Journal articles: 'MAPbCl3'

1

Nagabhushana, G. P., Radha Shivaramaiah, and Alexandra Navrotsky. "Direct calorimetric verification of thermodynamic instability of lead halide hybrid perovskites." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 28 (June 28, 2016): 7717–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607850113.

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Hybrid perovskites, especially methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3), exhibit excellent solar power conversion efficiencies. However, their application is plagued by poor chemical and structural stability. Using direct calorimetric measurement of heats of formation, MAPbI3 is shown to be thermodynamically unstable with respect to decomposition to lead iodide and methylammonium iodide, even in the absence of ambient air or light or heat-induced defects, thus limiting its long-term use in devices. The formation enthalpy from binary halide components becomes less favorable in the order MAPbCl3, MAPbBr3, MAPbI3, with only the chloride having a negative heat of formation. Optimizing the geometric match of constituents as measured by the Goldschmidt tolerance factor provides a potentially quantifiable thermodynamic guide for seeking chemical substitutions to enhance stability.

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Lu, Haizhou, Huotian Zhang, Sijian Yuan, Jiao Wang, Yiqiang Zhan, and Lirong Zheng. "An optical dynamic study of MAPbBr3 single crystals passivated with MAPbCl3/I3-MAPbBr3 heterojunctions." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 6 (2017): 4516–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07182a.

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Franz, Alexandra, Daniel M. Többens, Julia Steckhan, and Susan Schorr. "Determination of the miscibility gap in the solid solutions series of methylammonium lead iodide/chloride." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 74, no. 5 (August 31, 2018): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520618010764.

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Perovskites are widely known for their enormous possibility of elemental substitution, which leads to a large variety of physical properties. Hybrid perovskites such as CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3) and CH3NH3PbCl3(MAPbCl3) are perovskites with anA[XII]B[VI]X[II]3-structure, whereAis an organic molecule,Bis a lead(II) cation andXis a halide anion of iodine or chlorine. Whereas MAPbCl3crystallizes in the cubic space group Pm{\overline 3}m, MAPbI3is in the tetragonal space groupI4/mcm. The substitution of I by Cl leads to an increased tolerance against humidity but is challenging or even impossible due to their large difference in ionic radii. Here, the influence of an increasing Cl content in the reaction solution on the miscibility of the solid solution members is examined systematically. Powders were synthesized by two different routes depending on the I:Cl ratio. High-resolution synchrotron X-ray data are used to establish values for the limits of the miscibility gap which are 3.1 (1.1) mol% MAPbCl3in MAPI and 1.0 (1) mol% MAPbI3in MAPCl. The establishment of relations between average pseudo-cubic lattice parameters for both phases allows a determination of the degree of substitution from the observed lattice parameters.

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Zhang, Cuiping, Zhipeng Li, Juan Liu, Yunchuan Xin, Zhipeng Shao, Guanglei Cui, and Shuping Pang. "MAPbCl3-Mediated Decomposition Process to Tune Cl/PbI2 Distribution in MAPbI3 Films." ACS Energy Letters 3, no. 8 (July 5, 2018): 1801–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00837.

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Cheng, Xiaohua, Lin Jing, Ying Zhao, Songjie Du, Jianxu Ding, and Tianliang Zhou. "Crystal orientation-dependent optoelectronic properties of MAPbCl3 single crystals." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 6, no. 6 (2018): 1579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc05156e.

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Pan, Yuzhu, Xin Wang, Jingda Zhao, Yubing Xu, Yuwei Li, Qing Li, Xiaobing Zhang, et al. "Photodiodes based on a MAPbBr3/Bi3+-doped MAPbCl3 single crystals heterojunction for the X-ray detection." CrystEngComm 23, no. 28 (2021): 4954–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ce00406a.

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The epitaxially fabricated MAPbBr₃/Bi³⁺-doped MAPbCl₃ PSCs pN heterojunction shows advanced X-ray detection performance with decreased dark current density and faster response time under relatively high external reverse voltage.

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Bernasconi, Andrea, Katharine Page, Zhenbang Dai, Liang Z. Tan, Andrew M. Rappe, and Lorenzo Malavasi. "Ubiquitous Short-Range Distortion of Hybrid Perovskites and Hydrogen-Bonding Role: the MAPbCl3 Case." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 49 (November 26, 2018): 28265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b10086.

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Cheng, Xiaohua, Lin Jing, Ye Yuan, Songjie Du, Jun Zhang, Xiaoyuan Zhan, Jianxu Ding, Hao Yu, and Guodong Shi. "Fe2+/Fe3+ Doped into MAPbCl3 Single Crystal: Impact on Crystal Growth and Optical and Photoelectronic Properties." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 123, no. 3 (January 4, 2019): 1669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b12428.

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9

Bahtiar, Ayi, and Khairul Habibie. "THE STABILITY STUDIES OF MIXED HALIDE PEROVSKITE CH3NH3PbBrXI3-X THIN FILMS IN AMBIENT WITH AIR HUMIDITY 70% USING UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY AND X-RAY DIFFRACTION." Spektra: Jurnal Fisika dan Aplikasinya 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/spektra.052.03.

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Perovskite Solar Cells (PSC), with the efficiency of more than 22%, has shown promising prospects for the future of environmentally friendly technology. However, low stability on humidity is a major problem limiting the commercialization of PSC. The perovskite material commonly used as a perovskite solar-cell active material is methylammonium lead tri-iodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPbI3) prepared with a mixture of methylammonium-iodide (MAI) and lead iodide (PbI2). Perovskite material MAPbI3 is hygroscopic and easily decomposed into its constituent material, thereby reducing the performance of the PSC. Meanwhile, perovskite methylammonium lead-bromide (MAPbBr3) has higher moisture stability than MAPbI3 because it has a cubic crystal structure that has high symmetry. However, the efficiency of solar cells using MAPbBr3 as active material is lower than that of MAPbI3, due to a higher bandgap (~2.2 eV) than that of MAPbI3 (~1.5 eV). Therefore the wavelength range of sunlight absorbed by MAPbBr3 is shorter. We have studied the effect of the ratio of Bromium ion (Br-) insertion into MAPbI3 perovskite, forming mixed perovskite halide MAPbBrxI3-x on the stability of thin perovskite films in ambient with air humidity 70%. The value of x is varied from x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 3. We measured the evolution of UV-Vis spectra and XRD patterns of thin perovskite films. The MAPbBr3 perovskite film is the most stable in high air relative humidity (> 70%). While mixed perovskite films with x = 0.5 are more stable as compared to the other x values based on absorption spectra. The XRD results showed that the stability of mixed halide perovskite is decreased with the increasing of x value.

