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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Manufacturing employment'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Dolado, J. J. "Employment, price and inventory in manufacturing industry." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.381824.

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2

Mercer, Sean. "An investigation of employment outcomes in South African manufacturing." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32807.

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The aim of this research paper is to investigate the employment outcomes in South African manufacturing between 1972 and 2016. The research employs a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis in demonstrating how South Africa's manufacturing sector has become increasingly capital-intensive, with aggregate manufacturing employment falling by approximately 600 thousand jobs between 1982 – 2016. The investigation highlights the influence of industrial policy decisions in this outcome, creating a bias towards investment in capital-intensive manufacturing industries. This trend has continued post-1994, despite government's repeated commitment to job creation and strategic policy support for more labour-intensive industries. A further investigation of the manufacturing sector at a sub-industry level indicates that while capital-intensity has increased in capital and labour-intensive industries alike, the increase in aggregate manufacturing capital-intensity is due primarily to capital-intensive industries expanding their share of aggregate capital stock and output relative to labour-intensive industries. Consequently, South Africa's revealed comparative advantage lies, somewhat paradoxically, in capital-intensive production, contrasting the manufacturing sectors in similar comparator countries. To ensure a rigorous investigation of the aforementioned outcomes, the paper examines the common notion that South African real wages are too high to be competitive in labour-intensive production. The findings indicate that poor labour productivity is an equally important contributor to uncompetitive unit labour costs relative to competitor countries. As a means of addressing these challenges, utilizing a practical example, the paper proposes the use of special economic zones to create an environment from which labour-intensive production can thrive. It highlights the potential of targeted industrial policies, in a controlled environment to reduce the cost of labour whilst simultaneously improving productivity over time. Utilizing various instruments, for example wage subsidies, the example illustrates how such an approach is a cost-effective way of encouraging investment in labour-intensive industries, simultaneously offering a solution to more meaningful employment creation in South African manufacturing.
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3

Fachin, Stefano. "Supply side shocks and employment dynamics." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385327.

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4

Zawdie, G. "Technology choice, economic efficiency and employment in the Ethiopian manufacturing industry." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371984.

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5

Helsel, Jolien A. "Essays on the spatial analysis of manufacturing employment in the U.S." [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1216145972.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2008.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Oct. 22, 2009). Advisor: Marvin Troutt. Keywords: manufacturing; spatial analysis; cluster; input-output; forward linkage; backward linkage; key sector; geostatistics; kriging; Kaldor's laws; spatial autocorrelation. Includes bibliographical references.
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6

OTERBULBUL, EDA. "REGIONAL EMPLOYMENT GROWTH IN THE TURKISH MANUFACTURING SECTOR BETWEEN 1985 AND 2001." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299861.

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Recently, macroeconomic growth of countries and the driving causes behind macroeconomic success have been one of the main attractions for economists all over the world. For this matter, many studies in different countries were employed by economists showing how dynamic externalities affect the economic growth. Studies mainly focus on three theories, namely MAR, Jacob’s and Porter’s theories. MAR theory claims that spatial concentration is necessary for growth of the industry and region. According to Jacob’s theory, economic growth is encouraged by diversification. Porter’s theory defends that externalities are maximized in concentrated competitive industries. This thesis builds on the work by Glaeser et al. (1992) on these externalities by using data taken from State Institute of Statistics (SIS) of Turkey. The objective is to investigate the impacts of dynamic externalities such as concentration, diversification and competition, on city‐industry employment growth. Using a two‐digit classification for manufacturing industry in Turkey between 1985 and 2001, the estimation results suggest that urban variety foster city‐industry employment growth.
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7

Huizinga, Nathan. "Association between occupational injury and early termination of employment among manufacturing workers." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6143.

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Employee turnover is a complex problem with many intertwining contributors. In general newly hired employees at an organization have a higher risk of injury. However, few studies have explored occupational injury as a predictor of employment duration. In this study we hypothesized that employees who sustained an injury during the early stages of employment were prone to higher turnover rates. All employees hired from 2012-2016 were identified using a large Midwestern manufacturing facilities human resources database (n=3765). Corresponding occupational injury information from the same time period was extracted from the onsite occupational health center. Employment duration was the dependent variable which was dichotomized as (i) working < 60 days or (ii) working ≥60 days. The 60-day threshold was based on the employer’s internal estimation of the duration of employment required to recover training costs. The primary independent variable was a first-time visit to the occupational health center within the first 60 days of employment, categorized as (i) no visit, (ii) a visit within 1-20 days, or (iii) a visit within 21-60 days. A secondary independent variable incorporated the nature of injury, classified as repetitive strain, acute sprain/strain, or other occupational injury types. Covariates included demographics (e.g., age, gender, and race/ethnicity), shift placement (e.g. first, second, third), and nature of assigned job (e.g., assembly, fabrication, maintenance). Incidence rates of first-time visits were calculated (i) across the full study period and (ii) for a reduced period that included only the first 60 days of employment. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted associations between the primary/secondary independent variables and the dependent variable. Of the 3765 employees, 1184 (31.5%) worked less than 60 days. About two-thirds were male, about half were white/Caucasian, and the overall mean age was 33.8±10.8 years. Between 2012 and 2016, 1105 first-time visits to the occupational health center were recorded for all new hires with an overall incidence rate (IR) of 47/100 person-years (PY). The IR for repetitive strain was 18/100PY. Of the 1105 first-time visits, 408 occurred within the first 60 days of employment with an overall IR of 85/100PY and an IR for repetitive strain of 36/100PY. Employees who visited the occupational health center in the first 20 days of employment were more likely to terminate prior to the 60-day threshold (adjusted odds ratio: 1.7; 95% confidence interval: 1.3-2.4). Elevated associations were seen for all nature of injury categories which occurred within 20 days when compared to non-injured employees. Overall, the results suggest that experiencing an occupational injury (in particular, a repetitive strain injury) within the first 20 days of employment is associated with termination before 60 days. Our results may not be generalizable to all manufacturing enterprises, and we do not make a distinction between voluntary and involuntary termination. However, the results indicate that employers should examine policies and practices to minimize the burden of injury among new employees and reduce turnover. In the case of the study facility, an extended or modified work hardening program could maximize new employees’ adaptation to the physical demands of manufacturing work.
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8

Werth, Bradley John 1961. "THE URBAN TO RURAL SHIFT IN MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT: A TEST OF ALTERNATIVE THEORIES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291301.

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9

Östberg, Anders, and Niklas Syk. "Budget and Employment Effects of a Change in the Payroll tax : For the manufacturing sector." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1211.

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This thesis is examining the effects of a decrease in the payroll tax and the responding effect on the state budget. The emphasis is on the change in the number of employments for the manufacturing sector as a result of a decrease in the payroll tax. In order to analyze the effect a decrease in payroll tax has on employment, the elasticity of labor demand has been calculated. The result of this regression is significant, and therefore it can be concluded that a change in the payroll tax will have an effect on employment in the manufacturing sector. Since elasticity of labor demand is inelastic, the change in payroll tax will have a small impact on employment. The results of various surveys conducted in other countries are consistent with the findings of this thesis.


Den här uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka effekterna av en sänkning i arbetsgivaravgiften i Sverige och dess påverkan på statsbudgeten. Tyngdpunkten är lagd på förändringen av antal sysselsatta i tillverkningsindustrin en sänkning av arbetsgivaravgiften innebär. För att analysera effekten arbetsgivaravgiften har på sysselsättningsnivån och elasticiteten av efterfrågan på arbete har räknats ut. Resultatet från regressionen är signifikant vilket betyder att arbetsgivaravgiften har en inverkan på sysselsättningen för tillverkningssektorn. På grund av att efterfrågan på arbete är oelastisk kommer en sänkning av arbetsgivaravgiften ha en liten inverkan på sysselsättningsnivån. Resultatet från uppsatsen stämmer överens med resultat från liknande studier gjorda i andra länder.

