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Academic literature on the topic 'Mantel plumes'

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Published: 11 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mantel plumes"

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Koptev, Alexander, Sierd Cloetingh, and Todd A. Ehlers. "Longevity of small-scale (‘baby’) plumes and their role in lithospheric break-up." Geophysical Journal International 227, no. 1 (June 9, 2021): 439–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggab223.

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SUMMARY Controversy between advocates of ‘active’ (plume-activated) versus ‘passive’ (driven by external tectonic stresses) modes of continental rifting and break-up has persisted for decades. To a large extent, inconsistencies between observations and models are rooted in the conceptual model of plumes as voluminous upwellings of hot material sourced from the deep mantle. Such large-scale plumes are expected to induce intensive magmatism and topographic uplift, thereby triggering rifting. In this case of an ‘active’ rifting-to-break-up system, emplacement of plume-related magmatism should precede the onset of rifting that is not observed in many rifted continental margins, thus providing a primary argument in favour of an antiplume origin for continental break-up and supercontinent fragmentation. However, mantle plumes are not restricted to whole-mantle (‘primary’) plumes emanating from the mantle-core boundary but also include ‘secondary’ plumes originating from the upper mantle transition zone or shallower. Over the last decades a number of such ‘secondary’ plumes with horizontal diameters of only ∼100–200 km (therefore, sometimes also called ‘baby’ plumes) have been imaged in the upper mantle below Europe and China. The longevity of such small-scale plumes and their impact on geodynamics of continental break-up have so far not been explored. We present results of a systematic parametrical analysis of relatively small thermal anomalies seeded at the base of the lithosphere. In particular, we explore the effects of variations in initial plume temperature (T = 1500–1700 °C) and size (diameter of 80–116 km), characteristics of the overlying lithosphere (e.g. ‘Cratonic’, ‘Variscan’, ‘Mesozoic’ and oceanic) and intraplate tectonic regimes (neutral or far-field extension of 2–10 mm yr–1). In tectonically neutral regimes, the expected decay time of a seismically detectable ‘baby’-plume varies from ∼20 to >200 Myr and is mainly controlled by its initial size and temperature, whereas the effect of variations in the thermotectonic age of the overlying lithosphere is modest. These small but enduring plumes are able to trigger localized rifting and subsequent continental break-up occurring from ∼10 to >300 Myr after the onset of far-field extension. Regardless of the thermomechanical structure of the lithosphere, relatively rapid (tens of Myr) break-up (observed in models with a hot plume and fast extension) favours partial melting of plume material. In contrast, in the case of a long-lasting (a few hundreds of Myr) pre-break-up phase (relatively cold plume, low extension rate), rifting is accompanied by modest decompressional melting of only ‘normal’ sublithospheric mantle. On the basis of the models presented, we distinguish two additional modes of continental rifting and break-up: (1) ‘semi-active’ when syn-break-up magmatism is carrying geochemical signatures of the deep mantle with deformation localized above the plume head not anymore connected by its tail to the original source of hot material and (2) ‘semi-passive’ when the site of final lithospheric rupture is controlled by a thermal anomaly of plume origin but without invoking its syn-break-up melting. These intermediate mechanisms are applicable to several segments of the passive continental margins formed during Pangea fragmentation.
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Soman, Vrishin R. "Hot Times in Tectonophysics: Mantle Plume Dynamics and Magmatic Perturbances." Journal of Environment and Ecology 11, no. 2 (July 28, 2020): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jee.v11i2.16475.

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Earth’s dynamic lithospheric (plate) motions often are not obvious when considered in relation to the temporal stability of the crust. Seismic radiology experiments confirm that the extreme pressures and temperatures in the mantle, and to a lesser extent the asthenosphere, result in a heterogeneously viscous rheology. Occasionally, magmatic fluid makes its way through the lithospheric plate to the surface, appearing typically as a volcano, fissure eruption, or lava flow. When occurring away from the edges of plate boundaries, these long-lasting suppliers of lava, present over millions of years, are called mantle plumes, or ‘hotspots.’ Conventional definitions of mantle plumes note that they are stationary with respect to each other and the motion of the plates, passively tracing historical plate motion in volcanic formations such as the Hawaiian-Emperor island arc – the Plate Model. In this model, mantle plumes primarily occur as a consequence of lithospheric extension.Recent empirical studies, however, have demonstrated that hotspots are not as geographically consistent as previously thought. They may move in relation to each other, as well as contribute actively toward lithospheric plate motions – the Plume Model. There is a lively, ongoing debate between the Plate and Plume hypotheses, essentially seeking to determine if mantle flow is merely a passive reaction to lithospheric plate motion (Plate Model), or whether plume activity in part drives this motion (Plume Model). More likely, it is a combination of passive and active mantle plume components that better describe the comprehensive behavior of these important and distinctive landscape forming features.
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Stockmann, Fabienne, Laura Cobden, Frédéric Deschamps, Andreas Fichtner, and Christine Thomas. "Investigating the seismic structure and visibility of dynamic plume models with seismic array methods." Geophysical Journal International 219, Supplement_1 (August 6, 2019): S167—S194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz334.

