Journal articles on the topic 'Mantel plumes'
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Koptev, Alexander, Sierd Cloetingh, and Todd A. Ehlers. "Longevity of small-scale (‘baby’) plumes and their role in lithospheric break-up." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 439–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab223.
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SUMMARY Controversy between advocates of ‘active’ (plume-activated) versus ‘passive’ (driven by external tectonic stresses) modes of continental rifting and break-up has persisted for decades. To a large extent, inconsistencies between observations and models are rooted in the conceptual model of plumes as voluminous upwellings of hot material sourced from the deep mantle. Such large-scale plumes are expected to induce intensive magmatism and topographic uplift, thereby triggering rifting. In this case of an ‘active’ rifting-to-break-up system, emplacement of plume-related magmatism should precede the onset of rifting that is not observed in many rifted continental margins, thus providing a primary argument in favour of an antiplume origin for continental break-up and supercontinent fragmentation. However, mantle plumes are not restricted to whole-mantle (‘primary’) plumes emanating from the mantle-core boundary but also include ‘secondary’ plumes originating from the upper mantle transition zone or shallower. Over the last decades a number of such ‘secondary’ plumes with horizontal diameters of only ∼100–200 km (therefore, sometimes also called ‘baby’ plumes) have been imaged in the upper mantle below Europe and China. The longevity of such small-scale plumes and their impact on geodynamics of continental break-up have so far not been explored. We present results of a systematic parametrical analysis of relatively small thermal anomalies seeded at the base of the lithosphere. In particular, we explore the effects of variations in initial plume temperature (T = 1500–1700 °C) and size (diameter of 80–116 km), characteristics of the overlying lithosphere (e.g. ‘Cratonic’, ‘Variscan’, ‘Mesozoic’ and oceanic) and intraplate tectonic regimes (neutral or far-field extension of 2–10 mm yr–1). In tectonically neutral regimes, the expected decay time of a seismically detectable ‘baby’-plume varies from ∼20 to >200 Myr and is mainly controlled by its initial size and temperature, whereas the effect of variations in the thermotectonic age of the overlying lithosphere is modest. These small but enduring plumes are able to trigger localized rifting and subsequent continental break-up occurring from ∼10 to >300 Myr after the onset of far-field extension. Regardless of the thermomechanical structure of the lithosphere, relatively rapid (tens of Myr) break-up (observed in models with a hot plume and fast extension) favours partial melting of plume material. In contrast, in the case of a long-lasting (a few hundreds of Myr) pre-break-up phase (relatively cold plume, low extension rate), rifting is accompanied by modest decompressional melting of only ‘normal’ sublithospheric mantle. On the basis of the models presented, we distinguish two additional modes of continental rifting and break-up: (1) ‘semi-active’ when syn-break-up magmatism is carrying geochemical signatures of the deep mantle with deformation localized above the plume head not anymore connected by its tail to the original source of hot material and (2) ‘semi-passive’ when the site of final lithospheric rupture is controlled by a thermal anomaly of plume origin but without invoking its syn-break-up melting. These intermediate mechanisms are applicable to several segments of the passive continental margins formed during Pangea fragmentation.
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Soman, Vrishin R. "Hot Times in Tectonophysics: Mantle Plume Dynamics and Magmatic Perturbances." Journal of Environment and Ecology 11, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v11i2.16475.
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Earth’s dynamic lithospheric (plate) motions often are not obvious when considered in relation to the temporal stability of the crust. Seismic radiology experiments confirm that the extreme pressures and temperatures in the mantle, and to a lesser extent the asthenosphere, result in a heterogeneously viscous rheology. Occasionally, magmatic fluid makes its way through the lithospheric plate to the surface, appearing typically as a volcano, fissure eruption, or lava flow. When occurring away from the edges of plate boundaries, these long-lasting suppliers of lava, present over millions of years, are called mantle plumes, or ‘hotspots.’ Conventional definitions of mantle plumes note that they are stationary with respect to each other and the motion of the plates, passively tracing historical plate motion in volcanic formations such as the Hawaiian-Emperor island arc – the Plate Model. In this model, mantle plumes primarily occur as a consequence of lithospheric extension.Recent empirical studies, however, have demonstrated that hotspots are not as geographically consistent as previously thought. They may move in relation to each other, as well as contribute actively toward lithospheric plate motions – the Plume Model. There is a lively, ongoing debate between the Plate and Plume hypotheses, essentially seeking to determine if mantle flow is merely a passive reaction to lithospheric plate motion (Plate Model), or whether plume activity in part drives this motion (Plume Model). More likely, it is a combination of passive and active mantle plume components that better describe the comprehensive behavior of these important and distinctive landscape forming features.
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Stockmann, Fabienne, Laura Cobden, Frédéric Deschamps, Andreas Fichtner, and Christine Thomas. "Investigating the seismic structure and visibility of dynamic plume models with seismic array methods." Geophysical Journal International 219, Supplement_1 (August 6, 2019): S167—S194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz334.
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SUMMARY Mantle plumes may play a major role in the transport of heat and mass through the Earth, but establishing their existence and structure using seismology has proven challenging and controversial. Previous studies have mainly focused on imaging plumes using waveform modelling and inversion (i.e. tomography). In this study we investigate the potential visibility of mantle plumes using array methods, and in particular whether we can detect seismic scattering from the plumes. By combining geodynamic modelling with mineral physics data we compute ‘seismic’ plumes whose shape and structure correspond to dynamically plausible thermochemical plumes. We use these seismic models to perform a full-waveform simulation, sending seismic waves through the plumes, in order to generate synthetic seismograms. Using velocity spectral analysis and slowness-backazimuth plots, we are unable to detect scattering. However at longer dominant periods (25 s) we see several arrivals from outside the plane of the great circle path, that are consistent with an apparent bending of the wave front around the plume conduit. At shorter periods (15 s), these arrivals are less obvious and less strong, consistent with the expected changes in the waves' behaviour at higher frequencies. We also detect reflections off the iron-rich chemical pile which serves as the plume source in the D″ region, indicating that D″ reflections may not always be due to a phase transformation. We suggest that slowness-backazimuth analysis may be a useful tool to locate mantle plumes in real array data sets. However, it is important to analyse the data at different dominant periods since, depending on the width of the plume, there is probably an optimum frequency band at which the plume is most visible. Our results also show the importance of studying the incoming energy in all directions, so that any apparently out-of-plane arrivals can be correctly interpreted.
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Kirdyashkin, A., and A. Kirdyashkin. "THE INFLUENCE OF PLUMES, WHICH HAVE NOT REACHED THE SURFACE AND CREATE SURFACE UPLIFTS." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 10 (2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-24-32.
