Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mapping conceptuel'

Les concepts abstraits constituent un véritable défi ces dernières années afin de mieux appréhender leurs représentations, dans différents champs scientifiques de la cognition. Dans une approche incarnée, nous identifions deux axes perceptivo-moteurs (frontal = « gauche - droite » et sagittal = « avant - arrière ») où s'activerait une expérience sensori-motrice associée à la conceptualisation du TEMPS et de la VALENCE EMOTIONNELLE. Par exemple, des études prédisent des effets de congruence entre un domaine source concret (tel que l'espace) et un domaine cible abstrait comme le TEMPS avec un « mapping conceptuel » dit congruent « passé - gauche » et « futur - droite » sur l'axe frontal, et « passé - arrière » et « futur - avant » sur l'axe sagittal. Quant à la VALENCE EMOTIONNELLE, le mapping conceptuel congruent serait « négatif - gauche » et « positif - droite » (en lien avec l'hypothèse de la spécificité corporelle) pour l'axe frontal et « négatif - arrière », « positif - avant » (en lien avec des mécanismes d'approche et d'évitement) pour l'axe sagittal. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, un paradigme expérimental manipulait l'hypothétique congruence des mappings conceptuels, lors d'une tâche de jugement (temporel ou émotionnel) nécessitant une réponse motrice. L'objectif était d'étudier le rôle de la direction du mouvement (mouvement du bras) dans la mise en lumière de l'incarnation de nos deux concepts abstraits d'intérêt, et l'effet d'une possible association temps-valence (par exemple, « passé - négatif », « futur - positif »). Dans l'ensemble, les résultats de nos études expérimentales montrent d'une part que le mouvement est révélateur de l'incarnation de nos deux concepts d'intérêt. D'autre part, qu'ils peuvent être intrinsèquement liés au travers du mouvement (association temps-valence d'ordre motivationnel). Nous discutons de ces résultats en lien avec l'émergence des travaux de recherche connectant ces deux concepts ; et plus globalement dans le cadre de la cognition incarnée et de ses perspectives appliquées
Abstract concepts have constituted a real challenge in recent years, in order to gain a better understanding of how they are represented in different scientific fields of cognition. In an embodied approach, we identify two perceptual-motor axes (frontal = "left - right" and sagittal= "front - back") where a sensorimotor experi-ence associated with the conceptualization of TIME and EMOTIONAL VALENCE is activated. For in-stance, studies predict congruence effects between a concrete source domain (such as space) and an ab-stract target domain such as TIME with a congruent "past-left" and "future-right" conceptual mapping on the frontal axis, and "past-back" and "future-forward" on the sagittal axis. Regarding EMOTIONAL VA-LENCE, the congruent mapping would be "negative - left" and "positive - right" (in line with the body-specificity hypothesis) for the frontal axis, and "nega-tive - back", "positive - front" (in line with the ap-proach and avoidance mechanisms) for the sagittal axis. As part of this thesis, an experimental paradigm manipulated the hypothetical congruence of con-ceptual mappings, during a judgment task (temporal or emotional) requiring a motor response.The aim was to investigate the role of movement direction (arm movement) in highlighting the embodiment of our two abstract concepts of interest, and the effect of a possible time-valence association (e.g., “past - negative”, “future - positive”). Overall, the results of our experimental studies show that, on the one hand, movement reveals the embodiment of our two abstract concepts of interest. On the other hand, they can be intrinsically linked through movement (motivational time-valence association). We discuss these results in relation to the emergence of research work connecting these two concepts ; and more generally, within the framework of embodied cogni-tion and its applied perspectives

Cette thèse, dont l’objet est l’étude des émotions d’un point de vue linguistique, se positionne dans le cadre théorique de la linguistique cognitive. Son objectif principal est d’étudier le processus de lexicalisation et de conceptualisation des émotions, représentées par des mots-clés, dans le contexte littéraire de ce qu’on pourrait appeler « fiction juridique ». La première partie du travail examine les relations interdisciplinaires en jeu dans l’interconnexion entre le langage, la cognition et les émotions. La second partie est consacrée à l’étude lexicographique complexe des mots-clés exprimant des émotions dans le contexte littéraire de quatre romans mettant en scène la justice. Dans une troisième partie, sont mis au jour les « patrons » métaphoriques sous-jacents à la lexicalisation et à la conceptualisation en discours des différentes catégories d’émotions, ce qui permet d’illustrer la dépendance entre le lexique des émotions et ses conceptualisations les plus fortes. Enfin, cette thèse utilise une méthodologie dérivée du logiciel ATLAS.ti qui permet une approche qualitative de l’étude des émotions telles qu’elles sont exprimées en discours
This thesis is written within the theoretical framework of cognitive linguistics and focuses on the ways emotion keywords lexicalize and conceptualize in the language of legal fiction. The first part of the work provides an interdisciplinary discussion about the interconnection between language, cognition, and emotion. This is followed, in a second part, by the complex lexicographical study of five emotion keywords in legal fiction, a genre of texts which has remained overlooked by researchers in the field. The third part brings to light the metaphorical patterns of different types of emotion keywords in order to show how they lexicalize and conceptualize in language, and demonstrate the dependency between the types of emotion keywords and their strongest and weakest conceptualizations. In addition, this thesis offers an application of the software ATLAS.ti, which allows a qualitative approach to the study of emotions as expressed in language

El diluvi de contingut visual a Internet –de contingut generat per l’usuari a col·leccions d’imatges comercials- motiva nous mètodes intuïtius per cercar contingut d’imatges digitals: com podem trobar determinades imatges en una base de dades de milions? La recuperació d’imatges basada en esbossos (SBIR) és un tema de recerca emergent en què es pot utilitzar un dibuix a mà lliure per consultar visualment imatges fotogràfiques. SBIR s’alinea a les tendències emergents de consum de contingut visual en dispositius mòbils basats en pantalla tàctil, per a les quals les interaccions gestuals com el croquis són una alternativa natural a l’entrada textual. Aquesta tesi presenta diverses contribucions a la literatura de SBIR. En primer lloc, proposem un marc d’aprenentatge entre modalitats que mapi tant esbossos com text en un espai d’inserció conjunta invariant a l’estil representatiu, conservant la semàntica. L’incrustació resultant permet la comparació directa i la cerca entre esbossos / text i imatges i es basa en una xarxa neuronal convolutional multi-branca (CNN) formada mitjançant esquemes d’entrenament únics. S’ha demostrat que l’incorporació profundament obtinguda ofereix un rendiment de recuperació d’última generació en diversos punts de referència SBIR. En segon lloc, proposem un enfocament per a la recuperació d’imatges multimodals en imatges amb etiquetes múltiples. Es formula una arquitectura de xarxa profunda multi-modal per modelar conjuntament esbossos i text com a modalitats de consulta d’entrada en un espai d’inscripció comú, que s’alinea encara més amb l’espai de funcions d’imatge. La nostra arquitectura també es basa en una detecció d’objectes destacables mitjançant un model d’atenció visual basat en LSTM supervisat, obtingut de funcions convolutives. Tant l’alineació entre les consultes com la imatge i la supervisió de l’atenció a les imatges s’obté generalitzant l’algoritme hongarès mitjançant diferents funcions de pèrdua. Això permet codificar les funcions basades en l’objecte i la seva alineació amb la consulta independentment de la disponibilitat de la coincidència de diferents objectes del conjunt d’entrenament. Validem el rendiment del nostre enfocament en conjunts de dades d’un sol objecte o amb diversos objectes, mostrant el rendiment més modern en tots els conjunts de dades SBIR. En tercer lloc, investiguem el problema de la recuperació d’imatges basada en esbossos de zero (ZS-SBIR), on els esbossos humans s’utilitzen com a consultes per a la recuperació de fotografies de categories no vistes. Avancem de forma important les arts prèvies proposant un nou escenari ZS-SBIR que representi un pas endavant en la seva aplicació pràctica. El nou entorn reconeix exclusivament dos importants reptes importants, però sovint descuidats, de la pràctica ZS-SBIR, (i) la gran bretxa de domini entre el dibuix i la fotografia aficionats, i (ii) la necessitat d’avançar cap a una recuperació a gran escala. Primer cop aportem a la comunitat un nou conjunt de dades ZS-SBIR, QuickDraw-Extended, que consisteix en esbossos de 330.000 dòlars i 204.000 dòlars de fotos en 110 categories. Esbossos humans amateurs altament abstractes s’obtenen intencionadament per maximitzar la bretxa de domini, en lloc dels inclosos en conjunts de dades existents que sovint poden ser semi-fotorealistes. A continuació, formulem un marc ZS-SBIR per modelar conjuntament esbossos i fotografies en un espai d’inserció comú. Una nova estratègia per extreure la informació mútua entre dominis està dissenyada específicament per pal·liar la bretxa de domini.
El diluvio de contenido visual en Internet, desde contenido generado por el usuario hasta colecciones de imágenes comerciales, motiva nuevos métodos intuitivos para buscar contenido de imágenes digitales: ¿cómo podemos encontrar ciertas imágenes en una base de datos de millones? La recuperación de imágenes basada en bocetos (SBIR) es un tema de investigación emergente en el que se puede usar un dibujo a mano libre para consultar visualmente imágenes fotográficas. SBIR está alineado con las tendencias emergentes para el consumo de contenido visual en dispositivos móviles con pantalla táctil, para los cuales las interacciones gestuales como el boceto son una alternativa natural a la entrada de texto. Esta tesis presenta varias contribuciones a la literatura de SBIR. En primer lugar, proponemos un marco de aprendizaje multimodal que mapea tanto los bocetos como el texto en un espacio de incrustación conjunto invariante al estilo representativo, al tiempo que conserva la semántica. La incrustación resultante permite la comparación directa y la búsqueda entre bocetos / texto e imágenes y se basa en una red neuronal convolucional de múltiples ramas (CNN) entrenada utilizando esquemas de entrenamiento únicos. La incrustación profundamente aprendida muestra un rendimiento de recuperación de última generación en varios puntos de referencia SBIR. En segundo lugar, proponemos un enfoque para la recuperación de imágenes multimodales en imágenes con etiquetas múltiples. Una arquitectura de red profunda multimodal está formulada para modelar conjuntamente bocetos y texto como modalidades de consulta de entrada en un espacio de incrustación común, que luego se alinea aún más con el espacio de características de la imagen. Nuestra arquitectura también se basa en una detección de objetos sobresalientes a través de un modelo de atención visual supervisado basado en LSTM aprendido de las características convolucionales. Tanto la alineación entre las consultas y la imagen como la supervisión de la atención en las imágenes se obtienen generalizando el algoritmo húngaro utilizando diferentes funciones de pérdida. Esto permite codificar las características basadas en objetos y su alineación con la consulta independientemente de la disponibilidad de la concurrencia de diferentes objetos en el conjunto de entrenamiento. Validamos el rendimiento de nuestro enfoque en conjuntos de datos estándar de objeto único / múltiple, mostrando el rendimiento más avanzado en cada conjunto de datos SBIR. En tercer lugar, investigamos el problema de la recuperación de imágenes basadas en bocetos de disparo cero (ZS-SBIR), donde los bocetos humanos se utilizan como consultas para llevar a cabo la recuperación de fotos de categorías invisibles. Avanzamos de manera importante en las técnicas anteriores al proponer un nuevo escenario ZS-SBIR que representa un firme paso adelante en su aplicación práctica. El nuevo entorno reconoce de manera única dos desafíos importantes pero a menudo descuidados de la práctica ZS-SBIR, (i) la gran brecha de dominio entre el boceto aficionado y la foto, y (ii) la necesidad de avanzar hacia la recuperación a gran escala. Primero contribuimos a la comunidad con un nuevo conjunto de datos ZS-SBIR, QuickDraw -Extended, que consta de bocetos de $ 330,000 $ y fotos de $ 204,000 $ que abarcan 110 categorías. Los bocetos humanos aficionados altamente abstractos se obtienen a propósito para maximizar la brecha de dominio, en lugar de los incluidos en los conjuntos de datos existentes que a menudo pueden ser semi-fotorrealistas. Luego formulamos un marco ZS-SBIR para modelar conjuntamente bocetos y fotos en un espacio de incrustación común.
The deluge of visual content on the Internet – from user-generated content to commercial image collections - motivates intuitive new methods for searching digital image content: how can we find certain images in a database of millions? Sketch-based image retrieval (SBIR) is an emerging research topic in which a free-hand drawing can be used to visually query photographic images. SBIR is aligned to emerging trends for visual content consumption on mobile touch-screen based devices, for which gestural interactions such as sketch are a natural alternative to textual input. This thesis presents several contributions to the literature of SBIR. First, we propose a cross-modal learning framework that maps both sketches and text into a joint embedding space invariant to depictive style, while preserving semantics. The resulting embedding enables direct comparison and search between sketches/text and images and is based upon a multi-branch convolutional neural network (CNN) trained using unique training schemes. The deeply learned embedding is shown to yield state-of-art retrieval performance on several SBIR benchmarks. Second, we propose an approach for multi-modal image retrieval in multi-labelled images. A multi-modal deep network architecture is formulated to jointly model sket-ches and text as input query modalities into a common embedding space, which is then further aligned with the image feature space. Our architecture also relies on a salient object detection through a supervised LSTM-based visual attention model lear-ned from convolutional features. Both the alignment between the queries and the image and the supervision of the attention on the images are obtained by generalizing the Hungarian Algorithm using different loss functions. This permits encoding the object-based features and its alignment with the query irrespective of the availability of the co-occurrence of different objects in the training set. We validate the performance of our approach on standard single/multi-object datasets, showing state-of-the art performance in every SBIR dataset. Third, we investigate the problem of zero-shot sketch-based image retrieval (ZS-SBIR), where human sketches are used as queries to conduct retrieval of photos from unseen categories. We importantly advance prior arts by proposing a novel ZS-SBIR scenario that represents a firm step forward in its practical application. The new setting uniquely recognizes two important yet often neglected challenges of practical ZS-SBIR, (i) the large domain gap between amateur sketch and photo, and (ii) the necessity for moving towards large-scale retrieval. We first contribute to the community a novel ZS-SBIR dataset, QuickDraw-Extended, that consists of $330,000$ sketches and $204,000$ photos spanning across 110 categories. Highly abstract amateur human sketches are purposefully sourced to maximize the domain gap, instead of ones included in existing datasets that can often be semi-photorealistic. We then formulate a ZS-SBIR framework to jointly model sketches and photos into a common embedding space. A novel strategy to mine the mutual information among domains is specifically engineered to alleviate the domain gap. External semantic knowledge is further embedded to aid semantic transfer. We show that, rather surprisingly, retrieval performance significantly outperforms that of state-of-the-art on existing datasets that can already be achieved using a reduced version of our model. We further demonstrate the superior performance of our full model by comparing with a number of alternatives on the newly proposed dataset.

