Relevant bibliographies by topics / Mantle depletion

Academic literature on the topic 'Mantle depletion'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mantle depletion"

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Stracke, Andreas. "Tracking mantle depletion." Nature Geoscience 1, no. 4 (April 2008): 215–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo163.

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Liou, Peng, Jinghui Guo, Ross N. Mitchell, Christopher J. Spencer, Xianhua Li, Mingguo Zhai, Noreen J. Evans, Yanguang Li, Bradley J. McDonald, and Mengqi Jin. "Zircons underestimate mantle depletion of early Earth." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 317 (January 2022): 538–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2021.11.015.

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Zhang, Youxue, and Ting Gan. "Depletion ages and factors of MORB mantle sources." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 530 (January 2020): 115926. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2019.115926.

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Stracke, A., J. E. Snow, E. Hellebrand, A. von der Handt, B. Bourdon, K. Birbaum, and D. Günther. "Abyssal peridotite Hf isotopes identify extreme mantle depletion." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 308, no. 3-4 (August 2011): 359–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2011.06.012.

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Snortum, Eric, James M. D. Day, and Matthew G. Jackson. "Pacific Lithosphere Evolution Inferred from Aitutaki Mantle Xenoliths." Journal of Petrology 60, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1753–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egz047.

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Abstract Highly siderophile element (HSE: Os, Ir, Ru, Pt, Pd, Re), major and trace element abundances, and 187Re–187Os systematics are reported for xenoliths and lavas from Aitutaki (Cook Islands), to investigate the composition of Pacific lithosphere. The xenolith suite comprises spinel-bearing lherzolites, dunite, and harzburgite, along with olivine websterite and pyroxenite. The xenoliths are hosted within nephelinite and alkali basalt volcanic rocks (187Os/188Os ∼0·1363 ± 13; 2SD; ΣHSE = 3–4 ppb). The volcanic host rocks are low-degree (2–5%) partial melts from the garnet stability field and an enriched mantle (EM) source. Pyroxenites have similar HSE abundances and Os isotope compositions (Al2O3 = 5·7–8·3 wt %; ΣHSE = 2–4 ppb; 187Os/187Os = 0·1263–0·1469) to the lavas. The pyroxenite and olivine websterite xenoliths directly formed from—or experienced extensive melt–rock interaction with—melts similar in composition to the volcanic rocks that host the xenoliths. Conversely, the Aitutaki lherzolites, harzburgites and dunites are similar in composition to abyssal peridotites with respect to their 187Os/188Os ratios (0·1264 ± 82), total HSE abundances (ΣHSE = 8–28 ppb) and major element abundances, forsterite contents (Fo89·9±1·2), and estimated extents of melt depletion (<10 to >15%). These peridotites are interpreted to sample relatively shallow Pacific mantle lithosphere that experienced limited melt–rock reaction and melting during ridge processes at ∼90 Ma. A survey of maximum time of rhenium depletion ages of Pacific mantle lithosphere from the Cook (Aitutaki ∼1·5 Ga), Austral (Tubuai’i ∼1·8 Ga), Samoan (Savai’i ∼1·5 Ga) and Hawaiian (Oa’hu ∼2 Ga) island groups shows that Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic depletion ages are preserved in the xenolith suites. The variable timing and extent of mantle depletion preserved by the peridotites is, in some instances, superimposed by extensive and recent melt depletion as well as melt refertilization. Collectively, Pacific Ocean island mantle xenolith suites have similar distributions and variations of 187Os/188Os and HSE abundances to global abyssal peridotites. These observations indicate that Pacific mantle lithosphere is typical of oceanic lithosphere in general, and that this lithosphere is composed of peridotites that have experienced both recent melt depletion at ridges and prior and sometimes extensive melt depletion across several Wilson cycles spanning periods in excess of two billion years.
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CHASE, C., and P. PATCHETT. "Stored mafic/ultramafic crust and early Archean mantle depletion." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 91, no. 1-2 (December 1988): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821x(88)90151-3.

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Bonadiman, C., M. Coltorti, F. Siena, S. Y. O’Reilly, W. L. Griffin, and N. J. Pearson. "Archean to Proterozoic depletion in Cape Verde lithospheric mantle." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 18 (August 2006): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.06.221.

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Kamber, Balz S., and Kenneth D. Collerson. "Role of ‘hidden’ deeply subducted slabs in mantle depletion." Chemical Geology 166, no. 3-4 (May 2000): 241–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-2541(99)00218-1.

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Ojha, Lujendra, Saman Karimi, Kevin W. Lewis, Suzanne E. Smrekar, and Matt Siegler. "Depletion of Heat Producing Elements in the Martian Mantle." Geophysical Research Letters 46, no. 22 (November 20, 2019): 12756–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085234.

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Perry, H. K. Claire, and Alessandro Forte. "Upper mantle thermochemical structure from seismic–geodynamic flow models: constraints from the Lithoprobe initiativeThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe — parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 47, no. 4 (April 2010): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e10-022.

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High-resolution seismic models of three-dimensional mantle heterogeneity are interpreted in terms of upper mantle thermal and compositional anomalies. These anomalies produce density perturbations that drive mantle flow and corresponding convection-related geophysical observables, such as the nonhydrostatic geoid, free-air gravity anomalies, and dynamic surface topography, and provide constraints on internal mantle density structure. The convection related observables are corrected for the isostatically compensated crustal heterogeneity and compared with those predicted by tomography-based mantle flow models. Occam inversions of the surface topography and gravity data provide inferences of the velocity–density scaling coefficients, which characterize mantle density anomalies below North America. The inferred density anomalies require simultaneous contributions from temperature and composition. The density and seismic shear velocity anomalies place constraints on the thermochemical structure of the mantle beneath the North American craton. Perturbations in the molar ratio of iron, R = XFe/(XFe + XMg), are used to quantify the compositional anomalies in terms of iron depletion in the sub-continental mantle. Estimates of the extent of basalt depletion in the tectosphere beneath North America are obtained. This depletion is interpreted to produce a local balance between positive chemical buoyancy and the negative thermal buoyancy that would otherwise be produced by the colder temperatures of the sub-cratonic mantle relative to its sub-oceanic counterpart.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mantle depletion"

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Shiimi, Ellwin Taleni. "A comparison of melt depletion, thermal structure and metasomatism of proterozoic mantle lithosphere in the Namaqua-Natal and Rehoboth Provinces of Southern Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25528.

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Major and trace element mineral data are presented for garnet and spinel bearing peridotite xenolith suites from four Late Cretaceous kimberlites to the west of the Kaapvaal craton in two Proterozoic terranes: Hoedkop and Pofadder in the north-western Namaqua-Natal Province and Rietfontein and Louwrensia (Gibeon) in the Rehoboth Province. These are used to constrain and compare the thermal structure, the extents of melt extraction and metasomatism of the two mantle terranes with each other and with the Archaean Kaapvaal craton. Xenoliths from the Rietfontein and Pofadder localities have never previously been studied in detail. The information from this study is crucial for understanding the thermal and chemical evolution of Southern Africa's off-craton lithospheric mantle and the various processes (e.g., kimberlite and other magmatism, continental breakup) that have affected it. Mineral thermobarometry from a variety of independent thermobarometers indicates that, at pressures less than about 4 GPa, xenoliths from the Rehoboth Province (Louwrensia and Rietfontein) lie on or very near the Kaapvaal geotherm and between the 40mWm⁻² and 45mWm⁻² conductive geotherms, demonstrating that the lithospheric mantle in the Rehoboth Province was thermally similar to that of the Kaapvaal craton during the Late Cretaceous. In contrast, peridotites from the Namaqua-Natal Province (Hoedkop and Pofadder) in this pressure range fall at temperatures approximately 100°C - 200°C warmer than the Kaapvaal geotherm at any given depth and lie between the 45mWm⁻² and 50 mWm⁻² conduction geotherms, suggesting a Phanerozoic thermal disturbance in these regions. At higher pressures, samples from both terranes (represented only by Louwrensia and Hoedkop) fall above the Kaapvaal geotherm. However, these deeper, higher temperature peridotites are mostly sheared and indicate localised melt-rock interaction, therefore are not likely representative of the general thermal state of the lithosphere. Peridotites from the four suites have similar mineral major element compositions and their compositional variations fall well within the range of other southern Africa off-craton xenolith localities. Most garnets have smooth REE patterns with LREE depletions and relatively enriched, flat MREE - HREE abundances and patterns, while most clinopyroxenes have negatively sloping REE patterns with maximum enrichments in Nd and Sm. The average extents of melting beneath both Proterozoic provinces are moderate, and the samples are more fertile, on average, than cratonic lithospheric mantle. Peridotites from Louwrensia (Gibeon) appear to have experienced the greatest extents of melt extraction, as garnets from this locality extend to the lowest Y contents and some display strongly sinusoidal REE patterns similar to cratonic subcalcic garnets, suggesting that all of the REE were initially strongly depleted prior to metasomatism. A notable difference between the two terranes is that peridotites from Gibeon and Rietfontein (Rehoboth Province) show well developed trace element equilibrium between clinopyroxene and garnet, whereas those from Hoedkop and Pofadder (NW Namaqua-Natal Province) display significant disequilibrium. Although all peridotites show evidence for metasomatic incompatible element enrichments, some peridotites from Hoedkop show strong disequilibrium in Rb, Ba, Th and Nb (with clinopyroxene being overly enriched in these elements) and all Pofadder peridotites show major disequilibrium, with clinopyroxene being overly enriched in Ba and Nb and overly depleted in the middle and heavy REE relative to garnet. Further, clinopyroxenes from Pofadder peridotites are unique in that they have linear REE patterns, with maximum enrichment in La, in contrast to clinopyroxenes from all other localities in this study, which show concave-down patterns in the light to middle REE. Differences in the likely nature of the metasomatising agents affecting the lithosphere of the two off-craton terranes are discussed, as well as implications for the region's geological evolution.
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Books on the topic "Mantle depletion"

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J, Patchett P., and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Stored mafic/ultramafic crust and early Archean mantle depletion. Tucson, AZ: Dept. of Geosciences, University of Arizona, 1990.

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Trieloff, Mario. Noble Gases. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.30.

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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.Although the second most abundant element in the cosmos is helium, noble gases are also called rare gases. The reason is that they are not abundant on terrestrial planets like our Earth, which is characterized by orders of magnitude depletion of—particularly light—noble gases when compared to the cosmic element abundance pattern. Indeed, such geochemical depletion and enrichment processes make noble gases so versatile concerning planetary formation and evolution: When our solar system formed, the first small grains started to adsorb small amounts of noble gases from the protosolar nebula, resulting in depletion of light He and Ne when compared to heavy noble gases Ar, Kr, and Xe: the so-called planetary type abundance pattern. Subsequent flash heating of the first small mm to cm-sized objects (chondrules and calcium, aluminum rich inclusions) resulted in further depletion, as well as heating—and occasionally differentiation—on small planetesimals, which were precursors of larger planets and which we still find in the asteroid belt today from where we get rocky fragments in form of meteorites. In most primitive meteorites, we even can find tiny rare grains that are older than our solar system and condensed billions of years ago in circumstellar atmospheres of, for example, red giant stars. These grains are characterized by nucleosynthetic anomalies and particularly identified by noble gases, for example, so-called s-process xenon.While planetesimals acquired a depleted noble gas component strongly fractionated in favor of heavy noble gases, the sun and also gas giants like Jupiter attracted a much larger amount of gas from the protosolar nebula by gravitational capture. This resulted in a cosmic or “solar type” abundance pattern, containing the full complement of light noble gases. Contrary to Jupiter or the sun, terrestrial planets accreted from planetesimals with only minor contributions from the protosolar nebula, which explains their high degree of depletion and basically “planetary” elemental abundance pattern. Indeed this depletion enables another tool to be applied in noble gas geo- and cosmochemistry: ingrowth of radiogenic nuclides. Due to heavy depletion of primordial nuclides like 36Ar and 130Xe, radiogenic ingrowth of 40Ar by 40K decay, 129Xe by 129I decay, or fission Xe from 238U or 244Pu decay are precisely measurable, and allow insight in the chronology of fractionation of lithophile parent nuclides and atmophile noble gas daughters, mainly caused by mantle degassing and formation of the atmosphere.Already the dominance of 40Ar in the terrestrial atmosphere allowed C. F v. Weizsäcker to conclude that most of the terrestrial atmosphere originated by degassing of the solid Earth, which is an ongoing process today at mid ocean ridges, where primordial helium leaves the lithosphere for the first time. Mantle degassing was much more massive in the past; in fact, most of the terrestrial atmosphere formed during the first 100 million years of Earth´s history, and was completed at about the same time when the terrestrial core formed and accretion was terminated by a giant impact that also formed our moon. However, before that time, somehow also tiny amounts of solar noble gases managed to find their way into the mantle, presumably by solar wind irradiation of small planetesimals or dust accreting to Earth. While the moon-forming impact likely dissipated the primordial atmosphere, today´s atmosphere originated by mantle degassing and a late veneer with asteroidal and possibly cometary contributions. As other atmophile elements behave similar to noble gases, they also trace the origin of major volatiles on Earth, for example, water, nitrogen, sulfur, and carbon.
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Haas, Peter M., Bert Bolin, Sheila Jasanoff, and Social Learning Group Staff. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks: A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain. MIT Press, 2001.

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Group, Social Learning, and Bert Bolin. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks: A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain. MIT Press, 2001.

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group, Social learning. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks, Vol. 2: A Functional Analysis of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain (Politics, Science, and the Environment). The MIT Press, 2001.

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(Foreword), William C. Clark, ed. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks, Vol. 1: A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain (Politics, Science, and the Environment). The MIT Press, 2001.

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(Foreword), William Clark, ed. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks, Vol. 2: A Functional Analysis of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain (Politics, Science, and the Environment). The MIT Press, 2001.

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Group, Social Learning, Josee van Eijndhoven, Nancy Dickson, and Jill Jaeger. Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks, Vol. 1: A Comparative History of Social Responses to Climate Change, Ozone Depletion, and Acid Rain (Politics, Science, and the Environment). The MIT Press, 2001.

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Peel, Bill. Rainforest Restoration Manual for South-Eastern Australia. CSIRO Publishing, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643101319.

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Rainforest Restoration Manual for South-Eastern Australia is the definitive guide to the recovery and restoration of Subtropical, Warm Temperate, Cool Temperate, Gallery, Dry, Dry Gully and Littoral Rainforests from south-eastern Queensland to Tasmania. All of these rainforest types were inherently rare prior to settlement, and today with depletion, feral animals, weeds and climate change, all are threatened – with many listed under state and federal legislation. The manual presents detailed restoration methods in 10 easy-to-follow steps, documenting the research and trials undertaken during rainforest restoration over more than two decades. These experiments and their results will empower readers to uncover answers to many of the problems they could encounter. The manual is supported by a CD that provides important background information, with 32 appendices, a propagation manual for the region's 735 rainforest plants, an illustrated glossary and resources for teachers. Species lists and specific planting guides are provided for the 57 rainforest floristic communities that occur from the coast to the mountains between Durras Mountain in New South Wales and the Otways in Victoria. Extensively illustrated with colour photographs, this book will empower you or your group to be able to restore, manage, protect and conserve the magnificent rainforests that are in your care. The general principles and techniques described will meet the needs of students and teachers, novices, experienced practitioners, community groups and agencies alike.
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Kemmerer, Lisa. Eating Earth. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199391844.001.0001.

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Exploring the environmental effects of animal agriculture, fishing, and hunting, Eating Earth exposes critical common ground between earth and animal advocacy. The first chapter (animal agriculture) examines greenhouse gas emissions and climate change, manure and dead zones, freshwater depletion, deforestation, predator control, land and use--including the ranching industries public lands subsidies. Chapter two first examines whether or not the consumption of fish is healthy and outlines morally relevant aspects of fish physiology, then scrutinizes the fishing industry, documenting the "silent collapse" of ocean ecosystems and calling attention to the indiscriminate nature of hooks and nets, including the problem of bycatch and what this means for endangered species and fragile seascapes. Chapter three outlines the historic link between the U. S. Government, wildlife management, and hunters, then systematically unravels common beliefs about sport hunting, such as the belief that hunters are essential to wildlife conservation, that contemporary hunting qualifies as a tradition, and that hunting is merciful, economical, or rooted in "fair chase." At the end of each chapter, Kemmerer examines possible solutions to problems presented, such as sustainable meats, organic and local, grass fed, aquaculture, new fishing technologies, and enhanced regulations. Eating Earth offers a concise examination of the environmental effects of dietary choice, clearly presenting the many reasons why dietary choice ought to be front and center for environmentalists. Kemmerer's writing, supported by nearly 80 graphs and summary slides, is clear, straightforward, and punctuated with wry humor.
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Book chapters on the topic "Mantle depletion"

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Dobretsov, N. L., and I. V. Ashchepkov. "Melt Migration and Depletion-Regeneration Processes in Upper Mantle of Continental and Ocean Rift Zones." In Ophiolite Genesis and Evolution of the Oceanic Lithosphere, 125–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3358-6_8.

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von Lindern, Eike, Freddie Lymeus, and Terry Hartig. "The Restorative Environment and Salutogenesis: Complementary Concepts Revisited." In The Handbook of Salutogenesis, 371–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79515-3_35.

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AbstractIn this chapter, the authors consider how research on restorative environments can augment research on salutogenesis by calling attention to the dynamics of depletion and renewal of resources needed for the maintenance and promotion of health and well-being and by showing how the sociophysical environment comes into play in people’s ongoing efforts to manage diverse resources. The authors also consider how research on salutogenesis can augment research on restorative environments by encouraging a broader view of the kinds of resources that can be depleted and the different levels on which they are organised and become available. The authors thus indicate areas for more systematic, reciprocal exchange between the fields.
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Phethean, Jordan J. J., Martha Papadopoulou, and Alexander L. Peace. "Dense melt residues drive mid-ocean-ridge “hotspots”." In In the Footsteps of Warren B. Hamilton: New Ideas in Earth Science. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2553(30).

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ABSTRACT The geodynamic origin of melting anomalies found at the surface, often referred to as “hotspots,” is classically attributed to a mantle plume process. The distribution of hotspots along mid-ocean-ridge spreading systems around the globe, however, questions the universal validity of this concept. Here, the preferential association of hotspots with slow- to intermediate-spreading centers and not fast-spreading centers, an observation contrary to the expected effect of ridge suction forces on upwelling mantle plumes, is explained by a new mechanism for producing melting anomalies at shallow (<2.3 GPa) depths. By combining the effects of both chemical and thermal density changes during partial melting of the mantle (using appropriate latent heat and depth-dependent thermal expansivity parameters), we find that mantle residues experience an overall instantaneous increase in density when melting occurs at <2.3 GPa. This controversial finding is due to thermal contraction of material during melting, which outweighs the chemical buoyancy due to melting at shallow pressures (where thermal expansivities are highest). These dense mantle residues are likely to locally sink beneath spreading centers if ridge suction forces are modest, thus driving an increase in the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window and increasing magmatic production. This leads us to question our understanding of sub–spreading center dynamics, where we now suggest a portion of locally inverted mantle flow results in hotspots. Such inverted flow presents an alternative mechanism to upwelling hot mantle plumes for the generation of excess melt at near-ridge hotspots, i.e., dense downwelling of mantle residue locally increasing the flow of fertile mantle through the melting window. Near-ridge hotspots, therefore, may not require the elevated temperatures commonly invoked to account for excess melting. The proposed mechanism also satisfies counterintuitive observations of ridge-bound hotspots at slow- to intermediate-spreading centers, yet not at fast-spreading centers, where large dynamic ridge suction forces likely overwhelm density-driven downwelling. The lack of observations of such downwelling in numerical modeling studies to date reflects the generally high chemical depletion buoyancy and/or low thermal expansivity parameter values employed in simulations, which we find to be unrepresentative for melting at <2.3 GPa. We therefore invite future studies to review the values used for parameters affecting density changes during melting (e.g., depletion buoyancy, latent heat of melting, specific heat capacity, thermal expansivity), which quite literally have the potential to turn our understanding of mantle dynamics upside down.
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Ross, K., and D. Elthon. "Extreme incompatible trace-element depletion of diopside in residual mantle from south of the Kane Fracture Zone." In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, 153 Scientific Results. Ocean Drilling Program, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2973/odp.proc.sr.153.015.1997.

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R. Mir, Akhtar. "Proterozoic Newer Dolerite Dyke Swarm Magmatism in the Singhbhum Craton, Eastern India." In Geochemistry and Mineral Resources [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104833.

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Precambrian mafic magmatism and its role in the evolution of Earth’s crust has been paid serious attention by researchers for the last four decades. The emplacement of mafic dyke swarms acts as an important time marker in geological terrains. Number of shield terrains throughout the world has been intruded by the Precambrian dyke swarms, hence the presence of these dykes are useful to understand the Proterozoic tectonics, magmatism, crustal growth and continental reconstruction. Likewise, the Protocontinents of Indian Shield e.g. Aravalli-Bundelkhand, Dharwar, Bastar, and Singhbhum Protocontinent had experienced the dyke swarm intrusions having different characteristics and orientations. In Singhbhum craton, an impressive set of mafic dyke swarm, called as Newer dolerite dyke swarm, had intruded the Precambrian Singhbhum granitoid complex through a wide geological period from 2800 to 1100 Ma. Present chapter focuses on the published results or conclusions of these dykes in terms of their mantle source characteristics, metasomatism of the mantle source, degree of crustal contamination and partial melting processes. Geochemical characteristics of these dykes particularly Ti/Y, Zr/Y, Th/Nb, Ba/Nb, La/Nb, (La/Sm)PM are similar to either MORB or subduction zone basalts that occur along the plate margin. The enriched LREE-LILE and depletion of HFSE especially Nb, P and Ti probably indicate generation of these dykes in a subduction zone setting.
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Rogers, John J. W., and M. Santosh. "Growth of Cratons and their Post-Stabilization Histories." In Continents and Supercontinents. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195165890.003.0006.

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As we have seen in chapter 3, continental crust evolved from regions of the mantle that contained higher concentrations of LIL elements than regions that underlie typical ocean basins. The most complete record of this evolutionary process is in cratons, which passed through periods of rapid crust production to times of comparative stability over intervals of several hundred million years. After the cratons became stable enough to accumulate sequences of undeformed platform sediments, they moved about the earth without being subjected to further compressive tectonic activity. Because many of the cratons are also partly covered by sediments that are unmetamorphosed or only slightly metamorphosed, they appear to have undergone very little erosion since the sediments were deposited. Thus, a craton may be considered as a large block of continental crust that has been permanently removed from the crustal recycling process. This chapter starts with a discussion of the history of cratons as interpreted from studies of the upper part of the crust. We describe the Superior craton of the Canadian shield and the Western Dharwar craton of southern India within the chapter and use appendix E for brief summaries of other typical cratons. These cratons and numerous others elsewhere developed at different times during earth history, and we look for similarities and differences that may have been caused by progressive cooling of the earth (chapter 2). This section concludes with a summary of the general evolution of cratons and the meaning of the terms “Archean” and “Proterozoic.” The following section is an investigation of processes that occurred following stabilization, all of which take place in the presence of fluids that permeate the crust. We include a summary of these fluids and their effects on anorogenic magmatism and separation of the lower and upper crust. The final section discusses the relationship between cratons and their underlying subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Continual metasomatism and metamorphism of the SCLM after cratons develop above it apparently has not destroyed the relationship between the ages of the cratons and the concentrations of major elements in the SCLM. This provides us with an opportunity to determine whether cratons evolved from the mantle beneath them or by depletion of much larger volumes of mantle. The discussions in this chapter are based partly on information summarized in appendices B (heat flow) and D (isotopes).
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"Acid Rain, Ozone Depletion, and Climate Change: An Historical Overview." In Learning to Manage Global Environmental Risks. The MIT Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/4173.003.0008.

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Albrecht, Frederike, and Charles F. Parker. "Healing the Ozone Layer." In Great Policy Successes, 304–22. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198843719.003.0016.

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The Montreal Protocol—the regime designed to protect the stratospheric ozone layer—has widely been hailed as the gold standard of global environmental governance and is one of few examples of international institutional cooperative arrangements successfully solving complex transnational problems. Although the stratospheric ozone layer still bears the impacts of ozone depleting substances (ODSs), the problem of ozone depletion is well on its way to being solved due to the protocol. This chapter examines how the protocol was designed and implemented in a way that has allowed it to successfully overcome a number of thorny challenges that most international environmental regimes must face: how to attract sufficient participation, how to promote compliance and manage non-compliance, how to strengthen commitments over time, how to neutralize or co-opt potential ‘veto players’, how to make the costs of implementation affordable, how to leverage public opinion in support of the regime’s goals, and, ultimately, how to promote the behavioural and policy changes needed to solve the problems and achieve the goals the regime was designed to solve. The chapter concludes that while some of the reasons for the Montreal Protocol’s success, such as fairly affordable, available substitutes for ODSs, are not easy to replicate, there are many other elements of this story that can be utilized when thinking about how to design solutions to other transnational environmental problems.
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Reyes Gonzalez, Sharon. "Waste Management and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Developed and Developing Countries." In Analyzing Sustainability in Peripheral, Ultra-Peripheral, and Low-Density Regions, 222–36. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-4548-8.ch013.

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Most countries have considered waste management as a high priority since it is a problem of environmental pollution and resource depletion. The main goal of implementing environmental policies is to find or create ways to manage waste beneficial for social, environmental, and economic aspects. In the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, the amount of waste generated got out of control, and therefore, the traditional way of handling waste was insufficient. Contextually, this chapter aims to analyze the strategies, regulations, and measures imposed by the governments of Japan, the United Kingdom, Mexico, the United States, and China to compare between them their way of controlling waste and the effects that the pandemic has left regarding the increase in waste and their way of managing them.
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Miller, Aaron E., Tracy M. DeAngelis, Michelle Fabian, and Ilana Katz Sand. "A Case of Progressive Myelopathy." In Neuroimmunology, 167–72. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190693190.003.0032.

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Primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) is an inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system. It most commonly presents as a progressive myelopathy, although it may also present as a progressive cerebellar, brainstem, or cognitive syndrome. The diagnosis is supported by brain and spinal cord imaging demonstrating lesions in a pattern consistent with MS, as well as by the presence of unique oligoclonal bands and elevated IgG index in the CSF. MS treatments can be divided into those that are disease-modifying and those that manage symptoms. Ocrelizumab is the first agent to be approved as a disease-modifying therapy for PPMS, based on a large clinical trial demonstrating modest ability to slow disease progression. It is a monoclonal antibody against CD20, resulting in rapid B cell depletion, with a relatively favorable safety profile based on clinical trial data, though long-term data in a large patient population are not yet available. PPMS patients should also be offered both non-pharmacological and pharmacological methods to treat bothersome symptoms such as gait difficulty; spasticity; pain; bowel, bladder, and sexual dysfunction; and cognitive impairment.
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Conference papers on the topic "Mantle depletion"

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Noack, Lena, and Alexander Balduin. "Heterogeneities Evolving in Earth’s Mantle due to Melt Depletion." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1939.

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Bizimis, Michael, Aaron Ashley, Hugues Beunon, Sierra Patterson, Luc Doucet, Anne Peslier, and Mattieli Nadine. "Depletion, Metasomatism and Water Distribution in the Oceanic Lithospheric Mantle." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.199.

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Straub, Susanne M., Valentina Batanova, Alexander Sobolev, Arturo Gómez-Tuena, Ramon Espinasa-Perena, W. Lindsay Fleming, Ilya Bindeman, Finlay Stuart, and Elisabeth Widom. "Olivine Ca as Proxy to Mantle Wedge Depletion in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.10611.

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Montanini, Alessandra, Arianna Secchiari, Delphine Bosch, Dominique Cluzel, and Patrizia Macera. "The New Caledonia Mantle Section: Tracking Source Depletion and Contamination Processes in a Supra-Subduction Setting." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1832.

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Cilliers, Elizelle Juanee. "Transdisciplinary planning approaches towards resilience." In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/afnr6129.

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Urban functions are no longer separated spatially or socially, and the contest between diverse land-uses is reaching a peak due to growing populations and increasing urbanization that inflates the pressure on already strained resources within the urban fabric. The trend of depletion of green spaces is an increasing global phenomenon, intensifying the growing carbon footprint, impairing water quality and compromising health and overall quality of life, ultimately leading to cities that are far removed from the safe, clean, and livable environments, as envisioned in planning theory. Green spaces are often viewed as a “luxury good”, despite the comprehensive literature on the extensive benefits of such spaces to their host cities and communities. Misconceptions relating to the notion of green spaces are reflected in the undervaluation of these spaces, under-prioritization in the budgeting process and ultimate negligence in terms of broader spatial planning approaches. The lack of function and ownership further exacerbate the social- and economic value of these green spaces, especially within the South African context, apparent by the disproval of the compensation hypothesis and rejection of the proximity principle. Much effort will be needed to change perceptions and sensitize decision-makers to understand green spaces as a “public good” and “economic asset”. Resilience thinking could pose solutions in this regard, drawing on transdisciplinary planning approaches to manage change and steer Spatial Planning towards the era of transurbanism. It would however, require the emancipation of the disciplinary identity of Spatial Planning as crucial driver towards resilience, departing from theoretical and methodological frames of supplementary disciplines, as well as the indigenous knowledge and living experiences of communities, to co-produce urban innovations. Conveying strategic and lateral thinking, contemporary Planners would need to become generative leaders, with socio-emotional intelligence, to generate innovation and co-create solutions for strained social contexts, for depleting scare resources, for managing change of contemporary urban landscapes.
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Yeow, Ming-Lei. "Optimising Big Bore Gas Well Completion Design in a Carbonate Field." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21347-ms.

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Abstract A large gas field with carbonate formations was discovered about 200 km (kilometers) offshore, in water depths of 108 m (meters) below mean sea level. Flow analysis and reservoir depletion studies by the Operator show 7" tubing is required to provide high production rates of about 80 to 120 million Standard Cubic Feet per day (mmscfd) per well as the optimum production and depletion strategy for the field. The field presents significant challenges to well construction and completion. These challenges were considered in the design stage to optimise well completion design and operations. This paper describes the approach and methods used to overcome the challenges in the design and execution stage to optimise the completion design and to manage challenges during construction of the well including: –Due to loss of circulation in the fractured gas carbonate reservoirs, the well will be drilled with Pressurised Mud Cap Drilling (PMCD), a form of Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD). Thus, the design needs to provide for installing the well completion in this condition–The wells required heavy mud weight for drilling and thus, heavy brine weights for well completion. Challenges to avoid or minimise the loss of high cost heavy brine were considered–High reservoir temperatures of about 325 deg. F (degrees Fahrenheit) which lead to challenges of ensuring equipment will continue to work in high temperature environments, high loads / stresses on completion & casing during production, and Wellhead & Christmas Tree & Flowline movement / growth.–Presence of sour gas and CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) which require optimising metallurgy of tubulars and downhole equipment, considering corrosion and cost requirements–Understanding loads / stresses on the tubing and casings with high flowrates and high flowing temperatures–Concerns with formation collapse during production–Corrosion studies to optimise material selection and ensuring well integrity for at least twenty (20) years’ field life–Manage hydrates and scaling while carrying out well completion, well clean and well test operations and during the field life–Acceptable seals, barriers and completion equipment to manage high pressure gas–Wellhead and Christmas Tree that can take the high temperature and sour gas content–Well clean-up and testing after completion in conjunction with drilling operations–Cost and time optimisation to maximize returns on investment for the project. Well completion engineering studies were carried out for each challenge or consideration. Experiences and lessons from similar gas fields were also considered. Corrosion laboratory analysis was carried out to optimise the corrosion resistant alloy for the completion tubular and completion equipment. For each solution to the challenge, cost and time considerations were reviewed and studied to optimise the design, cost, integrity and safety of the wells and operations. This paper describes the approaches and methods taken by the Operator to optimise the Big Bore Gas Well Completion Design including some lessons for improvement after successfully drilling, completing, clean-up and testing of the first well with this completion design.
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Buzmakov, V. N., and Y. V. Volodina. "TITANIUM-MAGNETITE DEPOSITS AS A PROMISING RAW MATERIAL BASE FOR METALLURGY IN THE URALS (BASED ON THE EXPERIENCE OF DEVELOPING THE KACHKANAR GROUP OF DEPOSITS)." In Проблемы минералогии, петрографии и металлогении. Научные чтения памяти П. Н. Чирвинского. ПЕРМСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ИССЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/chirvinsky.2022.27.

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Since the depletion of reserves of magnetite ores, profitable for mining, the role of titanomagnetite ores increases. In addition, the presence of V2O5 in the ores significantly increases their value, which is why the deposits are used only for the ex-traction of vanadium, and titanium and vanadium go to the waste of metallurgical pro-duction. If the titanium cannot be removed to the proper extent, then the ores are not mined. However, for the successful application of modern technologies for processing the ores of these deposits, it is necessary to take into account a number of mineralog-ical and genetic factors, and as a result, to conduct technological research at the early stages of geological study of ore objects. Even in the process of assessing a deposit, it is necessary to consider not only the enrichment technologies, but also the metallur-gical processing, as well as to carry out geological and technological mapping, which will effectively manage the quality of products at all stages of the production process.
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Booncharoen, Pichita, Thananya Rinsiri, Pakawat Paiboon, Supaporn Karnbanjob, Sonchawan Ackagosol, Prateep Chaiwan, and Ouraiwan Sapsomboon. "Pore Pressure Estimation by Using Machine Learning Model." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21490-ms.

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Abstract In the past few years, over hundreds of wells were drilled in Gulf of Thailand, had faced with the depletion and lost circulation issues resulted from a lack of pressure data. A prior research of reservoir depletion pressure (Fangming, 2009) in oil field, China was obtained from multivariate statistic and regression by using density and neutron porosity log curves in logging-while-drilling data. However, the relative errors are 7.5% from the actual formation pressure. Thus, there are several latent variables in the model like drilling parameters (Rehm, 1971) which part of formation pressure. From 2018 initiative model in Satun-Funan, the classification model was obtained by using mud gas, porosity, water saturation, net sand thickness, net-hydrocarbon-pore thickness and neutron-density separation. However, the limitation is drilling parameters could not account by classifier, and accurate only original pressure category. So, this study has expanded scope to include other reservoir properties and drilling parameters then applied with machine learning on offset well dataset by using three regressors such quantile, ridge and XGBoost regressors. The pore pressure estimation model aims to improve efficiency for making decision in execution phase, increasing confidence in perforation strategy. The model parameters, pay thickness, porosity, water saturation, original pressure from local pressure profile and total gas show are accounted into this model. As of regressor assumption, some facts are conducted to logarithm and perform 2nd polynomial feature for model flexibility. There are three steps for building model such as data manipulation, analysis and deployment. Two purposes of pressure prediction impact algorithm selection, for operational phase, quantile regressor is implemented to provide conservative prediction while Ridge or XGBoost regressors are alternatives for perforation strategy, provide mid case result of pressure prediction. Overall model performance was measured using root mean square error (RMSE) on train & test dataset which show approximately 1.2 and 1.5 ppg range of accuracy respectively from total 12 drilling projects in Pattani basin. Overall model fitting is within reasonable range of generalization capacity to apply with unknown data point (test set). The future model will continue to improve accuracy and manage imbalanced dataset between original pressure and depleted sands.
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Hewitt, Neal, Boon Li Tay, Alexander Rincon, and Thomas Ringe. "Novel Completion to Manage Crossflow in a Newly Completed Openhole Gravelpack Gas Well. A Case Study From the Norwegian Continental Shelf." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210302-ms.

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Abstract An openhole gravelpack (OHGP) gas well was planned as part of an infill drilling campaign on a mature Norwegian Continental Shelf field. A geological pilot hole unexpectedly identified a significant pressure differential between two reservoir intervals. This paper describes an innovative modification of the lower completion, within a short turnaround time, in order to manage the clean-up of the reservoir intervals and limit crossflow. Calculations based on the pilot hole results predicted that the low pressure reservoir would not flow until there was significant depletion in the high pressure reservoir. This risked formation damage due to delayed clean-up. Additionally, there was potential for very high crossflow rates that risked mechanical damage to lower completion equipment and/or causing formation damage. There was insufficient time to completely redesign the completion. A solution, supported by simulations, showed that a fixed choke in the lower completion would enable immediate clean-up of both reservoir intervals. Additionally, aplug had to be set in the gravel-filled annulus to prevent flow diverting around the fixed choke. These modifications would reduce the potential crossflow rate to an acceptable level. The OHGP was performed as originally planned. A wireline tool was run to inject an epoxy resin plug into the gravel and the fixed choke was then set at the same depth. The well was cleaned up as planned to the drilling rig, with both reservoir intervals observed to be producing. The choke toolstring included an additional flow area that automatically opened after a pre-defined time delay. Simulations predicted the pressure differential at this time to be significantly lower. Reducing the choking effect in this way, once the risks from crossflow at the start of well life had been minimised, avoided hindering production in later well life. The well has performed as expected with no indications of production impairment having occurred, despite the initial period of high differential pressure between the reservoir intervals. This is believed to be the first injection of epoxy resin into a newly completed gravelpack. Coupled with the implementation of the two-sized choke it has been possible to manage a problematic reservoir pressure differential in a new well without resorting to costly and lengthy redesign of the completion.
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Song, Zhengyi, and Young Moon. "CyberManufacturing System: A Solution for Sustainable Manufacturing." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-86092.

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CyberManufacturing System (CMS) is emerging as a new manufacturing paradigm and an integrated management approach, and it is capable of providing on-demand, data-driven, highly-collaborative, knowledge-intensive and sustainability-oriented manufacturing solutions. The recent developments in the Internet of Things, Cloud Computing, Service-Oriented Technologies, and Machine Learning, all contribute to the development of CMS. In CMS, each manufacturer is able to package their resources and capabilities into services and make them available to customers through pay-per-use pricing strategy. Associated capabilities such as computing and simulation resources, application software, know-hows, and expertise also become accessible to worldwide users via the Internet. The manufacturing community is searching for sustainable manufacturing solutions to address environmental degradation and natural resource depletion issues. Sustainable manufacturing systems need to be socially and environmentally responsible as well as economically viable. CMS possesses advanced features — such as resource sharing, servitization and self-manage capabilities — suitable for addressing sustainability issues. This paper presents a framework of the CMS paradigm and performance analysis from the perspective of sustainability. An architecture is proposed to elaborate the constitutions of CMS and to make manufacturing operations transparent. Two case studies are used to illustrate (i) how initial manufacturing requests can be processed and met by a collection of production services and (ii) how the effectiveness of the proposed framework in addressing sustainability issues can be evaluated.
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