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The thermochemical plume originates at the core-mantle boundary in an area of increased concentration of light components that lower the melting point. The object of the study is mantle thermochemical plumes that have not reached the surface and create surface uplifts due to superlithostatic pressure on the plume roofs. The objectives of the study are to present the structure of the plume channel that has not reached the surface, the mechanism of daytime surface uplifts formation and to determine the influence of the plume roof depth and the influence of the plume group on the structure of daytime surface uplift above them. Research methodology and methods are to study the influence of mantle thermochemical plumes formed at the core-mantle boundary on the height and structures of surface rises, the method of geodynamic modeling is used: the motion in the high-viscosity massif above the plume roof, occurring under superlithostatic pressure is analyzed. Based on geological and geophysical data, a geodynamic model of surface rises is created which satisfies the three laws of conservation: energy, matter and momentum. The plume conduit is a melt in the mantle massif. Based on the available experimental modeling data, the cellular structure of the plume conduit is presented. Depending on the location depth of the roof of the plume that has not reached the surface, the thermal power on the plume base, plume diameter, and the superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof are determined. Movement in the high-viscosity block above the plume roof occurs under the influence of superlithostatic pressure. To determine the velocity field in the block above the plume roof, the solution obtained for the sphere moving in a highly viscous liquid with a constant velocity is used. When the day surface rises, the driving force due to the superlithostatic pressure decreases. When the superlithostatic pressure at the plume roof is equal to the pressure caused by elevation, the movement in the block above the plume stops. The maximum elevation height hmax = 4.5 ... 6 km was found. Elevation profiles were found for different values of the location depth of the plume roof X. The dependence of the horizontal size of the main part of the elevation y1 on the location depth of the plume roof is found. Elevation profiles were obtained for a group of five plumes, the roofs of which are at a depth of 30 km and the distance between the plume axes is y = 150 km. The elevation profiles were obtained for a group of three plumes for y = 400 km as well. At y > y1, the height of the main ridge has a saw-toothed character. Ridges whose axes are perpendicular to the axis of the main ridge are formed during the formation of uplift. The number of such ridges is equal to the number of plumes responsible for the formation of uplift. The uplift formed by a group of plumes at X = 30 km refers to the uplift of the Caucasus type, at X = 100 km refers to the uplift of the Tibet type
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Burke, Kevin, and J. Matthew Cannon. "Plume–plate interaction." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 2014): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0115.
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Having discerned competition among vigorous plumes on the 108 year timescale, Tuzo Wilson suggested that plumes control plate behavior and are “the mainsprings of geological history”. Here we revisit that idea by discussing selected examples of plume–plate interaction and find that modern observational, instrumental, computational, and modeling capabilities are revealing a wonderful variety and complexity in plume–plate interaction. The degree to which plumes control plate behavior is poorly constrained. However, the examples we consider suggest complex interactions between plumes and plates that, during the past 70 million years, have led to separate episodes of extreme plate acceleration and near complete cessation of plate motion in the deep mantle reference frame. The recognition of contrasting convective behavior within two newly distinguished “Active Plume Heads”, both reaching to depths of ∼1200 km, one beneath Hawaii and the other between Iceland and Norway, represent new opportunities in studying plume–plate interaction. Wilson’s suggestion continues to inspire stimulating questions for future research.
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Olson, Peter, and Harvey Singer. "Creeping plumes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 158 (September 1985): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085002749.
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Results of laboratory experiments are used to determine the morphology and the ascent rate of growing buoyant plumes in a homogeneous, viscous fluid. The plumes were formed by injecting a glucose solution through a small orifice into another glucose solution of different density. Two classes of creeping (low-Reynolds-number) plumes are investigated: (i) diapiric plumes, for which the plume viscosity is approximately equal to the ambient-fluid viscosity, and (ii) cavity plumes, for which the plume fluid is much less viscous than the ambient fluid. Fully developed diapirs consist of a tapered cylindrical stem capped by a mushroom-shaped vortex at its leading edge. Fully developed cavity plumes consist of a nearly spherical chamber connected to the source by a narrow umbilical conduit. It is observed that the ascent velocity of cavity plumes increases with time as t⅖. The ascent velocity of diapirs is found to be proportional to the terminal velocity of a cylinder moving parallel to its axis. The presence of pre-existing conduits alters the morphology of cavity plumes and greatly increases their ascent rate. Fossil conduits act as plume guides by offering low-resistance ascent paths. Finally, a series of experiments have been made on the interaction between cavity plumes and a large-scale background circulation. A low-viscosity plume generated by a source towed steadily through a highly viscous fluid breaks into a chain of regularly spaced, individual cavities, as first demonstrated by Skilbeck & Whitehead. The cavities ascend as an inclined linear array of Stokes droplets. Dimensional analysis is used to derive scaling laws for the cavity volumes and their replication rate in terms of the source parameters and the tow speed. The qualitative results from these experiments generally lend support to the hypothesis that buoyant plumes in the Earth's mantle are the source of hot-spot volcanism. In particular the experiments suggest an explanation for the observation that hot spots remain nearly fixed in the presence of mantle convection.
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Kirdyashkin, A. G., A. A. Kirdyashkin, V. Е. Distanov, and I. N. Gladkov. "EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL MODELING OF DIAMONDIFEROUS PLUMES." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-2-0413.
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We consider thermochemical mantle plumes with thermal power 1.6·1010 W<N<2.7·1010 W (relative thermal power 1.15<Ka<1.9) as plumes with an intermediate thermal power. Such plumes are formed at the core–mantle boundary beneath cratons in the absence of horizontal free‐convection mantle flows beneath them, or in the presence of weak horizontal mantle flows. A proposed scheme of convection flows in the conduit of a plume with an intermediate thermal power is based on laboratory and theoretical modeling data. A plume ascends (melts out) from the coremantle boundary to critical depth xкр from which magma erupts on the Earth’s surface. The magmatic melt erupts from the plume conduit onto the surface through the eruption conduit. The latter forms under the effect of superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof. While the thickness of the block above the plume roof decreases to a critical value xкр, the shear stress on its cylindrical surface reaches a critical value (strength limit) τкр.Rock fails in the vicinity of the cylindrical block and, as a consequence, the eruption conduit is formed. We estimate the height of the eruption conduit and the time for the plume to ascent to the critical depth xкр. The volume of erupted melt is estimated for kinematic viscosity of melt =0.5–2 м2/с. The depth Δx from which the melt is transported to the surface is determined. Using the eruption volume, we obtain a relationship between the depth Δx and the plume conduit diameter for the above‐mentioned kinematic viscosities. In the case that the depth Δx is larger than 150 km, the melt from the plume conduit can transport diamonds to the Earth’s surface. Thus, the plumes with an intermediate thermal power are diamondiferous. The melt flow structure at the plume conduit/eruption conduit interface is determined on the basis of the laboratory modeling data. The photographs of the simulated flow were obtained. The flow line velocities were measured in the main cylindrical conduit (plume conduit) and at the main conduit/eruption conduit interface. A stagnant area is detected in the 'conduit wall/plume roof’ interface zone. The melt flow in the eruption conduit was analyzed as a turbulent flow in the straight cylindrical conduit with diameter dк. According to the experimental modeling and theoretical data, the superlithostatic pressure in the plume conduit is the sum of the frictional pressure drop and the increasing dynamic pressure in the eruption conduit. A relationship between the melt flow velocity in the eruption conduit and superlithostatic pressure has been derived.
