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1
Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Manure Use and Management." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146418.
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2 pp.This fact sheet is taken from the Arizona Farm *A*Syst workbook. Farm *A*Syst is a voluntary groundwater pollution prevention program designed for farmers and rural residents. This fact sheet covers information that will help you successfully apply manure and other organic wastes to crop land while keeping the groundwater safe.
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Le, Hanh Thi Van. "Impact of Manure Management Practices on the Environmental Fate of Antibiotics in Manure-Applied Fields." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102603.
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Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes from animal manure applied to soil as fertilizer are now among the most concerned contaminants in soil. The widespread use of antibiotics in livestock might amplify the risk of developing antibiotic resistance, causing once treatable diseases to turn deadly. The World Health Organization declared antibiotic resistance as "one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development". The goal of this dissertation was to develop best manure management practices by understanding the behavior of manure-associated antibiotics in manure, water, and soil. In particular, my research focused on the effects of manure application methods, on-site manure treatment methods, manure application seasons, and manure-rainfall time gaps on antibiotic surface runoff losses, antibiotic distribution and movement in soil, antibiotic dissipation in soil, and development of antibiotic resistance. Rainfall simulation field-scale and soil incubation lab studies were combined to find the best manure management practices. My research has shown for the first time that using the manure soil subsurface injection method, especially during spring application season due to moist soil, applying manure at least 3 days before a subsequent rainfall, and using composted manure, can significantly reduce the quantity of antibiotic loss with runoff from manure-applied fields to the surrounding environment. The majority of applied antibiotics remained in soil. All antibiotics showed a similar dissipation pattern with fastest kinetics during the first 14 d before slowing down. The effect of two manure application methods on antibiotic dissipation kinetics varied with different antibiotics. Although the half-life of tested antibiotics in soil was short (<21 days), some remained detectable even at 6 months after a single manure application. Results also showed that compared to the surface application, the subsurface injection slits acted as a "hot zone" with a higher amount of antibiotics, manure microbes, and antibiotic resistance. The results provide information for policy makers, manure managers, and farmers to develop better manure management practices that can use manure as fertilizer while minimizing the spread of antibiotics to surrounding water, soil, and plants.Doctor of Philosophy
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Hiliare, Sheldon. "Impact of Manure Land Management Practices on Manure Borne Antibiotic Resistant Elements (AREs) in Agroecosystems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/102218.
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Rising global antibiotic resistance has caused concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Majority of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, primarily with livestock rearing. Animal manure land application integrates livestock farming and agroecosystems. This manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) (resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and veterinary antibiotics) that contribute towards antimicrobial resistance. Altering manure application techniques can reduce surface runoff of other contaminants such as excess N and P, pesticides, and hormones, that can impact water quality. Conventional tillage practices in the U.S. has reduced or stopped, making subsurface injection of manure a promising option when compared to surface application. Our research compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping system, and manure-rainfall time gaps to gauge the impact on AREs in the environment. Two field-scale rainfall simulation studies were conducted along with one laboratory study. Using the injection method lowered concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, 9-30 times less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to 1 d time gap for that broadcast method. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other based on manure application and soil ARG richness in all manure-amended soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained 52 ARGs with higher abundance compared to runoff from surface applied plots. ARGs in the former were more correlated to soil and more correlated to manure in the latter. The highest antibiotic concentrations were in the injection slit soil of those plots. Antibiotic concentrations in samples corresponded positively to concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and there was a positive correlation between resistant FCB and their associated ARGs (Spearman's ρ = 0.43-0.63). A CRIISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for in-situ detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.Doctor of Philosophy
Rising global antibiotic resistance cause concerns over sources and pathways for the spread of contributing factors. Most of the antimicrobials used in the U.S. are involved in veterinary medicine, especially with livestock rearing. Overuse of antibiotics that are medically important to human medicine compromises the effectiveness of our medicines. Animal manure contains antibiotic resistant elements (AREs) such as resistant bacteria, resistance genes, and antibiotics) that contribute towards resistance issues. Once these AREs enter the environment, they can be taken up by crops, runoff into surface water or leached into ground water, or even reside within the animal products we consume. Altering manure application techniques is beneficial for nutrient conservation but also potentially for reducing ARE spread. With our research, we compared manure application methods, manure application seasons, cropping systems, and manure-rainfall time gaps to find ways to balance the need for manure application and the spread of resistance. We used two field-scale rainfall simulation studies along with one laboratory study. Overall, using the injection method resulted in significantly lower concentrations of manure associated AREs entering surface runoff. When manure was surface applied and rainfall occurred 7 d after application, less resistant fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) entered surface runoff when compared to the 1 d time gap for broadcast methods. Within a day of manure application, antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) profiles in soil began to differ from each other and soil ARG totals in all manure applied soil increased compared to the background. Runoff from injection plots contained more soil ARGs and runoff from surface applied plots containing more manure associated ARGs. The subsurface injection method also caused highest antibiotic concentrations in the injection slit soil of those plots. High antibiotic concentrations in samples generally meant high concentrations of resistant FCB and ARGs, and resistant FCB were also found with their associated ARGs as well. A CRISPR-Cas12a assay for quantification of ARGs in environmental samples was just as precise as conventional methods. There is also potential for onsite detection. These combined results can hopefully help farmers improve manure management practices that mitigate spread of AREs to surrounding water, crops, and soil.
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Kern, James D. "Water Quality Impacts of Cover Crop/Manure Management Systems." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40385.
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Crop production, soil system, water quality, and economic impacts of four corn silage production systems were compared through a field study including 16 plots (4 replications of each treatment). Systems included a rye cover crop and application of liquid dairy manure in the spring and fall.
The four management systems were: 1) traditional, 2) double-crop, 3) roll-down, and 4) undercut. In the fourth system, manure was applied below the soil surface during the undercutting process. In all other systems, manure was surface-applied. In the third system, the rye crop was flattened with a heavy roller after manure application.
Simulated rainfall was applied within 48 h of manure application. Measured constituent concentrations in runoff were compared with water quality criteria. Costs and returns of all systems were compared. The undercut system reduced loadings of all nutrients, but increased total suspended solids (TSS) concentration as compared with all other systems. The mean volume of runoff from the undercut system was less than half that from any other system, which influenced all constituent loadings. Mean TSS concentration in runoff from the undercut system was over three times the mean of any other system. The roll-down system had no significant effect on water quality as compared to the traditional system. The undercut system was reasonably effective in keeping phosphate phosphorus levels below the criterion set for bathing water. None of the systems generally exceeded nitrate nitrogen concentration criteria.
However, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, fecal coliform and e. coli criteria for drinking, bathing, shellfish harvest, and aesthetics were regularly exceeded by all of the systems. There were no differences among the treatments in effects on bacterial concentrations. The double-crop system produced significantly higher net returns than all other systems only if the value of the rye crop was $92.31/Mg or more. There were no significant differences in net returns of the traditional, roll-down, or undercut systems.Ph. D.
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Newell, Cory W. "Nutrient flow and manure management in the mink industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ49417.pdf.
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Akochi-Koblé, Emmanuel. "Evaluation of sphagnum moss and chemical compounds for management of odor and use of liquid hog manure." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59944.
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Liquid hog manure (LHM) obtained from the Macdonald College farm was used in experiments aimed at (a) reducing the odor associated with LHM during handling and (b) conserving the fertilizer capacity of LHM. Various chemical treatments and sphagnum moss (SM) were evaluated to achieve the above objectives. Direct acidification to $<$ pH 5.0, sphagnum moss (SM) and its combination with aluminum sulfate (AS) resulted in significant (p $<$ 0.05) reduction in ammonia losses during storage of LHM. The SM and SM/AS combination also significantly (p $<$ 0.05) reduced both odor presence and offensiveness. Gas chromatographic (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis indicated the absence of certain malodor compounds and lower peak areas of certain compounds in the SM and SM/AS treatments when compared to the controls. Investigations with barley seeding revealed that treatments which reduced the malodor of the LHM did not significantly (p $<$ 0.05) affect the nitrogen fertilization capacity of the LHM, as indicated by plant dry matter yield.
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Vaddella, Venkata Kumar. "Ammonia emissions management and modeling from storages of dairy manure." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2010. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Spring2010/V_Vaddella_1030810.pdf.
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Svinurai, Walter. "Manure production and nutrient management in pasture-based dairy production systems." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/475.
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Manure production and nutrient management in pasture-based dairy production systems by Walter Svinurai The effect of dietary treatments on nutrient excretion was determined and an attempt to improving the retention of excreted nitrogen in stored manure using Aloe ferox leaf gel (AFLG) and pine bark was conducted at a pasture-based dairy farm. The animal mass-balance method was used to determine nutrient excretion by cows fed on three dietary treatments, Lolium perrene-based treatment (LP), Lolium multiforium-based treatment (LM) and Lolium perenne- Trifolium repens -based treatment (LTF). In separate experiments, slurry from dairy cows fed LM was amended with AFLG and pine bark at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g/l and stored under anaerobic conditions for 16 days. The highest and lowest excretions of N, P and K were observed in LM and LP treatments, respectively. Increasing dietary N improved K and N retention in milk and, consequently increased milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and N excretion (P < 0.05). The concentrations of AFLG affected N and P retention in manure (P < 0.05). The highest retention in total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of the initial was 42% AFLG at 25g/l inclusion rate. Ammonium nitrogen (AMN) concentration increased significantly due to the interactive effect of AFLG inclusion rate and time. Pine bark powder significantly improved N and P retention in manure at all concentrations. The retention in TKN was higher (P < 0.05) at 25g/l pine bark powder than other concentrations. The interaction effect of inclusion rate and time increased iii AMN (P < 0.05). Dietary treatments significantly affected nutrient excretion, and AFLG and pine bark considerably improved N retention in stored slurry. Findings from the filed trial suggest the need for more attention on managing dietary nutrients in the post-rainy and cool-dry season when growth of pasture influenced choice of dietary treatments that led to high nutrient excretion. Field simulation of the additives to determine their efficacy and environmental hazards was recommended.