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10

Syk, Niklas, and Anders Östberg. "Budget and employment effects of a change in the payroll tax : For the manufacturing sector." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-868.

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This thesis is examining the effects of a decrease in the payroll tax and the responding effect on the state budget. The emphasis is on the change in the number of employments for the manufacturing sector as a result of a decrease in the payroll tax. In order to analyze the effect a decrease in payroll tax has on employment, the elasticity of labor demand has been calculated. The result of this regression is significant, and therefore it can be concluded that a change in the payroll tax will have an effect on employment in the manufacturing sector. Since elasticity of labor demand is inelastic, the change in payroll tax will have a small impact on employment. The results of various surveys conducted in other countries are consistent with the findings of this thesis.


Den här uppsatsen ämnar att undersöka effekterna av en sänkning i arbetsgivaravgiften i Sverige och dess påverkan på statsbudgeten. Tyngdpunkten är lagd på förändringen av antal sysselsatta i tillverkningsindustrin en sänkning av arbetsgivaravgiften innebär. För att analysera effekten arbetsgivaravgiften har på sysselsättningsnivån och elasticiteten av efterfrågan på arbete har räknats ut. Resultatet från regressionen är signifikant vilket betyder att arbetsgivaravgiften har en inverkan på sysselsättningen för tillverkningssektorn. På grund av att efterfrågan på arbete är oelastisk kommer en sänkning av arbetsgivaravgiften ha en liten inverkan på sysselsättningsnivån. Resultatet från uppsatsen stämmer överens med resultat från liknande studier gjorda i andra länder.

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11

Yan, Bing Wen. "Evaluating employee responses to the lean enterprise system at a manufacturing company in Cape Town, South Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2006. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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There is usually much reaction among employees when a new system is introduced in an organization. These things are intended to improve performance but sometimes cause considerable controversy amongst the employees and management. This study examines the implementation of LE and it attempts to analyse the reactions of employes in a manufacturing company in South Africa - GKN Sinter Metals (GKN), Cape Town. According to the literature review, the implementation of the LE can play a significant role in improving the company's performance.

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12

Hart, M. "The small firm : An evaluation of its role in the manufacturing sector of the Belfast urban area." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.379778.

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13

Williams, David Arthur. "The economic impact of manufacturing multinational investment in the UK and its regions : the explanatory variables." Thesis, University of Derby, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10545/321584.

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14

Vlassis, Minas G. "Wage and employment determination as a multistage bargain : theory and evidence from the Greek manufacturing sector." Thesis, University of Essex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.290900.

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15

Graham, Daniel Joseph. "Manufacturing activities in Greater London : the planning implications of productivity-led employment decline in the 1980s." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1997. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2597/.

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Between 1981 and 1991 manufacturing employment in London declined by just under 50%, a loss of over 325,000 jobs. Relative to Great Britain, the employment performance of London's industry has been poor in the extreme. Much previous research has addressed the issue of urban manufacturing decline, and a variety of competing explanations have been put forward to explain the general observation that cities have been losing manufacturing at an extremely fast rate relative to small towns and rural areas. Despite the wealth of literature that exists, much remains unknown about what is actually happening to London's manufacturing and also why London's industrial jobs are being lost in such a severe and consistent manner. This thesis explores the dimensions of manufacturing employment change in London over the 1980s, highlighting some important processes which have characterised and underpinned industrial change. It does so in relation to a set of local authority land use planning policies which have attempted to protect manufacturing jobs. Using survey based methods, the thesis shows that while many borough planning authorities have explicitly pursued these policies over the 1980s, the majority believe that they have not been successful in protecting manufacturing jobs. Through an examination of a variety of different indicators of change, the thesis uncovers the empirical context within which planning policies have operated over the 1980s. It shows that the experience of manufacturing change in the capital is not only one of decline and that contradictory and inconsistent trends appear to have taken place. The thesis demonstrates that many of these inconsistent trends may be reconciled with respect to changing labour productivity, which provides a useful perspective on the nature of manufacturing change in the capital. Through the use of econometric techniques and data analysis, the thesis shows that labour productivity in London is characterised by a highly waged, and highly skilled manufacturing sector, with an overall low ratio of labour to capital. The thesis argues that labour productivity growth encapsulates a variety of processes which offer sound reasons for the lack of success of employment protection policies.
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16

Abdulrahim, Abdulslam. "The path to HRD : an investigation of training and development practices in the Libyan manufacturing sector in 21st century." Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2011. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/3247/.

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The main purpose of this study is to understand the nature and maturity level of HRD activities in Libyan manufacturing companies, and to investigate how far Libya has moved along a continuum comprising traditional T&D to HRD practices. It aims to assess whether the concept of HRD can be applied to activities of these companies. This study aims in particular to deduce empirical evidence through descriptive accounts of HRD and to compare them with standard HRD models. A descriptive methodology has been adopted in this research, and multi-methods (qualitative and quantitative) are used to gather and analyse multi-sources of data that comprise observation, semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, literature, and official documents. Triangulation analysis has been employed, which is appropriate for multi-source data. The findings include: The majority of the investigated companies do not have a formal HRD system. HRD programs are still carried out on a piecemeal basis rather than through a systematic long-term policy. Findings which were common among the majority of the approached companies were: an absence of a systematic organisational training needs analysis; the use of traditional training methods; and a lack of effective procedures for T&D evaluation. All of this shows that Libya has made little progress along the continuum from T&D to HRD, and that this progress is mostly confined to large manufacturing companies. Findings revealed that in order to move to the practice of HRD in the manufacturing sector, Libya is faced with the challenge of enhancing employees' learning and development in the workplace and coping with the demand for knowledge-workers. These challenges and the various deficiencies in the HRD system are observed to have resulted from the lack of professional and intellectual HRD expertise. This has implications for the continuous development of human resources, as well as for the development of knowledge-workers. From this study, models of HRD have been constructed to simplify the complex and multiple realities associated with developing employees in organisations and to provide a framework against which a clearer understanding of the nature of HRD can be conceptualised and theorised. Therefore, this study contributes to research by mapping the extent of HRD development in the manufacturing companies in Libya and forms a basis upon which future research studies may be developed. From the conclusions of the study, various implications were generated for other researchers, management practitioners and policy makers.
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Hosein, Judy. "The impact of tariff liberalisation on Canadian employment, 1987-1996, an empirical investigation of selected manufacturing industries." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape7/PQDD_0017/MQ48154.pdf.

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18

Bartolin, Alexandre (Alexandre Fernand Sauveur). "Offshoring is not the panacea : ensuring sustainable employment in the US manufacturing industry by leveraging demand proximity." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/35705.

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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation and S.M. in Civil and Environmental Engineering)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 207-216).
This thesis investigates the theme of "manufacturing offshoring" that became a political issue during the 2004 U.S. presidential election. As during previous elections, employment became a key focus on the home front. Whereas the 1992 presidential election was marked by the debate around the loss of manufacturing jobs due to NAFTA, the 2004 election focused on both manufacturing and services jobs lost due to offshoring to low cost countries. For the first time, well paying jobs, such as IT programming, were outsourced to emerging countries like India or China. Offshoring of "white collar" jobs became the focus of academic, consultant, and journalist discussions in U.S., whereas offshoring of manufacturing activities generated comparatively less interest. For decades offshoring of manufacturing activities to low cost countries was used by American companies to either reduce production cost or to avoid high tariffs on exports. Offshoring strategy was historically applied in labor intensive industries, such as the apparel and electronics sectors. On the other hand, the influence of offshoring on high-tech industries was assumed to be limited. However, with the fast technological development of China and India, this paradigm might change quickly.
(cont.) This thesis explores the U.S. manufacturing sector by looking at employment and trade data at a macro-level. The terms offshoring and outsourcing will be defined and the main international trade theories discussed. The thesis develops a model to show that offshoring was only a part of the reason for the shrinkage in manufacturing employment between 1997 and 2003; the others being a drop in demand and gains in productivity. After introducing several case studies of companies in the apparel sector and the semi-conductor industry, a framework for understanding the offshoring decision process is developed. This framework defines the conditions needed to make manufacturing in U.S. competitive with production abroad. Finally through a detailed study of the expansion of the Chinese economy and the Wal-Mart phenomenon, the thesis presents the next challenges of the U.S. manufacturing sector: the birth of new competitors for high value added products and the rising constraints on price due to the pressure of retailers on manufacturers.
by Alexandre Bartolin.
S.M.in Transportation and S.M.in Civil and Environmental Engineering
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19

Payne, Sarah Carleton University Dissertation Geography. "An examination of woman's employment trends in two industries within Toronto's manufacturing sector: footwear and small appliances." Ottawa, 1994.