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He, Chuansong, and M. Santosh. "Mantle roots of the Emeishan plume: an evaluation based on teleseismic P-wave tomography." Solid Earth 8, no. 6 (November 3, 2017): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1141-2017.
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Abstract. The voluminous magmatism associated with large igneous provinces (LIPs) is commonly correlated to upwelling plumes from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). Here we analyse seismic tomographic data from the Emeishan LIP in southwestern China. Our results reveal vestiges of delaminated crustal and/or lithospheric mantle, with an upwelling in the upper mantle beneath the Emeishan LIP rather than a plume rooted in the CMB. We suggest that the magmatism and the Emeishan LIP formation might be connected with the melting of delaminated lower crustal and/or lithospheric components which resulted in plume-like upwelling from the upper mantle or from the mantle transition zone.
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Kirdyashkin, A. G., A. A. Kirdyashkin, V. E. Distanov, and I. N. Gladkov. "GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES DURING ASCENT OF A PLUME WITH INTERMEDIATE THERMAL POWER THROUGH THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE AND DURING ITS ERUPTION ON THE SURFACE." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2020-11-2-0482.
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The study is focused on thermochemical mantle plumes with intermediate thermal power (1.15 < Ka < 1.9). Previously we have shown that these plumes are diamondiferous. Based on the laboratory modeling data, the flow structure of a melt in a plume conduit is represented. A plume melts out and ascends from the core – mantle boundary to the bottom of the continental lithosphere. The plume roof moves upwards in the lithosphere because of melting of the lithospheric matter at the plume roof and due to the effect of superlithostatic pressure on the roof, which causes motion in the lithosphere block above the plume roof. The latter manifests itself by uplifting of the ground surface above the plume. As the plume ascends through the lithosphere, the elevation of the surface increases until the plume ascends to critical level xкр, where an eruption conduit is formed. In our model, plume ascent velocity uпл is the rate of melting at the plume roof. Values of uпл and the ascent velocity of a spherical plume roof due to superlithostatic pressure U are calculated. Relationships are found between these velocities and the plume roof depth. The dependence of the velocity of the surface’s rise on the dynamic viscosity of the lithosphere block above the plume is obtained. A relationship is determined between the maximum surface elevation and the lithosphere viscosity. The elevation values are determined for different times and different lithosphere viscosities.The results of laboratory modeling of flow structure at the plume conduit/eruption conduit interface are presented. The flow was photographed (1) in the plane passing through the axes of the plume conduit and the eruption conduit; and (2) in case of the line-focus beam perpendicular to the axial plane. The photographs were used for measuring the flow velocities in the plume conduit and the eruption conduit. Corresponding Reynolds numbers and flow regimes are determined. The relation of dynamic pressure in the eruption conduit to that in the plume conduit is found for intermediate-power plumes. The melt flow velocity in the eruption conduit depends on superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof, plume diameter and kinematic viscosity of the melt. Its values are determined for different kinematic viscosities of melt.
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Koppers, A. A. P., T. Yamazaki, and J. Geldmacher. "IODP Expedition 330: Drilling the Louisville Seamount Trail in the SW Pacific." Scientific Drilling 15 (March 1, 2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-15-11-2013.
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Deep-Earth convection can be understood by studying hotspot volcanoes that form where mantle plumes rise up and intersect the lithosphere, the Earth's rigid outer layer. Hotspots characteristically leave age-progressive trails of volcanoes and seamounts on top of oceanic lithosphere, which in turn allow us to decipher the motion of these plates relative to "fixed" deep-mantle plumes, and their (isotope) geochemistry provides insights into the long-term evolution of mantle source regions. However, it is strongly suggested that the Hawaiian mantle plume moved ~15° south between 80 and 50 million years ago. This raises a fundamental question about other hotspot systems in the Pacific, whether or not their mantle plumes experienced a similar amount and direction of motion. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 330 to the Louisville Seamounts showed that the Louisville hotspot in the South Pacific behaved in a different manner, as its mantle plume remained more or less fixed around 48°S latitude during that same time period. Our findings demonstrate that the Pacific hotspots move independently and that their trajectories may be controlled by differences in subduction zone geometry. Additionally, shipboard geochemistry data shows that, in contrast to Hawaiian volcanoes, the construction of the Louisville Seamounts doesn’t involve a shield-building phase dominated by tholeiitic lavas, and trace elements confirm the rather homogenous nature of the Louisville mantle source. Both observations set Louisville apart from the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount trail, whereby the latter has been erupting abundant tholeiites (characteristically up to 95% in volume) and which exhibit a large variability in (isotope) geochemistry and their mantle source components. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.15.02.2013" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.15.02.2013</a>
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Dannberg, Juliane, and Rene Gassmöller. "Chemical trends in ocean islands explained by plume–slab interaction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 17 (April 9, 2018): 4351–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1714125115.
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Earth’s surface shows many features, of which the genesis can be understood only through their connection with processes in Earth’s deep interior. Recent studies indicate that spatial geochemical patterns at oceanic islands correspond to structures in the lowermost mantle inferred from seismic tomographic models. This suggests that hot, buoyant upwellings can carry chemical heterogeneities from the deep lower mantle toward the surface, providing a window to the composition of the lowermost mantle. The exact nature of this link between surface and deep Earth remains debated and poorly understood. Using computational models, we show that subducted slabs interacting with dense thermochemical piles can trigger the ascent of hot plumes that inherit chemical gradients present in the lowermost mantle. We identify two key factors controlling this process: (i) If slabs induce strong lower-mantle flow toward the edges of these piles where plumes rise, the pile-facing side of the plume preferentially samples material originating from the pile, and bilaterally asymmetric chemical zoning develops. (ii) The composition of the melt produced reflects this bilateral zoning if the overlying plate moves roughly perpendicular to the chemical gradient in the plume conduit. Our results explain some of the observed geochemical trends of oceanic islands and provide insights into how these trends may originate.