The design and implementation of data bases involve, firstly, the formulation of a conceptual data model by systematic analysis of the structure and information requirements of the organisation for which the system is being designed; secondly, the logical mapping of this conceptual model onto the data structure of the target data base management system (DBMS); and thirdly, the physical mapping of this structured model into storage structures of the target DBMS. The accuracy of both the logical and physical mapping determine the performance of the resulting systems. This thesis describes research which develops software tools to facilitate the implementation of data bases. A conceptual model describing the information structure of a hospital is derived using the Entity-Relationship (E-R) approach and this model forms the basis for mapping onto the logical model. Rules are derived for automatically mapping the conceptual model onto relational and CODASYL types of data structures. Further algorithms are developed for partly automating the implementation of these models onto INGRES, MIMER and VAX-11 DBMS.

Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a de-facto standard modeling language with an extensive syntax and notations that can be used to model systems of any kind. However, being a general-purpose language, its semantics are intrinsically under-specified and broad to leave a room for different interpretations. This, in general, hinders the ability to perform formal verification of models produced with a specific domain in mind. In these cases, it is usually more suitable to map the UML models to other domains, where modeling concepts have stricter semantics. Notably, Reactive Objects Language (Rebeca) is an actor-based language with a formal foundation and formal verification support. This paper aims to identify a subset of UML modeling concepts compatible with the domain of reactive and distributed systems as modeled in Rebeca. In this respect, this work proposes a conceptual mapping between a sub-portion of UML and Rebeca, with the goal of enabling formal verification early in the design process. In particular, we investigate Rebeca syntax, and for each Rebeca concept, we provide the corresponding concept in the UML, as part of an iterative process. This process ends when all Rebeca concepts are exhausted and comprehensive mapping procedure emerges. Additionally, validation is an important part of this paper as it aims to establish confidence in the developed mapping procedure (in post-conversion validation) and avoid doing the transformation if the design is not compatible with the mapping procedure (in pre-conversion validation). As part of the pre-conversion validation, in order to establish the compatibility with the mapping procedure, we provide an extensive list of correctness attributes. As part of the post-conversion validation, the mapping procedure is validated by transformation on the provided examples. The results of this transformation show the wide range applicability of the mapping procedure and serve as an assertion of its comprehensiveness.

Specification for process oriented applications tends to use languages that suffer from infinite, intractable or unpredictably irregular state spaces that thwart exhaustive searches by verification heuristics. However, conceptual schemas based on FOL, offer techniques for both integrating and verifying specifications in finite spaces. It is therefore of interest to transform process based specifications into conceptual schemata. Process oriented languages have an additional drawback in that reliable inputs to the integration of diverse specifications can result in unreliable outputs. This problem can more easily be addressed in a logic representation in which static and dynamic properties can be examined separately. The first part of the text describes a translation method from the process based language SDL, to first order logic. The usefulness of the method for industrial application has been demonstrated in an implementation. The method devised is sufficiently general for application to other languages with similar characteristics. Main contributions consist of: formalising the mapping of state transitions to event driven rules in dynamic entity-relationship schemas; analysing the complexity of various approaches to decomposing transitions; a conceptual representation of the source language that distinguishes meta- and object models of the source language and domain respectively. The second part of the text formally describes a framework for the integration of schemata that allows the exploration of their properties in relation to each other and to a set of integration assertions. The main contributions are the formal framework; an extension to conflicts between agents in a temporal action logic; complexity estimates for various integration properties.
QC 20101004

In this dissertation, I identify a genre of travel writing that I refer to as frontier revival literature, which I show to be particularly important in negotiating North American ideas of imperialism, nationality, citizenship, gender, and race from 1880-1930. Meaning about cultural identity emerges through motifs of physical movement in frontier revival literature. I focus on how female frontier revival authors appropriate familiar motifs of frontier revival literature to promote women’s rights. Frontier revival literature consists of tourist accounts of travel in western Canada by Canadian and American authors who published in northeastern American cities and who wrote for a largely eastern, urban audience. I show how male frontier revival literature authors use American manifest destiny rhetoric in a western Canadian setting to promote ideas of an intercontinental west that, despite seeming to broadly represent North American progress, are highly gendered and racialized. I combine and adapt elements of feminist and conceptual metaphor theory as a way of reading how women writers of the frontier revival debate such ideas through representations of physical movement. I build on a diverse range of feminist theory to examine how images of the travelling female body negotiate and often contest dominant ideological messages about cultural identity in travel literature by men. I develop conceptual metaphor theory in order to identify a network of metaphors that I see as emerging in frontier revival literature. Focussing on three different chronological stages of frontier revival literature, I apply my methodology in comparative close readings of the following texts by Canadian and American authors: Sara Jeannette Duncan’s A Social Departure: How Orthodocia and I Went Around the World By Ourselves (1890) and Elizabeth Taylor’s “A Woman in the Mackenzie Delta” (1894-95); Grace Gallatin’s A Woman Tenderfoot (1900) and Agnes Deans Cameron’s The New North (1909); and Mary Schäffer’s Old Indian Trails (1911), and Agnes Laut’s Enchanted Trails of Glacier Park (1926). I explore how these six female frontier revival authors challenge the dominant imperialist and masculinist perspectives of their male peers through representations of the female travelling body.