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Gedikoglu, Haluk McCann Laura. "Adoption of nutrient management practices." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6614.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on March 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Laura McCann. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ryding, Caroline. "Assessment of nutrient emission factors for different manure and digestate management systems." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-149595.
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An efficient management of organic fertilizers (here animal manure and digestate) is of large concern in today´s agriculture. When evaluating the efficiency of alternative management systems, differences in nutrient losses (emissions) must be taken into consideration. Those can be rather specific for e.g. a geographical region and agricultural system. This literature study aimed at identifying emission factors and uncertainty ranges, that are relevant to use in comparative system studies of different organic fertilizer management systems in South Swedish climate. Emissions from manure and digestate storage, application and field losses were considered. For carbon, the sequestration of organic carbon in the soil was considered instead of the carbon dioxide emissions from manure/digestate decomposition in soils. The values were very variable, and the median value was used as the selected emission factor. From storage of liquid cow manure, the ammonia emission for storage with cover was 3 % of the ammonium content, and 10 % without cover. It was about the same for both liquid pig manure (8 %) and solid cattle manure (10 %). The methane emissions during storage were 10 % of the maximum methane potential. Ammonia emissions during application ranged from 10-20 % of ammonium-nitrogen. Two studies of manure carbon sequestration were found that was applicable for the Swedish climate. They indicated that about 8-11 % of the carbon applied as solid manure was sequestered, compared to about 4 % for liquid manure.
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Basnet, Badri Bahadur. "Geographic Information System based manure application planning." University of Southern Queensland, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, 2002. http://eprints.usq.edu.au/archive/00001410/.
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[Abstract]: The disposal of animal waste has become a problem in many parts of the world due to the rapid growth in the number and the size of intensive animal industries. Safe waste disposal sites are rarely available and the relocation and/or treatment of animal waste is seldom economically viable. The reuse of animal waste for energy recovery and re-feeding is also not popular. Animal waste is a valuable source of plant nutrients and a very good soil conditioner, and has been commonly applied as fertiliser to agricultural fields. However, due to the increasing oversupply of animal waste in recent years, it has often been applied in excess to the agricultural fields. Excessive application of animal waste, without due consideration of its implications, is a serious concern. The run-off and leaching losses of nutrients from the fields fertilised with animal waste have contributed significantly to the eutrophication and toxic blue-green algae blooms in surface water systems and nitrification of ground water systems. It has also led to nutrient imbalances in the soils and odour pollution to the surrounding communities. The animal waste, which is a valuable source of plant nutrients, has thus become both an economic and environmental burden, and there is a need to develop a strategy for its sensible use as a fertiliser in agricultural fields. Sensible use of animal waste involves the consideration of all the agricultural, environmental, social, and economical limitations. A rational method of achieving this is to restrict the use of animal waste to sites suitable for such uses, identify areas where it can be relocated and applied economically, limit the application rates to a safe level, and observe appropriate manure management practices. This study addressed each of these components by developing a comprehensive manure application plan (MAP) for the site-specific use of animal waste as fertiliser in agricultural fields. Various geographic information systems (GIS) based techniques, including a weighted linear combination model and map algebra based cartographic modelling, were employed to achieve the goal. The appropriateness of the existing techniques and procedures were evaluated and modified to meet the current input requirements. New methods of analysis were devised as necessary. The Westbrook sub-catchment of the Condamine River catchment in south-east Queensland was selected as the study area. The sub-catchment covers 24,903 hectares and contains 39 intensive animal industries. The catchment is also a part of the Murray-Darling Basin, which has been suffering from toxic blue green algae blooms recurrently since 1991. This study identified that only about one-fifth of the sub-catchment area is suitable for animal waste application. Depending on the method of site suitability analysis and the number of input factors used the suitable area ranged between 16 and 22 percent. This comparatively small area is mainly due to the presence of a large proportion of non-agricultural areas in the sub-catchment. The suitable areas were also found to have various degrees of suitability for waste application. However, the degree of site suitability was affected by the number of input factors used in the analysis, the weighting of the factors, and the method of factor attribute standardisation. Conventional methods of weighting input factors were found to be cumbersome and not particularly suitable. Hence, this study developed a new ‘objective oriented comparison’ method of factor weighting. Standardisation of input factors using a continuous, rather than discrete, classification (ie fuzzy set) method was found to be more consistent in degree of suitability determination. The discrete classification of factor attributes into classes of different numbers and sizes, and the weighting of classes to a sum of one, were identified as a limitation in using this standardisation method. A new ‘weight adjustment’ method was devised and demonstrated to reduce factor-weighting biases. The suitable sites, degree of site suitability, and other relevant spatial and non-spatial information were processed within a GIS framework to develop a comprehensive manure application plan. The inherently high presence of available phosphorus in the soils of the study area was recognised and the P2O5 content in the manure was used as the basis for determining manure application rates. A complimentary nitrogen supply map was also generated. Manure management practices applicable to the areas with a lower degree of suitability were also suggested.
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Hong, Yanjuan. "Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal for Liquid Dairy Manure." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46067.
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Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) has been widely used in municipal wastewater treatment, but no previous studies have examined the application of EBPR to treat dairy manure. This study was conducted to evaluate the (i) performance of pilot-scale EBPR systems treating liquid dairy manure, to balance the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in manure to meet crop nutrient requirements, (ii) effects of dissolved oxygen and solids retention time on the efficiency of EBPR, and (iii) effectiveness of gravity thickening for reducing the volume of harvested EBPR aerated mixed liquor.
Two pilot-scale EBPR systems were used in this study. The ratio of the manure chemical oxygen demand expressed as volatile fatty acids to phosphorus used ranged from 18:1 to 45:1. The phosphorus removal efficiencies of the EBPR system were investigated at three solids retention times (4, 6 and 10 d), and three dissolved oxygen levels (3, 4 and 6 mg O2/L). The total phosphorus removal was highest (84%) at 10 d solids retention time and lowest (63%) at 4 d solids retention time. The sludge from the 6 d solids retention time tests had better sludge settling characteristics with a sludge volume index of 62 mL/g compared to 80 mL/g for the 4 d solids retention time. The EBPR system achieved 90% dissolved reactive phosphorus removal when the system
was operated at 4 mg O2/L, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus in effluent increased to about 5:1, which was higher than the normal ratio in dairy manure. On the other hand, phosphorus removal performance deteriorated when dissolved oxygen level was 3 mg O2/L. In the gravity thickening tests, 93-95 % total suspended solids (TSS) was removed from the settled supernatant, with 1.2 to 1.54 % total solids (TS) in the settled solids after 90 min gravity-induced thickening. The extent of phosphorus release during gravity thickening process needs to be further investigated.Master of Science
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Delve, Robert James. "Implications of livestock feeding management for soil fertility in smallholder mixed farming systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312167.
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Galpin, C. Mark. "The development and evaluation of participatory farm management methods for research needs assessment with smallholder farmers." Thesis, University of Reading, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324995.
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Nennich, Tamilee Dawn. "Characterization of manure excretion and environmental impacts of nutrient management in dairy production systems." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2004/T%5FNennich%5F112204.pdf.
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BALDINI, CECILIA. "EMISSIONS ARISING FROM MANURE MANAGEMENT IN DAIRY FARMS: AN EVALUATION USING LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/564858.
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Il crescente consumo di carne e latte a livello mondiale ha causato il cambiamento dei metodi di allevamento da sistemi di tipo estensivo a sistemi di tipo intensivo, e ha fatto emergere una serie di sfide significative nell’ambito del benessere animale, della sostenibilità ambientale e della sicurezza alimentare. Il contributo degli allevamenti alle emissioni di gas ad effetto serra (GHG) e ammoniaca (NH3) è rilevante e, a ragione, i ruminanti sono accusati di emissioni di metano legate alle fermentazioni enteriche. Perciò l’interesse relativo all’identificazione di possibili strategie di mitigazione da applicare agli allevamenti intensivi è cresciuto negli ultimi anni. I sistemi di gestione possono modificare le caratteristiche fisico-chimiche dei reflui dell’allevamento, influenzando le emissioni di metano, protossido d’azoto ed ammoniaca che da essi hanno origine. Lo scopo di questa tesi è stato quello di valutare le performance ambientali di diversi sistemi di allontanamento delle deiezioni, ampiamente diffusi negli allevamenti della Pianura Padana, con un duplice approccio: (i) misurando le emissioni e (ii) applicando un’Analisi del Ciclo di Vita (LCA) a diverse soluzioni stabulative per stalle di vacche da latte.
