Relevant bibliographies by topics / Manufactures Australia Costs

Academic literature on the topic 'Manufactures Australia Costs'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Contents

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Manufactures Australia Costs.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Manufactures Australia Costs"

1

Tyzack, Daniel, and Luke Sullivan. "BP's evolution in the face of Australia's transforming fuel supply chain: ensuring business sustainability as well as security of supply for the nation's demands." APPEA Journal 58, no. 2 (2018): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17203.

Full text
Abstract:
BP has embraced the changing landscape of the fuel supply chain in Australia. Historically, fuel supply in Australia has been manufactured and supplied nationally. However, Australia’s future fuel supply will rely on a globalised supply chain in order to meet local needs. In response, BP has (among other initiatives) transformed its operations and maintenance approach to terminals and fuel distribution within Australia to guarantee a sustainable business model, offsetting the trend of high asset ownership costs and low efficiency. When it comes to terminal management, BP’s creation of Australian Terminals Operation Management (ATOM), a joint venture between BP and UGL, differentiates BP from its peers. This model has proven fundamental to maintaining a competitive position in the Australian fuel industry. BP’s unique approach to meeting customer demands through the ATOM business is a success story that comes from pre-empting and embracing change.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Marks, Robert. "A Freer Market for Heroin in Australia: Alternatives to Subsidizing Organized Crime." Journal of Drug Issues 20, no. 1 (January 1990): 131–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269002000109.

Full text
Abstract:
The problems associated with illicit drug use in general, and the illicit use of heroin in particular, have led to stringent attempts by Australian governments to enforce the laws against drug abuse. The strongest reaction of the criminal justice system has been toward heroin, with a total prohibition on heroin importation, manufacture, distribution, possession, and use. Before attempting to evaluate the extent and costs of heroin use today, this paper reviews the evolution of laws and social attitudes toward heroin in Australia. Using an economic framework for analyzing the black market in heroin, the paper examines proposals for enforcing the prohibition by tightening the supply side, and by reducing the demand for heroin. It argues that attempts to restrict the supply have had the effect of increasing the costs borne not only by the users but by society at large, through increases in acquisitive crime and police corruption. On utilitarian grounds it concludes that the costs to society of the prohibition far outweigh the costs of a policy of freer availability, and suggests that a policy of government supply of price-controlled heroin and methadone would be far preferable to today's failed policy of prohibition.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Behdarvand, Behrad, Emily A. Karanges, and Lisa Bero. "Pharmaceutical industry funding of events for healthcare professionals on non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in Australia: an observational study." BMJ Open 9, no. 8 (August 2019): e030253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030253.

Full text
Abstract:
ObjectivesTo describe the nature, frequency and content of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC)-related events for healthcare professionals sponsored by the manufacturers of the NOACs in Australia. A secondary objective is to compare these data to the rate of dispensing of the NOACs in Australia.Design and settingThis cross-sectional study examined consolidated data from publicly available Australian pharmaceutical industry transparency reports from October 2011 to September 2015 on NOAC-related educational events. Data from April 2011 to June 2016 on NOAC dispensing, subsidised under Australia’s Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), were obtained from the Department of Health and the Department of Human Services.Main outcome measuresCharacteristics of NOAC-related educational events including costs (in Australian dollars, $A), numbers of events, information on healthcare professional attendees and content of events; and NOAC dispensing rates.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 2797 NOAC-related events, costing manufacturers a total of $A10 578 745. Total expenditure for meals and beverages at all events was $A4 238 962. Events were predominantly attended by general practitioners (42%, 1174/2797), cardiologists (35%, 977/2797) and haematologists (23%, 635/2797). About 48% (1347/2797) of events were held in non-clinical settings, mainly restaurants, bars and cafes. Around 55% (1551/2797) of events consisted of either conferences, meetings or seminars. The analysis of the content presented at two events detected promotion of NOACs for unapproved indications, an emphasis on a favourable benefit/harm profile, and that all speakers had close ties with the manufacturers of the NOACs. Following PBS listings relevant to each NOAC, the numbers of events related to that NOAC and the prescribing of that NOAC increased.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that the substantial investment in NOAC-related events made by four pharmaceutical companies had a promotional purpose. Healthcare professionals should seek independent information on newly subsidised medicines from, for example, government agencies or drug bulletins.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Marshall, Dale E. "386 MECHANICAL ASPARAGUS HARVESTING STATUS--WORLDWIDE." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 486d—486. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.486d.