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20

Gupta, Natalie C. F. "Capital intensity of employment, wage share variability, and income inequality : findings from two industrial areas in India." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.647354.

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Rising inequalities between and within income categories (especially labour and capital) haveemerged as an increasing concern particularly in the last two decades. One of the main reasons for this has been a sharp decline in the wage share in many countries. A declining wage share refers to a decrease in the size of the total wage bill relative to either national income or net value addition (NVA). India is an important example of this situation. Trends at the level of aggregate statistics show that the wage bill has not kept up with productivity increases. This has led to a sharp decline in the wage share, leaving researchers the task of explaining the causes (and consequences) of this decline. The research contributes towards this task by critically examining one of the main avenues ofresearch that has been used in order to explain the causes of a declining wage share in India. This refers to the hypothesis according to which this trend is the outcome of increased capital intensity of employment, or more generally labour-saving investments. The study examines the relevance of this hypothesis for dynamics taking place at a disaggregated level of analysis in Indian industrial manufacturing. In order to do this, three main questions are addressed. The first is whether a declining wage share is a necessary outcome of labour-saving investments in production, or whether other factors are also important in mediating this relationship. The second is the conditions affecting the degree to which a declining wage share also involves increased income inequalities within the labour income category, and in some cases, declining real incomes for workers. The third is the relevance of drawing upon a demand and supply framework for the treatment of the question of causality in the analysis. The study answers the questions by drawing on two very different case studies. The first is thePimpri Chinchwad Industrial Township (PCIT), located in the outskirts of Pune (State ofMaharashtra, western India). The production processes characterising many of the factoriesoperating in this area are capital intensive. The second is the art metalware industry in Moradabad (State of Uttar Pradesh, northern India). The production processes taking place in the majority of units in this area are labour-intensive. The findings suggest that the factors contributing to a declining wage share cannot be analysed without at the same time examining the distributional set-ups within which technological changes take place, and how these arrangements are changing. Firstly, many of the factors contributing towards a declining wage share are not directly caused by changes in technology, and hence skill requirements, in production. This includes the weakness (and further weakening) of the mechanisms linking wages to productivity at the firm and sectoral level. Secondly, a declining wage share also involves changing income inequalities within the labour income category. The sources of these inequalities are not only linked to differentials in skills. Thirdly, this is happening in the context of speedy changes in the economy, including changing needs. This makes the links between wages and productivity an important requirement for the labour income category to be able to benefit from increased productivity, not only as workers through the wage system, but also as consumers. Lastly, many of the variables that emerge as important in the analysis cannot be subsumed under a demand and supply framework. One of the implications for the treatment of the issue of causality is the need to move away from seeking causal links in the traditional ‘cause and effect’ framework, to questions about how certain trends come about. This also has consequences for the normative side of the debate.
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Bao, Zixiao. "Transition to Temporary Labor: Labor Agencies and The System of Flexible Recruitment in Chinese Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, Boston College, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108947.

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Thesis advisor: Sarah Babb
How does the “World Factory” mediate between the rising labor cost and the intensive order fluctuation to maintain its production? While previous studies have focused on the politics of production at workplace and types of flexible employment to explain the effective control of workers and labor cost, this study argues that more attention needs to be paid to the intermediating power of labor market agencies, which has become the organizational forces for establishing informal and nonstandard employment relations. Based on two-month fieldwork at two labor staffing agencies in Shanghai and a yearlong track of changing labor prices in one of the agencies, this study finds that a flexible hiring system based on seasonal production has been established to maximize the adaptability of the manufacturing industry. This recruiting practice, through adjusting economic incentives and obscuring labor contracts, enables the market to relocate workers into different factories as production requires, thereby redistributing the total workforce under labor shortage. While workers consent to these arrangements because of high economic rewards, they also highlight doing temporary jobs as exercising control over their labor power, a strategic tool to detach themselves from the rigorous factory regime
Thesis (MA) — Boston College, 2020
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Sociology
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22

White, Raymond Rodney. "The rise of economic development overlay districts in response to industrial land loss: insights from survey and case study research." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/53515.

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This research considered overlay districts as one technique to supersede Euclidian zoning, broaden its application to regulate land use, promote retention of industrial space and improve job development. Since the 1950s America has been losing industrial or manufacturing jobs and space in cities throughout the country. Moreover economic indicators following the great recession of 2007 reflected an aggregate loss of 8 million jobs, and an increase in national and regional industrial vacancy rates, which have recently, began to decline. Some researchers and local officials argue that industrial space, market and job losses were affected in part by less-protective, inflexible and/or inadequate Euclidian zoning regulations. In addition, it is argued that inadequate industrial zoning has contributed to the loss of investment of financial and human capital in local communities. Traditional zoning known as Euclidian zoning is a predominant form of land use control in the U.S. Today, it is a technique designed to separate and protect adjacent uses from encroachment, incompatibility and nuisances. The primary goal of this study was to explore and describe how overlay districts (located in inner urban/inner-ring suburbs) supersede Euclidean zoning, promote economic development and affect the creation of jobs through industrial development and\or urban redevelopment. Theoretical constructs informing this research included zoning, land use, local economic development and location theories. The fundamental research question asked is: "Do overlays protect industrial land and jobs better than Euclidian zoning and does the protection facilitate greater confidence in industrial investment? To address the research question of this dissertation and analyze data, a mixed methods research design was employed. The design consisted of Internet research, a qualitative multiple (six) case-study analysis, interviews of agency personnel, field reconnaissance, and a sample survey of implementing agencies (which used a data base of over 2700 ordinances from the Municipal Code Corporation). The conclusion of this study is that overlays protect industrial land and jobs better than Euclidian zoning and the protection does facilitate greater confidence in industrial investment. Manufacturers and other industrial oriented-users have located in EDODs and have in some cases lobbied the local governments for continuation of the district. Jobs have also been added in consecutive years within key EDODs. Moreover, newly established EDODs have been used to target investments in infrastructure and incentives to underwrite the cost of industrial development. Policy implications of this study will inform planners regarding the need for industry and manufacturing uses to create sustainable employment within their communities.
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23

Onaran, Özlem. "The effect of import penetration on labor market outcomes in Austrian manufacturing industry." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2008. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1264/1/document.pdf.

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This paper estimates the effects of imports on employment, wages, and the wage share in Austria for the period of 1990-2005 using panel data of manufacturing industry. Imports are disaggregated according to their origin and as final vs. intermediate imports. There is evidence of significant negative effects of imports on employment, wages and the wage share. Particularly workers in high skilled sectors experience negative effects. Offshoring to both Eastern Europe and the developed countries have a negative impact on employment, whereas offshoring to the East has a positive effect on wages, indicating the dominance of scope effects. (author´s abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Due-Detroyer, Patricia A. "Wisconsin industrial employers' perceptions of the need for graduates of specific industrial technology programs in the Wisconsin Technical College Districts." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2005. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2005/2005due-detroyerp.pdf.

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25

Hedlund, Martin. "Growth and decline in rural Sweden : geographical distribution of employment and population 1960–2010." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-139723.