Come primo passo, è stata condotta una revisione degli studi LCA per comprendere i punti di forza e le debolezze di questo approccio. Difficoltà sono state riscontrate nel paragonare i risultati di diversi studi relativi alla produzione di latte, facendo emergere la necessità di raggiungere un maggior livello di armonizzazione.
In seguito, sono stati misurati i livelli di emissione di GHG ed NH3 da aziende con diversi tipi di gestione delle deiezioni. I dati ottenuti sono stati utilizzati come parametri per compilare l’inventario dell’analisi LCA e fare un paragone tra i potenziali impatti che da essa risultano e quelli che si ottengono utilizzando le equazioni raccomandate per la compilazione dell’inventario. Da questo confronto è emersa l’esigenza di disporre di fattori di emissione che rendano la stima più aderente alla variabilità di condizioni riscontrate nella stalla.
Infine, alcuni campioni di refluo provenienti dalle stesse stalle sono stati utilizzati per quantificare la produzione di metano potenzialmente ottenibile.
I risultati di questa tesi sottolineano come la scelta della strategia di gestione degli effluenti sia fondamentale nella riduzione dell’impatto ambientale dell’allevamento, poiché in grado di influenzare le emissioni di GHG ed NH3. Inoltre, dal momento che il controllo delle emissioni necessita compromessi tra i diversi gas, spesso è richiesta una combinazione di misure per l’efficace controllo delle emissioni.The worldwide increasing meat and milk consumption has driven the shift in livestock farming methods from extensive to intensive, posing a number of significant challenges for animal welfare, environmental sustainability and food security. Livestock’s contribution to greenhouse gases (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions is relevant and, reasonably, ruminants are accused of methane emissions caused by enteric fermentation. Thus, the identification of mitigation strategies for intensive livestock farming is of raising interest in recent years. Handling system can modify the physical and chemical properties of manure, influencing the emission levels of methane, nitrous oxide and ammonia. The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the environmental performances of manure removal systems largely spread in the Po Valley with a two-fold approach: (i) measuring the emissions and (ii) performing a Life Cycle Assessment applied to different housing solutions for dairy farms. In the first step, a literature review about LCA studies was carried out to deeply understand strengths and weakness of LCA approach. Comparing LCA results related to milk production is difficult and a broader level of harmonization should be reached. Thereafter, GHG and NH3 emission levels were measured from farms equipped with different housing solutions. These data were then used as input parameters to compile the LCA inventory and compare the resulting potential impacts to those calculated using recommended emissions estimations. The results underlined the need of more adjustable emission factors, able to reflect more accurately the variability of farms conditions. Finally manure sampling originated from the same farms were analysed to quantify their biomethane production potential. The results in this thesis outlined that GHG and NH3 emissions are influenced by manure management choices, which could play a key role in the reduction of livestock environmental impacts on air. Trade-offs among gases were observed, demonstrating that often a combination of measures is requested to control emissions.
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Helton, Thomas J. "Effects of composted dairy manure on soil chemical properties and forage yield and nutritive value of coastal Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1333.
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Research was conducted to compare the effects of composted dairy manure and raw dairy manure alone, or in combination with supplemental inorganic fertilizer, on soil chemical properties and Coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] yield and nutritive value. Composted dairy manure was surface applied at rates of 14 (125 kg N ha-1), 29 (250 kg N ha-1) and 57 (500 kg N ha-1) Mg dry matter (DM) ha-1, and raw dairy manure was surface applied at a rate of 54 (420 kg N ha-1) Mg DM ha-1 to established bermudagrass. Selected compost and manure plots received supplemental inorganic N at
rates of 56, 84 and 112 kg ha-1 cutting-1 or 112 kg ha-1 cutting-1 of supplemental N with
supplemental inorganic phosphorus or potassium at rates of 112 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1 and 112 kg K2O ha-1 cutting-1, respectively. Composted dairy manure (29 and 57 Mg DM ha-1) or raw manure alone
increased cumulative forage yields compared to the untreated check in both years of the study, but were less than those obtained using only inorganic fertilizer. Application of 56
kg N ha-1 cutting-1 or more of supplemental N to compost (29 and 57 Mg DM ha-1) or iv manure produced forage yields that were equal to or greater than those obtained using inorganic fertilizer alone. However, increasing compost rate did not increase tissue N concentrations regardless of supplemental inorganic N rate. Yield and tissue K concentrations were increased in the second growing season when supplemental
inorganic K was applied to 29 Mg ha-1 of compost or 54 Mg ha-1 of raw dairy manure. No yield response was observed when supplemental inorganic P was applied to compost or manure.
Soil pH and concentrations of NH4, NO3, K, Ca, Mg and Mn were increased by application of compost or manure. Soil P concentrations in the 0 to 5-cm zone exceeded 200 mg kg-1 when compost was applied at the high rate. Dairy manure compost was an effective nutrient source for bermudagrass hay production, but will require the use of supplemental N and, in some cases, K to achieve yields comparable to inorganic fertilizer.
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Watkins, Charlotte Mary Horton. "Fannyard manure application as a management tool for conserving breeding waders on lowland wet grassland." Thesis, Harper Adams University College, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492007.
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Breeding waders have suffered widespread population declines on lowland wet grassland. Conservation efforts on reserves are concentrated on the provision of optimum foraging and nesting conditions to improve wader productivity. This thesis aimed to investigate the potential offarmyard manure (FYM) application to increase soil invertebrate availability (a component of wader diet) in spring, thereby enhancing foraging habitat quality. Fieldwork was conducted in 2004-2006 on lowland wet grassland RSPB reserves to assess. the effects of FYM at rates of 5, 10 and 15 tonnes ha-1 on soil invertebrates and other factors of relevance to wader conservation and wider management objectives. Additional studies were carried out to investigate the response of earthworms to FYM on a finer scale and establish the role of earthworms in the diet, habitat choices and foraging efficiency of lapwing adults and chicks. An increase in earthworm availability in the breeding season was seen following an autumn application ofFYM spread at rates of 10 and 15 tonnes ha-1 Ã?Â? There was a strong aggregative response of earthworms to FYM on a small scale. No effect of FYM application at these rates was seen on epigeal invertebrate numbers, but the average body mass of Coleoptera increased on FYM treatments. There was no evidence to suggest a detrimental effect on either soil or vegetation properties on reserves. Earthwonn availability was an important factor in foraging choice and rates in female adult lapwing and for older chicks, with chicks close to fledging showing significantly greater levels of earthworms in their diet. An assessment of the gross energy content of common earthworm species suggests the increases in earthworm availability seen at these rates of FYM application are sufficient to be biologically meaningful to waders in the Breeding waders have suffered widespread population declines on lowland wet grassland. Conservation efforts on reserves are concentrated on the provision of optimum foraging and nesting conditions to improve wader productivity. This thesis aimed to investigate the potential offarmyard manure (FYM) application to increase soil invertebrate availability (a component of wader diet) in spring, thereby enhancing foraging habitat quality. Fieldwork was conducted in 2004-2006 on lowland wet grassland RSPB reserves to assess. the effects of FYM at rates of 5, 10 and 15 tonnes ha-1 on soil invertebrates and other factors of relevance to wader conservation and wider management objectives. Additional studies were carried out to investigate the response of earthworms to FYM on a finer scale and establish the role of earthworms in the diet, habitat choices and foraging efficiency of lapwing adults and chicks. An increase in earthworm availability in the breeding season was seen following an autumn application ofFYM spread at rates of 10 and 15 tonnes ha-1 Ã?Â? There was a strong aggregative response of earthworms to FYM on a small scale. No effect of FYM application at these rates was seen on epigeal invertebrate numbers, but the average body mass of Coleoptera increased on FYM treatments. There was no evidence to suggest a detrimental effect on either soil or vegetation properties on reserves. Earthwonn availability was an important factor in foraging choice and rates in female adult lapwing and for older chicks, with chicks close to fledging showing significantly greater levels of earthworms in their diet. An assessment of the gross energy content of common earthworm species suggests the increases in earthworm availability seen at these rates of FYM application are sufficient to be biologically meaningful to waders in the field.
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De, Vos Gregory W. "An analysis of economic-environmental tradeoffs pertaining to manure management on Ontario swine finishing farms." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0018/MQ55667.pdf.
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Gacengo, Catherine N. Wood C. W. Shaw Joey N. "Agroecosystem management effects on carbon and nitrogen cycling across a coastal plain catena." Auburn, Ala, 2008. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/EtdRoot/2008/SUMMER/Agronomy_and_Soils/Dissertation/Gacengo_Catherine_2.pdf.
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Dygert, Clayton Edward. "Setback Distance Effect of Mitigating Nutrient Transport from Surface Applied Liquid Dairy Manure on Frozen/Snow Covered Soil." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1300979541.
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Goering, Dustin C. "Decision support for Wisconsin's manure spreaders| Development of a real-time Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1545431.