Full text
Abstract:
For over 86 years producers, processors, engineers, and equipment manufacturers have attempted to mechanize the harvest of asparagus. Over 60 U.S. patents have been issued. Probably the most sophisticated harvester tested was started in 1987 by Edgells Birdseye, Cowra, Australia. After successful field tests of the 3-row, selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus used in canning, 3 more were built at a cost of $US 4.5 million, and harvested 500 acres until 1991 when the company ceased canning. Recovery was 30 to 80% with 50% being typical. Wollogong University in Australia is now researching a selective (fiber optic), harvester for flat-bed green asparagus. It utilizes multiple side-by-side 3 in. wide by 24 in. dia. rubber gripper discs which rotate at ground speed. No harvester prototype has been commercially acceptable to the asparagus industry due to poor selectivity, low overall recovery (low yield relative to hand harvest), mechanical damage to spears, low field capacity per harvester, or overall harvesting costs that exceed those for hand harvesting. The reality may be that asparagus production will cease in the traditional geographical areas where growing costs and labor costs are high, although niche fresh markets may help some growers survive.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dong-Woon Kim. "A British Business in Australia before World War II: J. & P. Coats, Cotton Thread Manufacturers." Journal of Eurasian Studies 8, no. 3 (September 2011): 167–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.31203/aepa.2011.8.3.008.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

THAMPAPILLAI, DODO J. "EZRA MISHAN’S COST OF ECONOMIC GROWTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE ENTROPY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL." Singapore Economic Review 61, no. 03 (June 2016): 1640018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021759081640018x.

Full text
Abstract:
Ezra Mishan’s (1967) famous articulation of the costs of economic growth included amongst others the rearrangement and loss of nature. This paper builds on this theme by recourse to two important concepts in science, namely the assimilative capacity of nature and the entropy of law of thermodynamics. These concepts enable the formulation of an alternative conceptual framework for the explanation of national income (Y) in terms of factor-utilization. In this framework, environmental capital (KN) is an explicit factor besides manufactured capital (KM) and labor (L). A simple methodology that permits the estimation of the volume of KN utilized is used towards demonstrating that economic growth is an entropic process. Empirical illustration of KN utilization as point-estimates is made for Australia and South Korea.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Matthews, Alison, Laura Ruykys, Bill Ellis, Sean FitzGibbon, Daniel Lunney, Mathew S. Crowther, Alistair S. Glen, et al. "The success of GPS collar deployments on mammals in Australia." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12021.

Full text
Abstract:
Global Positioning System (GPS) wildlife telemetry collars are being used increasingly to understand the movement patterns of wild mammals. However, there are few published studies on which to gauge their general utility and success. This paper highlights issues faced by some of the first researchers to use GPS technology for terrestrial mammal tracking in Australia. Our collated data cover 24 studies where GPS collars were used in 280 deployments on 13 species, including dingoes or other wild dogs (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids), cats (Felis catus), foxes (Vulpes vulpes), kangaroos (Macropus giganteus), koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), livestock guardian dogs (C. l. familiaris), pademelons (Thylogale billardierii), possums (Trichosurus cunninghami), quolls (Dasyurus geoffroii and D. maculatus), wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus and Petrogale lateralis), and wombats (Vombatus ursinus). Common problems encountered were associated with collar design, the GPS, VHF and timed-release components, and unforseen costs in retrieving and refurbishing collars. We discuss the implications of collar failures for research programs and animal welfare, and suggest how these could be avoided or improved. Our intention is to provide constructive advice so that researchers and manufacturers can make informed decisions about using this technology, and maximise the many benefits of GPS while reducing the risks.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Vitelli, Joseph, and Barbara Madigan. "Evaluating the efficacy of the EZ-Ject herbicide system in Queensland, Australia." Rangeland Journal 33, no. 3 (2011): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11038.