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This thesis investigates the combination of changes in the population and employment into sectors in rural Sweden for the period 1960-2010. The aim is to describe and analyze the demographic changes together with the labour market changes, and to account for the spatial outcome of these changes by considering the heterogeneity of rural areas. The analysis departs from the framework of rural restructuring, where changes in employment and population in rural Sweden are interpreted as local products of the global processes of technological development, social modernization and globalization. Empirically, the analysis is based on a combination of longitudinal censuses and register data on the Swedish population covering the period 1960-2010. The first part of the aim is achieved by applying a life-course perspective and exploiting the longitudinal nature of the data. The life-course perspective distinguishes between historical time and the age of individuals, making it possible to situate changes in employment and migration on the individual level. The second part of the aim is achieved through developing a typology of rural Sweden by doing a cluster analysis on SAMS-areas. The results show that rural change after 1980 was characterized by de-industrialization and the rise of the urban service sector. The period was also characterized by regional urbanization rather than local urbanization. Peripheral urban and rural areas based on industrial employment found themselves with a declining economic motor, which meant that people had to find their source of income elsewhere. The migration stream in this period was thus increasingly directed towards metropolitan or large city centers, and their rural surroundings within commuting distance. However, the more fine-tuned spatial typology reveals that also a few areas in the rural periphery have experienced growth, these areas are mainly attractive places based on various kinds of tourism. It can thus be concluded that different rural areas have experienced, and will continue to experience, the shift from manufacturing to services differently, where some areas have grown in both demographic and employment terms while others have declined. In this sense the heterogeneity of rural areas are a product of both growth and decline – of old development paths that is reaching their end and of new development paths that will continue into the future.
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Nzeh, Okoroafor O. "The impact of the new international division of labor on investment and employment in the manufacturing sector of the Nigerian economy." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1994. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/3880.

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The purpose of this study was to identify freshman international students' self perception of their adaptations to new academic, social, and personal-emotional adjustments and attachment to the college environment. The instrument used was the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ). The SACQ is a 67-item, self-report questionaire that was administered to study subjects. One hundred subjects stratified by 1st semester and 1st and 2nd quarter students who were attending five colleges/universities in the metropolitan Atlanta area, formed the sample for the study. The site of this study was Atlanta, Georgia, and the participating institutions provided the meeting place to administer the SACQ. The statistical procedure used was the t test. 'The level of significance was set at .05. Findings indicate statistical significant differences on all four scales when compared to certain groups.
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Holt, Linda Ann. "A Cross-Regional Comparison of Fabricated Metals' Manufacturing Sector Resiliency." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1704.

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Fabricated metals' manufacturing sector employment in the United States declined following the onset of the 2008 recession. Premium compensation and benefits afforded to employees within the manufacturing sector amplified the negative effects of recessionary job losses. Using the regional macroeconomic complex adaptive systems (CAS) framework, the purpose of this study was to examine the geographic distribution of job losses, recovery rates, and adaptive behavior after the recession for the fabricated metals manufacturing sector by measuring and comparing effects in 50 East North Central division MSAs and 50 South Atlantic division MSAs in the United States. Independent sample t tests compared average job level change rates for the tested regions. Significant differences in mean job loss rates for the two divisions occurred between 2008 and 2010 and in mean job recovery rates between 2010 and 2012. A multiple regression model analyzed the relationship of the dependent variable post-recession employment level changes with the independent variables defined as workforce demographic changes and establishment level changes as indicators of adaptive behavior. Results revealed a significant relationship between the dependent variable and shifts in the workforce demographic profile but did not reveal a significant relationship between the dependent variable and changes in the number of firms engaged in this sector. This study forms the genesis of background data for measuring cross-regional performance in the presence of external shocks and serves as a foundation for developing incentive models based on thriving sectors and regions for individuals, organizational groups, and society as a whole in engendering economic growth and well-being.
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Larsson, Hanna. "Disentangling the causes behind regional employment differences in Sweden : The case of regional job losses within two sectors of the Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-972.

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The purpose of this thesis is to disentangle the causes behind differences in regional employment across the 81 Swedish LA regions. Thus, two questions will be answered; which factors causes regional disparity in employment and which where the least and the

most affected regions during the economic crises of the 1990’s? The answer to these questions are imposed by certain chosen restrictions, where only the situation within two manufacturing industries will be investigated; the car- and machine manufacturing sectors. Previous research claim that there are specific factors that influence and creates regional growth disparity. Among these factors can be found; education, infrastructure, demography, industry diversity and migration. Statistical data then enables a division of the regions on basis of the change in employment level within the manufacturing industries as a share of total employment. It is revealed that the most affected regions during an economic shock are those areas that have the highest employment ratio within these manufacturing sectors. The empirical findings indicates that in the case of Swedish manufacturing industries especially three factors influence the employment level; population, education and migration. Additionally, distance to a larger city is proven to be

significant during recessions while being insignificant during economic booms. The last factor, diversity, on the other hand indicates that the correlation is the reverse. Hence, diversity has an impact during economic upswings, while this is not the case during downturns. With the development during the 90’s as a reference, the same method is used to locate today’s most vulnerable industrial regions. Statistics show that Ljungby is at the top

of this list. When studying the strategic development plan for this region it is found that this area follows a policy in line with those variables that this thesis has pin-pointed to be

beneficial for regional growth. Hence, this region has taken beneficial policy steps in order to decrease the dependency on a vulnerable and market sensitive industrial sector.


Syftet med denna uppsats är att utreda varför anställningsgraden skiljer sig mellan de 81 svenska LA regionerna. De två frågor som skall besvaras är följaktligen; vilka faktorer påverkar skillnader i sysselsättningsgrad samt utpeka vilka regioner var de minst och mest

drabbade under 1990-talets ekonomiska kris? Dessa frågor har dock begränsats till att undersöka förhållandet inom två tillverkningsindustrier; bil- och maskintillverkning.

Tidigare forskning hävdar att det finns vissa specifika faktorer som påverkar och skapar regionala skillnader i tillväxt. Bland dessa kan nämnas utbildning, infrastruktur, demografi, diversitet och migration. Den deskriptiva statistiken delar därefter upp Sveriges regioner på basis av förändringen i anställning inom de två valda industrisektorerna som en del av totala sysselsättningen. De hårdast drabbade regionerna under en lågkonjunktur är deregioner som har störst andel av totala arbetskraften inom tillverkningsindustrin. Vidare indikerar de empiriska resultaten att för svensk tillverkningsindustris vidkommande så har främst population, utbildning samt migration ett starkt samband med

sysselsättningsfrekvensen. Vidare visar det sig att avståndet till en större stad har en inverkan under lågkonjunktur men ej under högkonjunktur. För den sista variabeln, grad av diversitet, visar sig sambandet vara det motsatta; det vill säga ingen påverkan under en konjunkturnedgång, medan en positiv influens under konjunkturuppgång. Med händelseutvecklingen från 90-talet som grund kan samma metod användas för att lokalisera dagens mest sårbara industriregioner. Statistiken visar att Ljungby toppar denna lista. Men då man studerar denna regions framtids- och utvecklingsmål följer dessa just de faktorer som denna uppsats utpekar som viktiga ingredienser för regional tillväxt. Följaktligen har denna region tagit positiva steg i riktning mot att minska sitt beroende av en sårbar och konjunkturkänslig industrisektor.

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Herbert, Claire. "The role of small firms in employment and innovation generation, with particular reference to the electronics manufacturing industry of South West England." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1628.

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30

Shembavnekar, Nihar S. "Did India's economic reforms generate jobs? : essays on economic liberalisation, labour market flexibility and employment in the Indian manufacturing sector (1990-2006)." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2017. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/72555/.