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Tumusange, Marie Solange, Biwas Subedi, Cong Chen, Maxwell M. Junda, Zhaoning Song, Yanfa Yan, and Nikolas J. Podraza. "Impact of Humidity and Temperature on the Stability of the Optical Properties and Structure of MAPbI3, MA0.7FA0.3PbI3 and (FAPbI3)0.95(MAPbBr3)0.05 Perovskite Thin Films." Materials 14, no. 14 (July 20, 2021): 4054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14144054.

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In situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) measurements have been conducted on MAPbI3, MA0.7FA0.3PbI3, and (FAPbI3)0.95(MAPbBr3)0.05 perovskite thin films when exposed to different levels of relative humidity at given temperatures over time. Analysis of RTSE measurements track changes in the complex dielectric function spectra and structure, which indicate variations in stability influenced by the underlying material, preparation method, and perovskite composition. MAPbI3 and MA0.7FA0.3PbI3 films deposited on commercial fluorine-doped tin oxide coated glass are more stable than corresponding films deposited on soda lime glass directly. (FAPbI3)0.95(MAPbBr3)0.05 films on soda lime glass showed improved stability over the other compositions regardless of the substrate, and this is attributed to the preparation method as well as the final composition.

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Kil, Da Rim, Chunyuan Lu, Jung-Min Ji, Chul Hoon Kim, and Hwan Kyu Kim. "Dopant-Free Triazatruxene-Based Hole Transporting Materials with Three Different End-Capped Acceptor Units for Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 10, no. 5 (May 13, 2020): 936. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10050936.

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A series of dopant-free D-π-A structural hole-transporting materials (HTMs), named as SGT-460, SGT-461, and SGT-462, incorporating a planner-type triazatruxene (TAT) core, thieno[3,2-b]indole (TI) π-bridge and three different acceptors, 3-ethylthiazolidine-2,4-dione (ED), 3-(dicyano methylidene)indan-1-one (DI), and malononitrile (MN), were designed and synthesized for application in perovskite solar cells (PrSCs). The effect of three acceptor units in star-shaped D-π-A structured dopant-free HTMs on the photophysical and electrochemical properties and the photovoltaic performance were investigated compared to the reference HTM of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD). Their highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels were positioned for efficient hole extraction from a MAPbCl3−xIx layer (5.43 eV). The hole mobility values of the HTMs without dopants were determined to be 7.59 × 10−5 cm2 V−1 s−1, 5.13 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1, and 7.61 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 for SGT-460-, SGT-461-, and SGT-462-based films. The glass transition temperature of all HTMs showed higher than that of the spiro-OMeTAD. As a result, the molecular engineering of a planer donor core, π-bridge, and end-capped acceptor led to good hole mobility, yielding 11.76% efficiency from SGT-462-based PrSCs, and it provides a useful insight into the synthesis of the next-generation of HTMs for PrSC application.

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12

Fang, Minjie, Sihui Huang, Dong Li, Chunli Jiang, Pei Tian, Hechun Lin, Chunhua Luo, Wenlei Yu, and Hui Peng. "Stretchable and self-healable organometal halide perovskite nanocrystal-embedded polymer gels with enhanced luminescence stability." Nanophotonics 7, no. 12 (October 29, 2018): 1949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2018-0126.

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AbstractStretchable and self-healing polymer gels with luminescent property are very promising materials for next generation soft optical devices. This work presents the preparation of self-healing and luminescent polymer gels by simply blending organometal halide perovskite nanocrystals (OHP NCs) with poly(dimethylsiloxane)-urea copolymer (PDMS-urea). On the one hand, the obtained luminescent gels are not only flexible, stretchable and relatively transparent, they also exhibit excellent self-healing capability due to the reversible hydrogen bonding network in the PDMS-urea copolymer. On the other hand, the embedding of OHP NCs (MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 NCs) inside the hydrophobic PDMS-urea gel greatly improved the photoluminescence stability of OHP NCs against water. Their applications as phosphors for LEDs have been demonstrated. Both the MAPbBr3/PDMS-urea gel and MAPbI3/PDMS-urea gel can fully convert the blue emission of GaN chip to green and red emissions, respectively. These gels can be used as photoluminescent materials in flexible optical devices with good self-healing capability.

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13

Chen, Yan, Siwen Tao, Yaqi Liu, Xuewei Fu, Mengyi Pei, Xuhong Hou, Huawei Zhou, Jie Yin, and Xianxi Zhang. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed-Halide Inorganic-Organic Hybrid CH3NH3PbBr2.5Cl0.5 Perovskite for Photodetector Application." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 707–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2986.

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Inorganic-organic hybrid perovskite (ABX3, A = organic cation, B = metal ion, X = halogen anion) combines the advantages of inorganic and organic materials. However, the properties and performance of mixed-halide CH3NH3PbBr2.5Cl0.5 (MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5) are still poorly understood. In this study, we synthetized MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5 single crystal and studied its structure, optical, thermal stability properties and optoelectronics applications for photodetector device. Compared with those of MAPbCl3, the interplanar distance of (100) crystal plane for MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5 becomes larger and the absorption spectrum of MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5 is extended to the visible region. The band gap of the MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5 single crystal is 2.28 eV. We find the device based on MAPbBr2.5Cl0.5 has high selectivity from 369 to 564 nm. The maximum ▴J (Jon– Joff) under 3.0 V bias voltage is about 1.2 µAcmr-2 at 454 nm visible light with 1 W mr-2 light intensity (1/1000 of the standard sunlight intensity), which proves the device has a high sensitivity. The linear relationship is established between the value of ▴J and light intensity and bias voltage. The fast current intensity transients (Fit) shows that the disappearance period of photocurrent density is 0.3 ms, which indicates the device is rapidly responsive photodetector. The highest value (1.7%) of external quantum efficiency (EQE) and the highest value of detectivities (D) both appear at 480 nm visible light at 4.0 V bias voltage when the irradiation power is 30 W m-2. Therefore, this simple and low-cost photoresponsive device is promising for industrial production of photodetector and photocatalysts device in the future.