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Torsvik, Trond H., Bernhard Steinberger, Lewis D. Ashwal, Pavel V. Doubrovine, and Reidar G. Trønnes. "Earth evolution and dynamics—a tribute to Kevin Burke." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, no. 11 (November 2016): 1073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0228.
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Kevin Burke’s original and thought-provoking contributions have been published steadily for the past 60 years, and more than a decade ago he set out to resolve how plate tectonics and mantle plumes interact by proposing a simple conceptual model, which we will refer to as the Burkian Earth. On the Burkian Earth, mantle plumes take us from the deepest mantle to sub-lithospheric depths, where partial melting occurs, and to the surface, where hotspot lavas erupt today, and where large igneous provinces and kimberlites have erupted episodically in the past. The arrival of a plume head contributes to continental break-up and punctuates plate tectonics by creating and modifying plate boundaries. Conversely, plate tectonics makes an essential contribution to the mantle through subduction. Slabs restore mass to the lowermost mantle and are the triggering mechanism for plumes that rise from the margins of the two large-scale low shear-wave velocity structures in the lowermost mantle, which Burke christened TUZO and JASON. Situated just above the core–mantle boundary, beneath Africa and the Pacific, these are stable and antipodal thermochemical piles, which Burke reasons represent the immediate after-effect of the moon-forming event and the final magma ocean crystallization.
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Olson, Peter, and Dayanthie Weeraratne. "Experiments on metal–silicate plumes and core formation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1883 (September 30, 2008): 4253–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0194.
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Short-lived isotope systematics, mantle siderophile abundances and the power requirements of the geodynamo favour an early and high-temperature core-formation process, in which metals concentrate and partially equilibrate with silicates in a deep magma ocean before descending to the core. We report results of laboratory experiments on liquid metal dynamics in a two-layer stratified viscous fluid, using sucrose solutions to represent the magma ocean and the crystalline, more primitive mantle and liquid gallium to represent the core-forming metals. Single gallium drop experiments and experiments on Rayleigh–Taylor instabilities with gallium layers and gallium mixtures produce metal diapirs that entrain the less viscous upper layer fluid and produce trailing plume conduits in the high-viscosity lower layer. Calculations indicate that viscous dissipation in metal–silicate plumes in the early Earth would result in a large initial core superheat. Our experiments suggest that metal–silicate mantle plumes facilitate high-pressure metal–silicate interaction and may later evolve into buoyant thermal plumes, connecting core formation to ancient hotspot activity on the Earth and possibly on other terrestrial planets.
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Paul, Jyotirmoy, and Attreyee Ghosh. "Could the Réunion plume have thinned the Indian craton?" Geology 50, no. 3 (December 3, 2021): 346–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49492.1.
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Abstract Thick and highly viscous roots are the key to cratonic survival. Nevertheless, cratonic roots can be destroyed under certain geological scenarios. Eruption of mantle plumes underneath cratons can reduce root viscosity and thus make them more prone to deformation by mantle convection. It has been proposed that the Indian craton could have been thinned due to eruption of the Réunion plume underneath it at ca. 65 Ma. In this study, we constructed spherical time-dependent forward mantle convection models to investigate whether the Réunion plume eruption could have reduced the Indian craton thickness. Along with testing the effect of different strengths of craton and its surrounding asthenosphere, we examined the effect of temperature-dependent viscosity on craton deformation. Our results show that the plume-induced thermomechanical erosion could have reduced the Indian craton thickness by as much as ~130 km in the presence of temperature-dependent viscosity. We also find that the plume material could have lubricated the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary region beneath the Indian plate. This could be a potential reason for acceleration of the Indian plate since 65 Ma.
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Homrighausen, S., K. Hoernle, H. Zhou, J. Geldmacher, J.-A. Wartho, F. Hauff, R. Werner, S. Jung, and J. P. Morgan. "Paired EMI-HIMU hotspots in the South Atlantic—Starting plume heads trigger compositionally distinct secondary plumes?" Science Advances 6, no. 28 (July 2020): eaba0282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aba0282.
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Age-progressive volcanism is generally accepted as the surface expression of deep-rooted mantle plumes, which are enigmatically linked with the African and Pacific large low–shear velocity provinces (LLSVPs). We present geochemical and geochronological data collected from the oldest portions of the age-progressive enriched mantle one (EMI)-type Tristan-Gough track. They are part of a 30- to 40-million year younger age-progressive hotspot track with St. Helena HIMU (high time-integrated 238U/204Pb) composition, which is also observed at the EMI-type Shona hotspot track in the southernmost Atlantic. Whereas the primary EMI-type hotspots overlie the margin of the African LLSVP, the HIMU-type hotspots are located above a central portion of the African LLSVP, reflecting a large-scale geochemical zonation. We propose that extraction of large volumes of EMI-type mantle from the margin of the LLSVP by primary plume heads triggered upwelling of HIMU material from a more internal domain of the LLSVP, forming secondary plumes.
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Mukhopadhyay, Sujoy, and Rita Parai. "Noble Gases: A Record of Earth's Evolution and Mantle Dynamics." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 47, no. 1 (May 30, 2019): 389–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-053018-060238.
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Noble gases have played a key role in our understanding of the origin of Earth's volatiles, mantle structure, and long-term degassing of the mantle. Here we synthesize new insights into these topics gained from high-precision noble gas data. Our analysis reveals new constraints on the origin of the terrestrial atmosphere, the presence of nebular neon but chondritic krypton and xenon in the mantle, and a memory of multiple giant impacts during accretion. Furthermore, the reservoir supplying primordial noble gases to plumes appears to be distinct from the mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) reservoir since at least 4.45 Ga. While differences between the MORB mantle and plume mantle cannot be explained solely by recycling of atmospheric volatiles, injection and incorporation of atmospheric-derived noble gases into both mantle reservoirs occurred over Earth history. In the MORB mantle, the atmospheric-derived noble gases are observed to be heterogeneously distributed, reflecting inefficient mixing even within the vigorously convecting MORB mantle. ▪ Primordial noble gases in the atmosphere were largely derived from planetesimals delivered after the Moon-forming giant impact. ▪ Heterogeneities dating back to Earth's accretion are preserved in the present-day mantle. ▪ Mid-ocean ridge basalts and plume xenon isotopic ratios cannot be related by differential degassing or differential incorporation of recycled atmospheric volatiles. ▪ Differences in mid-ocean ridge basalts and plume radiogenic helium, neon, and argon ratios can be explained through the lens of differential long-term degassing.
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Choi, C. "Mantle plumes." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 7 (February 6, 2013): 2435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1300192110.