Full text
Abstract:
The EZ-Ject herbicide system was evaluated as a stem injection method for controlling woody weeds in a range of situations where traditional chemical application methods have limited scope. The equipment was trialled on three Queensland weed species; pond apple (Annona glabra), velvety tree pear (Opuntia tomentosa) and yellow oleander (Cascabela thevetia); at five different cartridge densities (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4) and with two herbicides (glyphosate and imazapyr). Cartridges filled with imazapyr were significantly more effective at controlling the three woody weed species than those filled with glyphosate. Injecting plants with three imazapyr cartridges resulted in plant kills ranging from 93 to 100%, compared with glyphosate kills of 17 to 100%. Pond apple was the most susceptible species, requiring one imazapyr cartridge or two glyphosate cartridges to kill 97 and 92% of the treated plants. Plant mortality increased as the number of cartridges injected increased. Mortality did not differ significantly for treatments receiving three and four imazapyr cartridges, as these cartridge densities met the criterion of injecting one cartridge per 10-cm basal circumference, a criterion recommended by the manufacturers for treating large plants (>6.35 cm in diameter at breast height). The cost of treating a weed infestation of 1500 plants ha–1 with three cartridges per tree is $1070 ha–1, with labour costs accounting for 16% of the total. The high chemical costs would preclude this technique from broad-scale use, but the method could have application for treating woody weeds in sensitive, high conservation areas.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Karanges, Emily Aspasia, Conrad Nangla, Lisa Parker, Alice Fabbri, Cynthia Farquhar, and Lisa Bero. "Pharmaceutical industry payments and assisted reproduction in Australia: a retrospective observational study." BMJ Open 11, no. 9 (August 31, 2021): e049710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049710.

Full text
Abstract:
ObjectivesTo investigate the extent and nature of pharmaceutical industry payments related to fertility and assisted reproduction in Australia.Design and settingThis retrospective observational study employed four databases compiled from publicly available pharmaceutical industry transparency reports on educational event sponsorship (October 2011–April 2018), payments to healthcare professionals (October 2015–April 2018) and patient group support (January 2013–December 2017). Analyses were restricted to fertility-related payments by two major manufacturers of fertility medicines in Australia: Merck Serono and Merck, Sharp and Dohme (MSD).Primary and secondary outcome measuresDescriptive statistics on fertility-related payments and other transfers of value (counts, total and median costs in Australian dollars) for educational events and to healthcare professionals and patient groups.ResultsBetween October 2011 and April 2018, Merck Serono and MSD spent $A4 522 263 on 970 fertility-related events for healthcare professionals, including doctors, nurses and fertility scientists. 56.8% (551/970) events were held by fertility clinics and 29.3% (284/970) by professional medical associations. Between October 2015 and April 2018, Merck Serono spent $A403 800 across 177 payments to 118 fertility healthcare professionals, predominantly for educational event attendance. Recipients included obstetricians and gynaecologists (76.3% of payments, 135/177), nurses (11.3%, 20/177) and embryologists/fertility scientists (9.6%, 17/117). The highest paid healthcare professionals held leadership positions in major fertility clinics. Merck Serono provided $A662 850 to fertility-related patient groups for advocacy and education (January 2013–December 2017).ConclusionsThe pharmaceutical industry sponsored a broad range of fertility clinicians and organisations, including doctors, nurses, embryologists, professional medical organisations, fertility clinics and patient groups. This sponsorship may contribute to the overuse of fertility services.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Ross, Graeme. "Importance of ambient cure for high-temperature coatings." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 654. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19087.

Full text
Abstract:
Due to increasing demand for energy around the world, the prevalence of global megaprojects within the oil and gas industry is increasing. Process pipes, valves and vessels may be manufactured and coated in China or Korea, where labour costs are comparatively low, before being transported to the final project location, such as Western Australia. During the transport and fabrication phase, coated steelwork may spend months or even years exposed to harsh offshore or coastal environments before going into service. This means coatings must be able to provide protection throughout an extensive construction phase, in addition to the in-service lifetime of the steel. This paper examines the demands on high temperature performance coatings both before and once in service. Test methodology and exposure data are reviewed with a focus on how modern aluminium pigmented silicone coatings provide a solution to the corrosion challenges faced in global megaprojects.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manufactures Australia Costs"

1

Bain, Lynda M., of Western Sydney Nepean University, and Faculty of Commerce. "Choice of labour flexibility vehicle within the Australian clothing industry : a case study." THESIS_FCOM_XXX_Bain_L.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/508.