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14

Rakita, Yevgeny, Omri Bar-Elli, Elena Meirzadeh, Hadar Kaslasi, Yagel Peleg, Gary Hodes, Igor Lubomirsky, Dan Oron, David Ehre, and David Cahen. "Tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 is ferroelectric." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 28 (June 6, 2017): E5504—E5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1702429114.

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Halide perovskite (HaP) semiconductors are revolutionizing photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion by showing remarkable performance of solar cells made with HaPs, especially tetragonal methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3). In particular, the low voltage loss of these cells implies a remarkably low recombination rate of photogenerated carriers. It was suggested that low recombination can be due to the spatial separation of electrons and holes, a possibility if MAPbI3 is a semiconducting ferroelectric, which, however, requires clear experimental evidence. As a first step, we show that, in operando, MAPbI3 (unlike MAPbBr3) is pyroelectric, which implies it can be ferroelectric. The next step, proving it is (not) ferroelectric, is challenging, because of the material’s relatively high electrical conductance (a consequence of an optical band gap suitable for PV conversion) and low stability under high applied bias voltage. This excludes normal measurements of a ferroelectric hysteresis loop, to prove ferroelectricity’s hallmark switchable polarization. By adopting an approach suitable for electrically leaky materials as MAPbI3, we show here ferroelectric hysteresis from well-characterized single crystals at low temperature (still within the tetragonal phase, which is stable at room temperature). By chemical etching, we also can image the structural fingerprint for ferroelectricity, polar domains, periodically stacked along the polar axis of the crystal, which, as predicted by theory, scale with the overall crystal size. We also succeeded in detecting clear second harmonic generation, direct evidence for the material’s noncentrosymmetry. We note that the material’s ferroelectric nature, can, but need not be important in a PV cell at room temperature.

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Baig, Faisal, Yousaf H. Khattak, Shafi Ullah, Bernabé Marí, Saira Beg, and Hanif Ullah. "Numerical Analysis of a Novel FTO/n-MAPbI3/p-MAPbI3/p-MAPbBr3 Organic–Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cell." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2018): 1320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2018.2363.

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16

Liu, Yiting, Haizhou Lu, Jiaxin Niu, Huotian Zhang, Shitao Lou, Chunlei Gao, Yiqiang Zhan, Xiaolei Zhang, Qingyuan Jin, and Lirong Zheng. "Temperature-dependent photoluminescence spectra and decay dynamics of MAPbBr3 and MAPbI3 thin films." AIP Advances 8, no. 9 (September 2018): 095108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5042489.

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Ahmad, Zubair, Ali Sehpar Shikoh, Sanghyun Paek, M. K. Nazeeruddin, Shaheen A. Al-Muhtaseb, Farid Touati, J. Bhadra, and Noora J. Al-Thani. "Degradation analysis in mixed (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3) perovskite solar cells under thermal stress." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 30, no. 2 (November 19, 2018): 1354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-0403-4.

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Nakada, Kousuke, Yuki Matsumoto, Yukihiro Shimoi, Koji Yamada, and Yukio Furukawa. "Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Raman Spectra of Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskites, CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br)." Molecules 24, no. 3 (February 11, 2019): 626. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24030626.

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We present a Raman study on the phase transitions of organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite materials, CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br), which are used as solar cells with high power conversion efficiency. The temperature dependence of the Raman bands of CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br) was measured in the temperature ranges of 290 to 100 K for CH3NH3PbBr3 and 340 to 110 K for CH3NH3PbI3. Broad ν1 bands at ~326 cm−1 for MAPbBr3 and at ~240 cm−1 for MAPbI3 were assigned to the MA–PbX3 cage vibrations. These bands exhibited anomalous temperature dependence, which was attributable to motional narrowing originating from fast changes between the orientational states of CH3NH3+ in the cage. Phase transitions were characterized by changes in the bandwidths and peak positions of the MA–cage vibration and some bands associated with the NH3+ group.

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Chen, Yan, Xuhong Hou, Siwen Tao, Xuewei Fu, Huawei Zhou, Jie Yin, Mingxing Wu, and Xianxi Zhang. "Synthesis, crystal structure and photoresponse of tetragonal phase single crystal CH3NH3PbCl3." Chemical Communications 56, no. 47 (2020): 6404–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc02738c.

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In this study, we synthesized tetragonal phase MAPbCl₃ with the P4/mcc (124) space group by a modified inverse temperature crystallization (M-ITC) method. The UV photodetector based on SC T-MAPbCl₃ exhibits high sensitivity.

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McGovern, Lucie, Moritz H. Futscher, Loreta A. Muscarella, and Bruno Ehrler. "Understanding the Stability of MAPbBr3 versus MAPbI3: Suppression of Methylammonium Migration and Reduction of Halide Migration." Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters 11, no. 17 (August 7, 2020): 7127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01822.

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21

Wang, Ke, Benjamin Ecker, and Yongli Gao. "Photoemission Studies on the Environmental Stability of Thermal Evaporated MAPbI3 Thin Films and MAPbBr3 Single Crystals." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072005.

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Hybrid organic inorganic perovskites have been considered as a potential candidate for the next generational solar cell due to their outstanding optoelectronic properties and rapid development in recent years. However, the biggest challenge to prevent them from massive commercial use is their long-term stability. Photoemission spectroscopy has been widely used to investigate properties of the perovskites, which provide critical insights to better understand the degradation mechanisms. In this article, we review mainly our photoemission studies on the degradation processes of perovskite thin films and single crystals with different environmental factors, such as gases, water, and light by monitoring changes of chemical composition and electronic structure. These studies on the effects by different environmental parameters are discussed for the understanding of the stability issues and the possible solutions.

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Obraztsov, Petr A., Vladislava V. Bulgakova, Pavel A. Chizhov, Alexander A. Ushakov, Dmitry S. Gets, Sergey V. Makarov, and Vladimir V. Bukin. "Hybrid Perovskite Terahertz Photoconductive Antenna." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020313.

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Hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites, while well examined for photovoltaic applications, remain almost completely unexplored in the terahertz (THz) range. These low-cost hybrid materials are extremely attractive for THz applications because their optoelectronic properties can be chemically engineered with relative ease. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the first attempt to apply solution-processed polycrystalline films of hybrid perovskites for the development of photoconductive terahertz emitters. By using the widely studied methylammonium-based perovskites MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3, we fabricate and characterize large-aperture photoconductive antennas. The work presented here examines polycrystalline perovskite films excited both above and below the bandgap, as well as the scaling of THz emission with the applied bias field and the optical excitation fluence. The combination of ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and terahertz emission experiments allows us to determine the still-debated room temperature carrier lifetime and mobility of charge carriers in halide perovskites using an alternative noninvasive method. Our results demonstrate the applicability of hybrid perovskites for the development of scalable THz photoconductive devices, making these materials competitive with conventional semiconductors for THz emission.