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Whether economic liberalisation generates employment in developing countries remains a matter of debate in academic and policy circles. This thesis explores the labour market implications of a series of liberalising product market reforms initiated in India in the 1990s. The analysis of Chapter 2 indicates that declines in input tariffs are associated with increased formal firm employment across all Indian states, while FDI reform is associated with increased (reduced) formal firm employment in states with flexible (inflexible) labour markets (1990-1997). The FDI effect holds for permanent employment in both groups of states but only affects casual (contract) employment to a significant extent in states with flexible labour markets. The evidence is supportive of the baseline results being driven by product market competition within the formal sector. Chapter 3 reveals that tariff liberalisation is not associated with significant changes in employment in informal enterprises, possibly because these enterprises rarely engage in international trade. However, on average and ceteris paribus, delicensing (FDI reform) is associated with statistically significant increases in informal employment and informal enterprise numbers in states with inflexible (flexible) labour markets (1990-2001). There is some evidence that the delicensing effect is attributable to increases in product market competition in delicensed industries in the post-reform period. The mechanism underlying the result associated with FDI liberalisation is more uncertain and could be one or a combination of competition and collaborative linkages between informal and formal manufacturers. Chapter 4 examines the impact of a post-1996 policy reform (‘SSI dereservation'), which liberalised product markets that had long been reserved for small businesses, on employment in informal manufacturing enterprises. On average and ceteris paribus, dereservation is associated with increased employment in larger informal ‘establishments', but not in tiny household enterprises (1995-2006), attributable in part to increases in product market competition with large formal firms.
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Matumba, Diana Mukovhe. "The Impact of Import Competition from China on the Skill-Bias of Manufacturing Employment across South African Regions between 2001 and 2011." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31688.

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South Africa and China established their first official diplomatic ties in 1998. A decade later in 2008 China had become South Africa’s largest bilateral trade partner which presents both complementary and competitive outcomes for the South African labour market. This study explores the competitive outcomes, particularly the impact that China has had on the skill bias of manufacturing employment within South Africa’s local municipalities between 2001 and 2011. The study follows on from two theories of trade: the Heckscher-Ohlin theory with its Stopler-Samuelson theorem, and specific factor theories. The identification method employed in this study was developed by Autor, Dorn and Hansen (2013) and seeks to exploit variation across South African municipalities which stems from initial differences in industry specialisation and instrumenting for South African imports using changes in Chinese imports by other low- and middle-income countries. The data used in the current study is from the UN Comtrade as well as South African population census data from 1996, 2001 and 2011. This study makes two main contributions to the literature by looking at the impact that import competition has on manufacturing employment in local labour markets, and how this impact varies by skill set and gender. The main finding of the study was that Chinese import exposure was biased against low-skilled workers as it resulted loss of employment for the low-skilled workers, and had a minimal effect on the employment of high-skilled workers.
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Hölzl, Werner, and Andreas Reinstaller. "The effect of technology and demand shocks on structural and industrial dynamics. Evidence from Austrian manufacturing." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/660/1/document.pdf.

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In this paper we analyse the influence of sector specific developments in productivity and demand on net entry and employment in 19 industrial sectors of the Austrian economy. Based on the model of structural dynamics of Pasinetti, we develop an identification scheme that allows us to extract technology and demand shocks, by means of a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model with long-run restrictions. We study the patterns of productivity and demand shocks across industries by means of a principal components analysis and find that sectoral and macro-economic developments in demand strongly correlate, while this is not the case for technology shocks. Impulse-response analysis shows that for almost all sectors productivity growth rates experience an immediate increase to positive technology shocks while the hours worked decline as conjectured by Pasinetti. Finally, we use the identified shocks as explanatory variables in time-series cross-section regressions on net-entry and employment data. Both types of shocks are able to explain dynamics on the industry level in terms of employment and sales but not firm dynamics. (author's abstract)
Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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33

Niakan, Farzad. "Design and configuration of sustainable dynamic cellular manufacturing systems." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0123/document.

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La révolution la plus récente dans l'industrie (révolution industrielle 4.0) nécessite une plus grande flexibilité, agilité et efficacité dans l'utilisation des équipements de production. Le système manufacturier cellulaire dynamique (DCMS) est l'un des meilleurs systèmes de production qui répondent à ces exigences. En outre, l'importance croissante du développement durable force les fabricants et les gestionnaires à prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux et sociaux dans la conception et la configuration des systèmes de fabrication. Cette thèse porte sur la configuration durable des DCMS en proposant trois modèles mathématiques. Le plus grand challenge de cette étude est (i) de choisir des critères sociaux et environnementaux appropriés, (ii) de les intégrer dans des modèles mathématiques et (iii) d'étudier l'impact de ces critères sur des DCMS. Le premier modèle est bi-objectif afin de faire un compromis entre certains critères sociaux (offres d'emplois, risques de la machine, etc.) et économiques (divers coûts liés à la formation de cellules). Pour être plus proche de situations de la vie réelle, certains paramètres tels que la demande, les coûts liés aux machines et la capacité en temps des machines sont considérés comme incertains. Pour résoudre ce problème, une méthode d'optimisation robuste est appliquée pour faire face à cette incertitude. Dans le deuxième modèle, toutes les dimensions du développement durable sont prises en compte dans le modèle mathématique bi-objectif proposé. La première fonction objectif modélise des critères économiques (coûts) et la seconde des aspects environnementaux (déchets de production), tandis que certaines contraintes représentent des questions sociales (principalement le « Daily Noise » à cause de la complexité de calcul). En raison de la NP-difficulté du problème, une nouvelle approche novatrice appelée NSGA II-MOSA est proposée. Le troisième modèle proposé a trois fonctions objectif, une pour chaque type d’enjeux : environnemental, social et économique. Afin d'être proche de la vie réelle, certains paramètres du modèle sont exprimés en termes de valeur floue. Nous proposons une méthode possibiliste hybride pour faire face à l'incertitude et une approche floue interactive est considérée pour résoudre un modèle multi-objectif déterministe pour des solutions de compromis. Enfin, la dernière partie de la thèse étudie la possibilité d'appliquer les trois modèles proposés à l’industrie grâce à une méthode plus facile. Une approche d'optimisation-simulation innovante est introduite pour faire face à la configuration de DCMS : (i) La phase d'optimisation fonctionne comme méthode de fractionnement de scénarii pour réduire le nombre de configurations alternatives en se concentrant sur les niveaux stratégique et tactique. (ii) Ensuite, un outil de simulation détaille le niveau opérationnel en étudiant la performance de chaque alternative et l'interaction entre plusieurs composants de cellules
The most recent revolution in industry (Industrial Revolution 4.0) requires increased flexibility, agility and efficiency in the use of production equipment. Dynamic Cellular Manufacturing System (DCMS) is one of the best production systems to meet such requirements. In addition, the increasing importance of sustainable development forces manufacturers and managers to take account of the environmental and social issues in the design and configuration of manufacturing systems. This thesis focuses on the sustainable configuration of DCMS by proposing three mathematical models. The main challenge of this study is to (i) choose appropriate social and environmental criteria, (ii) integrate them in mathematical models, and (iii) study the impact of these criteria on DCMS. The first model is bi-objective in order to make a trade-off between some social (job opportunity, potential machine hazards, etc.) and economic (various costs related to cell formation) criteria. To get closer to real-life situations, some parameters such as demand, machine-related costs and time capacity of the machines are considered as uncertain. To solve this problem, a robust optimization method is applied to cope with this uncertainty. In the second model, all dimensions of sustainable development are taken into account in a new bi-objective mathematical model. The first objective function models economic criteria (costs) and the second one environmental aspects (production waste), while social issues (mainly Daily Noise Dosage because of computational complexity) are modeled as constraints. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, a new innovative approach called NSGA II-MOSA is proposed. The last model has three objective functions, one for each dimension of the sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. In order to be close to real life, some parameters of the model are expressed in terms of fuzzy value. We propose a hybridized possibilistic method to deal with uncertainty and an interactive fuzzy approach is considered to solve an auxiliary crisp multi-objective model in order to find trade-off solutions. Finally, the last part of the thesis studies the possibility to apply the three proposed models to the industry thanks to an easier method. A novel optimization-simulation approach is introduced to deal with the configuration of DCMS: (i) the optimization phase operates as scenario fraction method in order to reduce the number of alternative configurations by focusing on strategic and tactical levels; (ii) next, a simulation tool investigates the operational level by studying the performance of each alternative and the interaction between several components of the cells
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Ghasemi, Sima. "An Analysis of the Effects of Exchange Fluctuations on Employment, Output and Productivity in Canada." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23643.