Full text
Abstract:
Existing theories and literature seeking to explain small business reticence to engage in enterprise bargaining, at times adopt a generalised approach which precludes or at least limits their relevance and ability to explain small business choice at the industry and even organisational level. Such explanations cannot be detached from the external contextual framework in which an organisation operates and its own, often unique, strategic corporate response to the environmental influences which are challenging it. Labour flexibility vehicles including bargaining, if chosen to facilitate broader corporate strategies, can thereby, be regarded as functionally dependent upon and interactive with the corporate orientations and objectives of the organisation which in turn are environmentally influenced and shaped. The research principally provides a focused description and analysis of the experiences of Clothingco, a small, up market, vertically integrated clothing manufacturer and retailer, which has undergone various strategic readjustments at the corporate and industrial relations level throughout the 1990s, in response to externally driven pressures. The research presents firm evidence to suggest that Clothingco has selected its labour flexibility mechanisms so that they are consistent with and able to accomodate prevailing corporate strategies and orientations. Its strategic corporate readjustments throughout the 90s, which can be perceived as falling along the continuum of cost minimisation to productivity enhancement, have in particular registered differing choices with respect to labour flexibility vehicle and strategies. In the light of the findings, the research as a preferred labour flexibility vehicle at Clothingco. These are identified as: an increasing corporate focus towards cost minimisation throughout the 1990s, coupled with an inability by management to countenance union intervention in enterprise bargaining procedures. The interaction of both these factors, rendered enterprise bargaining from the point of view of management, both a strategically and industrially inferior labour flexibility vehicle to the use of contract labour. The research's strength lies in these areas which have been highlighted and which can be monitored and tested more comprehensively in future research.
Master of Commerce (Hons)
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Hagan, James Russell. "Aggregate demand and wage effects on manufacturing employment in Australia 1954-55 to 1984-85." Phd thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/130855.

Full text
Abstract:
Interest in the relative roles of wages and demand in determining employment can be traced to Keynes' General Theory. This gave rise to research into the cyclic relationship between employment and wages, and also into the role of wages and demand variables as determinants of the demand for labour. This thesis pursues the second line of inquiry which can be categorised as a comparison of neoclassical and Keynesian explanations of the demand for labour in which the former stresses the role of wages and the latter the role of demand variables. There is no consensus in the literature about the relative imponance of wage and aggregate demand variables in labour demand models. The Australian manufacturing sector forms the data for this study. The demand for labour in Australian manufacturing rose from the mid-1950s to 1973-74. During this time employment in manufacturing behaved in much the same way as it did in the rest of the economy. From the mid 1970s employment in manufacturing began a sustained decline while that of the rest of the economy grew. There are four main features of the thesis. The first is that it analyses the demand for labour in Australian manufacturing over a long time period (30 years). Second, alternative specifications of the demand for labour are systematically compared, which includes testing the importance of appropriately modelling the capital stock and technical progress. Third, the role of aggregation in identifying an appropriate labour demand function is investigated. An integrated approach to investigating the relative importance of wage and demand variables, which includes testing the robustness of the specifications, forms the fourth feature of the thesis. The conclusions derived from a systematic study of the Australian manufacturing sector using a long time series of disaggregated data are that: - if technical progress and investment are jointly modelled as time trends, then the real wage is a highly significant determinant of labour demand (this result is very sensitive to the specification chosen); - the importance of the demand effects in the labour demand function are sensitive to the level of aggregation chosen: and, - if the method of modelling MFP and investment is accepted and the level of aggregation chosen appropriate, then both real wages and aggregate demand have significant effects on labour demand over the period studied.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "Manufactures Australia Costs"

1

Distance and duties: Determinants of manufacturing in Australia and Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University Press, 1985.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "Manufactures Australia Costs"

1

Lin, Chad, and Geoffrey Jalleh. "Key Issues and Challenges for Managing and Evaluating B2B E-Commerce Projects within the Australian Pharmaceutical Supply Chain." In Pharmacoinformatics and Drug Discovery Technologies, 54–71. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-0309-7.ch005.

Full text
Abstract:
The use of Business-to-Business (B2B) e-commerce within the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain can potentially assist in setting up an infrastructure which supports complex, multiparty Internet-based trading and transactions among pharmaceutical manufacturers, wholesalers, hospitals, pharmacies, medical supply importers and exporters, and other players in the healthcare system. Effective use of B2B e-commerce can help these organizations reduce costs in supplying and distributing medicines and other medical-related products to the general public. However, despite high expectations for realizing the benefits of B2B e-commerce in the pharmaceutical supply chain, issues surrounding its evaluation and management remain poorly understood and relatively under-researched. This chapter presents case study findings on key management and evaluation issues and challenges in adopting and utilizing B2B e-commerce systems on eight pharmaceutical organizations in Australia. The key objectives of this study are: (1) to establish current practices and norms in evaluating B2B e-commerce investments and projects in the pharmaceutical industry; and (2) to identify key B2B e-commerce management issues and challenges within the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain. A key contribution of this chapter is the identification and examination of key issues and challenges faced by the pharmaceutical organizations undertaking B2B e-commerce activities within their supply chain. The findings will guide senior executives in these organizations to develop their own approaches or strategies to manage the opportunities and threats that exist in the Australian pharmaceutical supply chain.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