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Ahmad, Zubair, Fakhra Aziz, and Hewa Yaseen Abdullah. "Study on the stability of the mixed (MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3) perovskite solar cells using dopant-free HTL." Organic Electronics 76 (January 2020): 105453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2019.105453.

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Gu, Kai, Hongshang Peng, Siwei Hua, Yusong Qu, and Di Yang. "Plasmon-Enhanced Blue-Light Emission of Stable Perovskite Quantum Dot Membranes." Nanomaterials 9, no. 5 (May 19, 2019): 770. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9050770.

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A series of stable and color-tunable MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dot membranes were fabricated via a cost-efficient high-throughput technology. MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots grown in-situ in polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers exhibit extraordinary stability. As polyvinylidene fluoride can prevent the molecular group MA+ from aggregating, MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots are several nanometers and monodisperse in polyvinylidene fluoride fiber. As-prepared MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dot membranes exhibit the variable luminous color by controlling the Cl− content of MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots. To improve blue-light emission efficiency, we successfully introduced Ag nanoparticle nanofibers into MAPbBr1.2Cl1.8 quantum dot membranes via layer-by-layer electrospinning and obtained ~4.8 folds fluorescence enhancement for one unit. Furthermore, the originality explanation for the fluorescence enhancement of MAPbBr3−xClx quantum dots is proposed based on simulating optical field distribution of the research system.

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Lee, Kun-Mu, Shun-Hsiang Chan, Wei-Hao Chiu, Seoungjun Ahn, Chang-Chieh Ting, Yin-Hsuan Chang, Vembu Suryanarayanan, Ming-Chung Wu, and Ching-Yuan Liu. "Reducing Defects in Organic-Lead Halide Perovskite Film by Delayed Thermal Annealing Combined with KI/I2 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells." Nanomaterials 11, no. 6 (June 18, 2021): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11061607.

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This study improved quality of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) perovskite films by delaying thermal annealing in the spin coating process and introducing KI and I2 to prepare MAPbI3 films that were low in defects for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. The influences of delayed thermal annealing time after coating the MAPbI3 perovskite layer on the crystallized perovskite, the morphology control of MAPbI3 films, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells were investigated. The optimal delayed thermal annealing time was found to be 60 min at room temperature. The effect of KI/I2 additives on the growth of MAPbI3 films and the corresponding optimal delayed thermal annealing time were further investigated. The addition of KI/I2 can improve perovskite crystallinity, and the conductivity and carrier mobility of MAPbI3 films. Under optimized conditions, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells can reach 19.36% under standard AM1.5G solar illumination of 100 mW/cm2.

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Su, Zhenhuang, Chenyue Wang, Guanhaojie Zheng, and Xingyu Gao. "Impacts of MAPbBr3 Additive on Crystallization Kinetics of FAPbI3 Perovskite for High Performance Solar Cells." Coatings 11, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11050545.

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Blending perovskite with different cations has been successful in improving performance of perovskite solar cells, but the complex pathway of perovskite crystal formation remains a mystery, hindering its further development. In this paper, the detailed crystallization process of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite films doped by methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) additive was investigated by in situ grazing incident wide-angle X-ray scattering measurements during both spin coating and annealing. During spin-coating, it was found that the FAPbI3 perovskite precursor easily formed a mixture of black perovskite phase (α phase) and non-perovskite yellow phase (δ phase) after the addition of MAPbBr3, whereas only δ phase formed without MAPbBr3. The δ phase gradually converted to α phase during annealing and there was only α phase left in both films with and without MAPbBr3. However, the doped films presented high film quality without PbI2 residue in contrast to the undoped films. These findings imply that the MAPbBr3 additive can effectively suppress the formation of the unfavorable δ phase and trigger the formation of the optically active α phase even during spin-coating, which enhances the film quality possibly by removing the energy barriers from δ phase to α phase at room temperature. Finally, PSCs based on MAPbBr3-doped FAPbI3 were fabricated with a champion efficiency as high as 19.4% from 14.2% for the PSCs based on undoped FAPbI3.

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Shi, Yamin, Jiarui Hu, Jian Chen, Yaxin Xu, Wantian Yang, Junnian Chen, and Yunbin He. "5-Ammoniumvaleric acid stabilized mixed-dimensional perovskite submicron platelets with white light emission." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 10 (2020): 4822–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00462f.

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Zwitterionic 5-ammoniumvaleric acid (5-AVA) was employed to synthesize mixed-dimensional AVA_x(MAPbCl₃) perovskite submicron platelets that exhibit structural dimensionality dependent broadband emission.

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Vidyasagar, Devthade, Yong-Han Yun, Seunghak Shin, Jina Jung, Woosung Park, Jin-Wook Lee, Gill Sang Han, Changhyun Ko, and Sangwook Lee. "In-Situ Nano-Auger Probe of Chloride-Ions during CH3NH3PbI3−xClx Perovskite Formation." Materials 14, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051102.

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Organo-halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as next-generation photovoltaics, owing to their high power-conversion efficiency (PCE), lower production cost, and high flexibility. ABX3-structured methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3 or MAPbI3) perovskite is a widely studied light-absorbing material in PSCs. Interestingly, a small amount of chlorine incorporation into MAPbI3 increases charge carrier diffusion lengths (from 129 nm to 1069 nm), which enables planar structured PSCs with high PCEs. However, existence of chloride ions in the final perovskite film is still under debate. Contrastingly, few studies reported a negligible amount or absence of chloride ions in the final film, while others reported detection of chloride ions in the final film. Herein, we observed the microstructure and chlorine content of MAPbI3−xClx thin films with increasing temperature via an in-situ nano-Auger spectroscopy and in-situ scanning electron microscopic analysis. The relative precipitation of MAPbI3−xClx films occur at lower temperature and MAPbI3−xClx grains grow faster than those of MAPbI3 grains. Local concentrations of chlorine at intragrain and the vicinity of grain boundary were analyzed to understand the behavior and role of the chloride ions during the microstructural evolution of the MAPbI3−xClx films.