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Since the adoption of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the Canadian dollar has come to be regarded as a petro-currency. Consequently, rising prices of oil and gas (as well as other natural resources) would increase capital inflows that would lead to a higher exchange rate and contribute to the decimation of the export-oriented Canadian manufacturing sector by making Canadian products less competitive internationally. Some have argued that the Canadian economy has started to show symptoms related to the Dutch Disease. One important symptom is the slow rate of productivity growth, which consequently leads to the theory that Canada’s productivity performance depends significantly on the foreign exchange value of the domestic currency. This dissertation attempts to address these issues and seeks to solve the question of whether the Canadian economy is suffering from the Dutch Disease, as well as whether or not movements of the Canadian dollar are responsible for the low Canadian productivity growth since the 1990s.
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Malott, Sarah. "An Analysis of the Impact of the Section 232 Steel and Aluminum Tariffs: Primary Metal Manufacturing Employment in 2016 Trump and Clinton Majority Counties." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2172.

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This paper examines the potential impact of the Section 232 Tariffs on Steel and Aluminum on employment using county-level data. This study finds that although employment has increased in steel and aluminum related manufacturing industries, it has decreased in a significant downstream industry of manufacturers of steel products. Furthermore, I analyzed the difference in employment trends between counties that voted majority Trump in the 2016 presidential election and counties that voted majority Clinton, and between counties that experienced marginal victories and counties that voted solidly Democrat or Republican. I find that Trump counties have experienced the impact of the tariffs more strongly than Clinton counties, whether positive or negative. Similarly, swing counties have seen a much larger positive trend in employment in the primary metal refinement and processing industries, and a much larger negative trend in steel product manufacturing from purchased steel compared to non-swing counties.
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Onaran, Özlem. "Jobless growth in the Central and Eastern European Countries. A country specific panel data analysis for the manufacturing industry." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2007. http://epub.wu.ac.at/372/1/document.pdf.

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This paper estimates a labor demand equation based on the panel data of manufacturing industry in the Central and Eastern European Countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, and Romania) in order to test the effect of domestic factors (wages and output) and international factors (exports, imports, and FDI) on employment during the era of post -transition recovery. The findings indicate that employment does not respond to wages in more than half of the cases. The output elasticity of labor demand is mostly positive, but low, with a number of cases where employment is completely de-linked from output. An impressive speed of integration to the European economic sphere through FDI and international trade has not prevented job losses in the manufacturing industry. While there are very few cases of positive effects, insignificant effects of trade and FDI dominate the findings with some evidence of negative effects as well. (author's abstract)
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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Lam, Wai-yip Michelle, and 林偉葉. "A study of the problems and welfare needs of female manufacturing workers in Wong Chuk Hang area." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31248615.

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Hölzl, Werner, and Andreas Reinstaller. "Sectoral and aggegrate technology shocks. Is there a relationship?" Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2004. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1412/1/document.pdf.

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We analyze sector specific shocks in productivity and demand in 19 manufacturing sectors of the Austrian economy. Based on a structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model with long run restrictions developed by Gali (1999) we extract technology and non-technology shocks from sectoral and aggregate data and study their patterns and relationship by means of a principal components analysis. We find a close association of sectoral and macroeconomic non-technology shocks but only a very weak association for technology shocks. Impulse-response analysis indicates that for almost all manufacturing sectors and the Austrian economy productivity growth rates experience an immediate increase to positive technology shocks while the hours worked decline. We therefore confirm Gali's results on the level of manufacturing industries. Finally, we use the identified shocks as explanatory variables in fixed effect regressions on growth rates of employment, output and investment. We find that our shocks are closely associated to employment growth and output growth but not to growth in investment. The effect of technology shocks is different on the level of manufacturing industries and the aggregate economy. (author's abstract)
Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"
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Kost, Christoph Philipp [Verfasser], Dominik Akademischer Betreuer] Möst, and Edeltraud [Akademischer Betreuer] [Günther. "Renewable energy in North Africa : Modeling of future electricity scenarios and the impact on manufacturing and employment / Christoph Philipp Kost. Gutachter: Dominik Möst ; Edeltraud Günther. Betreuer: Dominik Möst." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-176538.

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Kost, Christoph Philipp Verfasser], Dominik [Akademischer Betreuer] Möst, and Edeltraud [Akademischer Betreuer] [Günther. "Renewable energy in North Africa : Modeling of future electricity scenarios and the impact on manufacturing and employment / Christoph Philipp Kost. Gutachter: Dominik Möst ; Edeltraud Günther. Betreuer: Dominik Möst." Dresden : Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076725376/34.

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Owusu, Kwame. "A study of factors leading to growth in small firms : an examination of factors that impact on growth of small manufacturing in least developed countries : the case of Ghana." Doctoral thesis, University of Bradford, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4407.

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The focus of this study is to examine the factors that lead to growth in small firms in a Least Developed Country (LDC). The research is based on the manufacturing sector in Ghana. The main objectives of the research are to identify the key variables that lead to small firms' growth and to ascertain the critical barriers that impede growth. A research model which is developed out of an initial exploratory research and existing literature focuses on how the characteristics of the owner/manager, the characteristics of the firm and the business strategy variables interact to affect growth in employment. In addition factors that are perceived to have constrained the growth of the small firms during the study period are ascertained and discussed. To properly test the hypotheses developed a face to face interview survey involving 122 owner/managers of small manufacturing firms is conducted. This resulted in a range of variables that allowed for the construction of a comprehensive multivariate model of small firm growth. A resulting regression model provides about 68 percent of the explanation for the growth of the small firms sampled. It also indicates that the owner/manager characteristics variables offer the most powerful explanation to small firm growth. We find that the owner/manager's growth aspiration is the most influential factor in achieving growth. The other owner/manager characteristics variables that have positive influence on growth are level of education, prior industry experience and entrepreneurial family background. Owner/managers with local experience and/or with other business interests are less likely to achieve faster growth. Foreign owned/managed firms grow faster. Younger and smaller firms appear to grow faster. While firms with multiple ownerships tend to grow at a slower rate than firms owned and managed by one person. Business planning, marketing and export have positive and significant impacts on growth. Other business strategies such as innovations and staff training also have direct relationships with growth but not significant. Some of the main constraining factors to growth are cost of borrowing, lack of access to credit, high cost of inputs, lack of trust within the business community, high bureaucracy, late payments and lack of efficient support system. While the external environment plays important role in small firm growth and development, the behaviours, response and strategies pursued by individual owner/manager are significant factors that determine the rate at which a firm will grow.
Ghana Leasing Company Limited
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Dao, Seydou. "Trois essais sur le commerce Chine - Afrique : impacts sur la croissance et le secteur manufacturier en Afrique subsaharienne." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF10486.

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L’intensification des relations commerciales entre la Chine et l’Afrique Sub-Saharienne (ASS) observée ces dernières décennies à des implications complexes et diversifiées sur l’économie du continent africain. Cette thèse a examiné trois questions majeures relevant de l’impact des relations commerciales sino-africaines sur les économies d’ASS : la croissance, la production et l’emploi manufacturier, et enfin les exportations intra-africaines. Après avoir analysé les différentes dimensions de la présence chinoise en Afrique (Chapitre 1), la thèse met en évidence un ensemble de résultats. Premièrement, le commerce et les IDE entre la Chine et l’Afrique ont un impact positif sur la croissance en Afrique à travers un accroissement de l’efficience technique des facteurs de production (Chapitre 2). Deuxièmement, la concurrence des produits manufacturiers chinois a eu un impact limité sur la production et l’emploi manufacturier en ASS (Chapitre 3). Troisièmement, l’effet d’éviction des exportations chinoises sur le commerce intra-africain reste limité à quelques pays et à certaines branches manufacturières (Chapitre 4)
The intensification of trade relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in recent decades lead to a complex and diverse implications on the economy of the African continent. This thesis examined three major issues relating to the impact of China-Africa trade relations on SSA economies: growth, production and manufacturing employment, and finally intra-African exports. After analyzing the different dimensions of the Chinese presence in Africa (Chapter 1), the thesis highlights a set of results. First, trade and FDI between China and Africa have a positive impact on African growth through increased technical efficiency of production factors (Chapter 2). Second, competition from Chinese manufactured goods has had a limited impact on production and manufacturing employment in SSA (Chapter 3). Third, the crowding-out effect of Chinese exports on intra-African trade remains limited to a few countries and few manufacturing sectors (Chapter 4)
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Bezuidenhout, Samantha Catherine. "The effects of age on the worker capacity and mechanisation on the task demands in a South African manufacturing industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013167.