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Jacoby, Wolf. "Mantle Plumes." Journal of Geodynamics 32, no. 1-2 (August 2001): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0264-3707(01)00021-7.
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Sleep, N. H. "Mantle plumes?" Astronomy and Geophysics 44, no. 1 (February 2003): 1.11–1.13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1468-4004.2003.44111.x.
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Loper, David E. "Mantle plumes." Tectonophysics 187, no. 4 (March 1991): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-1951(91)90476-9.
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Kharitonov, A. L. "Results of geological and geophysical study of the deep structure of Angara and Trans-Baikal mantle plumes and their connection with mineral deposits." Earth sciences and subsoil use 45, no. 2 (July 2, 2022): 119–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2022-45-2-119-136.
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The purpose of the article is to consider the issues of geological and geophysical interpretation of the data of balloon and satellite magnetic measurements along the regional profile crossing the territory of the Angara-Baikal region. In order to conduct scientific research along the regional Trans-Siberian geological and geophysical profile A-B the author used various geological and geophysical materials including the magnetic field digital data measured by the MAGSAT artificial Earth satellite and a balloon; data on the values of the electrical resistivity in the mantle of this region; geothermal data; seismic data on the location of earthquake hypocenters in the area of the profile under investigation. The research methods involved multilevel measurements of satellite and balloon magnetic fields, which significantly expanded the possibilities of geological and geophysical interpretation of the data obtained. The conducted study revealed that the geological and geophysical interpretation of multilevel aeromagnetic data allows for a reasonably accurate determination of the location coordinates and lithospheric penetration depth of tectonic faults associated with the Angara and Trans-Baikal mantle plumes, which are of significant interest in terms of exploration of coal and uranium deposits. The spatial and depth characteristics of tectonic faults obtained from balloon and satellite data are confirmed by a set of analyzed independent geophysical data: magnetotelluric sounding, geothermy, seismology and other geophysical methods. In conclusion it should be noted that the author has demonstrated the application possibility of satellite and balloon magnetic surveys for the study of the deep structure of the Angara and Trans-Baikal mantle plumes. In addition, it was found out that according to balloon and satellite magnetic data, large deep tectonic faults in the lithosphere (Barguzinsky, Ikatsky, Tukolamsky, Tungirsky) can be identified, which also allow marking various subhorizontal boundaries of lithospheric layers in the location area of the Angara and Trans-Baikal mantle plumes using special points of the magnetically active zones of these faults. The practical significance of the conducted research is in the identification of the spatial relationship between the location of the Angara mantle plume and coal deposits of the Irkutsk basin, as well as uranium deposits in the zone of the Trans-Baikal mantle plume.
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Nechaev, Victor P., Frederick L. Sutherland, and Eugenia V. Nechaeva. "Phanerozoic Evolution of Continental Large Igneous Provinces: Implications for Galactic Seasonality." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 11, 2022): 1150. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091150.
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This study reviews the available data on the Phanerozoic plume activity (Large Igneous Provinces (LIP’s) size and frequency) and geochemistry of their igneous rocks. A major goal of this review is to try to find the changes in intensity and geochemistry of mantle plumes linked to the Earth’s evolution and galactic seasonality that was supposed in the authors’ previous publications. The data indicate that the Cambrian–Ordovician and Jurassic–Cretaceous galactic summers were associated with peaks of various igneous activities including both plume- and subduction/collision-related magmatism, while the Carboniferous–Permian and current galactic winters led to significant drops within the igneous activity. The materials subducted into the transitional and lower mantle, which highly influenced the plume magmas in the galactic-summer times, were less significant in the galactic spring and autumn seasons. The least subduction-influenced LIPs were probably the Tarim and Emeishan deep plume magmas that developed in the mid–late Permian, during the galactic late winter–early spring subseason. The Fe enrichment of clinopyroxenite, gabbro, and associated ores of these provinces might be caused by fluids ascending from the core–mantle boundary. However, the most significant core influence through plume-associated fluids on the surface of solid Earth is supposed to have occurred in the galactic summer times (Cambrian–Ordovician and Jurassic–Cretaceous), which is indicated by peak abundances of ironstone ores. Their contributions to the Cambrian–Ordovician and Jurassic–Cretaceous plume magmas were, however, obscured by more significant influences from subduction.
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Wang, Yongming, and Mingming Li. "The interaction between mantle plumes and lithosphere and its surface expressions: 3-D numerical modelling." Geophysical Journal International 225, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 906–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab014.
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SUMMARY The rise of mantle plumes to the base of the lithosphere leads to observable surface expressions, which provide important information about the deep mantle structure. However, the process of plume–lithosphere interaction and its surface expressions remain not well understood. In this study, we perform 3-D spherical numerical simulations to investigate the relationship between surface observables induced by plume–lithosphere interaction (including dynamic topography, geoid anomaly and melt production rate) and the physical properties of plume and lithosphere (including plume size, plume excess temperature, plume viscosity, and lithosphere viscosity and thickness). We find that the plume-induced surface expressions have strong spatial and temporal variations. Before reaching the base of the lithosphere, the rise of a plume head in the deep mantle causes positive and rapid increase of dynamic topography and geoid anomaly at the surface but no melt production. The subsequent impinging of a plume head at the base of the lithosphere leads to further increase of dynamic topography and geoid anomaly and causes rapid increase of melt production. After reaching maximum values, these plume-induced observables become relatively stable and are more affected by the plume conduit. In addition, whereas the geoid anomaly and dynamic topography decrease from regions above the plume centre to regions above the plume edge, the melt production always concentrates at the centre part of the plume. We also find that the surface expressions have different sensitivities to plume and lithosphere properties. The dynamic topography significantly increases with the plume size, plume excess temperature and plume viscosity. The geoid anomaly also increases with the size and excess temperature of the plume but is less sensitive to plume viscosity. Compared to the influence of plume properties, the dynamic topography and geoid anomaly are less affected by lithosphere viscosity and thickness. The melt production significantly increases with plume size, plume excess temperature and plume viscosity, but decreases with lithosphere viscosity and thickness.
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Lin, Shu-Chuan, and Peter E. van Keken. "Dynamics of thermochemical plumes: 2. Complexity of plume structures and its implications for mapping mantle plumes." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7, no. 3 (March 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001072.
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Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba, Antonio, and Maxim D. Ballmer. "The role of edge-driven convection in the generation ofvolcanism – Part 2: Interaction with mantle plumes, applied to the Canary Islands." Solid Earth 13, no. 10 (October 21, 2022): 1585–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-13-1585-2022.