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Wang, Yuan, Laipan Zhu, and Cuifeng Du. "Polarization-Sensitive Light Sensors Based on a Bulk Perovskite MAPbBr3 Single Crystal." Materials 14, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 1238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14051238.

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Organic-inorganic halide perovskites have attracted much attention thanks to their excellent optoelectronic performances. Here, a bulk CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) single crystal (SC) was fabricated, whose temperature and light polarization dependence was investigated by measuring photoluminescence. The presence of obvious band tail states was unveiled when the applied temperature was reduced from room temperature to 78 K. Temperature dependence of the bandgap of the MAPbBr3 SC was found to be abnormal compared with those of traditional semiconductors due to the presence of instabilization of out-of-phase tail states. The MAPbBr3 SC revealed an anisotropy light absorption for linearly polarized light with an anisotropy ratio of 1.45, and a circular dichroism ratio of up to 9% was discovered due to the spin-orbit coupling in the band tail states, exhibiting great polarization sensitivity of the MAPbBr3 SC for the application of light sensors. These key findings shed light on the development of potential optoelectronic and spintronic applications based on large-scaled organic-inorganic perovskite SCs.

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Chen, Lung-Chien, Ching-Ho Tien, Zong-Liang Tseng, and Jun-Hao Ruan. "Enhanced Efficiency of MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells with FAPbX3 Perovskite Quantum Dots." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2019): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010121.

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We describe a method to enhance power conversion efficiency (PCE) of MAPbI3 perovskite solar cell by inserting a FAPbX3 perovskite quantum dots (QD-FAPbX3) layer. The MAPbI3 and QD-FAPbX3 layers were prepared using a simple, rapid spin-coating method in a nitrogen-filled glove box. The solar cell structure consists of ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MAPbI3/QD-FAPbX3/C60/Ag, where PEDOT:PSS, MAPbI3, QD-FAPbX3, and C60 were used as the hole transport layer, light-absorbing layer, absorption enhance layer, and electron transport layer, respectively. The MAPbI3/QD-FAPbX3 solar cells exhibit a PCE of 7.59%, an open circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.9 V, a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 17.4 mA/cm2, and a fill factor (FF) of 48.6%, respectively.

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Raza, Ehsan, Fakhra Aziz, Arti Mishra, Noora Jabor Al-Thani, and Zubair Ahmad. "MAPbI3 Microrods-Based Photo Resistor Switches: Fabrication and Electrical Characterization." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 5, 2021): 4385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164385.

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The current work proposed the application of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite microrods toward photo resistor switches. A metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) configuration with a structure of silver-MAPbI3(rods)-silver (Ag/MAPbI3/Ag) based photo-resistor was fabricated. The MAPbI3 microrods were prepared by adopting a facile low-temperature solution process, and then an independent MAPbI3 microrod was employed to the two-terminal device. The morphological and elemental compositional studies of the fabricated MAPbI3 microrods were performed using FESEM and EDS, respectively. The voltage-dependent electrical behavior and electronic conduction mechanisms of the fabricated photo-resistors were studied using current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. Different conduction mechanisms were observed at different voltage ranges in dark and under illumination. In dark conditions, the conduction behavior was dominated by typical trap-controlled charge transport mechanisms within the investigated voltage range. However, under illumination, the carrier transport is dominated by the current photogenerated mechanism. This study could extend the promising application of perovskite microrods in photo-induced resistor switches and beyond.

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Bari, Maryam, Hua Wu, Alexei A. Bokov, Rana Faryad Ali, Hamel N. Tailor, Byron D. Gates, and Zuo-Guang Ye. "Room-temperature synthesis, growth mechanisms and opto-electronic properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskite CH3NH3PbX3 (X = I, Br, and Cl) single crystals." CrystEngComm 23, no. 18 (2021): 3326–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01690j.

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Growth of MAPbX₃ (X = I, Br, and Cl) single crystals by room temperature crystallization (RTC) method, and the crystallization pathway illustrated by the solubility curve of MAPbCl₃ in DMSO, compared with inverse temperature crystallization (ITC) method.

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33

Li, Gaolin, Zhenhua Jiang, Weilin Wang, Zengyong Chu, Ye Zhang, and Chunhua Wang. "Electrospun PAN/MAPbI3 Composite Fibers for Flexible and Broadband Photodetectors." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010050.

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Methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) has been emerging as an easy processing and benign defect material for optoelectronic devices. Fiber-like perovskite materials are especially in demand for flexible applications. Here we report on a kind of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)/MAPbI3 composite fiber, which was electrospun from the mixing solution of PAN and MAPbI3. The absorption edge and optical gap of the PAN/MAPbI3 composite fibers can be easily tuned as the ratio of the perovskite changes. Both the moisture stability and the thermal stability of the perovskite are improved with the protection of PAN polymers. Flexible photodetectors based on this perovskite fiber were fabricated and analyzed. The photoresponse of the detector was highly sensitive to broadband visible light, and reached 6.5 μA W−1 at 700 nm with a voltage bias of 10 V. Compared with pure MAPbI3 photodetectors, this composite fiber photodetector has much-improved stability and flexibility, which can even be used to detect motion-related angular changes.

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Chang, Yi-Tsung, Ching-Ho Tien, Kun-Yi Lee, Yu-Shen Tung, and Lung-Chien Chen. "Evaporated MAPbI3 Perovskite Planar Solar Cells with Different Annealing Temperature." Energies 14, no. 8 (April 12, 2021): 2145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082145.

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The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of an Ag/spiro-OMeTAD/CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)/PCBM/mesoporous TiO2/compact TiO2/FTO planar solar cell with different annealing temperatures of PbI2 and MAPbI3 films was investigated in this study. The morphology control of a MAPbI3 thin film plays key roles in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. The PbI2 films were prepared by using thermal vacuum evaporation technology, and the MAPbI3 perovskite films were synthesized with two-step synthesis. The X-ray spectra and surface morphologies of the PbI2 and MAPbI3 films were examined at annealing temperatures of 80, 100, 120, and 140 °C for 10 min. The performance of the perovskite planar solar cell at an annealing temperature of 100 °C for 10 min was demonstrated. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) was about 8.66%, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was 0.965 V, the short-circuit current (Jsc) was 13.6 mA/cm2, and the fill factor (FF) was 0.66 by scanning the density–voltage (J–V) curve.