"of control. The state of Queensland has generous expertise in this area, with the CSIRO Division of Entomology – Lands Department group in Brisbane boasting spectacular success against Salvinia and Eichhornia, and near the reservoir at James Cook University a USDA unit was involved in successes with the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) (see Chapter 12) using a range of stem-boring and leaf-mining insects (Balciunas et al. 1993). One might consider the herbivorous grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, originally from China, more as a harvester than a biological control agent. This fish grazes on submerged weeds such as Hydrilla, Myriophyllum, Chara, Potamogeton and Ceratophyllum, and at stocking rates of 75 fish/ha control is rapidly achieved. Some introductions in the USA have resulted in removal of all vegetation (Leslie et al. 1987), and in the Australian context the use of sterile (triploid) fish (Cassani and Canton 1985) could be the only consideration. However, in view of the damage already done by grass carp to some inland waterways in Australia, it is suspected that this option would be greeted with horror. Mechanical control involves the physical removal of weeds from a problem area and is useful in situations where the use of herbicides is not practical or poses risks to human health or the environment. Mobile harvesters sever, lift and carry plants to the shore. Most are intended for harvesting submerged plants, though some have been designed or adapted to harvest floating plants. Handling the harvested weed is a problem because of their enormous water content, therefore choppers are often incorporated into harvesting machinery design. However, many mechanical harvesters have a small capacity and the process of disposing of harvested plant material is time-consuming. Any material that remains may affect water quality during the decay process by depleting the water of oxygen. Furthermore, nutrients released by decay may cause algal blooms (Mitchell 1978). Another disadvantage of mechanical removal is that disturbance often promotes rapid new growth and germination of seed, and encourages the spread of weed by fragmentation. Some direct uses of macrophytes include the following: livestock food; protein extraction; manufacture of yeast; production of alcohol and other by-products; the formation of composts, mulches and fertilizers; and use for methane generation (Williams 1977). Herbicides either kill on contact, or after translocation through the plant. Some are residual and retain their toxicity for a period of time. Where herbicides are used for control of plants, some contamination of the water is inevitable (Bill 1977). The degree of contamination depends on the toxicity of the material, its fate and persistence in the water, the concentration used and the main purpose served by the water. After chemical defoliation of aquatic vegetation, the masses of decaying organic debris produced can interfere with fish production. Several factors must be taken into account when selecting and adapting herbicides for aquatic purposes, including: type of water use; toxicity of the herbicide to humans, fish, stock, and wildlife; rate of disappearance of residues, species affected and duration of control; concentration of herbicide; and cost (Bill 1977). The TVA has successfully used EPA-approved herbicides such as Endothall, Diquat, Fluridone and Komeen against Hydrilla (Burns et al. 1992), and a list of approved." In Water Resources, 153–54. CRC Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203027851-40.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Manufactures Australia Costs"

1

Barbosa, Fábio C. "LNG Use in Freight Rail Industry as an Economic and Environmental Driver: A Technical, Operational and Economic Assessment." In 2017 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2017-2233.

Full text
Abstract:
Freight rail carriers have been continuously challenged to reduce costs and comply with increasingly stringent environmental standards, into a continuously competing and environmentally driven industry. In this context, current availability and relative abundance of clean and low cost non conventional gas reserves have aroused a comprehensive reevaluation of rail industry into fuel option, especially where freight rail are strongly diesel based. Countries in which rail sector is required to play an important role in transport matrix, where fuel expenditures currently accounts for a significant share of operational costs, like Australia, Brazil, United States and other continental countries, can be seen as strong candidates to adopt fuel alternatives to diesel fueled freight railways. Moreover, from an environmental perspective, the use of alternative fuels (like natural gas) for locomotive traction may allow rail freight carriers to comply with emission standards into a less technologically complex and costly way. In this context, liquefied natural gas (LNG) fueled freight locomotives are seen as a strong potential near-term driver for natural gas use in rail sector, with its intrinsic cost and environmental benefits and with the potential to revolutionize rail industry much like the transition from steam to diesel experienced into the fifties, as well as the more recent advent of use of alternating current diesel-electric locomotives. LNG rail fueled approach has been focused on both retrofitting existing locomotive diesel engines, as well as on original manufactured engines. Given the lower polluting potential of natural gas heavy engines, when compared to diesel counterparts, LNG locomotives can be used to comply with increasingly restrictive Particulate Matter (PM) and Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) emission standards with less technological complexity (engine design and aftertreatment hardware) and their intrinsic lower associated costs. Prior to commercial operation of LNG locomotives, there are some technical, operational and economic hurdles that need to be addressed, i.e. : i) locomotive engine and fuel tender car technological maturity and reliability improvement; ii) regulation improvement, basically focused on operational safety and interchange operations; iii) current and long term diesel - gas price differential, a decisive driver, and, finally, iv) LNG infrastructure requirements (fueling facilities, locomotives and tender car specifications). This work involved an extensive research into already published works to present an overview of LNG use in freight rail industry into a technical, operational and economical perspective, followed by a critical evaluation of its potential into some relevant freight rail markets, such as United States, Brazil and Australia, as well as some European non electrified rail freight lines.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Blinderman, Michael S., and Bernard Anderson. "Underground Coal Gasification for Power Generation: High Efficiency and CO2-Emissions." In ASME 2004 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2004-52036.