This study aims at reducing student interpreters��� cognitive overload by optimizing their cognitive processing capacity management in consecutive interpreting. I analyze the causes of cognitive overload resulting from a conflict between cognitive requirements and interpreters��� limited cognitive resources (i.e. memory and attention). Using Sperber and Wilson���s (1986) Relevance Theory as a theoretical framework, I establish a conceptual mapping model to optimize student interpreters��� memory operations and attention allocation in consecutive interpreting. In order to test the impact of applying my conceptual mapping model on student interpreters��� performances, I carry out case study research in which the experimental group receives cognitive training via the learning of my model and the control group does not. The empirical findings of my case study show that with proper cognitive training on processing capacity management, student interpreters can improve their interpreting performances. Finally, based on my conceptual mapping model and case study, I propose teaching implications for the acquisition of cognitive competence in processing capacity management.

Ongoing language teacher attrition is contributing to a chronic shortage of language teachers in many parts of Australia, and this is impacting the efficacy of language education programs. This is a concern because language education in schools forms the foundations for global awareness for many students in Australia. This doctoral thesis reports on research which aimed to better understand why some language teachers, a particularly under researched group of educators, leave a career which is generally considered a lifelong one. The research has the potential to inform future programs and policies aimed at promoting language teacher retention. This thesis with publications is centred on an extensive process of disseminating, through conference presentations and scholarly papers, the research on which it reports. As such, it presents not one single study, but a series of studies. These studies are presented in the thesis in three interactive phases: a conceptual phase, an empirical phase, and a reflective phase, each with its own purpose, methodology, and findings.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Humanities, Languages and Social Sciences
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

Hsieh Tehching, born in 1950 in southern Taiwan, is a Performance artist who illegally entered America in 1974 and since has resided and worked in New York. His major works, or oeuvre proper as some art critics termed, consist of five yearlong performances and one spanning from 1986 to 31 December 1999. In all performances, Hsieh confined himself to simple but highly restrictive rules and produced extensive documentation.

This study has designed a theoretical mapping of complex element relationships within the field of physical security. The main purpose of the mapping is to form individual knowledge structures for modelling and provide a relative understanding of overall risk based on different combinations of physical security arrangements. An understanding of overall risk for modelling purposes should lead to improvements in providing support for decision making within this field. The final series of knowledge structures in this study have been represented by value matrices for element pair assessments within the topic of physical security. The values that have been presented in the knowledge matrices have been gathered from expert opinion and converted to numerical data as a demonstration for a holistic approach to modelling physical security elements. A profile for each respondent and each category group has been developed to be compared for their degree of similarity with other profiles. A correlation technique provides an indication of the degree of consensus within the results.

The likelihood of conducting safe operations increases when operators ave effectively integrated their knowledge of the operation into meaningful relationships, referred to as knowledge structures (KSs). Unlike knowing isolated facts about an operation, well integrated KSs reflect a deeper understanding. It is, however, only the isolated facts that are often evaluated in training environments. To know whether an operator has formed well integrated KSs, KS evaluation methods must be employed. Many of these methods, however, require subjective, human-rated evaluations. These ratings are often prone to the negative influence of a rater's limitations such as rater biases and cognitive limitations; therefore, the extent to which KS evaluations are beneficial is dependent on the degree to which the rater's limitations can be mitigated. The main objective of this study was to identify factors that will mitigate rater limitations and test their influence on the reliability and validity of KS evaluations. These factors were identified through the delineation of a framework that represents how a rater's limitations will influence the cognitive processes that occur during the evaluation process. From this framework, one factor (i.e., operation knowledge), and three mitigation techniques (i.e., frame-of-reference training, reducing the complexity of the KSs, and providing referent material) were identified. Ninety-two participants rated the accuracy of eight KSs over a period of two days. Results indicated that reliability was higher after training. Furthermore, several interactions indicated that the benefits of domain knowledge, referent material, and reduced complexity existed within subsets of the participants. For example, reduced complexity only increased reliability among evaluators with less knowledge of the operation. Also, referent material increased reliability only for those who scored less complex KSs. Both the practical and theoretical implications of these results are provided.
Ph.D.
Department of Psychology
Sciences
Psychology PhD

Este trabalho analisa algumas das atividades desenvolvidas no âmbito da disciplina Química Integrada III, oferecida no segundo semestre de 2008 a alunos que então cursavam o sexto semestre dos cursos do IQ-USP do período noturno. As atividades desenvolvidas na disciplina tiveram como finalidade promover a reflexão dos alunos a respeito de suas concepções sobre a natureza e a organização da Química como ciência, e da natureza das relações existentes entre os conceitos (conteúdos) aprendidos nas diferentes disciplinas do curso de graduação. Com o intuito de promover tal reflexão, a disciplina em questão utilizou como ferramenta a elaboração em grupos de dois mapas conceituais. O primeiro mapa conceitual tinha como objetivo que os alunos mostrassem explicitamente as principais relações existentes entre os conceitos estudados em seu curso. Já o segundo mapa conceitual tinha como objetivo representar a visão dos estudantes a respeito da organização estrutural da Química. A análise dos conceitos utilizados e da relação expressa entre os mesmos permitiu observar que as disciplinas do curso e as cinco áreas tradicionais da Química estão presentes como elementos estruturantes da mesma. São também consideradas estruturantes as áreas de atuação profissional destes alunos (Química Ambiental e Ensino de Química). A Bioquímica é geralmente vista como dependente de outras áreas. A Química Analítica é considerada como uma \"ferramenta\" a serviço das demais. O mesmo ocorre com outras áreas do conhecimento (Matemática e Física).
This work analyzes some of the activities developed within the subject of Integrated Chemical III, offered in 2008 to sixth semester students of IQ-USP\'s undergraduate courses. The activities developed in the discipline intended to promote reflections of the students about their conceptions about the nature and organization of the chemistry science, and the nature of the relationship between the concepts (content) learned in the many classes of their undergraduate course. With the goal to promote such reflection, the students have used the conceptual maps as a tool to make two kinds it. The objective of the first kind of conceptual map has been showed by the students that exposed the main existing relations among the concepts studied in graduation\'s course. The second objective of the conceptual map intended to represent the concern of students about the structural organization of chemistry. The analysis of the used concepts and of the relationship among them, expressed by conceptual maps, shows that the course subjects and the five traditional areas of Chemistry are present as structural elements of this science. The specialization areas in the professional context (Environmental Chemistry and Teaching Training) are also considered structural elements. Biochemistry is generally seen as dependent of the other areas, like Organic Chemistry. Analytical Chemistry is considered a \"tool\" for the service of other areas. The same situation happens in other areas of knowledge (Mathematics and Physics).

This study revolves around the different underlying metaphorical or metonymical structures of three specific idioms, one English, one Swedish and one German, but with equivalent semantics. The structure of the source and target domains was analysed, as well as the mapping from source to target. The lexical features and the cognitive concepts involved were analysed as well. The method used for this study was an analysis based on cognitive linguistics and conceptual metaphor theory. The result shows a structure of conceptual metaphor within the English and German idioms: making a small entity into a big entity is exaggeration. The Swedish idiom consists of a conceptual metaphor but with a metonymic structure: the part for the whole is exaggeration. The result also suggests a difference in meaning of the definitions of the idioms, indicating that the form of exaggeration varies depending on which idiom is used.

In order to develop scientific literacy students need the cognitive tools that enable them to read and evaluate science texts. One cognitive tool that has been widely used in science education to aid the development of conceptual understanding is concept mapping. However, it has been found some students experience difficulty with concept map construction. This study reports on the development and evaluation of an instructional sequence that was used to scaffold the concept-mapping process when middle school students who were experiencing difficulty with science learning used concept mapping to summarise a chapter of a science text. In this study individual differences in working memory functioning are suggested as one reason that students experience difficulty with concept map construction. The study was conducted using a design-based research methodology in the school’s learning support centre. The analysis of student work samples collected during the two-year study identified some of the difficulties and benefits associated with the use of scaffolded concept mapping with these students. The observations made during this study highlight the difficulty that some students experience with the use of concept mapping as a means of developing an understanding of science concepts and the amount of instructional support that is required for such understanding to develop. Specifically, the findings of the study support the use of multi-component, multi-modal instructional techniques to facilitate the development of conceptual understanding with students who experience difficulty with science learning. In addition, the important roles of interactive dialogue and metacognition in the development of conceptual understanding are identified.

Through a direct application of two cognitive science theories, conceptual metaphor (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980, 1999) and structure mapping (Gentner, 1983, 1989; Gentner & Markman, 1995), this project defined an instructional design model for the design, development, and assessment of metaphor-enhanced, computer-mediated learning environments. It used the model to produce an instructional product with a metaphor-based interface. The project also built a parallel learning environment that employed a concept map interface. To test the metaphor-based productâ s effectiveness at enabling learners to build rich mental models of a complex, abstract concept, the project ran fifty-seven preservice teachers (55 female, 2 male; mean age of 21) through the instruction, randomly assigning half to the concept map interface environment and half to the metaphor-based interface environment. Participants completed four essay-type assessment questions. Trained raters, blind to participant assignment, isolated any of the 13 targeted concepts present within participantsâ protocols and, through consensus, constructed a concept map for each participant, representing that participantâ s mental model of the targeted domain. Map attributes were translated into four weighted subscores (nodes, branches, levels, and cross-links) and summed. Comparison across the two groups indicated no significant difference for richness of mental model, t(55)=-.72, p> .05, although the discussion suggests methods for increasing the power in subsequent experimental sessions. A significant interaction between Subscore and Achievement, F(3,51)=33.42, p< .01, suggests that concept map cross-links are much more sensitive to differences in domain integration and the general richness of a participantâ s mental model than the level and branch subscores. This result has implications for classroom application. Concept maps have taken a place as a learnerâ s, a teacherâ s, and a researcherâ s tool. With cross-domain validation and domain-specific extensions, specification of the relative sensitivity of various subscales, that is, the structure of the concept map, will enable educators to justify weighting scales and identify learner achievement. Credible concept map weighting scales also enhance learnersâ self-reliant and impartial assessment of personal growth in domain-specific knowledge. Results suggest that learners who have difficulty integrating domain concepts require direct, explicit instruction to help them to make connections between disparate conceptual strands.
Ph. D.