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Abstract. In the eastern Atlantic Ocean, several volcanic archipelagos are located close to the margin of the African continent. This configuration has inspired previous studies to suggest an important role of edge-driven convection (EDC) in the generation of intraplate magmatism. In a companion paper (Manjón-Cabeza Córdoba and Ballmer, 2021), we showed that EDC alone is insufficient to sustain magmatism of the magnitude required to match the volume of these islands. However, we also found that EDC readily develops near a step of lithospheric thickness, such as the oceanic–continental transition (“edge”) along the western African cratonic margin. In this work, we carry out 3D numerical models of mantle flow and melting to explore the possible interactions between EDC and mantle plumes. We find that the stem of a plume that rises close to a lithospheric edge is significantly deflected ocean-ward (i.e., away from the edge). The pancake of ponding hot material at the base of the lithosphere is also deflected by the EDC convection cell (either away or towards the edge). The amount of magmatism and plume deflection depends on the initial geometric configuration, i.e., the distance of the plume from the edge. Plume buoyancy flux and temperature also control the amount of magmatism, and influence the style and extent of plume–EDC interaction. Finally, comparison of model predictions with observations reveals that the Canary plume may be significantly affected and deflected by EDC, accounting for widespread and coeval volcanic activity. Our work shows that many of the peculiar characteristics of eastern Atlantic volcanism are compatible with mantle plume theory once the effects of EDC on plume flow are considered.
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Dam, Gregers. "Mantle plumes and sequence stratigraphy; Late Maastrichtian- Early Paleocene of West Greenland." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 48 (December 31, 2001): 189–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2001-48-11.
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The sedimentary history of the upper Maastrichtian–Paleocene succession underneath the extensive Paleocene flood basalts in central West Greenland supports models for the generation of flood basalt provinces in response to rising, hot mantle plumes. The rise of the North Atlantic mantle plume was associated with deposition of at least three sedimentary sequences; each associated with incision of submarine canyons and valleys. Relative sea-level changes were caused by plumerelated tectonics and generation of sequence boundaries was in general associated with catastrophic sedimentation and very rapid development of sequences. As such the late Maastrichtian–early Paleocene sequences record a spectacular and significant but rare geological event.
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Steinberger*, Bernhard, and Richard J. O’Connell. "Advection of plumes in mantle flow: implications for hotspot motion, mantle viscosity and plume distribution." Geophysical Journal International 132, no. 2 (February 1998): 412–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246x.1998.00447.x.
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Ruj, Trishit, Goro Komatsu, Gene Schmidt, Suniti Karunatillake, and Kenji Kawai. "Tectonism of Late Noachian Mars: Surface Signatures from the Southern Highlands." Remote Sensing 14, no. 22 (November 9, 2022): 5664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225664.
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Upwelling mantle plumes often instigate extensional stress within the continental crust of Earth. When stress exceeds crustal strength, extensional structures develop, reducing the effective stress and trigger magmatic processes at the crust–mantle boundary. However, such processes and their relationship to the formation of many surface structures remain poorly characterized on Mars. We identified a series of extensional structures in the southern highlands of Mars which collectively resemble continental rift zones on Earth. We further characterized these extensional structures and their surrounding region (area of ~1.8 M km2) by determining the surface mineralogy and bulk regional geochemistry of the terrain. In turn, this constrains their formation and yields a framework for their comparison with extensional structures on Earth. These terrains are notable for olivine and high-Ca pyroxene with a high abundance of potassium and calcium akin to alkali basalts. In the case of Mars, this Earth-like proto-plate tectonic scenario may be related to the plume-induced crustal stretching and considering their distribution and temporal relationship with the Hellas basin, we conclude that the plume is impact-induced. Overall, the findings of this work support the presence of mantle plume activity in the Noachian, as suggested by thermal evolution models of Mars.
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Farley, K. A., and H. Craig. "Mantle Plumes and Mantle Sources." Science 258, no. 5083 (October 30, 1992): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5083.821.a.
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Chazot, G. "Mantle Amphiboles and Mantle Plumes." Mineralogical Magazine 62A, no. 1 (1998): 316–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1998.62a.1.166.
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Farley, K. A., and H. Craig. "Mantle Plumes and Mantle Sources." Science 258, no. 5083 (October 30, 1992): 821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5083.821.
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Wei, Ping, Xinyu Chen, and Chensen Lin. "Temperature statistics in turbulent Rayleigh–Bénard convection with a Prandtl number of Pr = 12.3." AIP Advances 12, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 105228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114824.
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The transport of plumes in turbulent convective systems must be understood to study the mantle and various industrial applications. We measured the probability density function P( T) of the temperature at various radial and vertical positions in the bulk of a convection cell. The asymmetric-shaped distribution was decomposed into a turbulent background and plumes. The temperature of the turbulent background was fitted by a Gaussian function according to the peak of P( T). We proposed a simple quantity A ≡ (⟨ T⟩ − T bg) to describe the effective strength of the plume, where ⟨ T⟩ is the time-averaged value of the local temperature. The hot plume diminishes as it rises in the cell. The plume strength varies logarithmically with the vertical position. For larger Ra, the plume along the centerline has a longer travel distance in terms of the thermal boundary layer. For a given Ra, the strength and travel distance of the plume increase as the measurements move closer to the sidewall. At the cell center, the temperature fluctuations can be decomposed into fluctuations due to the turbulent background σ bg and fluctuations due to the plume. The value of σ bg is so small that the relation between σ bg and the vertical position can be fitted by a logarithmic function or a power law. The Ra dependence on these two fluctuations was also investigated. The measurements were collected in a cylindrical cell with a unity aspect ratio of 1, and FC72 was used as the working fluid.
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Koppers, Anthony A. P. "Mantle plumes persevere." Nature Geoscience 4, no. 12 (November 30, 2011): 816–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1334.
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Anderson, Don L. "Questioning mantle plumes." Physics Today 65, no. 10 (October 2012): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1732.
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Trubitsyn, V. P., and E. V. Kharybin. "Thermochemical mantle plumes." Doklady Earth Sciences 435, no. 2 (December 2010): 1656–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1028334x10120226.
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Cousens, Brian L., R. L. Chase, and J. G. Schilling. "Geochemistry and origin of volcanic rocks from Tuzo Wilson and Bowie seamounts, northeast Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 22, no. 11 (November 1, 1985): 1609–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e85-170.