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Wang, Tao, Huafang Zhang, Sumin Hou, Yan Zhang, Quanjun Li, Zhenlong Zhang, Huiping Gao, and Yanli Mao. "Facile Synthesis of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite with Controllable Morphologies with Enhanced Luminescence Performance." Nanomaterials 9, no. 12 (November 21, 2019): 1660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9121660.

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Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites with well-defined morphology have attracted much attention due to their unique photophysical properties. However, controlling the morphology of nanocrystalline perovskite to improve its photoelectric application remains a challenge. In this article, using a modified solution deposition method, we successfully synthesized uniform methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) nanoplates, nanocubes, and nanorods and investigated the effect of morphology on the photoelectric properties of these materials. We found that the morphology can be controlled by regulating the amounts of reactant methylammonium iodide (MAI) and the rate at which MAPbI3 precursor is added into toluene solution, and that the corresponding size distributions can be optimized by tuning the final vacuum-drying temperature. The morphology has an obvious effect on the bandgap optimization and fluorescence enhancement of MAPbI3, and the nanoplates exhibit stronger photoluminescence intensity and have a longer carrier lifetime than nanocubes and nanorods. The results show that the morphologies of MAPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals can be controlled by tuning the synthesizing conditions, and the MAPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals with special morphology can be used in special nanosize optoelectronic devices.

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Mangrulkar, Mayuribala, and Keith J. Stevenson. "The Progress of Additive Engineering for CH3NH3PbI3 Photo-Active Layer in the Context of Perovskite Solar Cells." Crystals 11, no. 7 (July 13, 2021): 814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11070814.

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Methylammonium lead triiodide (CH3NH3PbI3/MAPbI3) is the most intensively explored perovskite light-absorbing material for hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite photovoltaics due to its unique optoelectronic properties and advantages. This includes tunable bandgap, a higher absorption coefficient than conventional materials used in photovoltaics, ease of manufacturing due to solution processability, and low fabrication costs. In addition, the MAPbI3 absorber layer provides one of the highest open-circuit voltages (Voc), low Voc loss/deficit, and low exciton binding energy, resulting in better charge transport with decent charge carrier mobilities and long diffusion lengths of charge carriers, making it a suitable candidate for photovoltaic applications. Unfortunately, MAPbI3 suffers from poor photochemical stability, which is the main problem to commercialize MAPbI3-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, researchers frequently adopt additive engineering to overcome the issue of poor stability. Therefore, in this review, we have classified additives as organic and inorganic additives. Organic additives are subclassified based on functional groups associated with N/O/S donor atoms; whereas, inorganic additives are subcategorized as metals and non-metal halide salts. Further, we discussed their role and mechanism in terms of improving the performance and stability of MAPbI3-based PSCs. In addition, we scrutinized the additive influence on the morphology and optoelectronic properties to gain a deeper understanding of the crosslinking mechanism into the MAPbI3 framework. Our review aims to help the research community, by providing a glance of the advancement in additive engineering for the MAPbI3 light-absorbing layer, so that new additives can be designed and experimented with to overcome stability challenges. This, in turn, might pave the way for wide scale commercial use.

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Yang, Jianli, Yan Yu, Liyang Zeng, Yiting Li, Yaoqi Pang, Fuqiang Huang, and Bo-Lin Lin. "Effects of Aromatic Ammoniums on Methyl Ammonium Lead Iodide Hybrid Perovskite Materials." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1640965.

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The introduction of bulky ammoniums into methyl ammonium lead iodide hybrid perovskites (MAPbI3) has emerged as a promising strategy to improve the properties of these materials. In the present work, we studied the effects of several aromatic ammoniums onto the structural, electronic, and optical properties of MAPbI3. Although powder XRD data suggest that the bulky cations are not involved in the bulk phase of the MAPbI3, a surprisingly large effect of the bulky cations onto the photoluminescence properties was observed.

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Diao, Xin-Feng, Li-Ke Gao, Yu Xie, Tian-Yu Tang, and Yan-Lin Tang. "Ferromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cell Materials." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 16, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 434–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2021.2943.

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This paper provides an intriguing electronic and magnetic properties of the Perovskite solar cell materials (MAPbI3, CsGeI3) which are analyzed by using density functional theory, where MAPbI3 is the abbreviation of CH3NH3PbI3. Herein, we mainly discuss the influence of ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism on the crystal structure, band gap and electronic density of states of perovskite (MAPbI3) (CsGeI3). The magmom values of the applied magnetic field are from −6 μB to 6 μB, respectively (The negative sign here represents the opposite direction of the original magnetic field). The lattice parameters and volume of the crystal under different magnetic fields are obtained. It can be seen from the free energy that the stability of the crystal is compared with non-magnetic field, when the applied magnetic fields are at 4 μB and 5 μB, the free energy of the crystal is the lowest and its relative stability is better. At the same time, the magnetic field of CsGeI3 increases from −5 μB to 5 μB. The results show that the density of states of CsGeI3 moves towards the direction of higher energy, and the change of MAPbI3 crystal is more obvious. Similarly, we should pay attention to that when applying a magnetic field to the crystals, it is found that the band gap of both MAPbI3 and CsGeI3 decreases obviously after increasing the magnetic field, which avoids the situation of spin up and spin down overlap of MAPbI3, which is helpful to adjust the band gap size. From the perspective of crystal spectral absorption characteristics, when considering the ferromagnetic effect on CsGeI3 with the magnetic moment of a single atom is set to (1 μB, 2 μB, 3 μB, 4 μB, 5 μB, 6 μB), the width of absorption spectrum tends to decrease, but the impact on MAPbI3 is small.

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39

Chiang, Shou-En, Qi-Bin Ke, Anjali Chandel, Hsin-Ming Cheng, Yung-Sheng Yen, Ji-Lin Shen, and Sheng Hsiung Chang. "19% Efficient P3CT-Na Based MAPbI3 Solar Cells with a Simple Double-Filtering Process." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 13, 2021): 886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060886.