This is a philosophical enquiry into scientific research that studies the causes of behaviour, principally human, using the findings, techniques or tools of genomic science. The objectives, concepts and methods of eight selected disciplines are analysed: biomolecular archaeology, evolutionary biomechanics, molecular neurobiology, Down syndrome research, human behavioural ecology, behavioural genetics, human evolutionary genetics and human developmental genetics. Nine semi-structured interviews were conducted with leading researchers in these fields. The results are analysed in terms of a set of fourteen criteria, chosen to illustrate diversity in the conceptual approaches of the researchers concerned. Some of these, for example, put the accent in their work on phylogeny rather than ontogeny. Some study the action of nuclear genes; some concentrate on mitochondrial DNA. The results are also plotted in a Criterion Matrix. The researchers spoke as individuals, not as representatives of their discipline. In parallel, sources in the literature as well as the interviews were used to generate a Genomic Workbench Analysis Model, identifying the different regions of the human and other genomes used by different disciplines in their research. The process of enquiry is presented as a conceptual mapping of the putative field of behavioural genomics. The two principal tools of the method – the Criterion Matrix and the Genomic Workbench Analysis Model – convey a picture of rich and complex diversity among the target disciplines. It is concluded that this diversity is inconsistent with a two-clusters model such as might have been suggested in the past by a polarisation of the nature-nurture debate along a single axis. Other conclusions of the conceptual mapping study are presented. A suggestion is made for the future development of a field of behavioural environomics.

From a general point of view, the aim of this thesis is to study the appearance and the translation of the metaphor in a context that involves specialized texts. Our purpose is also to examine the historical expression of metaphor within aspects connected to its importance for creation of scientific terms. More precisely, the main object is to explore how metaphors have been used in the field of medical terminology and by which methods they have been translated across the languages. Our approach is based on the definition of conceptual metaphor conceived by Lakoff & Johnson as a product of projections made by the thought (mapping). According to that idea, the metaphor constitutes a universal and essential element of human language and, therefore, also a keystone of the human communication reproduced at every level of social activity. From the cognitive point of view, our approach is also based on the theory of blending proposed by Fauconnier & Turner. It is diachronic and multidisciplinary as well, which means that a particular focus has been placed on the etymology of medical terms, which we have explored in the scientific context where those terms have been created and used. The database in this study is composed of medical terms emerging from scientific texts that we have translated from French to Swedish.  During our analysis, we have explored the occurrence of conceptual metaphor across the source language and the target language (the last one is in fact represented in this thesis by four languages: French, Swedish, English and Polish). The translation methods have been analyzed according to the model of Vinay & Darbelnet.   Our result indicates that conceptual metaphor plays a crucial role in the creation of medical terminology. It indicates also that the conceptualization of a medical phenomenon (expressed by mapping and blending) is almost always preserved in its original form in the target language. This observation implies that cognitive factors are activated during the process of translation. Our conclusion is made within the historical and scientific context, in other words regarding the context where the metaphorical terms have been created and afterwards transferred to other languages.   Key words: conceptual metaphor, metaphorical term, cognitive, etymology, medicine, scientific language, mapping, blending, conceptual shift, linguistic shift, translation, source language, target language.

A government-funded scheme, the UK Climate Change Communications Initiative (UKCCCI), provided money for organisations to deliver projects that attempted to impact positively on people’s attitudes towards climate change and to increase knowledge and awareness of the issue. This devolution of communications is a relatively novel approach after previous centralised campaigns. This thesis adopts a mixed-method approach; a qualitative and a quantitative study have been conducted based on three case studies of individual projects funded under the UKCCCI. The quantitative study analyses pre- and post-project surveys to assess whether the communications produced the desired changes in attitude, knowledge and awareness; results are generally mixed in relation to all three case studies as some statistics are more positive after communications, whereas some are less positive. Data from a regional UKCCCI project are compared with a nationally representative dataset; this analysis shows that attitudes, knowledge and awareness differ at regional and national scales, supporting the policy of devolving communications. Regional data are also analysed to see if there are differences between socio-demographic groups within a single target audience for communications; this analysis suggests that interventions must strike a balance between personalisation of information and the higher cost of targeting smaller groups with more specific material. The quantitative study uses conceptual content cognitive mapping (3CM) to discover the climate change-related knowledge of twenty subjects who received communications from two of the case study projects. Results suggest that people have knowledge of a wide range of issues related to climate change, but they do not possess a detailed scientific understanding. However, there is a high knowledge of how to mitigate climate change and this is expressed largely through individual actions and lifestyle choices. A template analysis was also conducted to discover what interviewees thought specifically about the communications and a range of practical recommendations are made for future projects. Implications are discussed in relation to future practical climate change communications projects, wider policy and academic research.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difficulties encountered by the grade ten township learners with respect to the concept of electricity. More specifically, the study attempted to explore the learners&rsquo
scientific knowledge by investigating their conceptions or alternative conceptions about electricity
the influence of learners&rsquo
age, career interests and gender issues on their conceptions of electricity and
the effectiveness of concept mapping (a pedagogic tool designed by Novak in the 1970s) in facilitating the learners&rsquo
understanding of electricity. The study was premised on socio-cultural constructivism as well as meaningful learning as espoused by Ausubel (1968). A Pre-Test-Post-Test Control Group Design was adopted in the study in which two comparable groups were used. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the instruments that were used included a conception of electricity (COET) (originally adopted and administered in the Western Cape, Northern Cape provinces and in Norway in 1999 for the purpose of Science and Technology Literacy Project (STLP) with the hope that their reliability and validity was guaranteed)
selected learner interviews and evaluation forms. The summary of findings has suggested that the Grade ten learners held misconceptions about the concept of electricity even after they were exposed to intervention that included concept mapping. In terms of the gender issues, there was no significant difference in performance between the boys and girls though the females outperformed their male counterparts at both groups. The underachievement of the older learners compared to the younger ones has also surfaced and that is against expectation since a number of studies carried out earlier (see Ogunniyi (1999)) have already corroborated such findings. With respect to career interests, what the learners indicated as their future dreams, i.e. what they intend to do and become, seems to have been influenced their performance at the pre- and post-test stages.

Semantic interoperability within the health care sector requires that patient data be fully available and shared without ambiguity across participating health facilities. The need for the current research was based on federal stipulations that required health facilities provide complete and optimal care to patients by allowing full access to their health records. The ongoing discussions to achieve interoperability within the health care industry continue to emphasize the need for healthcare facilities to successfully adopt and implement Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems. Reluctance by the healthcare industry to implement these EHRs for the purpose of achieving interoperability has led to the current research problem where it was determined that there is no existing single data standardization structure that can effectively share and interpret patient data within heterogeneous systems. The current research used the design science research methodology (DSRM) to design and develop a master data standardization and translation (MDST) model that allowed seamless exchange of healthcare data among multiple facilities. To achieve interoperability through a common data standardization structure, where multiple independent data models can coexist, the translation mechanism incorporated the use of the Resource Description Framework (RDF). Using RDF, a universal exchange language, allowed for multiple data models and vocabularies to be easily combined and interrelated within a single environment thereby reducing data definition ambiguity. Based on the results from the research, key functional capabilities to effectively map and translate health data were documented. The research solution addressed two primary issues that impact semantic interoperability – the need for a centralized standards repository and a framework that effectively maps and translates data between various EHRs and vocabularies. Thus, health professionals have a single interpretation of health data across multiple facilities which ensures the integrity and validity of patient care. The research contributed to the field of design science development through the advancements of the underlying theories, phases, and frameworks used in the design and development of data translation models. While the current research focused on the development of a single, common information model, further research opportunities and recommendations could include investigations into the implementation of these types of artifacts within a single environment at a multi-facility hospital entity.

ABSTRACT EFFECTIVENESS OF CONCEPTUAL CHANGE INSTRUCTION ACCOMPANIED WITH DEMONSTRATIONS AND COMPUTER ASSISTED CONCEPT MAPPING ON STUDENTS&rsquo
UNDERSTANDING OF MATTER CONCEPTS Yavuz, Ayse PhD., Department of Secondary Science and Mathematics Education Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Ö
mer Geban January 2005, 133 pages The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of conceptual change instruction accompanied with demonstration and computer assisted concept mapping on seventh grade students understanding matter concepts. In addition, the effect of instruction on students&rsquo
attitudes toward science as a school subject and the effect of gender difference on understanding matter concepts were investigated. Seventy five, seventh grade students from four classes of a General Science Course taught by the same teacher at Ö
zel ENKA Middle School during fall semester of 2003&ndash
2004 was enrolled in this study. The classes were randomly assigned as conrol group and experimental group. Students in the control group received traditional science instruction including traditional lecture method with discussions and traditionally designed labsheets. Students who were in the experimental group received conceptual change instruction accompanied with demonstration and computer assisted concept mapping. Both groups were administered Matter Concept Test as pre- and post-tests and Attitude Scale toward Science as a School Subject. In addition to these, Science Process Skill Test was used at the beginning of the study to determine students&rsquo
science process skills. T-test, univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used for testing the hypotheses of the study. The results indicated that conceptual change instruction accompanied with demonstration and computer assisted concept mapping caused a better acquisition of scientific conceptions related to matter concepts and produced more positive attitudes toward science as a school subject than traditionally designed sicence instruction. In addition, science process skill was a strong predictor in understanding matter concepts. On the other hand, no significant effect of gender difference on students&rsquo
understanding of matter concepts and their attitudes toward science as a school subject was found.