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The origin of the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts, 50 km south of the Queen Charlotte Islands, has been ascribed by various workers to either the Pratt–Welker mantle plume, which has formed the Pratt–Welker seamount chain, or the formation of a new segment of the Explorer–Juan de Fuca spreading ridge system. Abundances of major and trace elements in dredged alkali basalts from Tuzo Wilson and Bowie seamounts (360 km northwest of Tuzo Wilson Seamounts) are typical of alkaline volcanism on ocean islands associated with mantle plumes, but 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70252–0.70258) fall within the range of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB) from the Explorer and Juan de Fuca ridges. Geochronological and chemical data from the Pratt–Welker, Bowie, and Tuzo Wilson seamounts suggest that the Tuzo Wilson Seamounts are in an early stage of development as a result of activity of the Pratt–Welker mantle plume but that contributions from both a depleted and an undepleted mantle source are necessary to reconcile trace-element and Sr isotope values. Modelling of rare-earth behaviour during partial melting indicates that neither the Tuzo Wilson nor Bowie basalts could be generated from a mantle source similar to that of the Explorer or Juan de Fuca MORB, unless recent metasomatism has enriched the seamounts' source region in incompatible elements.
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LITHGOW-BERTELLONI, C., M. A. RICHARDS, C. P. CONRAD, and R. W. GRIFFITHS. "Plume generation in natural thermal convection at high Rayleigh and Prandtl numbers." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 434 (May 10, 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112001003706.
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We study natural thermal convection of a fluid (corn syrup) with a large Prandtl number (103–107) and temperature-dependent viscosity. The experimental tank (1 × 1 × 0.3m) is heated from below with insulating top and side boundaries, so that the fluid experiences secular heating as experiments proceed. This setup allows a focused study of thermal plumes from the bottom boundary layer over a range of Rayleigh numbers relevant to convective plumes in the deep interior of the Earth's mantle. The effective value of Ra, based on the viscosity of the fluid at the interior temperature, varies from 105 at the beginning to almost 108 toward the end of the experiments. Thermals (plumes) from the lower boundary layer are trailed by continuous conduits with long residence times. Plumes dominate flow in the tank, although there is a weaker large-scale circulation induced by material cooling at the imperfectly insulating top and sidewalls. At large Ra convection is extremely time-dependent and exhibits episodic bursts of plumes, separated by periods of quiescence. This bursting behaviour probably results from the inability of the structure of the thermal boundary layer and its instabilities to keep pace with the rate of secular change in the value of Ra. The frequency of plumes increases and their size decreases with increasing Ra, and we characterize these changes via in situ thermocouple measurements, shadowgraph videos, and videos of liquid crystal films recorded during several experiments. A scaling analysis predicts observed changes in plume head and tail radii with increasing Ra. Since inertial effects are largely absent no transition to ‘hard’ thermal turbulence is observed, in contrast to a previous conclusion from numerical calculations at similar Rayleigh numbers. We suggest that bursting behaviour similar to that observed may occur in the Earth's mantle as it undergoes secular cooling on the billion-year time scale.
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Yarmolyuk, V. V., A. V. Nikiforov, A. M. Kozlovsky, and E. A. Kudryashova. "Late Mesozoic East Asian magmatic province: structure, magmatic signature, formation conditions." Геотектоника, no. 4 (August 13, 2019): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-853x2019360-77.
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The Late Mesozoic igneous province of East Asia in connection with global geological events is considered. The main structure-forming events and the largest magmatic productivity of the province coincided with the peak of widely manifested plume activity in the Early Cretaceous. A geodynamic model of the magmatic province formation is proposed, relating development of the province with the complex geodynamic setting for the interaction of the convergent boundary with the hot mantle field. The Pacific marginal magmatic belt was formed in front zone of convergence where accretion of terranes occurred with prevalence of supersubduction magma-forming mechanisms. In the western part of the province outside of convergence zone an intraplate volcanic areas were formed due to activity of small mantle plumes.
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Mochizuki, K., R. Sutherland, S. Henrys, D. Bassett, H. Van Avendonk, R. Arai, S. Kodaira, et al. "Recycling of depleted continental mantle by subduction and plumes at the Hikurangi Plateau large igneous province, southwestern Pacific Ocean." Geology 47, no. 8 (June 10, 2019): 795–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46250.1.
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Abstract Seismic reflection and refraction data from Hikurangi Plateau (southwestern Pacific Ocean) require a crustal thickness of 10 ± 1 km, seismic velocity of 7.25 ± 0.35 km/s at the base of the crust, and mantle velocity of 8.30 ± 0.25 km/s just beneath the Moho. Published models of gravity data that assume normal crust and mantle density predict 5–10-km-thicker crust than we observe, suggesting that the mantle beneath Hikurangi Plateau has anomalously low density, which is inconsistent with previous suggestions of eclogite to explain observations of high seismic velocity. The combination of high seismic velocity and low density requires the mantle to be highly depleted and not serpentinized. We propose that Hikurangi Plateau formed by decompression melting of buoyant mantle that was removed from a craton root by subduction, held beneath 660 km by viscous coupling to slabs, and then rose as a plume from the lower mantle. Ancient Re-Os ages from mantle xenoliths in nearby South Island, New Zealand, support this hypothesis. Erosion of buoyant depleted mantle from craton roots by subduction and then recycling in plumes to make new lithosphere may be an important global geochemical process.
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Doucet, Luc S., Zheng-Xiang Li, Richard E. Ernst, Uwe Kirscher, Hamed Gamal El Dien, and Ross N. Mitchell. "Coupled supercontinent–mantle plume events evidenced by oceanic plume record." Geology 48, no. 2 (November 22, 2019): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g46754.1.
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Abstract The most dominant features in the present-day lower mantle are the two antipodal African and Pacific large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs). How and when these two structures formed, and whether they are fixed and long lived through Earth history or dynamic and linked to the supercontinent cycles, remain first-order geodynamic questions. Hotspots and large igneous provinces (LIPs) are mostly generated above LLSVPs, and it is widely accepted that the African LLSVP existed by at least ca. 200 Ma beneath the supercontinent Pangea. Whereas the continental LIP record has been used to decipher the spatial and temporal variations of plume activity under the continents, plume records of the oceanic realm before ca. 170 Ma are mostly missing due to oceanic subduction. Here, we present the first compilation of an Oceanic Large Igneous Provinces database (O-LIPdb), which represents the preserved oceanic LIP and oceanic island basalt occurrences preserved in ophiolites. Using this database, we are able to reconstruct and compare the record of mantle plume activity in both the continental and oceanic realms for the past 2 b.y., spanning three supercontinent cycles. Time-series analysis reveals hints of similar cyclicity of the plume activity in the continent and oceanic realms, both exhibiting a periodicity of ∼500 m.y. that is comparable to the supercontinent cycle, albeit with a slight phase delay. Our results argue for dynamic LLSVPs where the supercontinent cycle and global subduction geometry control the formation and locations of the plumes.