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A high-efficiency inverted-type CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) solar cell was fabricated by using a ultrathin poly[3-(4-carboxybutyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl]-Na (P3CT-Na) film as the hole transport layer. The averaged power conversion efficiency (PCE) can be largely increased from 11.72 to 18.92% with a double-filtering process of the P3CT-Na solution mainly due to the increase in short-circuit current density (JSC) from 19.43 to 23.88 mA/cm2, which means that the molecular packing structure of P3CT-Na thin film can influence the formation of the MAPbI3 thin film and the contact quality at the MAPbI3/P3CT-Na interface. Zeta potentials, atomic-force microscopic images, absorbance spectra, photoluminescence spectra, X-ray diffraction patterns, and Raman scattering spectra are used to understand the improvement in the JSC. Besides, the light intensity-dependent and wavelength-dependent photovoltaic performance of the MAPbI3 solar cells shows that the P3CT-Na thin film is not only used as the hole transport layer but also plays an important role during the formation of a high-quality MAPbI3 thin film. It is noted that the PCE values of the best P3CT-Na based MAPbI3 solar cell are higher than 30% in the yellow-to-near infrared wavelength range under low light intensities. On the other hand, it is predicted that the double-filtering method can be readily used to increase the PCE of polymer based solar cells.

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Ščajev, Patrik, Saulius Miasojedovas, and Saulius Juršėnas. "A carrier density dependent diffusion coefficient, recombination rate and diffusion length in MAPbI3 and MAPbBr3 crystals measured under one- and two-photon excitations." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 30 (2020): 10290–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02283g.

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41

Musiienko, Artem, Jindřich Pipek, Petr Praus, Mykola Brynza, Eduard Belas, Bogdan Dryzhakov, Mao-Hua Du, Mahshid Ahmadi, and Roman Grill. "Deciphering the effect of traps on electronic charge transport properties of methylammonium lead tribromide perovskite." Science Advances 6, no. 37 (September 2020): eabb6393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abb6393.

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Halide perovskites have undergone remarkable developments as highly efficient optoelectronic materials for a variety of applications. Several studies indicated the critical role of defects on the performance of perovskite devices. However, the parameters of defects and their interplay with free charge carriers remain unclear. In this study, we explored the dynamics of free holes in methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystals using the time-of-flight (ToF) current spectroscopy. By combining ToF spectroscopy and Monte Carlo simulation, three energy states were detected in the bandgap of MAPbBr3. In addition, we found the trapping and detrapping rates of free holes ranging from a few microseconds to hundreds of microseconds. Contrary to previous studies, we revealed a strong detrapping activity of traps. We showed that these traps substantially affect the transport properties of MAPbBr3, including mobility and mobility-lifetime product. Our results provide an insight on charge transport properties of perovskite semiconductors.

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42

Casanova-Cháfer, Juan, Rocío García-Aboal, Pedro Atienzar, and Eduard Llobet. "Gas Sensing Properties of Perovskite Decorated Graphene at Room Temperature." Sensors 19, no. 20 (October 20, 2019): 4563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19204563.

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This paper explores the gas sensing properties of graphene nanolayers decorated with lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3) nanocrystals to detect toxic gases such as ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). A chemical-sensitive semiconductor film based on graphene has been achieved, being decorated with CH3NH3PbBr3 perovskite (MAPbBr3) nanocrystals (NCs) synthesized, and characterized by several techniques, such as field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Reversible responses were obtained towards NO2 and NH3 at room temperature, demonstrating an enhanced sensitivity when the graphene is decorated by MAPbBr3 NCs. Furthermore, the effect of ambient moisture was extensively studied, showing that the use of perovskite NCs in gas sensors can become a promising alternative to other gas sensitive materials, due to the protective character of graphene, resulting from its high hydrophobicity. Besides, a gas sensing mechanism is proposed to understand the effects of MAPbBr3 sensing properties.

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43

Dong, Siyu, Cheng Zhang, Yuxiang Zhou, Xiaona Miao, Tiantian Zong, Manna Gu, Zijun Zhan, et al. "High-Stability Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3) in SiO2 Mesopores: Nonlinear Optics and Applications for Q-Switching Laser Operation." Nanomaterials 11, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 1648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11071648.

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Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite shows a great potential in the field of photoelectrics. Embedding methyl ammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) in a mesoporous silica (mSiO2) layer is an effective method for maintaining optical performance of MAPbBr3 at room temperature. In this work, we synthesized MAPbBr3 quantum dots, embedding them in the mSiO2 layer. The nonlinear optical responses of this composite thin film have been investigated by using the Z-scan technique at a wavelength of 800 nm. The results show plural nonlinear responses in different intensities, corresponding to one- and two-photon processing. Our results support that composites possess saturation intensity of ~27.29 GW/cm2 and varying nonlinear coefficients. The composite thin films show high stability under ultrafast laser irradiating. By employing the composite as a saturable absorber, a passively Q-switching laser has been achieved on a Nd:YVO4 all-solid-state laser platform to generate a laser at ~1 μm.

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44

Zhidkov, Ivan S., Azat F. Akbulatov, Liana N. Inasaridze, Andrey I. Kukharenko, Lyubov A. Frolova, Seif O. Cholakh, Chu-Chen Chueh, Pavel A. Troshin, and Ernst Z. Kurmaev. "Influence of Oxygen Ion Migration from Substrates on Photochemical Degradation of CH3NH3PbI3 Hybrid Perovskite." Energies 14, no. 16 (August 17, 2021): 5062. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14165062.

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Measurements of XPS survey, core levels (N 1s, O 1s, Pb 4f, I 3d), and valence band (VB) spectra of CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) hybrid perovskite prepared on different substrates (glass, indium tin oxide (ITO), and TiO2) aged under different light-soaking conditions at room temperature are presented. The results reveal that the photochemical stability of MAPbI3 depends on the type of substrate and gradually decreases when glass is replaced by ITO and TiO2. Also, the degradation upon exposure to visible light is accompanied by the formation of MAI, PbI2, and Pb0 products as shown by XPS core levels spectra. According to XPS O 1s and VB spectra measurements, this degradation process is superimposed on the partial oxidation of lead atoms in ITO/MAPbI3 and TiO2/MAPbI3, for which Pb–O bonds are formed due to the diffusion of the oxygen ions from the substrates. This unexpected interaction leads to additional photochemical degradation.

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Syafutra, Heriyanto, Jung-Ho Yun, Yuya Yoshie, Miaoqiang Lyu, Sakura Nishino Takeda, Masakazu Nakamura, Lianzhou Wang, and Min-Cherl Jung. "Surface Degradation Mechanism on CH3NH3PbBr3 Hybrid Perovskite Single Crystal by a Grazing E-Beam Irradiation." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (June 28, 2020): 1253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071253.

