifest higher levels of fatigability than healthy individuals. While several factors are involved in fatigue, the role of co-contraction remains poorly understood. The main objective of this thesis was to characterize the alterations of the muscle strategies of the lower limbs in post-stroke hemiparetic patients during walking and during fatigue induced by isokinetic concentric maximal contractions. This thesis introduces the novel use of an EMG-driven modelling approach to measure muscle forces generated around the knee and ankle joints of the paretic and non-paretic lower limbs during gait in post-stroke patients. In addition, we have shown that quantification of co-contraction from muscle moments is preferable compared to EMG measurements. The results showed that the reduced forces exerted by the plantar-flexors and the knee-extensors on the paretic side, gives a possible explanation for hemiparetic gait abnormalities. Increased forces generated by the knee-flexor and knee-extensor muscles on the non-paretic side, as well as increased force generated by the knee flexors on the paretic side, compared to healthy subjects, during the stance phase would be a behavioral reorganization to better support body weight and properly adjust the forward center of mass. This reorganization of muscle coordination patterns is also reflected by the increased levels of co-contraction (based on muscle moments) observed on the paretic and non-paretic side during walking. This seems to be an adaptive, compensatory strategy to ensure postural stability. However, increased co-contraction during walking can contribute to an increased energy cost in patients and lead to a more rapid fatigue development. The study of neuromuscular fatigue in post-stroke patients showed less fatigability compared to healthy subjects, in the presence of a higher level of co-contraction (based on EMG data). Decreasing agonist EMG during repeated concetric contractions, occurred in parallel with decreasing antagonist EMG, reducing the relative opposing force and resulting in a less decline in net torque. This seems to be a potential mechanism by which net torque output is preserved in post-stroke patients who are inherently weaker. The results of these studies underline the importance of developing rehabilitation programs focused on the strengthening of plantar flexors and knee extensors and on the selectivity of movement control, such as power training
Wallard, Laura. "Étude de la marche avant et après une rééducation robotisée chez des enfants présentant des troubles locomoteurs." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05L001/document.
Full textIn recent years, robotically driven orthoses such as the Lokomat® (Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Switzerland) appear in clinical research laboratories. These tools are proposed through gait training programs for the rehabilitation of patients with locomotor disorders. Their main purpose consists to reacquire functional gait through a simulation of the different phases of gait and a sensory stimulation feeding proprioceptive feedback. The Lokomat® allows by an extended repetition of gait patterns an active and progressive sensorimotor learning for the patient. The aims of our study are: (1) to characterize balance control processes (multisegmental coordination) in gait children with cerebral palsy compared to a group of typical development children by analyzing the different strategies involved to maintain forward motion while maintaining dynamic balance, then (2) to show the effects of robot-assisted rehabilitation in gait retraining and show this impacts upon the postural control of children with cerebral palsy (news strategies, ratio cost/benefit improvement, etc)
Langeard, Antoine. "Prévention de la chute chez la personne âgée : de la détection du risque à la réhabilitation par électrostimulation." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMC210/document.
Full textThe objective of this work was to improve the prevention of falls in seniors by (i) improving the detection of people at risk, (ii) providing new tools for assessing postural control and (iii) studying the effects of rehabilitation program by electrostimulation on the markers of the risk of falling. In order to meet these three objectives, three parts were developed:The aim of Part I was to provide tools for better detection of persons at risk of falls or fractures through the identification of factors responsible for a decline in postural control. We have been able to establish through three studies that (i) elderly patients who take five or more drugs per day are at higher risk of cognitive and mobility impairments, (ii) subjects who undergo fractures have a stabilization deficit after obstacle crossing and (iii) fractured fallers reduce their walking speed less during dual-task walking.In Part II we evaluated for the first time the braking of the center of mass, a parameter correlated with the quality of the postural control, with a kinematic analysis technique. It has been demonstrated that the technic usually used, the force-plate analysis, presents greater variability and leads to an underestimation of the braking index in comparison with this new method of analysis.In Part III we tested the effectiveness of a training program by electrostimulation of the ankle plantar and dorsiflexors on the parameters related to the fall or its severity. This training increased the strenght, and probably the contraction speed of the ankle muscles. Although the rehabilitation of other muscles seems necessary to improve gait,the training program has rehabilitated dynamic balance
El, Mir El Ayoubi Farah. "Peur de chuter, contrôle supraspinal de la marche et personne âgée : quelle relation ?" Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0038/document.