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The focus of the study was two-fold, firstly to determine the effect of age on the capacity of manual materials handling workers and secondly to determine the effect of increasing task mechanisation on the workers’ responses to task demands. The first component of this study, namely Part I, 101 male and 12 female ‘unskilled’ manual workers – of various ages – from a brick manufacturing industry were assessed. Anthropometric, health and strength factors were measured to improve the understanding of the South African manual worker capacity and more specifically, the effect of age on this capacity. Data collection was done between 7.30am and 9.30am in a laboratory-type setting on-site. Anthropometric characteristics (including body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist circumference and body fat percentage) provided information on the state of obesity and the impact of age in the South African context. Linked to this, the health factors (including blood pressure, resting heart rate and a self-reported questionnaire) provide an extra snapshot of the disease profile in South Africa, and could potentially influence other capacity factors. Isometric strength capacities (of eight different areas, namely: back, leg, bicep, shoulder, pinch, pinch and pull) demonstrated whether South African manual workers show the same decline in strength with aging as seen in industrially advanced countries. The second component of the study, Part II, was performed in situ and measured the workers’ responses to task demands of three brick palletising tasks, one manual (n=21) and two with increasing mechanisation (n=12 each). Spinal kinematics, joint forces and working heart rate were assessed on normal work days during a 30-lift duration and body discomfort measures were taken at the start, middle and end of the work-shift. Spinal kinematics were measured dynamically using a lumbar motion monitor, whereas the spinal forces were estimated using the three dimensional static strength prediction program. The worker capacity results showed that waist to hip ratio, waist circumference and body fat percentage increased significantly with aging, whereas body mass index was not affected by age. All body morphology values were within ‘normal’ ranges. Although diastolic blood pressure increased significantly with age, systolic was not affected significantly by age. Both groups, however, showed an increasing prevalence of hypertension with aging. There were no significant changes in resting heart rate with aging, with a range of 66 bt.min⁻¹ to 74.86 bt.min⁻¹, therefore within normal ranges. Of the strength factors, age only affected shoulder and push strength significantly: Showing a decrease in shoulder strength from 49.89 kgF to 39.91 kgF in the men aged 20-29 to the 50-59 respectively and an increase in push strength from men aged 30-39 and 40-49 to those aged 50-59. Part II results revealed highly frequent lift rates and large degrees of sagittal flexion and lateral bending in all three tasks. These postures adopted for long durations are likely to lead to the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Heart rates of workers from the three tasks were significantly different and heart rates for two tasks were above the recommended 110 bt.min⁻¹. Similarly the body discomfort ratings of the three tasks differed, although a common trend was seen in that lower back pain was the most commonly reported area of discomfort in all tasks. South African manual materials handling males did not show the same responses to aging as men from industrially advanced countries, calling for further research into these differences. Due to the high risks of the three tasks assessed, future research and interventions are required to reduce the risk of injury in the assessed tasks.
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44

Залога, Вільям Олександрович, Вильям Александрович Залога, Viliam Oleksandrovych Zaloha, Борис Анатолійович Ступін, Борис Анатольевич Ступин, and Borys Anatoliiovych Stupin. "Виробнича практика, як засіб удосконалення професійної підготовки та працевлаштування випускників ЗВО." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2018. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/67449.

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45

Marshalian, Michelle. "Winners, Losers and the Political Economy of the Middle East and North Africa : A brief look at industrial development, trade, productivity and jobs Productivity, structural change and skills dynamics: Evidence from a half century analysis in Tunisia and Turkey Winners and Losers in Industrial Policy 2.0: An evaluation of the impacts of the Tunisian Industrial Upgrading Program Trade, Tariffs and Missing Imports: Using trade liberalization to understand business-state relations in Egyptian manufacturing." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED056.

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Les succès et les échecs des politiques publiques sont, en large partie, sont influencés par le contexte politique et institutionnel des économies. Cette thèse analyse la manière dont les résultats socio-économiques des pays de la région MENA sont déterminées par l'environnement institutionnel et politique des différents pays. Trois essais sont proposés. Le premier étudie l'impact des qualifications sur la productivité à l'aide d'une comparaison entre deux pays, la Turquie et la Tunisie. Le second analyse l'impact des subventions sur les performances des firmes. Le troisième étudie l'effet de l'ouverture commerciale sur les importations des biens manufacturés selon que les firmes font partie des secteurs connectés au pouvoir politique ou pas, dans le cas de l'Égypte.L'étude comparative Turquie-Tunisie, montre que les compétences des travailleurs ont bien un impact mesurable sur la productivité de la Turquie, mais pas en Tunisie. En Turquie, l'industrialisation par substitution aux importations a été démantelée relativement tôt, alors qu'en Tunisie la politique postcoloniale a abandonné sa politique d’industrialisation par substitution aux importations relativement tard. En conséquence, le haut niveau des compétences de la main-d’œuvre en Tunisie n'a pas pu contribué à la productivité à la différence de la Turquie. Ensuite, l'étude de l'intervention gouvernementale sous forme de subvention auprès des firmes en Tunisie, montre que, comme attendu, les subventions permettent aux gouvernements d'étendre leur contrôle sur les entreprises privées. Cette politique a produit des effets contrastés sur les entreprises tunisiennes. Elle a favorisé l'emploi dans les petites entreprises, tandis que dans les grands entreprises, c'est le capital qui en a bénéficié. Enfin, le dernier essai concernant l'économie égyptienne montre que la réduction des barrières commerciales a davantage bénéficié aux firmes présentes dans les secteurs dans lesquels on n'observe pas de lien de connexion entre l’État et les entreprises. La réduction de l'évasion fiscalo-douanière favorise les firmes plus compétitives
The political economy is an important determinant of the successes and failures of public policies. This dissertation explores how the political economy has shaped socio-political outcomes. I use a comparative study, a study of a fiscal subsidies, and a case study of liberalization to elaborate this point. In the comparative study on Turkey and Tunisia, I observe that workforce skills have a measurable impact on productivity in Turkey, a country that abandoned import substitution industrialization at a relatively early stage. Whereas the post-colonial institutional setting of the economy and relatively later import substitution industrialization in Tunisia is not amenable to harnessing the skills of the workforce for productivity --- even if levels of education were historically higher than in Turkey. A case study on government intervention in the form of firm subsidies in Tunisia finds that governments can use firm subsidies to extend control over the private sector, while still reporting measurable and observable positive benefits to the economy. Lastly, a case study on liberalization demonstrated in Egypt that reforms to remove administrative and tariff barriers disproportionately helped firms in industries with no known government cronies and reduced tariff evasion. However, government cronies operating in the historically important natural resource sector still reaped benefits from liberalization reforms
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46