Bridges are crucial infrastructure for urban development as cities rely heavily on various modes of transportation for access and mobility. In an effort to fill the gap in the knowledge and methodology used in the construction of sustainable bridges, a model is developed using the concept of BrIM having the capabilities to develop bridges at the conceptual design stage, which offers ample versatility to influence stakeholders’ decisions towards sustainable bridge design. The model incorporates a knowledge-based decision support system and four modules namely: BrIM module; the first ever Bridge Sustainability Rating System (BrSRS) module; Bridge Environmental Performance Strategy Map (BrEPSM) module; and a conceptual cost estimating module. The model takes fundamental data input and processes it through the knowledge-based system established based on MTO’s Highway Geometric Design and the Navigational Waterways Clearance guidelines. The sustainability capabilities of the model are broken into two sub- modules; a BrSRS was developed by using the amalgamation of various existent highways and roads sustainability rating systems and by considering the introduction of bridge design. The system mimics the style of LEED as users can select from a weighted list of sustainable construction activities and materials to accumulate credits towards a sustainability classification. The second includes a BrEPSM that the forecasts footprints levels of bridge projects based on 5 footprint indicators namely; carbon; water; energy; emissions; and work environment with data obtained from Statistics Canada pertaining to each footprint illustrated on a radar graph. The third module takes the knowledge-based output and presents it in 3D mode via AutoCAD allowing users to alter the drawing’s dimensions and accordingly the model reiterates the calculations based on the changes made in the 3D CAD model. The final module generates an approximate cost estimate of the conceptually designed bridge, which is ideal for the feasibility study of the project.

Esta tese apresenta elucidações técnicas e interpretações póscomposicionais de quatro peças compostas durante o doutorado: “Io” e “Calisto”, para piano solo, “Ganimedes” e “Europa”, para dois pianos. A composição musical é abordada em três etapas: a) descrição dos aspectos musicais e extramusicais dos primeiros estágios da composição; b) investigação das características sonoras das peças; c) construção de interpretações ficcionais pós-composicionais, imaginando as luas de Júpiter como ímpeto composicional e interpretativo. O terceiro estágio é realizado na perspectiva da teoria contemporânea das metáforas, tal qual proposta por George Lakoff e Mark Johnson e, posteriormente, por Mark Turner e Gilles Falconnier. Através da apresentação das categorias de metáforas, cruzamentos de mapeamento de domínios, esquemas de imagens, princípio de invariância, espaços conceptuais e mesclagem conceptual, se estabelecem, neste trabalho, conexões entre os conceitos metafóricos e a conceptualização metafórica da música. Isso contribui para a aproximação entre as características marcantes das peças e as cenas/ações propostas como primeira etapa das interpretações pós-composicionais, construídas pelo compositor. O trabalho propõe-se a pensar sobre a atribuição de significados da composição musical em uma perspectiva global, em que elementos extramusicais podem expandir a assimilação do fenômeno musical, bem como contribuir para a pedagogia da composição musical e para a produção de trabalhos colaborativos.
This thesis presents technical elucidations and post-compositional interpretations of four pieces composed during my doctorate degree: "Io" and "Calisto", for solo piano, "Ganimedes" and "Europa" for two pianos. The music composition is approached in three steps: a) description of the musical and extra musical aspects of the first stages of the composition; b) investigation of the sonorous characteristics of the pieces; c) construction of fictional postcompositional interpretations, imagining Jupiter's moons as compositional and interpretative impetus. The third stage is achieved under the perspective of the contemporary theory of metaphor proposed by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson, and posteriorly developed by Mark Turner and Gilles Falconnier. Through the introduction of metaphor categories, the cross-domain mapping, the image schema, the invariance principle, the mental spaces and the conceptual blending, some connections are established between the metaphoric concepts and the metaphoric conceptualization of music. This contributes to the approximation between the main characteristics of the pieces and the scenes/actions proposed in the first step of the post-compositional interpretations. This work proposes a reflection about the attribution of meanings on the musical composition in a global perspective, where extra musical elements can expand the assimilation of the musical phenomenon, as well as to contribute to the pedagogy of musical composition and the production of collaborative works.

Mit der stetigen Konsolidierung der Web Service Standards vollzieht sich in der Diskussion zu serviceorientierten Architekturen ein Wechsel weg von der Implementierung und dem Deployment von Services hin zum Service Management. Die Indikatoren: Anzahl der Standardisierungsanfragen und die Menge großer Forschungsprogramme in diesem Bereich sind evident für einen wachsenden Bedarf an Managementmethoden für die Abbildung von Geschäftsanforderungen auf Servicekompositionen. Die Verwendung von semiformalen Modellen sowie die verteilte Entwicklung von SOA Services machen eine an Konventionen orientierte konstruktive Einschränkung der Freiheitsgrade bei der Prozess- und Servicemodellierung notwendig. In dieser Arbeit wird eine generische Methode vorgestellt, welche durch die Einführung von „Beschreibungsrahmen“ (Description Kits) sowohl eine Einschränkung der Modellierungsfreiheit in Bezug auf natürlichsprachliche Aspekte in fachkonzeptuellen Modellen erlaubt, als auch eine restriktive Benutzung bestehender Modellierungssprachen ermöglicht. Als Anwendungsfall wird die Konfiguration serviceorientierter Architekturen diskutiert. - (Die Dissertation ist veröffentlicht im Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH, http://www.logos-verlag.de, ISBN: 978-3-8325-2402-9)
With Service-oriented Architectures (SOA) companies are facing a paradigm shift towards services as the key unit of their enterprise architectures. An exploitation of the potential of Service-oriented Architectures is up to the applicability of semi-formal business models for a transformation into service compositions. However, several conceptual shortcomings prevent semi-formal models from being a suitable resource of an automated transformation process. Problems result from a multitude of modeling aims, objects, and procedures. Enhancements in order to solve these problems require both systematic preparation, and a methodical approach. This thesis provides a modeling method for business process-oriented SOA design using a meta-model based approach. An integrated modeling environment gives an overview of business requirements and allows appropriate assignment of SOA services to the business functions at the same time. The research refers to the example of process-oriented analysis and optimization of administrative procedures in German universities

Cette étude a été réalisée dans les Alpes-Maritimes, dans le SE de la France, avec le Bar-Sur-Loup comme zone d'étude, afin de tester une approche multidisciplinaire d’analyse de risque, de vulnérabilité et de résilience dans le domaine des risques naturels. L'objectif principal de cette étude est d’identifier et d’analyser l’évolution des glissements de terrain superficiels, en réponse aux différents scénarios d’évolution de la quantité d’eau souterraine en fonction de la variation du climat régional, et d’étudier la vulnérabilité territoriale de différents éléments de notre zone d’étude exposés à ces glissements de terrains de surface, combiné à une approche de résilience territoriale. Les modèles conceptuels de vulnérabilité territoriale et de la résilience ont été développés. Les résultats ont été présentés sous la forme de cartes de aléas, la vulnérabilité, la résilience et risque territorial
This study was conducted within Alps-Maritimes located SE of France, where Le Bar-Sur-Loup was pilot study area to test multidisciplinary approach to analyze hazard, vulnerability and resilience under risk domains. The principal aim of this study was to use an integrated approach and methodology to identify and analyze shallow landslides evolution in response to different ground water rise scenarios due to regional climate variability, and predicts territorial vulnerabilities of different territorial elements exposed to shallow landslides hazard with combine approach of territorial resilience. Conceptual model of territorial vulnerability and territorial resilience were developed based on identified territorial elements. Results were presented as maps of hazard, territorial vulnerability, and territorial resilience and risk

A integração de dados oriundos de fontes autônomas e heterogêneas ainda é um grande problema para diversas aplicações. Na indústria de petróleo e gás, uma grande quantidade de dados é gerada diariamente a partir de múltiplas fontes, tais como dados sísmicos, dados de poços, dados de perfuração, dados de transporte e dados de marketing. No entanto, estes dados são adquiridos através da aplicação de diferentes técnicas e representados em diferentes formatos e padrões. Assim, estes dados existem de formas estruturadas em banco de dados e de formas semi-estruturadas em planilhas e documentos, tais como relatórios e coleções multimídia. Para lidar com a heterogeneidade dos formatos de dados, a informação precisa ser padronizada e integrada em todos os sistemas, disciplinas e fronteiras organizacionais. Como resultado, este processo de integração permitirá uma melhor tomada de decisão dentro de colaborações, uma vez que dados de alta qualidade poderão ser acessados em tempo hábil. A indústria do petróleo depende do uso eficiente desses dados para a construção de modelos computacionais, a fim de simplificar a realidade geológica e para ajudar a compreende-la. Tal modelo, que contém objetos geológicos analisados por diferentes profissionais—geólogos, geofísicos e engenheiros — não representa a realidade propriamente dita, mas a conceitualização do especialista. Como resultado, os objetos geológicos modelados assumem representações semânticas distintas e complementares no apoio à tomada de decisões. Para manter os significados pretendidos originalmente, ontologias estão sendo usadas para explicitar a semântica dos modelos e para integrar os dados e arquivos gerados nas etapas da cadeia de exploração. A principal reivindicação deste trabalho é que a interoperabilidade entre modelos da terra construídos e manipulados por diferentes profissionais e sistemas pode ser alcançada evidenciando o significado dos objetos geológicos representados nos modelos. Nós mostramos que ontologias de domínio desenvolvidas com o apoio de conceitos teórico de ontologias de fundamentação demonstraram ser uma ferramenta adequada para esclarecer a semântica dos conceitos geológicos. Nós exemplificamos essa capacidade através da análise dos formatos de comunicação padrões mais utilizados na cadeia de modelagem (LAS, WITSML e RESQML), em busca de entidades semanticamente relacionadas com os conceitos geológicos descritos em ontologias de Geociências. Mostramos como as noções de identidade, rigidez, essencialidade e unidade, aplicadas a conceitos ontológicos, conduzem o modelador à definir mais precisamente os objetos geológicos no modelo. Ao tornar explícitas as propriedades de identidade dos objetos modelados, o modelador pode superar as ambiguidades da terminologia geológica. Ao fazer isso, explicitamos os objetos e propriedades relevantes que podem ser mapeados a partir de um modelo para outro, mesmo quando eles estão representados em diferentes nomes e formatos.
The integration of data issued from autonomous and heterogeneous sources is still a significant problem for an important number of applications. In the oil and gas industry, a large amount of data is generated every day from multiple sources such as seismic data, well data, drilling data, transportation data, and marketing data. However, these data are acquired by the application of different techniques and represented in different standards and formats. Thus, these data exist in a structured form in databases, and in semi-structured forms in spreadsheets and documents such as reports and multimedia collections. To deal with this large amount of information, as well as the heterogeneous data formats of the data, the information needs to be standardized and integrated across systems, disciplines and organizational boundaries. As a result, this information integration will enable better decision making within collaborations, once high quality data will be accessible timely. The petroleum industry depends on the efficient use of these data to the construction of computer models in order to simplify the geological reality and to help understanding it. Such a model, which contains geological objects analyzed by different professionals – geologists, geophysicists and engineers – does not represent the reality itself, but the expert’s conceptualization. As a result, the geological objects modeled assume distinct semantic representations and complementary in supporting decision-making. For keeping the original intended meanings, ontologies were used for expliciting the semantic of the models and for integrating the data and files generated in the various stages of the exploration chain. The major claim of this work is that interoperability among earth models built and manipulated by different professionals and systems can be achieved by making apparent the meaning of the geological objects represented in the models. We show that domain ontologies developed with support of theoretical background of foundational ontologies show to be an adequate tool to clarify the semantic of geology concepts. We exemplify this capability by analyzing the communication standard formats most used in the modeling chain (LAS,WITSML, and RESQML), searching for entities semantically related with the geological concepts described in ontologies for Geosciences. We show how the notions of identity, rigidity, essentiality and unity applied to ontological concepts lead the modeler to more precisely define the geological objects in the model. By making explicit the identity properties of the modeled objects, the modeler who applies data standards can overcome the ambiguities of the geological terminology. In doing that, we clarify which are the relevant objects and properties that can be mapped from one model to another, even when they are represented with different names and formats.

Resumo Constitui o fulcro deste trabalho o estudo da emergência termal de Sangemil (Beira Alta, Portugal Central). São quatro os vectores principais deste estudo: compreensão do mecanismo de exurgência, da composição química, da termalidade e origem destas águas. O estudo levado a efeito é apresentado ao longo de catorze capítulos, cuja ordenação revelará de certo modo, a metodologia seguida: Um capítulo introdutório, em que se procura fornecer o enquadramento geológico-estrutural das águas termais do país com particular realce para as da região das Beiras. No capítulo 2 faz-se um breve esboço histórico das Termas de Sangemil. Após análise das condições geomorfológicas e climatológicas (capítulos 3 e 4), são expostas as características geológicas e estruturais da área em estudo, que permitiram eleger o modelo geológico-estrutural de controlo na emergência (cap. 5). A abordagem das condições hidrogeológicas (capítulo 6) é feita de maneira qualitativa, por absoluta ausência de dados sobre as características hidráulicas dos aquíferos. No capítulo 7, faz-se o estudo comparativo da água termal versus águas frias locais e apresentam-se os mecanismos hidrogeoquímicos que conduziram às respectivas tipologias químicas. A aplicação da análise factorial como técnica estatística multivariada, possibilitou confirmar algumas conjecturas esboçadas pela apreciação dos dados físico-químicos. Recorremos a todos os geotermómetros químicos de que temos conhecimento, para inferir a temperatura de base da água termal. A utilização dos denominados geotermómetros termodinâmicos, constitui mais uma análise complementar no capítulo sobre geotermometria (capítulo 8). O estudo isotópico (isótopos estáveis e radioactivos) e a termalidade, são os temas desenvolvidos nos capítulos 9 e 10, respectivamente, precedendo o corolário natural de qualquer investigação neste domínio, isto é, a elaboração de um modelo conceptual para o sistema hidrotermal (capítulo 11). Damos ainda conta do actual uso da água termal; focamos as suas potencialidades como recurso energético de baixa entalpia (capítulo 12) e analisamos as vulnerabilidade à poluição no capítulo 13. As principais conclusões deste trabalho expressam-se no capítulo 14.

As mudanças ocorridas no Sistema Único de Saúde nos últimos anos, associadas às mudanças nas políticas educacionais, forçaram uma modificação na atuação do profissional farmacêutico. Nesse sentido, o farmacêutico necessita adquirir capacitação para atuar em conjunto com a Equipe Multiprofissional de Saúde. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar se o ensino superior em Farmácia no Brasil capacita o farmacêutico a atuar em colaboração com a Equipe Multiprofissional de Saúde dentro dos preceitos do Sistema Único de Saúde. Com base em metodologia quanti-qualitativa, este trabalho analisou projetos político-pedagógicos e o cenário clínico de hospitais universitários de cinco instituições de ensino superior brasileiras, e estudou, a partir de questionários qualitativos, aplicados a diversos profissionais de saúde, as necessidades da equipe em relação à atividade do farmacêutico. Verificou-se inserção ainda modesta do farmacêutico, muitas vezes causada pela falta de conhecimento da equipe sobre sua função ou por uma sensação de falta de preparo do próprio profissional. Também, a análise dos documentos oriundos dos cursos permitiu a constatação da falta de um olhar direcionado para o Sistema Único de Saúde e para a formação clínica. Poucas iniciativas curriculares tem surgido nesse sentido. Por fim, são apresentadas propostas, por meio de mapeamento conceitual, para se pensar um currículo em que coexistam a formação técnica, já tradicional, e a formação clínica, permitindo abarcar essa última, deixada de lado a partir de meados do século XX, que retorna hoje como uma demanda social.
Recent modification in the Brazilian\'s Public Health System, associated with changes in educational policies for higher education, forced a change in the pharmacist\'s professional performance area. Accordingly, the pharmacist needs to acquire capacity to act in conjunction with the Health Multidisciplinary Team. The objective of this thesis was to evaluate whether higher education in Brazil Pharmacy Schools enables the professional to work in collaboration with the Health Multidisciplinary Team within the precepts of National Public Health System. Based on quantitative and qualitative methodology, this study analyzed political-pedagogical projects and the clinical setting of university hospitals of five Brazilian higher education institutions, and studied from qualitative questionnaires applied to various health professionals the needs of the Multidisciplinary Health Team in having as a team member the pharmacist. There was verified a still modest insertion of the pharmacist in health teams, often caused by lack of staff knowledge about their function or by a sense of lack of readiness of the professional himself. Also, the analysis of documents from Pharmacy courses led to confirmation of the lack of educational policies directed to the National Public Health System and clinical training. Few curriculum initiatives have arisen in this regard. Finally, proposals are developed through conceptual mapping, to think of a Pharmacy course curriculum that can coexist in both the technical training as clinical training, allowing embrace this professional area of actuation that was set aside from the mid-twentieth century and returns today as a social demand.

The years around 1970 saw the emergence of an artistic fascination with maps and mapping. In the present thesis this fascination is conceptualised as a mapping impulse, acknowledging how the discourses of art and mapping, respectively, intertwine and merge. The aim of the study is to analyse this mapping impulse and to identify recurring themes and concepts in artworks and texts on art where maps and mapping processes are used as a visual expression and method.  In order to demonstrate how the scope of the thesis is shaped by later interpretations of art from around 1970, three exhibition publications from three decades are examined to illustrate how boundaries between the discourses of art and of mapping are renegotiated from the late 1960s up until the 2010s. The representing line of the map is analysed via the concepts of diagrams, maps, and models, such as the re-appearance of Claude Shannon’s and Warren Weaver’s Communication Model in the Swedish late 1960s, Öyvind Fahlström’s World Map (1972), and Sten Eklund’s paintings on glass from 1968 where he transfers ideas from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus into visual representations. The procedural aspects of encounters between the discourses of art and of mapping from around 1970 are analysed in Hans Haacke’s Gallery-Goers’ Birthplace and Residence Profile Pt. 1 and Sten Eklund’s Kullahusets hemlighet (The Secret of Kullahuset). The latter work is interpreted in the light of the role of the mapping, surveying individual, and in a figurative sense, the individual in the system. Here, the concept of alienation is used, as the work delineates the mapping subject who itself is being subject to mapping.  In this thesis the mapping impulse is identified as a way to deal with territory and truth in Western art around 1970. The map as a sign system and a practice is representative of a recent stage where art in various ways deal with a world undergoing rapid change. The mapping impulse circa 1970 can be identified as a visual regime of cartographic reason, characterized by legibility, clarity and lucidity. This also suggests alternative interpretations of the impact of the linguistic turn in the art of the 1960s and early 1970s, revealing a more ambiguous relationship between text and image.

The research study investigates students' understanding of hypothesis testing by exploring their conceptual and procedural knowledge of the topic. Eighteen volunteer students from a large introductory service subject in statistics were interviewed three times during their semester of study - at the beginning of the semester, several weeks after their introduction to the topic of hypothesis testing, and after the final exam in the subject. This thesis reports mainly on the results from the third interview, in which students were required to complete a Concept Mapping task and two Hypothesis Testing tasks while talking aloud. On completion of each task, students were interviewed about their responses on these tasks. The focus is on four main concepts (hypothesis, significance level, p-value, significance) and the process of hypothesis testing. Students' protocols were analysed, and three case studies provided a deeper analysis of overall responses. Qualitative methods were used in the collection and analysis of data. The study revealed that while some students had a good understanding of the hypothesis testing concepts and procedures, there were many deficiencies. In particular, students were often unable to define or explain a concept, give an example, or describe its relationships with other concepts. Less than half of the students could complete an Hypothesis Testing task by an approved method, and several solutions were incorrect at the decision step. There was evidence of some problems with statistical notation, and it was found that each procedural step in the hypothesis testing process had the potential to present difficulties. An overriding problem was associated with expressing ideas with statistical accuracy. The case studies showed that the relationship between conceptual and procedural knowledge was an interactive one. The relationship between conceptual and procedural knowledge was found to be so close that one type of knowledge depended on the other. Metacognition was needed to access the conceptual knowledge, which in turn improved the procedures. This study provides empirical support for the move away from hand-worked hypothesis tests to an emphasis on the development of concepts. From the research, suggestions are offered for teaching with the latter emphasis, and improving students' overall understanding.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O Brasil enfrenta vÃrios problemas relacionados à educaÃÃo, de acordo com o Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) - Programa Internacional de AvaliaÃÃo de Estudantes, nosso paÃs apresenta dÃficit nas Ãreas de Leitura, MatemÃtica e CiÃncia. O PISA à uma iniciativa internacional que avalia estudantes na faixa dos 15 anos de idade, que equivale ao perÃodo aproximado em que os estudantes concluem a escolaridade bÃsica na maioria dos paÃses. Em 2009, o Brasil conquistou a posiÃÃo de 57 (quinquagÃsimo sÃtimo) lugar em 65 (sessenta e cinco) naÃÃes avaliadas. Sabemos que diversos fatores econÃmicos, sociais e culturais influenciam o fracasso escolar constatado na avaliaÃÃo do PISA, desse modo percebemos a importÃncia em realizar pesquisas, mais diretamente no Ãmbito educacional, com relaÃÃo à formaÃÃo e à aÃÃo docente em prol da aprendizagem discente, em busca de uma compreensÃo desse processo educativo, que se encontra prejudicado, no que se refere à aprendizagem. Para tanto, fizemos uma investigaÃÃo qualitativa, descritiva, exploratÃria, com caracterÃsticas de pesquisa de campo(GIL, 2008) no curso de pedagogia noturno, na Faculdade de EducaÃÃo (FACED), na Universidade Federal do Cearà (UFC), em busca de verificar a formaÃÃo docente que acontece na disciplina de EstÃgio no Ensino Fundamental II, na relaÃÃo da fundamentaÃÃo teÃrica com a prÃtica em sala de aula, com o objetivo de investigar as contribuiÃÃes da SequÃncia Fedathi, na aÃÃo docente em estÃgio curricular, do aluno do curso de pedagogia, apÃs cursar a disciplina de EstÃgio no Ensino Fundamental II. Para uma fundamentaÃÃo dos objetivos da presente pesquisa, julgamos necessÃrio um aporte teÃrico voltado para formaÃÃo e prÃtica docente, analisando as contribuiÃÃes de Tardif (2002) e Perrenoud (2002), bem como a integraÃÃo de tecnologias digitais junto ao processo educativo, com enfoque na mediaÃÃo pedagÃgica para utilizÃ-las na perspectiva de Valente e Bustamante (2009), a fim de favorecer a metodologia de ensino-aprendizagem, articulando-se à SequÃncia Fedathi, de Borges Neto (2013) e a aprendizagem significativa, adotando a perspectiva construtivista de Ausubel et al. (1980), articulada ao uso de Mapas Conceituais de Novak (2010), Os dados da pesquisa indicaram como resultados apropriaÃÃo da fase Tomada de PosiÃÃo e Prova da SequÃncia Fedathi, com dÃficit na elaboraÃÃo de hipÃteses para as fases de MaturaÃÃo e SoluÃÃo, destacamos a necessidade de novos estudos atravÃs de mapas conceituais, que incorporem os pressupostos da Aprendizagem Significativa, para apropriaÃÃo dessa metodologia.
The Brazil faces several education-related problems, according to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), our country has a deficit in the areas of Reading, Mathematics and Science. PISA is an international initiative that evaluates the students in the range of 15 years, which is equivalent to the approximate period in which students completing primary education in most countries. In 2009, Brazil won the position of 57 (fifty-seventh) place in 65 (sixty-five) evaluated nations. We know that many economic, social and cultural factors influence school failure observed in the PISA assessment, thereby realize the importance in conducting surveys, most directly in the education sector, with respect to training and teaching activities in support of student learning, search an understanding of the educational process, which is a disadvantage in regard to learning. Therefore, we made a qualitative research, descriptive, exploratory, with field research characteristics (GIL, 2008) in the course of night pedagogy, the Faculty of Education (FACED), the Federal University of Cearà (UFC), seeking to check teacher training that takes place in the stage of discipline in Secondary School, in respect of the theoretical foundation with practice in the classroom, in order to investigate the contributions of Fedathi sequence, in teaching activities in curricular training, the course student pedagogy, after attend Internship discipline in Secondary School. For reasons of the goals of this research, we deem necessary a theoretical contribution aimed at training and teaching practice, analyzing the contributions of Tardif (2002) and Perrenoud (2002), and the integration of digital technologies in the educational process, with a focus on pedagogical mediation to use them in the perspective of Valente and Bustamante (2009), in order to promote the teaching-learning methodology, articulating the Sequence Fedathi, Borges Neto (2013), and meaningful learning, adopting a constructivist perspective Ausubel et al. (1980) articulated the use of concept maps Novak (2010), The survey data indicated as phase ownership results Position making and proof of Fedathi sequence, with a deficit in the development of hypotheses for the stages of maturation and solution, we highlight the need for further studies through conceptual maps, incorporating the assumptions of Meaningful Learning, for allocation of this methodology.

Design fixation is a phenomenon experienced by professional designers and engineering design students that stifles creativity and innovation through discouraging ideational productivity, fluency and diversity. During the design idea and concept generation phase of the design process, a reliance on perceptual surface feature similarities between design artefacts increases the likelihood of design fixation leading to design duplication. Psychologists, educators and designers have become increasingly interested in creative idea generation processes that encourage innovation and entrepreneurial outcomes. However, there is a notable lack of collaborative research between psychology, education and engineering design particularly on inductive reasoning of undergraduate engineering students in higher education. The data gathered and analysed for this study provides an insight into property inference decision-making preferences and decision switching (SWITCH) patterns of engineering undergraduates under similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. For this psychology experiment, property induction tasks were devised using abstract shapes in a triad configuration. Participants (N = 180), on an undergraduate engineering programme in London, observed a triad of shapes with a target shape more similar-looking to one of two given shapes. Factors manipulated for this experiment included category alignment, category group, property type and target shape. Despite the cognitive development and maturation stage of undergraduate engineers (adults) in higher education, this study identified similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] to play a significant role during inductive reasoning relative to the strength of category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. In addition to revealing the property inference decision-making preferences of a sample of undergraduate engineers (N = 180), two types of switch classification and two types of non-switch classification (SWITCH) were found and named SIM_NCC, SIM-Salient, Reverse_CAT and CAT_Switching. These different classifications for property inference switching and non-switching presented a more complex pattern of decision-making driven by the relative strength between similarity-based inductive judgements [SIM] and category-based inductive judgements [CAT]. The conditions that encouraged CAT_Switching is of particular interest to design because it corresponds to inference decision switching that affirms the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes designated as category members, i.e., in a conflicting category alignment condition (CoC). For CAT_Switching, this study found a significant interaction between a particular set of conditions that significantly increased the likelihood of property inference decisions switching to affirm the sharing of properties between dissimilar-looking shapes. Stimuli conditions that combined a conflicting category alignment condition (where dissimilar-looking shapes belong to the same category) with category specificity, a causal property and a target shape with merged (or blended) perceptual surface features significantly increased the likelihood of a property inference decision switching. CAT_Switching has important implications for greater ideational productivity, fluency and diversity to discourage design fixation within the conceptual design space. CAT_Switching conditions could encourage more creative design transformations with alternative design functions through inductive inferences that generalise between dissimilar artefact designs. The findings from this study led to proposing a Cartesian view of the concept design space to represent the possibilities for greater movements through flexible and expanding category boundaries to encourage conceptual combinations, greater ideational fluency and greater ideational diversity within a configuration design space. This study has also created a platform for further research into property inference decision-making, ideational diversity and category boundary flexibility under stimuli conditions that encourage designers and design students to make inductive generalisations between dissimilar domains of knowledge through a greater emphasis on causal relations and semantic networks.

博士
國立臺灣大學
語言學研究所
97
This research investigates how metaphors construct conceptual mappings between domains. We evaluate three mapping accounts: the category-based account (i.e., the Attribution Categorization Model), the alignment-based account (i.e., the Structural Mapping Model), and the principle-based account (i.e., the Conceptual Mapping Model). In this study, two types of novel metaphor sentences were examined: novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles and novel metaphor sentences not following mapping principles. We propose that the principle-based account can explain how metaphors are processed. We predict that people will use the mapping principles to process metaphors. In addition, it is hypothesized that context affects whether mapping principles will be accessed when people comprehend novel metaphors. Four experiments (i.e., a metaphor paraphrasing task and three reading tasks) support the principle-based account. Experiment 1 examined how metaphors were paraphrased. We found that participants produced paraphrases relating to mapping principles more frequently than those not relating to mapping principles. This suggests that participants used mapping principles to paraphrase metaphors. Experiments 2 and 3 used a timed reading measure to examine whether context affects the access of mapping principles in understanding metaphors. In Experiment 2, we found that participants processed novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles as slowly as those not following mapping principles in the integration of novel metaphor sentences into domain-incongruent discourse. The reading times between two types of sentences did not reach significant difference. However, in Experiment 3, we found that participants comprehended novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles faster than those not following mapping principles in the integration of novel metaphor sentences into domain-congruent discourse. The reading times between two types of sentences reached significant difference. Experiment 4 also used a timed reading measure to examine whether participants access mapping principles for processing novel metaphor sentences without prior context. The results showed that the novel metaphor sentences were read as slow as those not following mapping principles. The reading time between two types of sentence conditions did not reach significant difference. The results of three reading tasks show that relevant contextual information can facilitate the comprehension of novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles. However, irrelevant contextual information or no prior context can not affect the processing of both types of novel metaphor sentences. The results are consistent with that the principle-based account that novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles are processed faster than those not following mapping principles in certain conditions. This study supports the Conceptual Mapping Model that participants use mapping principles to interpret and comprehend novel metaphors. In addition, this work demonstrates that prior context differently impacts the processing of two types of novel metaphors: novel metaphor sentences following mapping principles, because their meanings are interpretable and are easily integrated into discourse, are affected by prior context; in contrast, novel metaphors not following mapping principles, because their meanings are less interpretable and are not easily integrated into discourse, are not affected by prior context.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
語言學研究所
90
Abstract Keywords: metaphor processing, Chinese Conceptual Metaphors, Conceptual Mapping Model The main purpose of this thesis is to answer the questions “Do different metaphor types influence the speed of metaphor comprehension?” and “Will different kinds of metaphor also differ in the literal truthfulness judgment task?” We believe that the discrepancies in previous studies come from blurring metaphor types. By looking at the reaction time that people take to process these different metaphor types, we are able to test the existing metaphor processing models and to find a psycholinguistic model that can best explain the available linguistic data. In order to answer the questions we asked above, we follow Ahrens (2002) proposal of a Conceptual Mapping Model for metaphor processing. In this model, there is an underlying reason (mapping principle) for each metaphor, and these mapping principles cast constraints on the source domain and target domains, which also explains why certain target or source domains are selected. The model further distinguished metaphor into three types. The three types of metaphors under investigation are ‘Conventional metaphor’, ‘Novel metaphors that follow mapping principles’, and ‘Novel metaphors that do NOT follow mapping principles’. Two experiments are included to see how people process these three types of metaphor. First is the whole sentence reading time experiment. We present the experiment stimuli auditorily, and measure how long people take to understand these sentences. We assume that there will be a decline RT over the three different metaphor types, which suggests that people process differently when encountering different metaphors. The other on-line experiment is a literal truthfulness judgment of metaphors, which provides us more information for the metaphor processing issue. Although metaphors are literal false statements, conventional metaphors are too well embedded in our conceptual system to be easily judged as literally false. People will need longer time to judge the conventional metaphor as literal false, unlike other novel metaphors, which will be quickly classified as literal false. The experiments’ results confirm the Conceptual Mapping Model. In the whole sentence reading time experiment, conventional metaphors are processed as fast as literal statements and they are very different from other types of metaphors. The literal truthfulness experiment shows that conventional metaphors are indeed more difficult to be rejected as literal false statements, and the error rate for conventional metaphors is higher than all other groups, which implies that conventional metaphors are embedded in our lexicon or conceptual system so that people made more mistakes when they are forced to classify metaphors from ‘metaphorical true’ to ‘literal false’ statements. From these experiments, we find evidence for different processing of these types of metaphor and verify a model which can best explains most of the linguistic data and solve the discrepancies found in previous studies.