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The Runoff Risk Advisory Forecast (RRAF) provides Wisconsin's farmers with an innovative decision support tool which communicates the threat of undesirable conditions for manure and nutrient spreading for up to 10 days in advance. The RRAF is a pioneering example of applying the National Weather Service's hydrologic forecasting abilities towards the Nation's water quality challenges. Relying on the North Central River Forecast Center's (NCRFC) operational Snow17 and Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Models, runoff risk is predicted for 216 modeled watersheds in Wisconsin. The RRAF is the first-of-its-kind real-time forecast tool to incorporate 5-days of future precipitation as well as 10-days of forecast temperatures to generate runoff risk guidance. The forecast product is updated three times daily and hosted on the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade, and Consumer Protection (DATCP) website. Developed with inter-agency collaboration, the RRAF model was validated against both edge-of-field observed runoff as well as small USGS gauged basin response. This analysis indicated promising results with a Bias Score of 0.93 and a False Alarm Ratio (FAR) of only 0.34 after applying a threshold method. Although the threshold process did dampen the Probability of Detection (POD) from 0.71 to 0.53, it was found that the magnitude of the events categorized as hits was 10-times larger than those classified as misses. The encouraging results from this first generation tool are aiding State of Wisconsin officials in increasing awareness of risky runoff conditions to help minimize contaminated agriculture runoff from entering the State's water bodies.
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Izard, Erica Jean. "Seeking sustainability for organic cropping systems in the Northern Great Plains: legume green manure management strategies." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/izard/IzardE0807.pdf.
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Lekasi, John Kennedy. "Manure management in the Kenya Highlands : collection, storage and utilisation to enhance fertiliser quantity and quality." Thesis, Coventry University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323520.
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Bagdonienė, Indrė. "Ammonia Emissions From Cattle Manure In The Environment With Variable Microclimatic Factors." Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2014. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20140123_091930-43124.
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The aim of the paper: to investigate the effect of microclimatic factors on the process of ammonia emission from manure, and evaluate possibilities to reduce ammonia emission from cowsheds by controlling these factors. The completed analysis of microclimatic factors in various naturally ventilated cowsheds revealed patterns of variation in ammonia concentration depending on air temperature in the barn. While analysing the process of ammonia evaporation from the manure, the effect of interacting environmental factors on the intensity of evaporation was evaluated. The effect of temperature, ventilation intensity and drying of manure surface on the intensity of ammonia evaporation process from manure was determined and proved. Theoretical and experimental presumptions were made for the investigation of the effect of the crust formation at the manure surface on ammonia diffusion process. Based on the obtained results, ammonia emission from naturally ventilated cowsheds with various engineering solutions can be predicted, and equipment reducing the ammonia emission from them can be installed.Darbo tikslas ˗ Ištirti mikroklimato veiksnių įtaką amoniako emisijos procesui iš mėšlo ir įvertinti galimybes juos valdant sumažinti amoniako emisiją iš karvidžių. Ištyrus mikroklimato veiksnius įvairiose natūraliai vėdinamose karvidėse, nustatyti amoniako koncentracijos kaitos dėsningumai priklausomai nuo oro temperatūros tvarte. Analizuojant amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo procesą, įvertinta tarpusavyje sąveikaujančių aplinkos veiksnių komplekso įtaka garavimo intensyvumui. Nustatyta ir įrodyta temperatūros, vėdinimo intensyvumo ir mėšlo paviršiaus džiūvimo įtaka amoniako garavimo iš mėšlo proceso intensyvumui. Sukurtos teorinės ir eksperimentinės prielaidos tirti mėšlo paviršiuje besiformuojančios plutos įtaką amoniako difuzijos procesui. Pagal gautus rezultatus galima prognozuoti amoniako emisiją iš natūraliai vėdinamų karvidžių su įvairiais inžineriniais sprendimais ir diegti priemones mažinančias amoniako emisiją iš jų.
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Mendoza, Huaitalla Roxana [Verfasser], and Eva [Akademischer Betreuer] Gallmann. "Intensive pig production and manure management in Beijing, North China Plain / Roxana Mendoza Huaitalla. Betreuer: Eva Gallmann." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1050767888/34.
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Cotton, Drew Lewis. "Onsite evaluation of manure management practices and nutrient composition of stall waste produced by Florida horse operations." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025118.
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Yanosek, Kristina Anne. "Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal from Dairy Manure to Meet Nitrogen:Phosphorus Crop Nutrient Requirements." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35782.
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Over the last two decades, livestock operations have become highly concentrated due to growing trends towards larger, more confined facilities and a decrease in cropland on smaller farms. This has led to greater amounts of excess manure nutrients on farms, increasing the potential for nutrient pollution of water bodies from runoff. The purpose of this study was to determine if enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a viable alternative for managing excess manure nutrients on dairy farms. Assessment of EBPR involved the investigation of various aspects of wastewater treatment modeling and design and farm nutrient management. The fermentation potential (volatile fatty acid (VFA) production) of dairy manure was determined through laboratory analysis to be 15.3% of the total COD. Total VFA production was composed of 57, 23, and 20% acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, respectively. The EBPR component of the BioWin wastewater treatment model was evaluated through a sensitivity analysis. The parameters to which effluent phosphate (PO4) concentration was most sensitive were maximum specific growth rate, growth yield, aerobic PO4 uptake rate per unit poly-b-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) utilized, PHB yield from VFA, PO4 release per unit VFA uptake, and fraction of releasable PO4. An EBPR sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was designed for a dairy farm with 700 lactating cows and 325 ha of corn silage. An economic analysis of EBPR for dairy farms employing P-based manure applications was completed. The cost of hauling excess manure to nutrient deficient farms was the most significant expense in comparing costs of manure management with and without EBPR. For a herd of 700 lactating cows, utilizing EBPR was more economical for farms with 270 ha or less cropland, while EBPR did not offer an economic advantage for farms over 270 ha.Master of Science
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Kast, Jeffrey Benjamin. "Manure Management in the Maumee River Watershed and Watershed Modeling to Assess Impacts on Lake Erie's Water Quality." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532009053900119.
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Celesti, Antonella. "Analysis of ammonia release and best available practices to support farm management in the reduction of ammonia emissions in diary houses." Doctoral thesis, Università di Catania, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10761/1485.
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The objective of this thesis work was to verify the levels of ammonia concentrations in different functional areas of naturally ventilated dairy houses, through the measurement of the concentrations of ammonia at different heights from the floor of the breeding environment, also in relation to the main inside microclimatic variables and outside climate conditions.
The research activities were carried out in barns located in an area of the Province of Ragusa highly suited to livestock breeding, where are located most of the naturally ventilated barns present in Sicily (Italy).
In this work, issues of great interest which concern the protection of animal welfare, salubrity within the breeding environment, the operators safety in the workplace and the environmental protection have been dealt with through the outcomes of this research which gave a contribution to the analysis of ammonia concentrations and microclimatic variables in breeding environments of dairy houses.
An experimental protocol for measuring ammonia concentration within the breeding environment at different heights from the floor and for the measurement of the main internal microclimate variables and the external climatic ones was proposed.
The ammonia emission values related to the cows housed in the Building A ranged between 0.44 and 0.14 kg/h whereas the values related to the HPU were between 0.31 and 0.10 kg/h/HPU. The Heat balance method yielded ammonia emission values ranging between 0.005 and 0.27 kg/h and 0.004 and 0.19 kg/h/HPU.
A technique for the ammonia emissions reduction has been tested, by using a processing residue of the coffee industry. This technique could be regarded as feasible in this field since the experiment showed a reduction of approximately 50% of the emissions and the choice of this dried vegetal material is suitable due to its easy availability in the territory.
Finally, indications have been obtained to support farmers management choices in order to reduce ammonia emissions into the breeding environment. They are based on emission reduction techniques adapted to the specific case study.
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Garand, Marie-Josée. "Management of nitrogen from underseeded clover and manures in spring wheat." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ50167.pdf.
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Parsons, Robert Lee. "Financial costs and economic tradeoffs of alternative manure management policies on dairy and dairy/poultry farms in Rockingham County, Virginia." Diss., This resource online, 1995. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08272007-163607/.
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Tirado, Sandra M. "Effects Of Turning Frequency, Pile Size And Season On Physical, Chemical And Biological Properties During Composting Of Dairy Manure/Sawdust (Dm+S)." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1218133685.
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Rosenblum, James S. "The Relationships of Pathogenic Microbes, Chemical Parameters, and Biogas Production During Anaerobic Digestion of Manure-based Biosolids." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376929611.
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Florence, Darlene Christina. "Agronomic Land Management Effects on Soil Fertility and Grain Crop Productivity in Western Kenya and Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338341162.
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Sweetman, Paul J. "Evaluating the Fate of Manure Nitrogen in Confined Dairy Waste Operations: a Full-Scale Waste Analysis and Start-Up Protocol for an Anammox-Based Treatment Technology Applicable to Dairy Waste Management." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41237.
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In an effort to develop cost-effective technologies for the removal of ammonium nitrogen from dairy waste, a novel biological wastewater treatment process, utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), referred to as Oxygen-Limited Autotrophic Nitrification and Denitrification (OLAND) was examined. Due to the potential use of OLAND-based systems in dairy manure management, a detailed water quality assessment of a modern dairy farm manure treatment-system was conducted. The Johnson Highland Dairy Farm, Glade Spring, Virginia, was selected for this assessment and a comprehensive analysis of the wastewater characteristics throughout the confined animal feeding operation was completed. The results suggest that ammonia concentrations in the anaerobic storage facility was high enough to justify use of treatment technologies that reduce ammonia loads in stored dairy waste. A lightly loaded Fixed Film Bioreactor (FFBR), in which the OLAND process was desired to occur, was then constructed in the laboratory and monitored over 51 days. Of particular interest was the time taken to achieve stable performance of this OLAND system. Furthermore, a protocol was developed to determine whether OLAND based metabolism was occurring. Ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency in the FFBR throughout the 51-day monitoring period was high, averaging approximately 95 % for the length of the study. From day 32 to 51, simultaneous removal of both ammonium and nitrite with a low level of concomitant nitrate production was observed, a key indicator of possible anammox activity. Stoichiometric ratios calculated for the FFBR compared favorably with those already established for OLAND systems. The developed protocol, incorporating anaerobic and aerobic batch experiments, to verify the occurrence of OLAND based metabolism did not yield expected results and described poorly what was being observed in the FFBR. Volatilization of ammonia during the experimental test was suspected and should be controlled when the protocol is performed in the future.Master of Science
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Ohlsson, Eva L. "Agroforestry for improved cycling on small farms in western Kenya /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5719-X.pdf.
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Barbosa, Francisca Edineide Lima. "Crescimento, fisiologia e produÃÃo da bananeira prata anà associada a plantas de cobertura e lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2012. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7878.
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Banco do Nordeste do BrasilA bananicultura tem grande importÃncia no cenÃrio nacional e mundial, devido a aspectos nutricionais, sociais e, sobretudo econÃmicos. A utilizaÃÃo de tÃcnicas que visem o manejo adequado do solo e da Ãgua nessa cultura à de extrema importÃncia para o desenvolvimento de uma agricultura sustentÃvel reduzindo os impactos no ambiente. Diante do exposto pretendeu-se com esse trabalho, gerar difusÃo tecnolÃgica para o manejo da fertilidade do solo, utilizando leguminosas como cobertura viva e lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo no cultivo da bananeira Prata Anà (Musa spp.), cultivada em Pentecoste - CE. O clima da regiÃo à semiÃrido com chuvas irregulares e o solo à classificado como Neossolo FlÃvico. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetiÃÃes. As parcelas foram formadas por quatro lÃminas de irrigaÃÃo: 50, 75, 100 e 125 % da evapotranspiraÃÃo da cultura (ETc) e as subparcelas pela testemunha (manejo convencional sem plantas de cobertura) e trÃs tipos de plantas de cobertura consorciadas com a bananeira, sÃo elas: vegetaÃÃo espontÃnea (VE), kudzu tropical (Pueraria phaseoloides) em sucessÃo à crotalÃria (CrotalÃria juncea) (CK) e calopogÃnio (Calopogonium muconoides L) em sucessÃo ao feijÃo-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformes) (FC). As leguminosas crotalÃria e feijÃo-de-porco foram conduzidas antes do transplantio da bananeira, e serviram de cobertura morta, enquanto o kudzu tropical e o calopogÃnio foram plantados um mÃs apÃs o transplantio das bananeiras e desenvolveram-se em consÃrcio e foram manejadas como coberturas vivas. Na bananeira foram avaliados: o nÃmero de folhas, altura, circunferÃncia do pseudocaule, trocas gasosas, eficiÃncia do uso da Ãgua (EUA), Ãndice relativo de clorofila (IRC), teor foliar de macro e micronutrientes e produÃÃo. Nas leguminosas do prÃ-plantio avaliou-se a biomassa atravÃs da massa verde, (MV) e seca da parte aÃrea (MS) e nas leguminosas perenes avaliou- se a MV, MS, teor e aporte de N, trocas gasosas e IRC. A testemunha proporcionou plantas com maior altura e circunferÃncia do pseudocaule; maior teor foliar de N; menor duraÃÃo do ciclo e maior produtividade seguida do consÃrcio com calopogÃnio em sucessÃo ao feijÃo-de-porco e kudzu em sucessÃo a crotalÃria. O calopogÃnio responde a altas radiaÃÃes e parece ser mais sensÃvel ao sombreamento e ao corte, sendo o kudzu mais adequado para consorciaÃÃo com plantas de bananeira, devido a sua excelente adaptaÃÃo as condiÃÃes de sombreamento impostas pelo bananal.
The banana is of great importance in the national and world due to nutritional, social and especially economic. The use of techniques aimed at proper management of soil and water in this culture is of utmost importance for the development of sustainable agriculture, reducing environmental impacts. Given the above it is intended with this work, generate technological diffusion for the management of soil fertility, using legumes as a cover crop and irrigation in the cultivation of dwarf banana Prata (Musa spp.), Grown on Pentecoste - CE. The climate is semi-arid with erratic rainfall and the soil is classified as Neossolo Fluvic. The experimental design was a randomized block split plot with five replicates.The plots were formed by four irrigation levels: 50, 75, 100 and 125% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and the control subplots (conventional management without cover crops) and three types of cover crops intercropped with banana, They are: spontaneous vegetation (VE), tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides) in succession to crotalaria (Crotalaria juncea) (CK) and calopogÃnio (Calopogonium muconoides L) in succession to the bean-to-pig (Canavalia ensiformes) (FC). Legumes and beans sunn-of-pig were conducted before the transplanting of banana, and served as a mulch, while the tropical kudzu and calopogÃnio were planted one month after transplanting the banana and developed in a consortium and were managed as living roofs . In banana were evaluated: the number of leaves, height, pseudostem circumference, gas exchange, water use efficiency (U.S.), relative chlorophyll index (CRI), foliar macro and micronutrients and production. In the pre-planting legumes evaluated the biomass by fresh weight (MV) and shoot dry (MS) and evaluated in perennial legumes to MV, MS, CRI and contribution of N, exchanges gas and chlorophyll content. The witness provided plants with greater height and pseudostem circumference, higher leaf N content, lower cycle time and increased productivity followed by the consortium with calopogÃnio in succession to the bean-pork and kudzu in succession to crotalaria. The calopogÃnio responds to high radiation and seems to be more sensitive to shading and cutting, and kudzu most suitable for intercropping with banana plants, due to its excellent adaptation to shade imposed by the banana plantation.
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O'Brien, Brendan J. "Physicochemical Properties of Residuals from Anaerobic Digestion of Dairy Manure and Food Waste: Nutrient Cycling Implications and Opportunities for Edible Mushroom Cultivation." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2019. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1015.
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Organics recycling is increasing in New England as multiple states have enacted laws to divert organic materials, including food scraps and food processing residuals, away from landfills. Anaerobic digesters on dairy farms represent an attractive approach to food waste recycling because existing infrastructure is in place and co-digestion of dairy manure with food waste can increase renewable biogas production. In addition, anaerobic digestion results in effluents that can be separated into solid and liquid residual materials, or 'digestates'. Screw-press separated solids consist of lignocellulosic biomass resistant to microbial degradation during anaerobic digestion. These separated solids are typically recycled on farms as animal bedding before returning to the digester, whereas remaining liquid digestates are typically spread as fertilizer for nearby feed crops or pasture fields. Within this model, anaerobic digestion is not a nutrient management solution and repeated land application of digestate nutrients can create eutrophication risk over time. Alternative models are needed where digestate materials are converted into valuable products to be sold off-farm, enabling the removal of nutrients to help meet nutrient management goals. In this thesis, I address two research questions related to the pursuit of such alternative models. First, how do physicochemical characteristics of digestate materials vary across full-scale systems in the region, including systems with and without food waste as a substantial proportion of feedstock, and how do these variations affect the potential for conversion of digestates into valuable products (e.g., soil amendments)? Second, can separated digestate solids be used for commercial cultivation of gourmet oyster mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus) to produce food for human consumption, providing synchronous nutrient recovery and food production? Results from my first research chapter indicate that increasing food waste inputs (and thus diversification of feedstock recipes) will likely increase the variability of some solid and liquid digestate characteristics and can result in greater contamination with synthetic particles, with implications for nutrient recovery efforts and associated products. My second research chapter shows that screw-press separated digestate solids can offset non-local substrate ingredients to a degree while achieving oyster mushroom yields comparable to commercial recipes. Furthermore, this strategy could divert nutrients away from land adjacent to digesters and directly into safe, nutritious, protein-rich food for humans, while also producing a useful spent mushroom substrate product.
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Rodrigues, Liliana Isabel Dionísio. "Gestão de chorume de uma exploração pecuária através da co-digestão com resíduos de fruta." Master's thesis, ISA, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/6477.
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Mestrado em Engenharia do Ambiente - Instituto Superior de AgronomiaDue to the increase of animal production throughout the world, also increase the amount of dairy cattle manure and consequently the environmental impacts associated with their inadequate management. One of the treatment techniques more adequate is the anaerobic digestion, which allows obtaining two valorizable products: biogas which can be used as a source of energy and a digested efluent that can be used as agricultural fertilizer. This work aims to study the potential use of a cattle farm effluent on AD. Therefore, it was necessary to collect data relating to the flow analysis and then, make the experimental design according to the needs inherent to this type of farming. For waste treatment from a cattle farming unit for milk production by AD, it was expected that the process had low viability owning the residue characteristics. Therefore it was used an agricultural waste for the process of anaerobic co-digestion. The residue selected as cosubstrate to the mixture of manure / washing waters, was a liquid residue from a surplus harvest of Pear Rocha from the region of Mafra. From the results it can be concluded that the co-digestion of these two residues can contribute to a sustainable management at a farm scale level. We can deduce this since it we proved the viability of the process.
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Torr, Leigh Christine. "Applications of dairy wastewater as a fertilizer to agricultural land : an environmental management perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1641.
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Thesis (MSc (Geography and Environmental Studies))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.As with any form of intensive agriculture, there are potential environmental impacts associated with the management and housing of livestock on dairy farms. Within the field of dairy farming, particular focus falls to the issue of environmental degradation of water resources, as this form of pollution is currently a major environmental issue around the world. Conventional agricultural practices involving the application of chemical fertilizers to land and crops are causing environmental problems as a result of poor management practices. Dairy wastewater and manures could however be a valuable resource for agricultural producers in the form of an alternate fertilizer for their crops. Waste application as a fertilizer is more environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers, and could drastically reduce costs for farmers, whilst alleviating storage and management problems often associated with farmyard manures (FYM). The application of organic wastes, notably livestock manures, to land has historically been important for maintaining soil fertility on farms in terms of nutrient status and organic matter levels, as well as helping to reduce soil erosion and improve waterholding capacity. The research sought to investigate the environmental and economical feasibility of using dairy wastewater and manures as an alternative form of fertilizer within agriculture in South Africa.
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Diedrick, Keith Anthony. "Field Investigations of Nitrogen Fertility on Corn and Soybeans and Foliar Manganese-Glyphosate Interactions on Glyphosate-Tolerant Soybeans in Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1281988981.
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Pandolfo, Carla Maria. "Aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental do uso de fontes orgânicas de nutrientes, associadas a sistemas de preparo do solo." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2005. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3302.
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The manures have been used as organic nutrient sources in many soil and climatic conditions, and their effects on technical, economic and environmental aspects are dependent on their characteristics and it can be changed by soil tillage. Many studies have been performed to analyse these aspects, however a few of them have analysed the interactions of these three aspects. The analyse of long-term use of manure can contribute to understand of their impact on the agricultural system. Furthermore, it also can contribute to make decision about their use as fertilizer with aim the rational use. The objectives of this study were to quantify and analyse the technical, economical and environmental aspects of organic nutrient sources, do a combine analyse of these three aspects, and to compare the different nutrient sources. The study was carried out at Epagri Experimental Station of Campos Novos, in a Haplorthox, using a long-term experiment. The treatments were a combination of five tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow, conventional tillage, conventional tillage with crop residues burned, and conventional tillage with crop residues removed from the field) with five nutrient sources (TES = control, no fertilizer; AM = mineral fertilizer according with technical recommendation for each crop; EA = 5 Mg ha-1 of moisture poultry litter; ELB = 60 m3 ha-1 of liquid cattle manure; and ELS = 40 m3 ha-1 of liquid pig manure). A model was used to quantify and analyse the effect of nutrient sources in the technical, economic, and environmental aspects, for each nutrient source within each soil tillage. The model had attributes from soil, plant, economic, as well as personal opinion. The outputs were triangular pictures and theirs areas with 90% confidence limits. The attributes in the technical aspect were soil pH in water, potential acidity at soil pH, available P and K, organic matter, exchangeable Al, Ca and Mg, macroporosity, bulk density, available water content, water stability of aggregates, dry-matter of winter cover crops, and root length and distribution in the soil profile. In the economical aspect, the attributes were variable costs of production, total income, and the cost of the necessity of lime and fertilizers application to improve soil chemical condition after nine years of applying treatments. For the environmental aspect, the attributes were available Cu and Zn, moderately and labile P compounds, diversity index of soil mesofauna, and questioner with technical opinion about nutrient sources and soil tillage impacts. Nutrient sources promoted improvement in the majority of analised aspects, but the effect was variable among tillage systems. Organic sources did not differ in technical aspect after nine years of applying treatments. However, there was difference in the economical aspect, when the EA and ELS sources showed better performance. Regarding to environmental aspect, the ELS had the worst performance. In the combine analysis of the three aspects, the EA and ELS sources had better performance than ELB source. The better overall performance of nutrient sources was found in the conservation tillages, and the worse in the tillage systems with greater soil mobilization and burning or remotion of crop residues.Os estercos têm sido utilizados como fontes orgânicas de nutrientes em diversas condições edafoclimáticas e seu desempenho nos aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental são dependentes de suas características e alterados pela forma como o solo é manejado. Muitos estudos foram realizados analisando-os sob aspectos específicos, porém, poucos estudos têm analisado conjuntamente os aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental. Uma avaliação mais ampla do uso continuado dos estercos como fontes de nutrientes através de ferramentas integradoras, pode contribuir no entendimento de seus efeitos no sistema e embasar a tomada de decisão no uso destas fontes, assegurando o seu uso de forma racional. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar os aspectos técnico, econômico e ambiental do uso de fontes de nutrientes, associadas a sistemas de preparo do solo, comparando as fontes de nutrientes entre si, bem como fazer uma análise conjunta dos três aspectos estudados e testar o modelo de análise utilizado. Para o desenvolvimento do estudo foi utilizado um experimento conduzido por dez anos na Estação Experimental da Epagri de Campos Novos/SC, em um Nitossolo Vermelho. Os tratamentos constituíram-se da combinação de cinco sistemas de preparo (plantio direto; preparo reduzido; preparo convencional; preparo convencional com resíduos queimados e; preparo convencional com resíduos retirados) com cinco fontes de nutrientes (testemunha, sem aplicação de nutrientes (TES); adubação mineral de acordo com a recomendação para cada cultura (AM); 5 Mg ha-1 de matéria úmida de cama de aves (EA); 60 m3 ha-1 de esterco líquido de bovinos (ELB) e; 40 m3 ha-1 de esterco líquido de suínos (ELS). Para avaliação do uso das fontes de nutrientes nos aspectos técnico, econômico, ambiental e no conjunto destes, foi utilizado um modelo com atributos de solo, de planta, econômicos e de opinião pessoal. As saídas deste modelo, para cada fonte de nutriente dentro de cada sistema de preparo do solo, foram figuras triangulares e a área das mesmas com intervalo de confiança a 90% de probabilidade. Os atributos utilizados no aspecto técnico foram pH em água, ISMP, P e K disponíveis, matéria orgânica, alumínio trocável, Ca e Mg trocáveis, macroporosidade, densidade do solo, conteúdo de água disponível, estabilidade de agregados em água, matéria seca das plantas de cobertura de inverno, comprimento e distribuição de raízes de milho em profundidade. No aspecto econômico foram utilizados os custos variáveis, a receita bruta e o custo de uma adubação corretiva mais calagem após nove anos de aplicação das fontes de nutrientes. No aspecto ambiental foram utilizados os atributos Zn e Cu disponíveis, formas lábeis e moderadamente lábeis de P, índice de diversidade da mesofauna do solo e dois questionários de opinião sobre o impacto ambiental do uso dos estercos e dos sistemas de preparo do solo. Verificou-se que as fontes de nutrientes promoveram melhorias na maioria dos aspectos analisados e o desempenho foi diferenciado nos sistemas de preparo. As fontes orgânicas não se diferenciaram quanto ao aspecto técnico após nove anos de uso. Porém, houve diferença no aspecto econômico, onde o EA e o ELS foram os que apresentaram o melhor desempenho. Quanto ao aspecto ambiental, o ELS foi a fonte orgânica que apresentou o pior desempenho. Na análise conjunta dos aspectos, o EA e o ELS foram as fontes de nutrientes que apresentaram o melhor desempenho, superando o ELB. O melhor desempenho geral das fontes de nutrientes ocorreu nos sistemas de preparo conservacionistas e o pior nos sistemas que envolvem maior mobilização do solo e remoção ou queima dos resíduos culturais.
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Muraishi, Cid Tacaoca [UNESP]. "Modificações de propriedades químicas e agregação de um latossolo de cerrado sob sistemas de cultivo e adubações orgânica e/ou mineral." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/106207.
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O presente trabalho teve por objetivo estudar as modificações de propriedades químicas e agregação de um Latossolo Vermelho de Cerrado, sob manejo com adubação orgânica e/ou mineral e com diferentes sistemas de cultivo. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental da Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria, MS, nos anos agrícolas 2003/04 e 2004/05. Os tratamentos constaram de três sistemas de cultivo do solo (convencional; cultivo mínimo e semeadura direta) e seis adubações (testemunha - sem adubação; adubação mineral-70 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 80 kg ha-1 de K2O; adubação orgânica - esterco bovino-20 Mg ha-1; u adubação orgânica (esterco bovino)+ u da adubação mineral recomendada; 20 e 30 Mg ha-1 de lodo de esgoto). A agregação do solo foi modificada após 2 anos, sendo que os manejos com semeadura direta e cultivo mínimo apresentaram os melhores resultados, quanto aos adubos mineral e orgânicos, estes se destacaram em relação a testemunha. Para a massa de 100 grãos a utilização de adubos minerais e orgânicos proporcionou melhores resultados em comparação a testemunha, no entanto, para a produtividade foram semelhantes. Para produção de massa seca de sorgo o cultivo convencional foi melhor do que a semeadura direta e, o cultivo mínimo foi semelhante a ambos.
The present work had for objective to study the modifications of chemical properties and of the aggregation of a soil after two years of management with organic manuring and/or mineral under different preparation systems. The experiment was carried out in Selvíria, state of the Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, during the agricultural years of 2003/04 and 2004/05. The treatments were: Conventional-tillage, chisel tillage and no-tillage besides six manurings: control (no manuring), manuring mineral, organic manure, organic+mineral, 20 and 30 Mg ha-1 of sewage sludge. After two years of the application of the fertilizers, organic and/or mineral, an improvement was observed in the chemical properties of the soil in comparison with initial analysis. Regarding the aggregate stability of the soil, organic fertilizers and/or minerals and no-till and the minimum cultivation provided a better aggregation of the soil. To weight of 100 soybean grains there was significant difference try use of organic and mineral fertilization; however it was not observed for the production. To dry matter of sorghum the conventional preparation presented the largest values compared to the no-till and, the minimum preparation was similar the both.
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Moreti, Dolorice. "Propriedades físicas e químicas de um latossolo vermelho, cultivado com feijão e algodão, sob diferentes sistemas de preparo, adubações e plantas de cobertura /." Ilha Solteira : [s.n.], 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98918.
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Orientador: Marlene Cristina AlvesBanca: Ronaldo Severiano Berton
Banca: Luiz Malcolm Mano de Mello
Resumo: O solo é um dos recursos de fundamental importância para a produção de alimentos. Sua conservação e recuperação, quando é visada a manutenção de sua qualidade, são primordiais para garantir o futuro das próximas gerações. O presente trabalho foi conduzido na Fazenda Experimental de Ensino e Pesquisa da Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira- SP, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS, durante o ano agrícola 2001/02. O objetivo foi verificar as alterações de algumas propriedades físicas e químicas de um LATOSSOLO VERMELHO de cerrado, sob as adubações orgânica e mineral, plantas de cobertura estabelecidas nos sistemas de plantio direto e convencional, e cultivado com o feijão de inverno e algodão. O delineamento utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas. Nas parcelas foram instalados 2 tratamentos referentes aos preparos do solo, sendo o plantio direto e o preparo convencional. Nas subparcelas foram empregados 6 tratamentos, referentes às adubações e plantas de cobertura, sendo: esterco de galinha, esterco de galinha + ½ da adubação mineral recomendada, adubação mineral, crotalária, milheto e testemunha. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises físicas do solo: macroporosidade, microporosidade, porosidade total e densidade do solo As análises químicas foram para fins de fertilidade. Em relação às plantas, estudou-se: produção de grãos e matéria seca de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris), produção de algodão em caroço (Gossypium hirsutum) e produção de matéria seca das plantas de cobertura. As coletas do solo destinado às análises foram realizadas nas profundidades de 0,00-0,10 m e 0,10-0,20 m. Os sistemas de preparo do solo, plantas de cobertura e os adubos não alteraram as propriedades físicas do solo. Os adubos e as plantas de cobertura interferiram nas propriedades químicas do solo, melhorando os teores dos seus... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo).
Abstract: Soil is a resource of fundamental importance for the food production. Its conservation and recovery, when the objective is the quality maintenance, are very important to certify the future of next generations. This research was made in the Experimental Farm of Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Ilha Solteira County, State of São Paulo during the agricultural year of 2001/02. The objective was to verify the alterations of some physical and chemical properties of a RED LATOSOL of Brazilian's Savannah under organic and mineral fertilizations, covering plants in no tillage and conventional tillage systems, and with bean and cotton crops. The experimental design was A randomized complete blocks with split-plots. In the plots were installed 2 treatments regarding the preparations of soil (no tillage and conventional tillage). In the subplots were installed 6 treatments which were: chicken manure fertilizer, chicken manure fertilizer + half of the recommended mineral fertilization, mineral fertilizations, Crotalaria juncea, Pennisetum americanum and control. The following soil physical analysis were made: macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and bulk density. The chemical analysis were made to evaluete soil fertility. In relation the plants were: grain yield and plant dry matter of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L), cotton yield (Gossypium hirsutum) and dry matter production of the covering plants. Soil samples were collected at depths of 0.00-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m. Soil management systems, covering plants and fertilizers affected the bean and cotton productivities, in which the no tillage system, showed higher productivities. In relation to the covering plants, the Pennisetum showed higher productivities of cotton. In respect to the fertilizers, the treatments with chicken fertilizer and chicken fertilizer + half of the recommended mineral provided higher productivities for bean and cotton crops.
Mestre
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Stark, Christine. "Effects of long- and short-term crop management on soil biological properties and nitrogen dynamics." Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Agriculture and Life Sciences Division, 2005. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070220.010748/.
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To date, there has been little research into the role of microbial community structure in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and on the links between microbial biomass size, microbial activity and key soil processes that drive nutrient availability. The maintenance of structural and functional diversity of the soil microbial community is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Soils of the same type with similar fertility that had been under long-term organic and conventional crop management in Canterbury, New Zealand, were selected to investigate relationships between microbial community composition, function and potential environmental impacts. The effects of different fertilisation strategies on soil biology and nitrogen (N) dynamics were investigated under field (farm site comparison), semi-controlled (lysimeter study) and controlled (incubation experiments) conditions by determining soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), microbial community structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments using selected primer sets) and N dynamics (mineralisation and leaching). The farm site comparison revealed distinct differences between the soils in microbial community structure, microbial biomass C (conventional > organic) and arginine deaminase activity (organic > conventional). In the lysimeter study, the soils were subjected to the same crop rotation (barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mays L.), rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Moench)) plus a lupin green manure (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and two fertiliser regimes (following common organic and conventional practice). Soil biological properties, microbial community structure and mineral N leaching losses were determined over 2½ years. Differences in mineral leaching losses were not significant between treatments (total organic management: 24.2 kg N per ha; conventional management: 28.6 kg N per ha). Crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass, activity and community structure than fertilisation. Initial differences between soils decreased over time for most biological soil properties, while they persisted for the enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase activity: 4.0 and 2.9 µg per g and h for organic and conventional management history, respectively). A lack of consistent positive links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass size indicated that similarly sized and structured microbial communities can express varying rates of activity.
In two successive incubation experiments, the soils were amended with different rates of a lupin green manure (4 or 8t dry matter per ha), and different forms of N at 100 kg per ha (urea and lupin) and incubated for 3 months. Samples were taken periodically, and in addition to soil biological properties and community structure, gross N mineralisation was determined. The form of N had a strong effect on microbial soil properties. Organic amendment resulted in a 2 to 5-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activities, while microbial community structure was influenced by the addition or lack of C or N substrate. Correlation analyses suggested treatment-related differences in nutrient availability, microbial structural diversity (species richness or evenness) and physiological properties of the microbial community. The findings of this thesis showed that using green manures and crop rotations improved soil biology in both production systems, that no relationships existed between microbial structure, enzyme activities and N mineralisation, and that enzyme activities and microbial community structure are more closely associated with inherent soil and environmental factors, which makes them less useful as early indicators of changes in soil quality.
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Sun, Huawei. "Theoretical and experimental study of a high rise hog building for improved utilization and environmental quality protection." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1079066940.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 200 p.; also includes graphics (some col.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Frederick C. Michel, Jr., Dept. of Food, Agricultural, and Biological Engineering. Includes bibliographical references (p. 173-181).
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Avila, João Eduardo Tombi de. "Caminhos para a transição agroecológica : estudo com uma família do assentamento Fazenda Ipanema, Iperó (SP)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/130.
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Previous issue date: 2012-06-22Many farmers consider Agroecology a tool to produce sustainably. By changing their production systems, changing crops and inputs applied, aiming at a sustainable system, the family farmer search a transition agroecology. However, few among them can produce or advance in agroecological transition. A reason for this difficulty may be related to biomass production in quantity and quality to ensure the agroecosystems sustainability. The family agroecosystems tend to have greater biodiversity than large farms due to a tendency to polycultures, self, family pluriactivity, among other strategies. In this local biodiversity, plants play a key role and can be considered co-products. This study aimed to characterize a unit of production and family life (UPVF) adopting management practices aimed at agroecological transition, to discuss the importance of plant biomass in this transition process and to propose alternatives to achieve the fertility system. The research was developed at Iperó in Ipanema Farm settlement in the State of Sao Paulo. The UPVF studied occupies a plot of eight hectares and is divided into seven sectors of production. The family with whom this work was developed live in the settlement since 1992. The research aimed to detail the system features and the complexity of relationships in order to describe and analyze a case study setting. It was found that the biomass produced in UPVF did not meet the nutritional demand of the main sector of commercial product, the banana orchard. The proposed redesign sought to ally virtuous experiences and scenic beauty, attractive for humans. Thus, the UPVF redesign aimed at promoting the cradle areas of fertility, assisted in the production of plant biomass in abundance and quality (diversity), preferably in well accessible, as the surrounding residences, places of daily traffic and nearby areas containment of animals. Thus, it is expected to 16 contribute to the sense of pride in the family for the successful transformation of the local landscape and the awareness of what it represents.
Muitos agricultores familiares consideram a Agroecologia a base para se produzir de forma sustentável. Com base nos princípios agroecológicos, alguns deles alteram seus sistemas produtivos, modificam os cultivos e os insumos aplicados. Entretanto, poucos conseguem produzir ou avançar no sentido de obter uma produção sustentável, em termos ambientais e econômicos. Entre os possíveis fatores que dificultam essa transição agroecológica constata-se a dificuldade para produzir biomassa em quantidade e qualidade que garanta a sustentabilidade desses agroecossistemas. Os agroecossistemas familiares tendem a apresentar maior biodiversidade em relação às grandes propriedades rurais em função da tendência aos policultivos, autoconsumo, pluriatividade familiar, entre outras estratégias. Dentro dessa biodiversidade local, os vegetais desempenham um papel fundamental e podem ser considerados coprodutos da unidade produtiva. Esta pesquisa teve por objetivos caracterizar uma unidade de produção e vida familiar (UPVF) que adota práticas de manejo visando a transição agroecológica e propor alternativas de manejo para aumentar a produção de biomassa vegetal nesse processo de transição. A pesquisa se desenvolveu em Iperó, no assentamento Fazenda Ipanema, no Estado de São Paulo. A UPVF estudada ocupa um lote de oito hectares e está dividida em sete setores de produção. A família com quem se desenvolveu este trabalho vive no assentamento desde 1992. A pesquisa buscou detalhar as especificidades do sistema e a complexidade das relações, de forma a descrever e analisar a UPVF escolhida, estabelecendo um estudo de caso. Constatou-se que a biomassa produzida na UPVF não atendeu à demanda nutricional do principal setor de produção comercial do lote, o pomar de bananeiras. O redesenho proposto buscou aliar experiências bem sucedidas e beleza paisagística, um 14 atrativo para os seres humanos. Assim, o redesenho da UPVF teve por meta favorecer as áreas berço de fertilidade, apoiadas na produção de biomassa vegetal em abundância e qualidade (diversidade), de preferência, em locais bem acessíveis, como o entorno das residências, locais de trânsito diário e proximidades das áreas de confinamento dos animais. Dessa forma, espera-se contribuir para o sentimento de orgulho na família pelo êxito na transformação da paisagem local e a consciência do que ela representa.
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Stark, Christine H. "Effects of long- and short-term crop management on soil biological properties and nitrogen dynamics." Lincoln University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/30.
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To date, there has been little research into the role of microbial community structure in the functioning of the soil ecosystem and on the links between microbial biomass size, microbial activity and key soil processes that drive nutrient availability. The maintenance of structural and functional diversity of the soil microbial community is essential to ensure the sustainability of agricultural production systems. Soils of the same type with similar fertility that had been under long-term organic and conventional crop management in Canterbury, New Zealand, were selected to investigate relationships between microbial community composition, function and potential environmental impacts. The effects of different fertilisation strategies on soil biology and nitrogen (N) dynamics were investigated under field (farm site comparison), semi-controlled (lysimeter study) and controlled (incubation experiments) conditions by determining soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and N, enzyme activities (dehydrogenase, arginine deaminase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis), microbial community structure (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of 16S and 18S rDNA fragments using selected primer sets) and N dynamics (mineralisation and leaching). The farm site comparison revealed distinct differences between the soils in microbial community structure, microbial biomass C (conventional>organic) and arginine deaminase activity (organic>conventional). In the lysimeter study, the soils were subjected to the same crop rotation (barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), maize (Zea mais L.), rape (Brassica napus L. ssp. oleifera (Moench)) plus a lupin green manure (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and two fertiliser regimes (following common organic and conventional practice). Soil biological properties, microbial community structure and mineral N leaching losses were determined over 2½ years. Differences in mineral leaching losses were not significant between treatments (total organic management: 24.2 kg N ha⁻¹; conventional management: 28.6 kg N ha⁻¹). Crop rotation and plant type had a larger influence on the microbial biomass, activity and community structure than fertilisation. Initial differences between soils decreased over time for most biological soil properties, while they persisted for the enzyme activities (e.g. dehydrogenase activity: 4.0 and 2.9 µg g⁻¹ h⁻¹ for organic and conventional management history, respectively). A lack of consistent positive links between enzyme activities and microbial biomass size indicated that similarly sized and structured microbial communities can express varying rates of activity. In two successive incubation experiments, the soils were amended with different rates of a lupin green manure (4 or 8t dry matter ha⁻¹), and different forms of N at 100 kg ha⁻¹ (urea and lupin) and incubated for 3 months. Samples were taken periodically, and in addition to soil biological properties and community structure, gross N mineralisation was determined. The form of N had a strong effect on microbial soil properties. Organic amendment resulted in a 2 to 5-fold increase in microbial biomass and enzyme activities, while microbial community structure was influenced by the addition or lack of C or N substrate. Correlation analyses suggested treatment-related differences in nutrient availability, microbial structural diversity (species richness or evenness) and physiological properties of the microbial community. The findings of this thesis showed that using green manures and crop rotations improved soil biology in both production systems, that no relationships existed between microbial structure, enzyme activities and N mineralisation, and that enzyme activities and microbial community structure are more closely associated with inherent soil and environmental factors, which makes them less useful as early indicators of changes in soil quality.
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Sousa, Giulliana Mairana Morais de. "Adubação orgânica e densidades de plantas em crotalária juncea antecedendo arroz." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2011. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/470.
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Previous issue date: 2011-01-24Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Green manuring is the practice of incorporating undecomposed plant tissue to the soil, to maintain or increase soil fertility. One of the most used plants as green manure is Crotalaria juncea, with presents advantages compared to other legumes. This work was conducted with the objective of evaluating the effect of organic manures and plant densities on Crotalaria juncea growth, accumulation of nutrients in its shoots and in the soil, and also on rice yield. The trial was developed in an experimental area of Semiarid Federal Rural University, in Mossoró, RN, Brazil. Experimental design was a randomized blocks in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with four replications. Factors studied were organic manures (chicken manure, earthworm humus and control) and plant spacing (10 x 10, 14 x 14, 17x 17 and 20 x 20 cm). Determinations realized were: fresh and dry mass of shoot and root of crotalaria, shoot contents of N, P and K and soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), PST and contents of C, N, P, K, Na, Ca and Mg after decomposition of crotalaria plants, and also rice production components (panicle number in 10 plants, grain weight in 10 plants; empty grain weight in 10 plants; mass of 100 grains). Data were submitted to variance analysis. The results related to the spacing were subjected to linear regression and data on the type of fertilization were subjected to Duncan test at 5% probability. Plant density of crotalaria provided a positive linear effect on shoot dry and green mass and per hectare accumulated amounts of N, P and K of shoot, and also a negative linear effect on root dry mass. Nutrient content per plant were not influenced by plant density and manure type, while manure type influenced only the P content per plant. Chicken manure provided the higher values of shoot fresh (24,55 t ha-1), and dry mass (5,89 t ha-1) and root dry mass (20,23 g) of crotalaria and the higher values of accumulated amounts per hectare of N(122,68 kg ha-1), P (33,38 kg ha-1) and K (78,00 kg ha-1) on shoot. Plant density of crotalaria did not influenced rice production components, while manure type only influenced mass of empty grains.
A adubação verde é a prática de se incorporar, ao solo, o tecido vegetal não decomposto, visando manter ou aumentar a fertilidade do solo. Uma das plantas mais utilizadas como adubo verde é a Crotalaria juncea, apresentando vantagens frente às outras leguminosas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de adubos orgânicos e densidades de semeadura sobre o desenvolvimento da Crotalaria juncea, acúmulo de nutrientes na parte aérea e no solo e produtividade de arroz. O experimento foi desenvolvido em área experimental da Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial do tipo 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Os fatores estudados foram três tipos de adubação (esterco de galinhas, húmus de minhoca e testemunha) e quatro espaçamentos entre plantas (10 x 10, 14 x 14, 17x 17 e 20 x 20 cm). Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações: massa verde e seca e teores de N, P e K da parte aérea da crotalaria; massa seca da raiz, pH, condutividade elétrica (CE), PST e teores de C, N, P, K, Na, Ca e Mg do solo após a decomposição da crotalária; além de componentes de produção do arroz ( número de panículas em 10 plantas; massa de grãos chochos e massa de grãos cheios em 10 plantas; massa de 100 grãos cheios) . Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância. Os resultados relacionados ao espaçamento foram submetidos à regressão linear e os dados relativos ao tipo de adubação foram submetidos ao teste de Duncan a 5% de probabilidade. A densidade de semeadura da Crotalaria juncea proporcionou efeito linear positivo sobre sua MVPA, MSPA e quantidades acumuladas por hectare de N, P e K na parte aérea, além de efeito linear negativo sobre a MSR. Os teores de nutrientes por planta não foram influenciados pelos espaçamentos e os tipos de adubo utilizados influenciaram apenas o teor de fósforo por planta. A utilização do esterco de galinha proporcionou os maiores valores de MVPA (24,55 t ha-1), MSPA (5,89 t ha-1) e MSR (20,23 g) da crotalária e os maiores valores das quantidades acumuladas por hectare de N (122,68 kg ha-1), P (33,38 kg ha-1) e K (78,00 kg ha-1) na parte aérea. A densidade de plantas da crotalária não influenciou os componentes de produção do arroz, enquanto que os tipos de adubo influenciaram apenas a massa de grãos chochos.