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TORSVIK, TROND H., and L. ROBIN M. COCKS. "The integration of palaeomagnetism, the geological record and mantle tomography in the location of ancient continents." Geological Magazine 156, no. 2 (December 13, 2017): 242–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001675681700098x.
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AbstractConstructing palaeogeographical maps is best achieved through the integration of data from hotspotting (since the Cretaceous), palaeomagnetism (including ocean-floor magnetic anomalies since the Jurassic), and the analysis of fossils and identification of their faunal and floral provinces; as well as a host of other geological information, not least the characters of the rocks themselves. Recently developed techniques now also allow us to determine more objectively the palaeolongitude of continents from the time of Pangaea onwards, which palaeomagnetism alone does not reveal. This together with new methods to estimate true polar wander have led to hybrid mantle plate motion frames that demonstrate that TUZO and JASON, two antipodal thermochemical piles in the deep mantle, have been stable for at least 300 Ma, and where deep plumes sourcing large igneous provinces and kimberlites are mostly derived from their margins. This remarkable observation has led to the plume generation zone reconstruction method which exploits the fundamental link between surface and deep mantle processes to allow determination of palaeolongitudes, unlocking a way forward in modelling absolute plate motions prior to the assembly of Pangaea. The plume generation zone method is a novel way to derive ‘absolute’ plate motions in a mantle reference frame before Pangaea, but the technique assumes that the margins of TUZO and JASON did not move much and that Earth was a degree-2 planet, as today.
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Xu, Xi, Hanlin Chen, Andrew V. Zuza, An Yin, Peng Yu, Xiubin Lin, Chongjin Zhao, Juncheng Luo, Shufeng Yang, and Baodi Wang. "Phanerozoic cratonization by plume welding." Geology 51, no. 2 (January 3, 2023): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g050615.1.
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Abstract Deformation-resistant cratons comprise >60% of the continental landmass on Earth. Because they were formed mostly in the Archean to Mesoproterozoic, it remains unclear if cratonization was a process unique to early Earth. We address this question by presenting an integrated geological-geophysical data set from the Tarim region of central Asia. This data set shows that the Tarim region was a deformable domain from the Proterozoic to early Paleozoic, but deformation ceased after the emplacement of a Permian plume despite the fact that deformation continued to the north and south due to the closure of the Paleo-Asian and Tethyan Oceans. We interpret this spatiotemporal correlation to indicate plume-driven welding of the earlier deformable continents and the formation of Tarim’s stable cratonic lithosphere. Our work highlights the Phanerozoic plume-driven cratonization process and implies that mantle plumes may have significantly contributed to the development of cratons on early Earth.
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Bao, Xiyuan, Carolina R. Lithgow-Bertelloni, Matthew G. Jackson, and Barbara Romanowicz. "On the relative temperatures of Earth’s volcanic hotspots and mid-ocean ridges." Science 375, no. 6576 (January 7, 2022): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abj8944.
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Hotspot cool down Deep-seated mantle plumes are responsible for volcanic island chains such as Hawai’i. Upwelling from the deep interior requires that the plumes are hotter than the surrounding mantle to make it all the way up to the surface. However, Bao et al . found that some of these “hotspots” are surprisingly cool. The temperature is actually low enough to challenge a deep mantle origin for some hotspots. In these specific cases, deep plumes may be entrained and cooled or possibly originate in the upper mantle instead. —BG
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Glišović, Petar, and Alessandro M. Forte. "Two deep-mantle sources for Paleocene doming and volcanism in the North Atlantic." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 27 (June 13, 2019): 13227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1816188116.
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The North Atlantic Igneous Province (NAIP) erupted in two major pulses that coincide with the continental breakup and the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean over a period from 62 to 54 Ma. The unknown mantle structure under the North Atlantic during the Paleocene represents a major missing link in deciphering the geodynamic causes of this event. To address this outstanding challenge, we use a back-and-forth iterative method for time-reversed global convection modeling over the Cenozoic Era which incorporates models of present-day tomography-based mantle heterogeneity. We find that the Paleocene mantle under the North Atlantic is characterized by two major low-density plumes in the lower mantle: one beneath Greenland and another beneath the Azores. These strong lower-mantle upwellings generate small-scale hot upwellings and cold downwellings in the upper mantle. The upwellings are dispersed sources of magmatism and topographic uplift that were active on the rifted margins of the North Atlantic during the formation of the NAIP. While most studies of the Paleocene evolution of the North Atlantic have focused on the proto-Icelandic plume, our Cenozoic reconstructions reveal the equally important dynamics of a hot, buoyant, mantle-wide upwelling below the Azores.
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Macdonald, Ray. "Magmatism of the Kenya Rift Valley: a review." Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 93, no. 3 (September 2002): 239–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263593300000420.
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ABSTRACTTertiary–Recent magmatism in the Kenya Rift Valley was initiated c. 35 Ma, in the northern part of Kenya. Initiation of magmatism then migrated southwards, reaching northern Tanzania by 5–8 Ma. This progression was accompanied by a change in the nature of the lithosphere, from rocks of the Panafrican Mozambique mobile belt through reworked craton margin to rigid, Archaean craton. Magma volumes and the geochemistry of mafic volcanic rocks indicate that magmatism has resulted from the interaction with the lithosphere of melts and/or fluids from one or more mantle plumes. Whilst the plume(s) may have been characterised by an ocean island basalt-type component, the chemical signature of this component has everywhere been heavily overprinted by heterogeneous lithospheric mantle. Primary mafic melts have fractionated over a wide range of crustal pressures to generate suites resulting in trachytic (silica-saturated and-undersaturated) and phonolitic residua. Various Neogene trachytic and phonolitic flood sequences may alternatively have resulted from volatile-induced partial melting of underplated mafic rocks. High-level partial melting has generated peralkaline rhyolites in the south–central rift. Kenyan magmatism may, at some future stage, show an increasing plume signature, perhaps associated ultimately with continental break-up.
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Trubitsyn, V. P., and M. N. Evseev. "Pulsation of mantle plumes." Russian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, no. 3 (September 10, 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2205/2016es000569.
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Cloetingh, Sierd, Alexander Koptev, Alessio Lavecchia, István János Kovács, and Fred Beekman. "Fingerprinting secondary mantle plumes." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 597 (November 2022): 117819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117819.
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Anderson, Don L., and James H. Natland. "Evidence for mantle plumes?" Nature 450, no. 7169 (November 22, 2007): E15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature06376.
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Humphreys, Eugene, and Brandon Schmandt. "Looking for mantle plumes." Physics Today 64, no. 8 (August 2011): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/pt.3.1217.
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Grocholski, Brent. "Super-old mantle plumes." Science 365, no. 6455 (August 22, 2019): 770.2–770. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.365.6455.770-b.
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