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To start a step such as some realization of minimized and integrated devices, it requires simply understanding the surface status of hybrid perovskite on the e-beam irradiation because many commercial semiconductor devices are performed with a surface patterning process using e-beam or etching gas. The surface status of CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) single crystal was studied after a grazing e-beam irradiation in an ultra-high vacuum. The prepared hybrid perovskite single crystal was irradiated by the 3 degree-grazing e-beam with energy of 15 kV for 10 min using a reflection high-electron energy diffraction technique. The e-beam irradiation on the MAPbBr3 hybrid perovskite single crystal induced the deformation from MAPbBr3 into MABr, Br2, and Pb on the surface. The gas phases of MABr and Br2 are depleted from the surface and the Pb element has remained on the surface. As a result of the e-beam irradiation, it formed a polycrystalline-like phase and Pb metal particles on the surface, respectively.

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46

Ke, Shanming, Shangyu Luo, Jinhui Gong, Liwen Qiu, Renhong Liang, Yangbo Zhou, Bingcheng Luo, Baochang Cheng, Li Wang, and Longlong Shu. "Electric modulation of conduction in MAPbBr3 single crystals." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 10, no. 2 (February 24, 2021): 320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-020-0442-1.

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AbstractThe resistive switching (RS) mechanism of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites has not been clearly understood until now. A switchable diode-like RS behavior in MAPbBr3 single crystals using Au (or Pt) symmetric electrodes is reported. Both the high resistance state (HRS) and low resistance state (LRS) are electrode-area dependent and light responsive. We propose an electric-field-driven inner p-n junction accompanied by a trap-controlled space-charge-limited conduction (SCLC) conduction mechanism to explain this switchable diode-like RS behavior in MAPbBr3 single crystals.

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47

Arakcheeva, Alla, Volodymyr Svitlyk, Eleonora Polini, Laura Henry, Dmitry Chernyshov, Andrzej Sienkiewicz, Gaétan Giriat, et al. "Pressure-induced transformation of CH3NH3PbI3: the role of the noble-gas pressure transmitting media." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 75, no. 3 (May 18, 2019): 361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520619004554.

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The photovoltaic perovskite, methylammonium lead triiodide [CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3)], is one of the most efficient materials for solar energy conversion. Various kinds of chemical and physical modifications have been applied to MAPbI3 towards better understanding of the relation between composition, structure, electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency of this material. Pressure is a particularly useful tool, as it can substantially reduce the interatomic spacing in this relatively soft material and cause significant modifications to the electronic structure. Application of high pressure induces changes in the crystal symmetry up to a threshold level above which it leads to amorphization. Here, a detailed structural study of MAPbI3 at high hydrostatic pressures using Ne and Ar as pressure transmitting media is reported. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction experiments with synchrotron radiation at room temperature in the 0–20 GPa pressure range show that atoms of both gaseous media, Ne and Ar, are gradually incorporated into MAPbI3, thus leading to marked structural changes of the material. Specifically, Ne stabilizes the high-pressure phase of Ne x MAPbI3 and prevents amorphization up to 20 GPa. After releasing the pressure, the crystal has the composition of Ne0.97MAPbI3, which remains stable under ambient conditions. In contrast, above 2.4 GPa, Ar accelerates an irreversible amorphization. The distinct impacts of Ne and Ar are attributed to differences in their chemical reactivity under pressure inside the restricted space between the PbI6 octahedra.

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Hu, Jingyun, Haibin Xue, and Xinping Zhang. "Two-Dimensional Crystalline Gridding Networks of Hybrid Halide Perovskite for Random Lasing." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 1114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091114.

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We report fabrication of large-scale homogeneous crystallization of CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) in the patterned substrate by a two-dimensional (2D) grating. This achieves high-quality optotelectronic structures on local sites in the micron scales and a homogeneous thin-film device in a centimeter scale, proposing a convenient technique to overcome the challenge for producing large-area thin-film devices with high quality by spin-coating. Through matching the concentration of the MAPbBr3/DMF solutions with the periods of the patterning structures, we found an optimized size of the patterning channels for a specified solution concentration (e.g., channel width of 5 μm for a concentration of 0.14 mg/mL). Such a design is also an excellent scheme for random lasing, since the crystalline periodic networks of MAPbBr3 grids are multi-crystalline constructions, and supply strong light-scattering interfaces. Using the random lasing performance, we can also justify the crystallization qualities and reveal the responsible mechanisms. This is important for the design of large-scale optoelectronic devices based on thin-film hybrid halide perovskites.

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Deng, Yu-Hao. "Common Phase and Structure Misidentifications in High-Resolution TEM Characterization of Perovskite Materials." Condensed Matter 6, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat6010001.

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High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) is a powerful tool for structure characterization. However, methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite is highly sensitive to electron beams and easily decomposes into lead iodide (PbI2). Misidentifications, such as PbI2 being incorrectly labeled as perovskite, are widely present in HRTEM characterization and would negatively affect the development of perovskite research field. Here misidentifications in MAPbI3 perovskite are summarized, classified, and corrected based on low-dose imaging and electron diffraction (ED) simulations. Corresponding crystallographic parameters of intrinsic tetragonal MAPbI3 and the confusable hexagonal PbI2 are presented unambiguously. Finally, the method of proper phase identification and some strategies to control the radiation damage in HRTEM are provided. This warning paves the way to avoid future misinterpretations in HRTEM characterization of perovskite and other electron beam-sensitive materials.

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Huang, Pao-Hsun, Chi-Wei Wang, Shui-Yang Lien, Kuan-Wei Lee, Na-Fu Wang, and Chien-Jung Huang. "Investigation of the Stability of Methylammonium Lead Iodide (MAPbI3) Film Doped with Lead Cesium Triiodide (CsPbI3) Quantum Dots under an Oxygen Plasma Atmosphere." Molecules 26, no. 9 (May 3, 2021): 2678. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092678.

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In this study, we describe composited perovskite films based on the doping of lead cesium triiodide (CsPbI3) quantum dots (QDs) into methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3). CsPbI3 QDs and MAPbI3 were prepared by ligand-assisted re-precipitation and solution mixing, respectively. These films were optimized by oxygen plasma treatment, and the effect of powers from 0 to 80 W on the structural properties of the composited perovskite films is discussed. The experimental results showed that the light-harvesting ability of the films was enhanced at 20 W. The formation of the metastable state (lead(II) oxide and lead tetroxide) was demonstrated by peak differentiation-imitating. A low power enhanced the quality of the films due to the removal of organic impurities, whereas a high power caused surface damage in the films owing to the severe degradation of MAPbI3.

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Journal articles on the topic 'MAPbCl3'

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