Nguyen, Kien Trung. "Economic reforms, manufacturing employment and wage in Vietnam." Phd thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/11889.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine patterns and determinants of manufacturing employment and wages in Vietnam during the process of economic transition from a centrally planned to a market- oriented economy during the period 1990-2011. The thesis begins with an interpretative survey of the theoretical and empirical literature on manufacturing employment and wages in a labour-abundant economy, in order to provide the analytical context for the Vietnam case study. The second chapter surveys the market-oriented economic reforms in Vietnam over the last quarter century, with special emphasis on policies directly relevant for examining labour market outcomes. The next four chapters form the analytical core of the thesis. Chapter 4 examines structural changes in employment patterns in the economy with emphasis on the shift in the patterns of labour deployment from agriculture to manufacturing. Chapter 5 probes the impact of manufacturing export expansion on sectoral employment patterns. Chapter 6 deals with the determinants of inter-industry patterns of manufacturing employment, paying particular attention to the role of export orientation and firm ownership. Chapter 7 focuses on the determinants of manufacturing wages and wage premium. The empirical analysis in these four chapters makes use of a new firm-level panel dataset compiled from unpublished returns to the Annual Enterprise Survey undertaken by the Vietnamese General Statistical Office. The final chapter summarizes the key findings and provides policy implications. The findings suggest that the reforms have resulted in a significant shift in the pattern of labour absorption in the economy from the agriculture to manufacturing over the past three decades. Employment expansion in the manufacturing sector has been underpinned by a significant change in the employment pattern by ownership. Private sector firms, especially foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) have played a pivotal role in labour market transition. In particular, FIEs in export-oriented industries have accounted for the bulk of new jobs in the manufacturing sector. The expansion of manufacturing exports contributed to a notable increase in overall employment growth. Additionally, there has been a considerable spillover effect of export expansion on job creation in other sectors. There is also evidence that FIEs generally pay higher wages compared to both state-owned enterprises and domestic private firms, and the presence of export-oriented FIEs has contributed to widening the wage premium between skilled and unskilled workers. In general, the Vietnamese experience of employment generation through export-oriented strategies is comparable to that of the other East Asian economies. However, growth of manufacturing employment in Vietnam has begun to falter from about 2006, owing to macroeconomic policy slippage. The findings in this thesis make a strong case for sound macroeconomic management in order to sustain the favourable labour market outcome of liberalization reforms.
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47

Lee, I.-wen, and 李意雯. "A study of the Nonstandard Employment Strategy for Motorbike Manufacturing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63581089702652023032.

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碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
運籌管理研究所
101
Taiwan has more than 50 years of Motorbike Manufacturing experience, a complete industrial chain of high-quality R & D and technology, by the international recognition. Towards the internationalization of enterprises, in order to keep their core competencies, the use of manpower outsourcing strategy to enhance the competitiveness of enterprises to become the best strategy. The arrangements of Non-standard Employment has been quite common. 　　Non-standard Employment strategy for the topic, the research on factors related factors such as decision-making considerations to Benefit, Opportunity, Cost and Risk, as Non-standard Employment strategy for facets, through literature sort out the key factors influencing the architecture, design questionnaires and an expert survey and analysis, using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) to obtain various assessment criteria and improvement plans the weights and priorities. Find out the real key factors, while conclusions and suggestions. 　　Recommend Motorbike Manufacturing strategies for Non-standard Employment should be cost-oriented as the most important facet considerations in order to produce quality and reduce risk factors of first priority, alternatives to remain unchanged for the policy. In the present study can be used as factors related to the future of human resource strategy for the Non-standard Employment.
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48

Sosa, Jose Alfredo, and 蘇嘉勛. "Automation and its effect on employment in Honduras manufacturing industry." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5pu6tb.

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碩士
國立政治大學
國際經營管理英語碩士學位學程(IMBA)
107
The impact that automation and the introduction of new technologies have on employment has been a subject of study for decades. Technological advances throughout history have deeply altered the employment structure of economies in all parts of the world. Since the first industrial revolution in 1760, workers began to question and somewhat fear the introduction of technologies that would automate tasks and even eliminate entire jobs. The focus of this research lies in evaluating the effects automation has had on the manufacturing industry of Honduras. In order to achieve this, a number of quantitative and qualitative sources of data were evaluated. These include studies and researches on the topics of automation, employment and reshaping of skills, reports and statistics on Honduras macroeconomic data as well as employment trends and impact of foreign investment. Finally, an interview was conducted with an expert in technology implementations to gain a first-hand perspective in the subject of automation in Honduras. After the evaluation of this data, the following key results were obtained: A gradual transition into more deeply automated manufacturing plants in Honduras is expected in the long run. For now, the country’s low labor costs act as a cost-effective way for international companies to continue manufacturing their products. Developed countries with higher levels of education will not be severely affected by automation. These countries have a larger number of workers who possess higher skill levels and whose jobs are not easily automatable. Underdeveloped economies like Honduras should stress the implementation of policies that will enhance their population’s skills and education levels, these policies should serve to enhance the quality of life at all levels of society.
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49

Liu, Ssu-chia, and 劉巳嘉. "The Impact of Globalization on Employment and Wage: Evidence of Taiwanese Manufacturing." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/m6c8e2.

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碩士
國立清華大學
經濟學系
101
With the trend of globalization, the relations between domestic and international markets are more and more inseparable. Over the past decade, the stagnation of wage and employment in Taiwan have become striking. The benefits of globalization have been challenged. In this paper, we estimate the impacts of globalization on domestic labor market by using individual-level employee data over the period 1996 – 2010. We also link industry-level trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) data with individual-level data to construct the measures of globalization. Following Ebenstein et al. (2011), we examine the impacts of globalization on wages and labor market participation both across industries and occupations in Taiwan’s manufacturing sector. Based on Acemoglu and Autor’s (2010) classification of the routineness of each occupation, we examine the impacts of globalization on wages and employment of different types of workers. In addition, we also analyze the effects of FDI in downstream industries on labor market in the upstream industries. We find that the effects of trade and FDI on wages and employment are larger across occupations than across industries. Trade and FDI have negative substitution effects on domestic labor market. These effects are more pronounced for openness to high-income countries. Finally, FDI in the downstream industries has a positive effect on the wages of routine workers.
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50

Hung, Yu-Hsia, and 洪毓霞. "Overseas Production and Effects on Employment～The Evidence from Taiwan Manufacturing Industry." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83022018104236916440.

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碩士
國立臺灣大學
經濟學研究所
100
Under the circumstance of economic globalization, the operation of an enterprise has been innovated toward an atmosphere of globalization on the allocation of resources and internationalization on collaboration. In the situation of shallow economy, and the growth of industries is closed tied to the global economy, Taiwan can never be absent from the aforesaid globalization. In particular, while the government gradually removes the restriction of investment to Mainland China and aggressively conducts the conclusion of ECFA with Mainland China, the domestic enterprises also accelerate their procedures of conducting foreign investments. In the meantime, however, the domestic unemployment rate has also remained in a high level. Therefore, the concerns whether the overseas production would impact the domestic employment occur. On the bases of the abovementioned background, the paper pioneers in making use of the latest pooling data of 2001 and 2006 to conduct the research in order to clarify the impact of overseas production on the domestic employment. The conclusion of the research is abstracted as follows, 1.The motivations of overseas production: the pro-reasons include business scope, operation performance, and ownership advantage; the con-reason includes the labor productivity. The high-tech industries conduct overseas production based on the motivation of expansion such as export and ownership adventure; the traditional industries conduct overseas production based on the motivation of defensive concern. 2.The impact of overseas production on domestic employment: in general, the conduction of overseas production results in the reduction of demand on domestic employment therefore disadvantages the domestic employment environment. The further research in the structure of labor shows that the overseas production, on the one hand, reduces the non-technical domestic employment, and, on the other hand increases employment of technical workers. 3.The impact of conducting production in Mainland China on domestic employment: generally, the variation of domestic employment of enterprises which conduct production in Mainland China is consist to the variation of domestic employment of enterprises which conduct overseas production. Moreover, with regard to high-tech industries, compare with the enterprises which conduct overseas production, enterprises which conduct their production mainly in Mainland China have narrower overall workwes and non-technical workers reduction and larger technical workers expansion. With regard to traditional industries, the shift of the base of manufactures from Taiwan to Mainland China has disadvantaged the domestic employment of non-technical workers.
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