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SUMMARY Mantle plumes may play a major role in the transport of heat and mass through the Earth, but establishing their existence and structure using seismology has proven challenging and controversial. Previous studies have mainly focused on imaging plumes using waveform modelling and inversion (i.e. tomography). In this study we investigate the potential visibility of mantle plumes using array methods, and in particular whether we can detect seismic scattering from the plumes. By combining geodynamic modelling with mineral physics data we compute ‘seismic’ plumes whose shape and structure correspond to dynamically plausible thermochemical plumes. We use these seismic models to perform a full-waveform simulation, sending seismic waves through the plumes, in order to generate synthetic seismograms. Using velocity spectral analysis and slowness-backazimuth plots, we are unable to detect scattering. However at longer dominant periods (25 s) we see several arrivals from outside the plane of the great circle path, that are consistent with an apparent bending of the wave front around the plume conduit. At shorter periods (15 s), these arrivals are less obvious and less strong, consistent with the expected changes in the waves' behaviour at higher frequencies. We also detect reflections off the iron-rich chemical pile which serves as the plume source in the D″ region, indicating that D″ reflections may not always be due to a phase transformation. We suggest that slowness-backazimuth analysis may be a useful tool to locate mantle plumes in real array data sets. However, it is important to analyse the data at different dominant periods since, depending on the width of the plume, there is probably an optimum frequency band at which the plume is most visible. Our results also show the importance of studying the incoming energy in all directions, so that any apparently out-of-plane arrivals can be correctly interpreted.
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Kirdyashkin, A., and A. Kirdyashkin. "THE INFLUENCE OF PLUMES, WHICH HAVE NOT REACHED THE SURFACE AND CREATE SURFACE UPLIFTS." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 28, no. 10 (2022): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2022-28-10-24-32.

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The thermochemical plume originates at the core-mantle boundary in an area of increased concentration of light components that lower the melting point. The object of the study is mantle thermochemical plumes that have not reached the surface and create surface uplifts due to superlithostatic pressure on the plume roofs. The objectives of the study are to present the structure of the plume channel that has not reached the surface, the mechanism of daytime surface uplifts formation and to determine the influence of the plume roof depth and the influence of the plume group on the structure of daytime surface uplift above them. Research methodology and methods are to study the influence of mantle thermochemical plumes formed at the core-mantle boundary on the height and structures of surface rises, the method of geodynamic modeling is used: the motion in the high-viscosity massif above the plume roof, occurring under superlithostatic pressure is analyzed. Based on geological and geophysical data, a geodynamic model of surface rises is created which satisfies the three laws of conservation: energy, matter and momentum. The plume conduit is a melt in the mantle massif. Based on the available experimental modeling data, the cellular structure of the plume conduit is presented. Depending on the location depth of the roof of the plume that has not reached the surface, the thermal power on the plume base, plume diameter, and the superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof are determined. Movement in the high-viscosity block above the plume roof occurs under the influence of superlithostatic pressure. To determine the velocity field in the block above the plume roof, the solution obtained for the sphere moving in a highly viscous liquid with a constant velocity is used. When the day surface rises, the driving force due to the superlithostatic pressure decreases. When the superlithostatic pressure at the plume roof is equal to the pressure caused by elevation, the movement in the block above the plume stops. The maximum elevation height hmax = 4.5 ... 6 km was found. Elevation profiles were found for different values of the location depth of the plume roof X. The dependence of the horizontal size of the main part of the elevation y1 on the location depth of the plume roof is found. Elevation profiles were obtained for a group of five plumes, the roofs of which are at a depth of 30 km and the distance between the plume axes is y = 150 km. The elevation profiles were obtained for a group of three plumes for y = 400 km as well. At y > y1, the height of the main ridge has a saw-toothed character. Ridges whose axes are perpendicular to the axis of the main ridge are formed during the formation of uplift. The number of such ridges is equal to the number of plumes responsible for the formation of uplift. The uplift formed by a group of plumes at X = 30 km refers to the uplift of the Caucasus type, at X = 100 km refers to the uplift of the Tibet type
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Burke, Kevin, and J. Matthew Cannon. "Plume–plate interaction." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 2014): 208–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0115.