Full text
Abstract:
Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is a gasification process carried out in non-mined coal seams using injection and production wells drilled from the surface, enabling the coal to be converted into product gas. The UCG process practiced by Ergo Exergy is called Exergy UCG or εUCG. εUCG was applied in the Chinchilla UCG-IGCC Project in Australia. The IGCC project in Chinchilla, Australia has been under development since July 1999. The project involves construction of the underground gasifier and demonstration of UCG technology, and installation of the power island. Since December 1999 the plant has been making gas continuously, and its maximum capacity is 80,000 Nm3/h. Approximately 32,000 tonnes of coal have been gasified, and 100% availability of gas production has been demonstrated over 30 months of operation. The UCG operation in Chinchilla is the largest and the longest to date in the Western world. The εUCG facility at Chinchilla has used air injection, and produced a low BTU gas of about 5.0 MJ/m3 at a pressure of 10 barg (145 psig) and temperature of 300° C (570° F). It included 9 process wells that have been producing gas manufactured from a 10 m thick coal seam at the depth of about 140 m. The process displayed high efficiency and consistency in providing gas of stable quality and quantity. The results of operations in Chinchilla to date have demonstrated that εUCG can consistently provide gas of stable quantity and quality for IGCC power projects at very low cost enabling the UCG-IGCC plant to compete with coal-fired power stations. This has been done in full compliance with rigorous environmental regulations. A wide range of gas turbines can be used for UCG-IGCC applications. The turbines using UCG gas will demonstrate an increase in output by up to 25% compared to natural gas. The power block efficiency reaches 55%, while the overall efficiency of the UCG-IGCC process can reach 43%. A UCG-IGCC power plant will generate electricity at a much lower cost than existing or proposed fossil fuel power plants. CO2 emissions of the plant can be reduced to a level 55% less than those of a supercritical coal-fired plant and 25% less than the emissions of NG CC.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Anderson, Peter, James Wonson, and W. John Dartnall. "Rigorous Design Process for a Groundwater Pump for Low-Yield Water Wells: A Case Study." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-39557.

Full text
Abstract:
Ground-water pumping in remote areas, such as Australian farms, was for many years traditionally done by wind pumps in order to satisfy the needs of stock. Since the 1980’s solar pumps of varying designs have become popular for pumping water from farm dams and tube wells. Wind pumps, solar pumps, engine or electric motor driven pumps and even animal/human powered pumps have a future in many remote situations in the world for stock watering, irrigation and for village water supply in developing countries. In these markets there is a wide-spread view that local manufacture of the pumps is preferable, as is well documented in the literature on village water supply in developing countries. Submersible pumps that are either of the multi-stage centrifugal class or that use the progressive cavity principle have increased in popularity in the low well yield environment. However, where well yields are extremely low the efficiency of these pumps also becomes low and oversized pumps of these kinds are often inappropriately applied. Quite often in the low yield situation, tube wells are also oversized in that they are drilled to large diameters and depths so as to provide storage in order to accommodate the water demand requirements of the user. This practice leads to unnecessary deterioration of both pump and well. Designing for low production volume manufacture presents unique challenges for the designer in attempting to design a robust, versatile but cost-effective product. The design challenges include, achievement of: - high efficiency, reliability, longevity, simplicity, versatility with a minimum parts count, and all this at a low cost. A case study is presented in this paper in which the design issues are outlined. A rigorous design process has been applied in this case study.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic 'Manufactures Australia Costs' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography