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Journal articles on the topic 'Mantle fluids'

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Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Rosenbaum, Jeffrey M., Alan Zindler, and James L. Rubenstone. "Mantle fluids: Evidence from fluid inclusions." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60, no. 17 (September 1996): 3229–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(96)00167-6.

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2

Bureau, Hélène, Daniel J. Frost, Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Clémence Leroy, Imène Esteve, and Patrick Cordier. "Diamond growth in mantle fluids." Lithos 265 (November 2016): 4–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.10.004.

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3

Hu, Wenxuan, Xiaolin Wang, Dongya Zhu, Donghua You, and Haiguang Wu. "An overview of types and characterization of hot fluids associated with reservoir formation in petroliferous basins." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 36, no. 6 (March 15, 2018): 1359–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144598718763895.

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Increasing petroleum explorations indicate that the formation of many reservoirs is in close association with deep hot fluids, which can be subdivided into three groups including crust-derived hot fluid, hydrocarbon-related hot fluid, and mantle-derived hot fluid. The crust-derived hot fluid mainly originates from deep old rocks or crystalline basement. It usually has higher temperature than the surrounding rocks and is characterized by hydrothermal mineral assemblages (e.g. fluorite, hydrothermal dolomite, and barite), positive Eu anomaly, low δ18O value, and high 87Sr/86Sr ratio. Cambrian and Ordovician carbonate reservoirs in the central Tarim Basin, northwestern China serve as typical examples. The hydrocarbon-related hot fluid is rich in acidic components formed during the generation of hydrocarbons, such as organic acid and CO2, and has strong ability to dissolve alkaline minerals (e.g. calcite, dolomite, and alkaline feldspar). Extremely 13C-depleted carbonate cements are indicative of the activities of such fluids. The activities of hydrocarbon-related hot fluids are distinct in the Eocene Wilcox Group of the Texas Gulf Coast, and the Permian Lucaogou Formation of the Jimusaer Sag and the Triassic Baikouquan Formation of the Mahu Sag in the Junggar Basin. The mantle-derived hot fluid comes from the upper mantle. The activities of mantle-derived hot fluids are common in the rift basins in eastern China, showing a close spatial relationship with deep faults. This type of hot fluid is characterized by high CO2 content, unique gas compositions, and distinct noble gas isotopic signatures. In the Huangqiao gas field of eastern China, mantle-derived CO2-rich hot fluids have created more pore spaces in the Permian sandstone reservoirs adjacent to deep faults.

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4

Tiraboschi, Carla, Francesca Miozzi, and Simone Tumiati. "Carbon-saturated COH fluids in the upper mantle: a review of high-pressure and high-temperature ex situ experiments." European Journal of Mineralogy 34, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): 59–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ejm-34-59-2022.

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Abstract. High-pressure COH fluids have a fundamental role in a variety of geological processes. Their composition in terms of volatile species can control the solidus temperature and carbonation/decarbonation reactions, as well as influence the amount of solutes generated during fluid–rock interaction at depth. Over the last decades, several systems have been experimentally investigated to unravel the effect of COH fluids at upper-mantle conditions. However, fluid composition is rarely tackled as a quantitative issue, and rather infrequently fluids are analyzed in the same way as the associated solid phases in the experimental assemblage. A comprehensive characterization of carbon-bearing aqueous fluids in terms of composition is hampered by experimental difficulties in synthetizing and analyzing high-pressure fluids without altering their composition upon quenching. Recently, improved techniques have been proposed for the analyses of experimental carbon-saturated COH fluids, leading to a significant advancement in synthetic fluid characterization. Here, we present a review of carbon-bearing aqueous fluid experiments conducted at lower-crust and upper-mantle P–T (pressure and temperature) conditions, in which fluids have been characterized quantitatively through ex situ techniques. We review the experimental background of the most commonly employed thermodynamic models for COH fluids, together with the techniques to synthetize them and analyze their composition when the fluid coexists with solid phases. We highlight how a quantitative approach to COH fluid analyses is a fundamental step to understand the effect of these fluids at upper-mantle conditions and to provide a strong experimental foundation to thermodynamic models to ultimately unravel the deep cycling of elements.

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5

Halpaap, Felix, Stéphane Rondenay, Alexander Perrin, Saskia Goes, Lars Ottemöller, Håkon Austrheim, Robert Shaw, and Thomas Eeken. "Earthquakes track subduction fluids from slab source to mantle wedge sink." Science Advances 5, no. 4 (April 2019): eaav7369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav7369.

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Subducting plates release fluids as they plunge into Earth’s mantle and occasionally rupture to produce intraslab earthquakes. It is debated whether fluids and earthquakes are directly related. By combining seismic observations and geodynamic models from western Greece, and comparing across other subduction zones, we find that earthquakes effectively track the flow of fluids from their slab source at >80 km depth to their sink at shallow (<40 km) depth. Between source and sink, the fluids flow updip under a sealed plate interface, facilitating intraslab earthquakes. In some locations, the seal breaks and fluids escape through vents into the mantle wedge, thereby reducing the fluid supply and seismicity updip in the slab. The vents themselves may represent nucleation sites for larger damaging earthquakes.

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6

Pal'yanov, Yu N., A. G. Sokol, Yu M. Borzdov, A. F. Khokhryakov, and N. V. Sobolev. "Diamond formation from mantle carbonate fluids." Nature 400, no. 6743 (July 1999): 417–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/22678.

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7

KAWAMOTO, Tatsuhiko. "Chemical Composition of Mantle Wedge Fluids." Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) 124, no. 3 (2015): 473–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5026/jgeography.124.473.

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8

Frezzotti, Maria-Luce, Jacques L. R. Touret, Wim J. Lustenhouwer, and Else-Ragnild Neumann. "Melt and fluid inclusions in dunite xenoliths from La Gomera, Canary Islands: tracking the mantle metasomatic fluids." European Journal of Mineralogy 6, no. 6 (November 30, 1994): 805–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/6/6/0805.

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9

Frezzotti, Maria Luce, Ernst A. J. Burke, Benedetto De Vivo, Barbara Stefanini, and Igor M. Villa. "Mantle fluids in pyroxenite nodules from Salt Lake Crater (Oahu, Hawaii)." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 1137–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/1137.

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10

Gao, Yun, Bailin Chen, Liyan Wu, Jianfeng Gao, Guangqian Zeng, and Jinghui Shen. "Mantle-Derived Noble Gas Isotopes in the Ore-Forming Fluid of Xingluokeng W-Mo Deposit, Fujian Province." Minerals 12, no. 5 (May 7, 2022): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12050595.

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China has the largest W reserves in the world, which are mainly concentrated in south China. Although previous studies have been carried out on whether mantle material is incorporated in granites associated with W deposits, the conclusions have been inconsistent. However, rare gas isotopes can be used to study the contribution of mantle-to-W mineralization. In this paper, we investigated the He and Ar isotope compositions of fluid inclusions in pyrite and wolframite from the Xingluokeng ultra-large W-Mo deposit to evaluate the origin of ore-forming fluids and discuss the contribution of the mantle-to-tungsten mineralization. The He-Ar isotopic compositions showed that the 3He/4He ratios of the ore-forming fluid of the Xingluokeng deposit ranged from 0.14 to 1.01 Ra (Ra is the 3He/4He ratio of air, 1 Ra = 1.39 × 10−6), with an average of 0.58 Ra, which is between the 3He/4He ratios of mantle fluids and crustal fluids, suggesting that the mantle-derived He was added to the mineralizing fluid, with a mean of 8.7%. The 40Ar/36Ar ratios of these samples ranged from 361 to 817, with an average of 578, between the atmospheric 40Ar/36Ar and the crustal and/or mantle 40Ar/36Ar. The results of the He-Ar isotopes from Xingluokeng W-Mo deposit showed that the ore-forming fluid of the deposit was not the product of the evolution of pure crustal melt. The upwelling mantle plays an important role in the formation of tungsten deposits.

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11

Förster, Michael W., Stephen F. Foley, Horst R. Marschall, Olivier Alard, and Stephan Buhre. "Melting of sediments in the deep mantle produces saline fluid inclusions in diamonds." Science Advances 5, no. 5 (May 2019): eaau2620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aau2620.

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Diamonds growing in the Earth’s mantle often trap inclusions of fluids that are highly saline in composition. These fluids are thought to emerge from deep in subduction zones and may also be involved in the generation of some of the kimberlite magmas. However, the source of these fluids and the mechanism of their transport into the mantle lithosphere are unresolved. Here, we present experimental results showing that alkali chlorides are stable solid phases in the mantle lithosphere below 110 km. These alkali chlorides are formed by the reaction of subducted marine sediments with peridotite and show identical K/Na ratios to fluid inclusions in diamond. At temperatures >1100°C and low pressures, the chlorides are unstable; here, potassium is accommodated in mica and melt. The reaction of subducted sediments with peridotite explains the occurrence of Mg carbonates and the highly saline fluids found in diamonds and in chlorine-enriched kimberlite magmas.

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12

Linqi, XIA, XIA Zuchun, and XU Xueyi. "Fluids and Melts in the Upper Mantle." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 73, no. 3 (September 1999): 330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.1999.tb00841.x.

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13

Navon, O., I. D. Hutcheon, G. R. Rossman, and G. J. Wasserburg. "Mantle-derived fluids in diamond micro-inclusions." Nature 335, no. 6193 (October 1988): 784–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/335784a0.

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14

Manning, Craig E. "Mobilizing aluminum in crustal and mantle fluids." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 89, no. 1-3 (April 2006): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2005.12.019.

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15

Li, Yuan, and Hans Keppler. "Nitrogen speciation in mantle and crustal fluids." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 129 (March 2014): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.12.031.

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16

Mingjie, ZHANG, WANG Xianbin, LIU Gang, ZHANG Tongwei, and BO Wenrui. "Compositions of Upper Mantle Fluids Beneath Eastern China: Implications for Mantle Evolution." Acta Geologica Sinica - English Edition 78, no. 1 (September 7, 2010): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00683.x.

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17

Turner, G., R. Burgess, and M. Bannon. "Volatile-rich mantle fluids inferred from inclusions in diamond and mantle xenoliths." Nature 344, no. 6267 (April 1990): 653–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/344653a0.

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18

Nishiyama, Naoki, Hirochika Sumino, and Kohtaro Ujiie. "Fluid overpressure in subduction plate boundary caused by mantle-derived fluids." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 538 (May 2020): 116199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2020.116199.

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19

Groves, David I., Liang Zhang, and M. Santosh. "Subduction, mantle metasomatism, and gold: A dynamic and genetic conjunction." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 7-8 (November 4, 2019): 1419–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35379.1.

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Abstract Global gold deposit classes are enigmatic in relation to first-order tectonic scale, leading to controversial genetic models and exploration strategies. Traditionally, hydrothermal gold deposits that formed through transport and deposition from auriferous ore fluids are grouped into specific deposit types such as porphyry, skarn, high- and low-sulfidation–type epithermal, gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Carlin-type, orogenic, and iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG), and intrusion-related gold deposits (IRGDs). District-scale mineral system approaches propose interrelated groups such as porphyry Cu-Au, skarn Cu-Au-Ag, and high-sulfidation Au-Ag. In this study, the temporal evolution of subduction-related processes in convergent margins was evaluated to propose a continuum of genetic models that unify the various types of gold deposits. At the tectonic scale of mineral systems, all hydrothermal gold deposits are interrelated in that they formed progressively during the evolution of direct or indirect subduction-related processes along convergent margins. Porphyry-related systems formed initially from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to melting of fertile mantle to initiate calc-alkaline to high-K felsic magmatism in volcanic arcs directly related to subduction. Formation of gold-rich VMS systems was related to hydrothermal circulation driven by magmatic activity during rifting of oceanic arcs. Orogenic gold deposits formed largely through fluids derived from devolatilization of the downgoing slab and overlying sediment wedge during late transpression in the orogenic cycle. Carlin-type deposits, IRGDs, and some continental-arc porphyry systems formed during the early stages of orogenic collapse via fluids directly or indirectly related to hybrid magmatism from melting of lithosphere that was metasomatized and gold-fertilized by earlier fluid release from subduction zones near margins of continental blocks. The IOCGs were formed during postorogenic asthenosphere upwelling beneath such subduction-related metasomatized and fertilized lithospheric blocks via fluid release and explosive emplacement of volatile-rich melts. Thus, importantly, subduction is clearly recognized as the key unifying dynamic factor in gold metallogenesis, with subduction-related fluids or melts providing the critical ore components for a wide variety of gold-rich deposit types.

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20

Ague, Jay J., Santiago Tassara, Megan E. Holycross, Ji-Lei Li, Elizabeth Cottrell, Esther M. Schwarzenbach, Charalampos Fassoulas, and Timm John. "Slab-derived devolatilization fluids oxidized by subducted metasedimentary rocks." Nature Geoscience 15, no. 4 (March 17, 2022): 320–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41561-022-00904-7.

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AbstractMetamorphic devolatilization of subducted slabs generates aqueous fluids that ascend into the mantle wedge, driving the partial melting that produces arc magmas. These magmas have oxygen fugacities some 10–1,000 times higher than magmas generated at mid-ocean ridges. Whether this oxidized magmatic character is imparted by slab fluids or is acquired during ascent and interaction with the surrounding mantle or crust is debated. Here we study the petrology of metasedimentary rocks from two Tertiary Aegean subduction complexes in combination with reactive transport modelling to investigate the oxidative potential of the sedimentary rocks that cover slabs. We find that the metasedimentary rocks preserve evidence for fluid-mediated redox reactions and could be highly oxidized. Furthermore, the modelling demonstrates that layers of these oxidized rocks less than about 200 m thick have the capacity to oxidize the ascending slab dehydration flux via redox reactions that remove H2, CH4 and/or H2S from the fluids. These fluids can then oxidize the overlying mantle wedge at rates comparable to arc magma generation rates, primarily via reactions involving sulfur species. Oxidized metasedimentary rocks need not generate large amounts of fluid themselves but could instead oxidize slab dehydration fluids ascending through them. Proposed Phanerozoic increases in arc magma oxygen fugacity may reflect the recycling of oxidative weathering products following Neoproterozoic–Palaeozoic marine and atmospheric oxygenation.

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21

Arai, Shoji, Makoto Miura, Akihiro Tamura, Norikatsu Akizawa, and Akira Ishikawa. "Hydrothermal Chromitites from the Oman Ophiolite: The Role of Water in Chromitite Genesis." Minerals 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2020): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10030217.

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The role of water-rich solutions in the formation of chromitites has been the matter of controversy. We found small chromite concentrations (chromitites) in diopsidites, precipitated from high-temperature hydrothermal fluids, in the mantle to the crust of the Oman ophiolite. Here, we present petrologic characteristics of the hydrothermal chromitites to understand their genesis. In the chromitites, the chromite is associated with uvarovite in the crust and diopside + grossular in the mantle. They are discriminated from the magmatic podiform chromitite by dominance of the Ca-Al silicates in the matrix. The fluids responsible for chromite precipitation are possibly saline, being derived from the seawater circulated into the mantle through the crust. The saline fluids precipitate chromite to form chromite upon decompression and cooling, and transport platinum-group elements (especially Pt and Pd). The fluids obtain Ca and Al from the crustal rocks and Cr from the mantle rocks during circulation. Saline fluids are also supplied from the slab to the mantle wedge, and can metasomatically precipitate chromite and pyroxenes within peridotites. They re-distribute Cr and chromite in peridotites along with circulation of saline fluids in the mantle wedge.

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22

Melwani Daswani, Mohit, and Julie C. Castillo-Rogez. "Porosity-filling Metamorphic Brines Explain Ceres’s Low Mantle Density." Planetary Science Journal 3, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/psj/ac4509.

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Abstract Recent work has sought to constrain the composition and makeup of the dwarf planet Ceres’s mantle, which has a relatively low density, between 2400 and 2800 kg m−3, as inferred by observations by the Dawn mission. Explanations for this low density have ranged from a high fraction of porosity-filled brines to a high fraction of organic matter. We present a series of numerical thermodynamic models that yield the mineralogy and fluid composition in the mantle as a function of Ceres’s thermal evolution. We find that the resulting phase assemblage could have changed drastically since the formation of Ceres, as volatile-bearing minerals such as serpentine and carbonates would partially destabilize and release their volatiles as temperatures in the mantle reach their maximum about 3 Gyr after Ceres’s formation. These volatiles consist mainly of aqueous fluids containing Na+ and HS− throughout the metamorphic evolution of Ceres and, in addition, high concentrations of CO2 at high temperatures relatively recently. The predicted present-day phase assemblage in the mantle, consisting of partially devolatilized minerals and 13–30 vol% fluid-filled porosity, is consistent with the mantle densities inferred from Dawn. The metamorphic fluids generated in Ceres’s mantle may have replenished an ocean at the base of the crust and may even be the source of the Na2CO3 and NaHCO3 mineral deposits observed at Ceres’s surface.

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23

Manthilake, Geeth, Julien Chantel, Nicolas Guignot, and Andrew King. "The Anomalous Seismic Behavior of Aqueous Fluids Released during Dehydration of Chlorite in Subduction Zones." Minerals 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11010070.

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Dehydration and fluid circulation are integral parts of subduction tectonics that govern the dynamics of the wedge mantle. The knowledge of the elastic behavior of aqueous fluid is crucial to understand the fluid–rock interactions in the mantle through velocity profiles. In this study, we investigated the elastic wave velocities of chlorite at high pressure beyond its dehydrating temperature, simulating the progressive dehydration of hydrous minerals in subduction zones. The dehydration resulted in an 8% increase in compressional (Vp) and a 5% decrease in shear wave (Vs) velocities at 950 K. The increase in Vp can be attributed to the stiffening of the sample due to the formation of secondary mineral phases followed by the dehydration of chlorite. The fluid-bearing samples exhibited Vp/Vs of 2.45 at 950 K. These seismic parameters are notably different from the major mantle minerals or hydrous silicate melts and provide unique seismic criteria for detecting mantle fluids through seismic tomography.

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24

Tarits, P. "Conductivity and fluids in the oceanic upper mantle." Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 42, no. 4 (April 1986): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9201(86)90024-5.

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25

Fyfe, W. S. "Deep fluids and volatile recycling: crust to mantle." Tectonophysics 275, no. 1-3 (July 1997): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(97)00023-1.

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26

Manthilake, Geeth, Nathalie Bolfan-Casanova, Davide Novella, Mainak Mookherjee, and Denis Andrault. "Dehydration of chlorite explains anomalously high electrical conductivity in the mantle wedges." Science Advances 2, no. 5 (May 2016): e1501631. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501631.

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Mantle wedge regions in subduction zone settings show anomalously high electrical conductivity (~1 S/m) that has often been attributed to the presence of aqueous fluids released by slab dehydration. Laboratory-based measurements of the electrical conductivity of hydrous phases and aqueous fluids are significantly lower and cannot readily explain the geophysically observed anomalously high electrical conductivity. The released aqueous fluid also rehydrates the mantle wedge and stabilizes a suite of hydrous phases, including serpentine and chlorite. In this present study, we have measured the electrical conductivity of a natural chlorite at pressures and temperatures relevant for the subduction zone setting. In our experiment, we observe two distinct conductivity enhancements when chlorite is heated to temperatures beyond its thermodynamic stability field. The initial increase in electrical conductivity to ~3 × 10−3S/m can be attributed to chlorite dehydration and the release of aqueous fluids. This is followed by a unique, subsequent enhancement of electrical conductivity of up to 7 × 10−1S/m. This is related to the growth of an interconnected network of a highly conductive and chemically impure magnetite mineral phase. Thus, the dehydration of chlorite and associated processes are likely to be crucial in explaining the anomalously high electrical conductivity observed in mantle wedges. Chlorite dehydration in the mantle wedge provides an additional source of aqueous fluid above the slab and could also be responsible for the fixed depth (120 ± 40 km) of melting at the top of the subducting slab beneath the subduction-related volcanic arc front.

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27

Newton, David E., Maya G. Kopylova, Jennifer Burgess, and Pamela Strand. "Peridotite and pyroxenite xenoliths from the Muskox kimberlite, northern Slave craton, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 1 (January 2016): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0083.

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We present petrography, mineralogy, and thermobarometry for 53 mantle-derived xenoliths from the Muskox kimberlite pipe in the northern Slave craton. The xenolith suite includes 23% coarse peridotite, 9% porphyroclastic peridotite, 60% websterite, and 8% orthopyroxenite. Samples primarily comprise forsteritic olivine (Fo 89–94), enstatite (En 89–94), Cr-diopside, Cr-pyrope garnet, and chromite spinel. Coarse peridotites, porphyroclastic peridotites, and pyroxenites equilibrated at 650–1220 °C and 23–63 kbar (1 kbar = 100 MPa), 1200–1350 °C and 57–70 kbar, and 1030–1230 °C and 50–63 kbar, respectively. The Muskox xenoliths differ from xenoliths in the neighboring and contemporaneous Jericho kimberlite by their higher levels of depletion, the presence of a shallow zone of metasomatism in the spinel peridotite field, a higher proportion of pyroxenites at the base of the mantle column, higher Cr2O3 in all pyroxenite minerals, and weaker deformation in the Muskox mantle. We interpret these contrasts as representing small-scale heterogeneities in the bulk composition of the mantle, as well as the local effects of interaction between metasomatizing fluid and mantle wall rocks. We suggest that asthenosphere-derived pre-kimberlitic melts and fluids percolated less effectively through the less permeable Muskox mantle, resulting in lower degrees of hydrous weakening, strain, and fertilization of the peridotitic mantle. Fluids tended to concentrate and pool in the deep mantle, causing partial melting and formation of abundant pyroxenites.

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28

Gudelius, Dominik, Sonja Aulbach, Hans-Michael Seitz, and Roberto Braga. "Crustal fluids cause strong Lu-Hf fractionation and Hf-Nd-Li isotopic provinciality in the mantle of continental subduction zones." Geology 50, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49317.1.

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Abstract Metasomatized mantle wedge peridotites exhumed within high-pressure terranes of continental collision zones provide unique insights into crust-mantle interaction and attendant mass transfer, which are critical to our understanding of terrestrial element cycles. Such peridotites occur in high-grade gneisses of the Ulten Zone in the European Alps and record metasomatism by crustal fluids at 330 Ma and high-pressure conditions (2.0 GPa, 850 °C) that caused a transition from coarse-grained, garnet-bearing to fine-grained, amphibole-rich rocks. We explored the effects of crustal fluids on canonically robust Lu-Hf peridotite isotope signatures in comparison with fluid-sensitive trace elements and Nd-Li isotopes. Notably, we found that a Lu-Hf pseudo-isochron is created by a decrease in bulk-rock 176Lu/177Hf from coarse- to fine-grained peridotite that is demonstrably caused by heavy rare earth element (HREE) loss during fluid-assisted, garnet-consuming, amphibole-forming reactions accompanied by enrichment in fluid-mobile elements and the addition of unradiogenic Nd. Despite close spatial relationships, some peridotite lenses record more intense fluid activity that causes complete garnet breakdown and high field strength element (HFSE) addition along with the addition of crust-derived unradiogenic Hf, as well as distinct chromatographic light REE (LREE) fractionation. We suggest that the observed geochemical and isotopic provinciality between peridotite lenses reflects different positions relative to the crustal fluid source at depth. This interpretation is supported by Li isotopes: inferred proximal peridotites show light δ7Li due to strong kinetic Li isotope fractionation (−4.7–2.0‰) that accompanies Li enrichment, whereas distal peridotites show Li contents and δ7Li similar to those of the depleted mantle (1.0–7.2‰). Thus, Earth's mantle can acquire significant Hf-Nd-Li-isotopic heterogeneity during locally variable ingress of crustal fluids in continental subduction zones.

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29

Heming, T. A., G. A. Vinogradov, A. K. Klerman, and V. T. Komov. "acid—base Regulation in the Freshwater Pearl Mussel Margaritifera Margaritifera: Effects of Emersion and Low Water pH." Journal of Experimental Biology 137, no. 1 (July 1, 1988): 501–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.137.1.501.

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Freshwater pearl mussels Margaritifera margaritifera L. were exposed to air for 7 days, then immersed in circumneutral water (pH7.85) or acidified water (pH 5.25) for 5 days. Mantle fluid pH and composition were monitored throughout. The mussels were observed to gape periodically when in air. Periodic gaping permitted aerial gas exchange such that mantle fluid Pcoco2 and dissolved oxygen concentration stabilized at levels about twice and half, respectively, those of immersed mussels. During emersion, a dilute carbonate buffer equilibrium was established in the mantle fluid, involving reactions with CaCO3 reserves and, simultaneously, aerial release of CO2. Aerial CO2 release was sufficient to shift the carbonate buffer equilibrium in the alkaline direction, resulting in a significant alkalosis of mantle fluids during air exposure. Mantle fluid characteristics returned to initial (time zero) values within 3 days of immersion in circumneutral water (pH7.85). When immersed in acid water (pH5.25), the mussels were able to maintain a sizeable gradient between mantle fluid pH and ambient water pH. Regulation of mantle fluid pH in acid water did not involve any isolation reaction (valve closure), but rather environmental protons were buffered at the expense of CaCO3 reserves. Net calcium transfer, the difference between calcium uptake and loss, was shifted in the negative direction by decreases in water pH.

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30

Sokol, Sokol, Bul’bak, Nefyodov, Zaikin, and Tomilenko. "C- and N-bearing Species in Reduced Fluids in the Simplified C–O–H–N System and in Natural Pelite at Upper Mantle P–T Conditions." Minerals 9, no. 11 (November 18, 2019): 712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9110712.

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C- and N-bearing species in reduced fluids weree studied experimentally in C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems and in natural carbonate-bearing samples at mantle P–T parameters. The experiments reproduced three types of reactions leading to formation of hydrocarbons (HCs) at 3.8–7.8 GPa and 800–1400 C and at hydrogen fugacity (fH2) buffered by the Fe–FeO (IW) + H2O or Mo–MoO2 (MMO) + H2O equilibria: (i) Thermal destruction of organic matter during its subduction into the mantle (with an example of docosane), (ii) hydrogenation of graphite upon interaction with H2‑enriched fluids, and (iii) hydrogenation of carbonates and products of their reduction in metamorphic clayey rocks. The obtained quenched fluids analyzed after the runs by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and electronic ionization mass-spectrometry (HR–MS) contain CH4 and C2H6 as main carbon species. The concentrations of C2-C4 alkanes in the fluids increase as the pressure and temperature increase from 3.8 to 7.8 GPa and from 800 to 1400 C, respectively. The fluid equilibrated with the muscovite–garnet–omphacite–kyanite–rutile ± coesite assemblage consists of 50–80 rel.% H2O and 15–40 rel.% alkanes (C1 > C2 > C3 > C4). Main N-bearing species are ammonia (NH3) in the C–O–H–N and muscovite–C–O–H–N systems or methanimine (CH3N) in the fluid derived from the samples of natural pelitic rocks. Nitrogen comes either from air or melamine (C3H6N6) in model systems or from NH4+ in the runs with natural samples. The formula CH3N in the quenched fluid of the C–O–H–N system is confirmed by HR–MS. The impossibility of CH3N incorporation into K-bearing silicates because of a big CH3NH+ cation may limit the solubility of N in silicates at low fO2 and hence may substantially influence the mantle cycle of nitrogen. Thus, subduction of slabs containing carbonates, organic matter, and N-bearing minerals into strongly reduced mantle may induce the formation of fluids enriched in H2O, light alkanes, NH3, and CH3N. The presence of these species must be critical for the deep cycles of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.

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31

Sokol, Tomilenko, Sokol, Zaikin, and Bul’bak. "Formation of Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Native Iron under Upper Mantle Conditions: Experimental Constraints." Minerals 10, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10020088.

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The formation of hydrocarbons (HCs) upon interaction of metal and metal–carbon phases (solid Fe, Fe3C, Fe7C3, Ni, and liquid Fe–Ni alloys) with or without additional sources of carbon (graphite, diamond, carbonate, and H2O–CO2 fluids) was investigated in quenching experiments at 6.3 GPa and 1000–1400 °C, wherein hydrogen fugacity (fH2) was controlled by the Fe–FeO + H2O or Mo–MoO2 + H2O equilibria. The aim of the study was to investigate abiotic generation of hydrocarbons and to characterize the diversity of HC species that form in the presence of Fe/Ni metal phases at P–T–fH2 conditions typical of the upper mantle. The carbon donors were not fully depleted at experimental conditions. The ratio of H2 ingress and consumption rates depended on hydrogen permeability of the capsule material: runs with low-permeable Au capsules and/or high hydrogenation rates (H2O–CO2 fluid) yielded fluids equilibrated with the final assemblage of solid phases at fH2sample ≤ fH2buffer. The synthesized quenched fluids contained diverse HC species, predominantly light alkanes. The relative percentages of light alkane species were greater in higher temperature runs. At 1200 °C, light alkanes (C1 ≈ C2 > C3 > C4) formed either by direct hydrogenation of Fe3C or Fe7C3, or by hydrogenation of graphite/diamond in the presence of Fe3C, Fe7C3, and a liquid Fe–Ni alloy. The CH4/C2H6 ratio in the fluids decreased from 5 to 0.5 with decreasing iron activity and the C fraction increased in the series: Fe–Fe3C → Fe3C–Fe7C3 → Fe7C3–graphite → graphite. Fe3C–magnesite and Fe3C–H2O–CO2 systems at 1200 °C yielded magnesiowüstite and wüstite, respectively, and both produced C-enriched carbide Fe7C3 and mainly light alkanes (C1 ≈ C2 > C3 > C4). Thus, reactions of metal phases that simulate the composition of native iron with various carbon donors (graphite, diamond, carbonate, or H2O–CO2 fluid) at the upper mantle P–T conditions and enhanced fH2 can provide abiotic generation of complex hydrocarbon systems that predominantly contain light alkanes. The conditions favorable for HC formation exist in mantle zones, where slab-derived H2O-, CO2- and carbonate-bearing fluids interact with metal-saturated mantle.

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32

Frezzotti, Maria Luce, Simona Ferrando, Francesca Tecce, and Daniele Castelli. "Water content and nature of solutes in shallow-mantle fluids from fluid inclusions." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 351-352 (October 2012): 70–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2012.07.023.

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33

Palyanov, Y. N., V. S. Shatsky, N. V. Sobolev, and A. G. Sokol. "The role of mantle ultrapotassic fluids in diamond formation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 22 (March 22, 2007): 9122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0608134104.

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34

WYLLIE, PETER J., and IGOR D. RYABCHIKOV. "Volatile Components, Magmas, and Critical Fluids in Upwelling Mantle." Journal of Petrology 41, no. 7 (July 2000): 1195–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/41.7.1195.

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35

Kennedy, B. M. "Mantle Fluids in the San Andreas Fault System, California." Science 278, no. 5341 (November 14, 1997): 1278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5341.1278.

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36

Klein-BenDavid, Ofra, Thomas Pettke, and Ronit Kessel. "Chromium mobility in hydrous fluids at upper mantle conditions." Lithos 125, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2011.02.002.

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37

Sverjensky, Dimitri A. "Thermodynamic modelling of fluids from surficial to mantle conditions." Journal of the Geological Society 176, no. 2 (February 5, 2019): 348–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/jgs2018-105.

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38

Usenko, O. V. "Evolution of mantle melts and fluids at the Precambrian." Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, no. 7 (July 20, 2015): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2015.07.099.

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39

Klemperer, Simon L., B. Mack Kennedy, Siva R. Sastry, Yizhaq Makovsky, T. Harinarayana, and Mary L. Leech. "Mantle fluids in the Karakoram fault: Helium isotope evidence." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 366 (March 2013): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.01.013.

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40

FREZZOTTI, M., and A. PECCERILLO. "Diamond-bearing COHS fluids in the mantle beneath Hawaii." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262, no. 1-2 (October 15, 2007): 273–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.08.001.

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41

Sun, Yuzhuang, Weiwei Jiao, Shouchun Zhang, and Shenjun Qin. "Gold Enrichment Mechanism in Crude Oils and Source Rocks in Jiyang Depression." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 27, no. 2 (April 2009): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0144-5987.27.2.133.

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Gold enrichment in crude oils and source rock samples has been reported in Jiyang Depression, Shengli Oilfield. In order to study the mechanism of gold enrichment, 18 samples collected around deep faults were analyzed by geochemical methods. The results indicate that the gold accumulation in Jiyang Depression is closely related to the mantle fluids and sulfur polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (S-PAH) in oil and source rocks. Gold elements could be from the mantle fluids and accumulated when they were carried into source rocks, especially when they encountered S-PAH. Rare earth element (REE) contents are high when gold contents are high. This phenomenon may indicate that a part of REE is also from the mantle fluids.

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42

Lee, Changyeol, and YoungHee Kim. "Role of warm subduction in the seismological properties of the forearc mantle: An example from southwest Japan." Science Advances 7, no. 28 (July 2021): eabf8934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf8934.

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A warm slab thermal structure plays an important role in controlling seismic properties of the slab and mantle wedge. Among warm subduction zones, most notably in southwest Japan, the spatial distribution of large S-wave delay times and deep nonvolcanic tremors in the forearc mantle indicate the presence of a serpentinite layer along the slab interface. However, the conditions under which such a layer is generated remains unclear. Using numerical models, we here show that a serpentinite layer begins to develop by the slab-derived fluids below the deeper end of the slab-mantle decoupling interface and grows toward the corner of the mantle wedge along the interface under warm subduction conditions only, explaining the large S-wave delay times in the forearc mantle. The serpentinite layer then allows continuous free-fluid flow toward the corner of the mantle wedge, presenting possible mechanisms for the deep nonvolcanic tremors in the forearc mantle.

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43

Pagé, Lilianne, and Keiko Hattori. "Abyssal Serpentinites: Transporting Halogens from Earth’s Surface to the Deep Mantle." Minerals 9, no. 1 (January 20, 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010061.

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Serpentinized oceanic mantle lithosphere is considered an important carrier of water and fluid-mobile elements, including halogens, into subduction zones. Seafloor serpentinite compositions indicate Cl, Br and I are sourced from seawater and sedimentary pore fluids, while F may be derived from hydrothermal fluids. Overall, the heavy halogens are expelled from serpentinites during the lizardite–antigorite transition. Fluorine, on the other hand, appears to be retained or may be introduced from dehydrating sediments and/or igneous rocks during early subduction. Mass balance calculations indicate nearly all subducted F is kept in the subducting slab to ultrahigh-pressure conditions. Despite a loss of Cl, Br and I from serpentinites (and other lithologies) during early subduction, up to 15% of these elements are also retained in the deep slab. Based on a conservative estimate for serpentinite thickness of the metamorphosed slab (500 m), antigorite serpentinites comprise 37% of this residual Cl, 56% of Br and 50% of I, therefore making an important contribution to the transport of these elements to the deep mantle.

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44

Coltat, Rémi, Philippe Boulvais, Yannick Branquet, Antonin Richard, Alexandre Tarantola, and Gianreto Manatschal. "Moho carbonation at an ocean-continent transition." Geology 50, no. 3 (December 3, 2021): 278–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49363.1.

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Abstract Carbonation of mantle rocks during mantle exhumation is reported in present-day oceanic settings, both at mid-ocean ridges and ocean-continent transitions (OCTs). However, the hydrothermal conditions of carbonation (i.e., fluid sources, thermal regimes) during mantle exhumation remain poorly constrained. We focus on an exceptionally well-preserved fossil OCT where mantle rocks have been exhumed and carbonated along a detachment fault from underneath the continent to the seafloor along a tectonic Moho. Stable isotope (oxygen and carbon) analyses on calcite indicate that carbonation resulted from the mixing between serpentinization-derived fluids at ~175°C and seawater. Strontium isotope compositions suggest interactions between seawater and the continental crust prior to carbonation. This shows that carbonation along the tectonic Moho occurs below the continental crust and prior to mantle exhumation at the seafloor during continental breakup.

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45

Kiseleva, Ol’ga, Evgeniya Airiyants, Dmytriy Belyanin, and Sergey Zhmodik. "Hydrothermal remobilization platinum group elements and their secondary minerals in chromitite deposits of the Eastern Sayan ophiolites (Russia)." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 08014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199808014.

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Serpentinization is an important post-magmatic process in spreading and subducted zones. This process is the cause of the remobilization and redistribution of highly mobile elements, platinum group elements (PGE) and base metals. Secondary platinum group minerals (PGMs) formed because of PGE remobilization under the action of mantle and crustal fluid on the rocks. The formation of the secondary PGMs can occur in several stages. Under the effect on the chromitites of reduced mantle fluids, native PGE alloys were formed during early serpentinization. Under dehydrating subducted slab fluid phase was caused in serpentinization mantle peridotites and have been dissolved magmatic high-temperature platinum group minerals. During the obduction of ophiolites, an inversion from reducing to oxidizing condition took place with the formation of nickel arsenides and As, Sb – bearing PGMs.

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46

Bucher-Nurminen, Kurt. "Transfer of mantle fluids to the lower continental crust: Constraints from mantle mineralogy and Moho temperature." Chemical Geology 83, no. 3-4 (June 1990): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(90)90283-d.

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47

Wu, Ya-Fei, Katy Evans, Si-Yu Hu, Denis Fougerouse, Mei-Fu Zhou, Louise A. Fisher, Paul Guagliardo, and Jian-Wei Li. "Decoupling of Au and As during rapid pyrite crystallization." Geology 49, no. 7 (March 26, 2021): 827–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g48443.1.

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Abstract Gold (Au) is largely hosted by pyrite in a variety of hydrothermal systems, but the incorporation of Au into pyrite under disequilibrium conditions remains poorly understood. We integrate synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, and laser ablation–multicollector–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry to constrain the processes that sequester Au into zoned pyrite in the hydrothermal cement of breccia ores from the world-class Daqiao orogenic Au deposit, central China. Euhedral pyrite cores with oscillatory and sector zoning, variable δ34S values, and lower Au-As contents than the mantles are attributed to crystallization during oxidation of metal-depleted ore fluids with local variation in fluid conditions. The isotopically uniform colloform mantles are formed by pyrite crystallites separated by low-angle boundaries and are characterized by unusual decoupling of Au and As. Mantle formation is attributed to rapid disequilibrium precipitation from a metal-rich FeS2-supersaturated fluid. Incorporation of Au into the pyrite mantles was facilitated by abundant lattice defects produced by rapid nucleation. Gold-As–poor pyrite rims were deposited from an evolved ore fluid or other metal-depleted fluids. These results show that chemical variations recorded by fine layering within minerals can provide valuable insights into disequilibrium mass transfer and ore formation. The decoupling between Au and As in pyrite mantles indicates that As is not always a reliable proxy for Au enrichment in rapidly crystallized porous pyrite.

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48

Conliffe, J., and M. Feely. "Fluid inclusions in Irish granite quartz: monitors of fluids trapped in the onshore Irish Massif." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 101, no. 1 (December 20, 2010): 53–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691010009047.

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ABSTRACTFluid inclusion studies of granite quartz provide an opportunity to study fluid flow associated with igneous activity and post-emplacement fluid processes. This study presents new fluid inclusion data from the late Caledonian Donegal granites and Newry granodiorite, and the Tertiary Mourne Mountains granite in Ireland, which identify three distinct fluids. Aqueous-carbonic fluids (Type 1) have been recorded in late Caledonian granites with a significant mantle component (Newry granodiorite and the Ardara and Thorr granites in Donegal). These fluids represent late-magmatic fluids trapped at high temperatures (up to 575°C), and the ultimate source of these carbonic fluids is linked to sub-lithospheric processes during the Caledonian orogeny. The dominant fluid type (Type 2) in late Caledonian granites is a H2O+NaCl±KCl fluid which may be related to thermal convection cells around granite bodies and/or to regional scale influx of surface derived fluids at the end of the Caledonian orogeny. High salinity NaCl–CaCl2 fluids (Type 3) overprint quartz in the Ardara granite in Donegal, and in the Newry granodiorite, and are interpreted to represent basinal brines, sourced in overlying sedimentary basins, which circulated through the crystalline basement during a period of crustal extension (possibly during the Carboniferous or the Triassic). Fluid inclusion studies of the Tertiary Mourne Mountains granites have identified only Type 2 fluids related to thermal convection cells, consistent with stable isotope evidence, which indicates that this younger granite is unaffected by regional-scale fluid influxes.

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Zaputlyaeva, Alexandra, Adriano Mazzini, Antonio Caracausi, and Alessandra Sciarra. "Mantle‐Derived Fluids in the East Java Sedimentary Basin, Indonesia." Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 124, no. 8 (August 2019): 7962–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2018jb017274.

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50

Mysen, Bjorn O., and Kevin Wheeler. "Alkali aluminosilicate-saturated aqueous fluids in the earth’s upper mantle." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 64, no. 24 (December 2000): 4243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7037(00)00498-1.

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