Cette étude offre une lecture de The Waves de Virginia Woolf en tant qu’une représentation fictive des “formes exactes de la pensée.” Elle établit le lien entre le récit de The Waves et l’expérience personnelle de l’auteur avec “les voix” qui hantaient son esprit, en raison de sa maladie maniaco-dépressive. La présente étude propose également une analyse du roman inspirée par la théorie de la “fusion conceptuelle:” cette approche narrative a pour but de (1) souligner “la fusion” de l’imagination, des émotions, et de la perception qui constitue l’essence du récit de The Waves, (2) mettre l’accent sur les “configurations mentales” subtilement développées par/entre les voix du récit, en vue de diminuer le semblant de la désorganisation et de l’éparpillement des pensées généré par la représentation de la conscience, (3) permettre au lecteur d’accéder à la configuration subjective et identitaire des différentes voix du récit en traçant l’éventail de leurs pensées “fusionnées.” L’argument de cette dissertation est subdivisé en trois chapitres: le premier chapitre emploie la théorie de la fusion conceptuelle afin de souligner les processus mentaux menant à la création de “moments de vision.” Il décrit la manière dont la fusion des pensées intérieures et de la perception dans les “moments de vision” pourrait servir de tremplin à la configuration subjective des voix du récit. La deuxième section interprète l’ensemble des voix du roman en tant qu’une “société de soi-mêmes.” À l’aide de la théorie de la fusion conceptuelle, elle met l’accent sur les formes de pensée entrelacées entre les différentes voix du récit, ce qui permet aux protagonistes de développer une identité interrelationnelle, placée au plein centre des différentes subjectivités. Le troisième chapitre trace les processus mentaux permettant aux différentes voix du roman de développer une forme de subjectivité cohérente et intégrée. Dans ce chapitre, l’idée de la fusion des différents aspects de l’identité proposée par Fauconnier et Turner est employée pour décrire l’intégration des éléments de la subjectivité des protagonistes en une seule configuration identitaire. D’ailleurs, ce chapitre propose une interprétation du triste suicide de Rhoda qui met en relief son inaptitude à intégrer les fragments de sa subjectivité en une identité cohérente et “fusionnée.”
This dissertation starts with the premise that Virginia Woolf’s The Waves is to be read as a “mind thinking” and as an expression of “the exact shapes” that the mind holds. It establishes the link between Woolf’s experience of writing The Waves and her obsession with the “voices that fly ahead;” i.e. the very voices that used to prey on her mind as a result of her manic-depressive illness. It also offers a reading to the novel inspired by Conceptual Blending Theory: this framework helps (1) account for the “blend” of sensory impressions, feelings, and imaginative thoughts that constitute the essence of The Waves, (2) make up for the dispersed and seemingly fragmented nature of the narrative by emphasizing the various “mental patterns” weaved by/among the mind’s different voices, and (3) enable the reader to pin down a sense of the protagonists’ identities by carefully following their “blended” mental processes. The argument of this dissertation is developed in three chapters: the first chapter uses blending theory to highlight the mental processes that lead to the crystallization of intense “moments of visions.” It shows how a sense of the protagonists’ subjectivities would emerge by virtue of the “patterned” insight gained in those peculiar moments of revelation. The second chapter reads The Waves as a “society of selves.” Using Blending Theory, it emphasizes the “patterned” mental connections weaved among the different voices, which allows them to gain a “situated” or inter-relational form of insight about their own subjectivities. The third chapter follows the mental processes that enable The Waves’ protagonists to construct a stable and coherent sense of identity through the mental integration of different aspects of their subjectivities. In this chapter, Fauconnier and Turner’s notion of “living in the blend” is used to show how, in the course of their subjective development, The Waves’ voices would achieve an overall sense of psychological and identitary “wholeness.” The chapter also accounts for Rhoda’s unfortunate suicide in terms of her inability to continue to live in the very blend of her personal identity.

碩士
國立高雄師範大學
輔導研究所
91
The purpose of the study was to understand ：（1）the change of content of case conceptualization in the first 3 sessions, (2) the similarity of case conceptualization in general and specific situation, and (3) the differences of the content and the structure of case conceptualization of different oriented counselors. By using the “conceptual mapping task”, the data of case conceptualization of 3 experienced counselors included the theory of Satir , Solution-Focus approach and eclectic counseling were collected. After analysing the data of 12 conceptual maps of 3 counselors in the first 3 sessions and general situation, the results indicates： 1. The characteristics of the change of case conceptualization in the first 3 sessions were： （1）The contents of case conceptualization of the three counselors changed in different sessions.（2）The central conceptions of counselor A in the three sessions didn’t change, but counselor B and A did.（3）With the sessions passed by, the assumptions conceptions about clients of the 3 counselors decreased, but 2 of the 3 counselors’ intervention conceptions increased.（4）The counseling structure of counselor C in the 3 sessions were different, and the process in different stages were also different. But the counseling structure and process of counselor A and B in the 3 sessions were similar. 2. The degree of similarity of case conceptualization in general situation and in specific situation was： （1）The contents of all the 3 counselors’ case conceptualization were very similar, there were only a few differences.（2）Counselor A’s counseling structure of general and specific situations was the most similar one of the 3 counselors. 3. The differences of the contents and the structure between different counselors were： （1）It was found that the contents of case conceptualization of counselor B were similar to counselor C’s , the structure of case conceptualization of counselor A was similar to counselor B’s.（2）Counselor B and counselor C used many assumption-conceptions, but counselor A didn’t.（3）Counselor A pay more attention to the client’s expectations than the other 2 counselors.（4）The interventions of the 3 counselors were very different to each other. The factors that affected the contents of case conceptualization were the counselors’ approach.（5）Counselor A had 4 3-level conceptual maps, counselor B had 2 4-level maps and 2 3-level maps, and so did counselor C.（6）The conceptions of counselor B included family system, interpersonal model, empowerment and unfinished business were similar to counselor C. The conceptions of counselor B included problem-solution and change were similar to counselor A. Counselor A and counselor C had no similarity.（7）The central conceptions of general situation and specific situation of counselor A were the same, but the central conceptions of counselor B and counselor C were not.（8）The theoretical orientation and the cognitive style affected the counselors’ structure of case conceptualization. Suggestions for counseling education and further study were recommended.

Yes
Coral reefs are important ecosystems that not only provide shelter and breeding ground for many marine species, but can also control of carbon dioxide level in ocean and act as coastal protection mechanism. Reduction of coral reefs at Singapore coastal waters (SCW) region remains as an important study to identify the environmental impact from its busy industrial activities especially at the surrounding of Jurong Island in the south. This kind of study at SCW was often being related to issues such as turbidity, sedimentation, pollutant transport (from industry activities) effects in literatures, but seldom investigated from the thermal change aspect. In this paper, a computational model was constructed using the Delft3D hydrodynamic module to produce wave simulations on sea regions surrounding Singapore Island. The complicated semi-diurnal and diurnal tidal wave events experienced by SCW were simulated for 2 weeks duration and compared to the Admiralty measured data. To simulate the thermal mapping at the south Singapore coastal waters (SSCW) region, we first adapted a conversion of industrial to thermal discharge; then from the discharge affected area a thermal map was further computed to compare with the measured coral map. The outcomes show that the proposed novel thermal modelling approach has quite precisely simulated the coral map at SSCW, with the condition that the near-field thermal sources are considered (with the coverage area in the limit of 20 km × 20 km).
The author also acknowledges the support of Nazarbayev University’s (Kazakhstan) research seed grant no. KF-12/6 for purchasing and providing the Delft3D software used in this study (which the author is the principal investigator of the grant)

Selvan Naidoo, Student no: 0215998E. MSc Education, Faculty of Science, 2006.
This study used concept mapping to explore South African Grade 11 learners’ understanding of the function concept. Learners’ understanding of the function concept was investigated by examining the relationships learners made between the function concept and other mathematical concepts. The study falls within a social constructivist framework and is underpinned by the key educational notion of understanding. The research method employed was a case study. Data for the study was collected through a concept mapping task, a task on functions and individual learner interviews. In the analysis four key issues are identified and discussed. They are concerned with (a) learners who make most connections; (b) issues related to learners’ omission and addition of concepts; (c) learners’ use of examples in concept mapping and (d) the nature of connections learners made. The study concludes that concept mapping is an effective tool to explore learners’ understanding of the function concept. The report concludes with recommendations for classroom practice, teacher education and further research, particularly given the context of school mathematics practice in the South African curriculum where concept mapping (i.e. use of metacogs) has recently been incorporated as an assessment tool.