Full textChanges in gait performance related to fear of falling (FOF) are usually classified as supraspinal gait control disorders called “higher-level gait disorders” due to impairment in cortical gait control. It is now well established that the study of the variability in stride characteristics and in particular the variability of stride time, provide information on the impairment of the automatic character of gait. In fact, gait variability, which is a biomarker of higher-level gait disorders, is inversely related to gait stability. A limited number of studies have examined the association between FOF and higher stride time variability (STV), and have showed mixed results mainly due to the non-consideration of potential factors that may influence the relationship between STV and FOF. Thus, the main objective of this thesis was to examine the association between STV and FOF in elder people taking into account the potential factors influencing the relationship between these two variables.Our results show that FOF is significantly associated with an increase in STV. Indeed, the combination of FOF and history of previous falls increases STV. The adverse gait effect of this combination depends on the level of the walking speed
Pierret, Jonathan. "Troubles associés de la locomotion et du contrôle postural des segments axiaux chez les enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale : impact d’une rééducation centrée sur le tronc." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0079.
Full textThe axial segments play an important role in balance control during posturokinetic activities. In children, they are the first reference point around which gait develops. Therefore, an atypical development of postural control of the trunk and the head could adversely affect gait. In children with cerebral palsy (CP), toe-walking defined as the absence of a first pivot associated with flat foot strike is common. While this behavior has often been considered to result from spasticity of the plantar flexors, recent work questions this pathophysiology and opens the way to the search for a more functional causality. Children with CP show greater instability of the axial segments in orthostatic posture and when walking. Toe-walking could then be a form of motor adaptation to compensate for deficient axial control. The first objective of this thesis was to identify axial control disorders in children with CP aged 6 to 12 years after characterizing their typical development (TD) at the same age. By using an unstable sitting position with neutralization of the contribution of the lower and upper limbs in postural control, study 1 shows in TD children an improvement in axial stabilization between the ages of 6 and 12, highlighting the progressive development of axial segments’ control between these ages and its contribution to orthostatic balance. The same method coupled with a functional assessment of the trunk shows in study 2 a deficit in stabilization and functional use of the axial segments in 17 children with CP compared to 17 age-matched TD children – deficits associated with greater standing oscillation. The second objective was to establish functional links between toe-walking and deficient control of the axial segments and to propose to improve gait through a trunk-focused rehabilitation. Study 3 shows that children with CP adapt to wearing negative heel shoes by dorsiflexion allowing the shoes to be placed flat on the ground, while maintaining the same dorsiflexion braking as barefoot during the weight-acceptance (WA) phase, confirming the functional aspect of this braking. Study 4 confirms that this braking is linked with trunk’s forward deceleration and sacrum’s downward deceleration, to compensate for deficits in axial control. We then show that a trunk-focused rehabilitation (TFR) improves control of the axial segments as well as locomotor balance with a decrease in dorsiflexion and trunk braking during the WA phase after a TFR period of 3 months
Bayot, Madli. "Interaction attention-motricité chez le sujet sain et parkinsonien : mécanismes et modulation." Thesis, Lille 2, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL2S022.
Full textGait initiation is a motor program not fully automatized which varies according to attentional capacities. Motor deficits and cognitive decline, including attention, develops with ageing and Parkinson’s disease and may lead to risk of falls.The main objective was to better characterize and modulate the interaction between step initiation and visuospatial attention at behavioral and cortical level.We first produced a state of the art in the literature on dual tasks’ paradigms with gait initiation and a cognitive task. A very limited number of studies on this topic were carried out despite a promising potential for risk of falls’ prediction.To analyze the attention-locomotion interplay, we tested a paradigm combining the Attention Network Test with gait initiation on young subjects. Accordingly, the interaction could be characterized.After validating abnormal coupling between initial posture, preparation phases and gait execution in patients with freezing of gait, the attention-step initiation interplay was investigated. An impairment in executive control does exist, but without any specific repercussion on step initiation.A functional connectivity EEG analysis at resting state and during an attentional task allowed to investigate further cognitive decline in patients with freezing of gait. An overdependence on the environment as potential compensatory mechanism was observed.Eventually, a research protocol that aims to modulate the attention-locomotion interaction via a combination of structured cognitive training and methylphenidate treatment was initiated
Samson, William. "Effet de l’âge, de la vitesse de déplacement et du chaussage sur la marche de l’enfant, de ses premiers pas jusqu’à six ans." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO10110.
Full textIn young children, shoe design is empiric. However, the growth is fastest during this period, resulting in gait changes. So, the children shoe cannot be a scale-down of the adults shoe, otherwise risking growth problems. Nevertheless, the important experimental constraints to measure this population results in a poor biomechanics literature of gait maturation. That’s why the main goal is to study the barefoot gait on young children following different ages and walking velocities. After that, the study of shod walking could be realized in order to show the effects of shoes on children gait. The walking of 61 children (1-6 years) and 8 adults has been measured. Some children have been measured several times during growth: a total of 109 measures have been analyzed. Dimensionless kinematics and dynamics of gait trials were compared following five age brackets, ten walking velocities and one sort of shoe. Globally, the results showed that 2 years is a transitional age where most of curve patterns become similar to adults, even if the curve peaks always reveal an immaturity at 6 years. Differences were also shown with the increase of speed velocity. The age in young children affects the walking parameters, compared to children older than 6 years. Finally, shoe changes the biomechanics of the ankle and the knee, as it is the case for the adults, but also the hip. Moreover, shoe effects were different following speed velocities. Shod gait was more affected in children than in adults. Future studies will show the effects of different shoe properties on young children gait in order to propose a better adapted shoe design
Collomb-Clerc, Antoine. "Rôle des noyaux subthalamique et pédonculopontin dans la marche et le contrôle postural chez l'Homme : approche électrophysiologique, anatomique et comportementale." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066635.
Full textNeurophysiological studies of locomotion have been in majority driven on animal models. These approaches led to the identification of a mesencephalic locomotor region in which the pedonculopontin nucleus (PPN) plays a preponderant role. Gait and posture disabilities in Parkinson’s disease were linked with a loss of cholinergic neurons in the PPN as well as a dopaminergic dysfunction in the basal ganglia. The activity in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is impacted by the dopaminergic loss. The STN receives numerous cortical inputs and is reciprocally connected with the PPN, suggesting an important role of the STN in the locomotor control. However, few data exist on the role of the STN and the PPN in gait and balance control in humans. This manuscript regroups electrophysiological recordings of the STN during gait initiation, a study of the effect of deep brain stimulation frequency of gait initiation in the context of cognitive load, an immunochemistry study of the region of the PPN in human, and preliminary results of the electrophysiological activity of the PPN during virtual gait and real gait initiation. Together, these data participate to a better understanding of the anatomo-functional basis of the gait and balance control in human. Moreover, the identification of electrophysiological markers of gait and balance dysfunction suggest that a deep brain stimulation may be relevant for their alleviation
Gernigon, Marie. "Nouvelles approches méthodologiques et physiopathologiques des intolérances à la marche." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0015/document.
Full textPeripheral Arterial Diseased (PAD) is a major concern regarding their clinical care since a revascularization intervention is indicated below the cut-off point of 300 m. In clinical routine, MWD is usually assessed with clinical questionnaires, a highly subjective method, and with walking treadmill tests that are design-dependent and that hardly reproduce the usual pain of the patients during the walk. Therefore, the aim of this doctoral work is to test the validity of innovative methodologies based on GPS and Transcutaneous Pressure in Oxygen (TcPO2) during a treadmill test with respect to the assessment of the functional limitation in PAD patients. The first study shows that scores of the Estimation of Ambulatory Capacity by History-Questionnaire and MWD that is declared by the patients are more related to the GPS-measured MWD (that reflects the spontaneous walking pattern) than to the scores of the Walking Impairment Questionnaire, the 6-min walking test, and the walking treadmill test. The second study evidences the relevance of the use of TcPO2 during a walking treadmill test in detecting ischemia during exercise among patients with normal Ankle to brachial Index. The third and fourth studies show the reliability of the GPS as well as its applicability to the evolvement of the walking parameters following revascularization. Finally, the fifth study suggests that the GPS-accelerometer coupling is able to estimate the energy expenditure of PAD patients. To conclude, actimetry (e.g., GPS, accelerometer) and exercise TcPO2 are valid and reliable methods to evaluate the walk of PAD patients
Van, Hamme Angèle. "La marche de l'enfant : évolution de la marche pieds nus et étude comparative de l'influence des éléments de conception de la chaussure." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01015243.
Full textMenez, Charlotte. "Analyses des modifications cinématiques et affectives générées par les orthèses plantaires lors de la locomotion chez les sujets présentant une inégalité au niveau des membres inférieurs effects of orthotic insoles on gait kinematics and low back pain in subjects with mild leg length discrepency : a pilot study Effects of foot orthoses on gait kinematics and/or low back pain in subjects with leg length inequality : a systematic review Improvement of gait quality and pain due to orthotic insoles in subjects with mild leg length discrepency." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR019.
Full textThe aim of this doctoral thesis is to analyze the kinematic and affective modifications generated by foot orthoses (FO) during locomotion in subjects with limb length discrepancy (LLD). LLD is a common condition due to either anatomical or functional deformities. LLD has been associated with several pathologies and pain in the lower limbs and pelvis, and is often treated by FO in the field of podiatrist. However, there is not yet consensus regarding the effects of FO on gait kinematics in subjects with mild LLD (≤ 3.0 cm). The main aim of this doctoral thesis is to determine whether FO can be an appropriate treatment for subjects with mild LLD. A first study highlights a significant decrease in low back pain in subjects with mild LLD without significant effect on joint symmetry after 3 weeks of use of orthotics insoles (OI). Then, a systematic review of the literature confirms the positive effect of FO on low back pain. However, the FO appear to decrease kinematic imbalances in subjects with LLD, only when LLD is moderate to severe. Our latest study shows an immediate effect of OI on kinematics and pain in subjects with mild LLD. OI seem likely to improve joint symmetry in the pelvis in the frontal plane and the ankle in the sagittal plane, as well as pain in subjects with mild LLD. These findings suggest that kinematic analysis can be useful in the field of podiatry
Gouelle, Arnaud. "Développement d’un score de stabilité chez les personnes présentant des pathologies d’origine neurologique entraînant des troubles de la marche et/ou de l’équilibre." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA113006/document.
Full textMany pathologies affect balance control during gait. Traumatic, neurological or age-related disorders can all limit more or less the stability, which is the capacity of subjects to recover from perturbations, and can lead to falls. For children, the stability is related to the developmental stages and its interpretation requires differentiating what pertains to the developmental instability and to the pathological instability. Instrumented movement analysis allows a reliable and precise recording of the gait parameters. Indexes were developed to improve the clinical evaluation of the patients walking but no one of them quantifies the stability feature.This thesis led to the production of a score quantifying the stability through variability of the spatiotemporal parameters, recorded by an electronic walkway system. The score, called Gait Variability Index (GVI), has been applied to asymptomatic and pathological populations, representative of the various ages of life: children, adults and elderly persons. Results for patients affected by cerebral palsy, Friedreich’s ataxia or after stroke demonstrate that the GVI is a coherent tool for the evaluation of instability. Beyond the clinical interest, it opens various studies perspectives in gait analysis, and is thought-provoking about the disruptive or regulating nature of variability
Saboune, Jamal. "Développement d'un système passif de suivi 3D du mouvement humain par filtrage particulaire." Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Troyes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00598867.
Full textDecavel, Pierre. "L'analyse de la marche selon les principes de la Classification Internationale du Fonctionnement chez des personnes atteintes de pathologies touchant le système nerveux central." Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA3015.
Full textThe International Classification of Functioning (ICF) was developed in the 1990s to provide a common language and framework for the description and organization offonctioning and disability. Functioning and disability are multidimensional concepts that highlight the dynamic interaction between several components: the organic fonctions and anatomical structures of individuals, the activities of individuals and the areas of life in which they participate, environmental factors that influence their participation and persona! factors. The logic of taking care of people in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (MPR), specialty of the function, is fully in line with the approach proposed by the ICF. Indeed, the practitioner in PMR has the medical culture allowing him to apprehend the deficiencies. His professional experience and his overview of the consequences of diseases puts him at the heart of a multidimensional reflection. In the course of mankind history, human gait has progressively evolved. Its bipedal characteristic is unique in mammals. This organization based on a succession of simple and double supports, requires an organization based on a complex neurological construction involving many structures. The automated activity generated during gait is supported by the oldest structures in the phylogenetic development (the spinal marrow, the brainstem, the cerebellum). The cerebral cortex makes it possible to modify the basic patterns of walking according to environmental information. Harmonization of locomotor movements requires communication between these different structures, this one goes through axons moving in the white matter. This organizational complexity makes. gait very sensitive to pathological attacks of the central nervous system. This troubles are therefore a frequent mode of revelation. The process need for the study of gait disorders is part of the ICF, as walking is an essential fonction for the activities and participation of citizens in society. A multimodal study of walking allowed us to place ourselves in the logic of the ICF. We therefore approached the study of gait disorders through pathological models that affect the nervous system. The spread of disorders of multiple sclerosis (MS) led us to address the study of dysfonctions of walking induced by it through the prism of activities and participation. The variability of walking speed is studied by a reproducibility study. We determined the percentage of support time as the most reproducible parameter in the absence of therapeutic intervention. The impact in real life conditions is addressed by actimetry and quality of life. Compared to a group of healthy subjects, people with MS have less activity and a different weekly strategy, with no increase in activity on Saturdays. The quality of life of people with MS can be improved, moderately by drug therapy: fampridine. The focussed nature of brain infarction lesions has led us to address the disorders of walking induced by the possible link with the deficiency, even minimal. A review of motor dysfonction induced by infarction in the territory irrigated by the perforating branches of the middle cerebral artery was proposed before constructing a functional evaluation in patients without involvement of the cortico-spinal way
Auvinet, Edouard. "Analyse d’information tridimensionnelle issue de systèmes multi-caméras pour la détection de la chute et l’analyse de la marche." Thèse, Rennes 2, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/9770.
Full textThis thesis is concerned with defining new clinical investigation method to assess the impact of ageing on motricity. In particular, this thesis focuses on two main possible disturbance during ageing : the fall and walk impairment. This two motricity disturbances still remain unclear and their clinical analysis presents real scientist and technological challenges. In this thesis, we propose novel measuring methods usable in everyday life or in the walking clinic, with a minimum of technical constraints. In the first part, we address the problem of fall detection at home, which was widely discussed in previous years. In particular, we propose an approach to exploit the subject’s volume, reconstructed from multiple calibrated cameras. These methods are generally very sensitive to occlusions that inevitably occur in the home and we therefore propose an original approach much more robust to these occultations. The efficiency and real-time operation has been validated on more than two dozen videos of falls and lures, with results approaching 100 % sensitivity and specificity with at least four or more cameras. In the second part, we go a little further in the exploitation of reconstructed volumes of a person at a particular motor task : the treadmill, in a clinical diagnostic. In this section we analyze more specifically the quality of walking. For this we develop the concept of using depth camera for the quantification of the spatial and temporal asymmetry of lower limb movement during walking. After detecting each step in time, this method makes a comparison of surfaces of each leg with its corresponding symmetric leg in the opposite step. The validation performed on a cohort of 20 subjects showed the viability of the approach.
Réalisé en cotutelle avec le laboratoire M2S de Rennes 2
Pothrat, Claude. "Effet d'une déformation biomécanique du pied sur la marche : le cas du pied plat dynamique idiopathique de l'enfant." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4101/document.
Full textThe pediatric flexible flat foot is a common deformation. It is the reason of most pediatric orthopedic consultations and commonly leads corrective foot orthotics prescription. The specific architecture of the normal foot gives it properties of adaptation, strength and flexibility. Any alteration of its structure, particularly related to the shape of the plantar arch can cause modifications in gait. A lot of studies investigated the effects of this deformation, but are generally centered on a small number of variables, only at the level of the lower limb. However, if the local deformation is important to assess, it is unlikely to represent the complex non-linear coordination of the whole body segments related to gait performance. This thesis aims at characterizing the effect of flexible flat foot on gait in children, from a biomechanical point of view at the lower limb level as well as at the global coordination level, using methods from classicla biomechanics, data analysis and non linear dynamical systems theories.The major outcomes of this work are the multiplicity of biomechanical effects and the numerous changes on muscles activities and kinematics of the lower limb caused by flexible flat foot. The intrinsic foot movements particularly reflect the lack of control of gait at the patient's level. The particular role of the trunk and contralateral leg regarding the specific locomotor pattern of patients will be detailed. Finally, the foot will appear to have a protective role of the center of mass concerning resistance to perturbations and maintaining gait dynamic stability
Martinez, Jean-Luc. "Etude des principales réactions biologiques chez des adolescentes pratiquant une semaine de course et de nage : travail réalisé dans le cadre d'un projet d'action éducative mené sur les rives de la Dordogne." Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M041.
Full textVo, Toan Trung. "Étude comparative de l'initiation de la marche et du rattrapage de l'équilibre entre les enfants atteints de paralysie cérébrale et les enfants avec un développement normal." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS268/document.
Full textExperimental paradigms of gait initiation (GI) and balance recovery (BR) following a forward-fall were chosen to study motor adaptation in cerebral palsy (CP) children as compared to typical development children (TD). Children age ranged between 5 and 16 y.o. PC children walked independently. Results in GI showed that biomechanical and EMG pattern are comparable between the different groups when stance foot was on sound side. More particularly, the presence of fall braking during swing phase, which is a maturation index of gait process, in young CP indicates that there is no delay. When stance foot is on affected side, fall braking is absent that can be explained by equines foot. In BR, biomechanical and EMG traces are comparable between the different groups. However, if compare to adults, there is a striking difference in the EMG patterns. In adults, the fall elicited a bilateral burst of EMG in Soleus muscle, in parallel Tibialis anterior (TA) showed concomitant EMG activity but with lower amplitude. In children, TA showed a burst of EMG activity in parallel to SOL. This TA EMG burst was suppressed whether the fall was arrested annihilating the stepping. This result suggests that children trigger at the time the fall reaction program and the stepping program. If CP children can carry out both motor tasks, normal stepping and provoked stepping, this was thanks to use of botulinum toxin which help children standing up. Then, the mechanism of balance control can operate, and supporting gait acquisition