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Having discerned competition among vigorous plumes on the 108 year timescale, Tuzo Wilson suggested that plumes control plate behavior and are “the mainsprings of geological history”. Here we revisit that idea by discussing selected examples of plume–plate interaction and find that modern observational, instrumental, computational, and modeling capabilities are revealing a wonderful variety and complexity in plume–plate interaction. The degree to which plumes control plate behavior is poorly constrained. However, the examples we consider suggest complex interactions between plumes and plates that, during the past 70 million years, have led to separate episodes of extreme plate acceleration and near complete cessation of plate motion in the deep mantle reference frame. The recognition of contrasting convective behavior within two newly distinguished “Active Plume Heads”, both reaching to depths of ∼1200 km, one beneath Hawaii and the other between Iceland and Norway, represent new opportunities in studying plume–plate interaction. Wilson’s suggestion continues to inspire stimulating questions for future research.
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Olson, Peter, and Harvey Singer. "Creeping plumes." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 158 (September 1985): 511–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112085002749.

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Results of laboratory experiments are used to determine the morphology and the ascent rate of growing buoyant plumes in a homogeneous, viscous fluid. The plumes were formed by injecting a glucose solution through a small orifice into another glucose solution of different density. Two classes of creeping (low-Reynolds-number) plumes are investigated: (i) diapiric plumes, for which the plume viscosity is approximately equal to the ambient-fluid viscosity, and (ii) cavity plumes, for which the plume fluid is much less viscous than the ambient fluid. Fully developed diapirs consist of a tapered cylindrical stem capped by a mushroom-shaped vortex at its leading edge. Fully developed cavity plumes consist of a nearly spherical chamber connected to the source by a narrow umbilical conduit. It is observed that the ascent velocity of cavity plumes increases with time as t⅖. The ascent velocity of diapirs is found to be proportional to the terminal velocity of a cylinder moving parallel to its axis. The presence of pre-existing conduits alters the morphology of cavity plumes and greatly increases their ascent rate. Fossil conduits act as plume guides by offering low-resistance ascent paths. Finally, a series of experiments have been made on the interaction between cavity plumes and a large-scale background circulation. A low-viscosity plume generated by a source towed steadily through a highly viscous fluid breaks into a chain of regularly spaced, individual cavities, as first demonstrated by Skilbeck & Whitehead. The cavities ascend as an inclined linear array of Stokes droplets. Dimensional analysis is used to derive scaling laws for the cavity volumes and their replication rate in terms of the source parameters and the tow speed. The qualitative results from these experiments generally lend support to the hypothesis that buoyant plumes in the Earth's mantle are the source of hot-spot volcanism. In particular the experiments suggest an explanation for the observation that hot spots remain nearly fixed in the presence of mantle convection.
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Kirdyashkin, A. G., A. A. Kirdyashkin, V. Е. Distanov, and I. N. Gladkov. "EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL MODELING OF DIAMONDIFEROUS PLUMES." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 10, no. 2 (June 24, 2019): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2019-10-2-0413.

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We consider thermochemical mantle plumes with thermal power 1.6·1010 W<N<2.7·1010 W (relative thermal power 1.15<Ka<1.9) as plumes with an intermediate thermal power. Such plumes are formed at the core–mantle boundary beneath cratons in the absence of horizontal free‐convection mantle flows beneath them, or in the presence of weak horizontal mantle flows. A proposed scheme of convection flows in the conduit of a plume with an intermediate thermal power is based on laboratory and theoretical modeling data. A plume ascends (melts out) from the coremantle boundary to critical depth xкр from which magma erupts on the Earth’s surface. The magmatic melt erupts from the plume conduit onto the surface through the eruption conduit. The latter forms under the effect of superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof. While the thickness of the block above the plume roof decreases to a critical value xкр, the shear stress on its cylindrical surface reaches a critical value (strength limit) τкр.Rock fails in the vicinity of the cylindrical block and, as a consequence, the eruption conduit is formed. We estimate the height of the eruption conduit and the time for the plume to ascent to the critical depth xкр. The volume of erupted melt is estimated for kinematic viscosity of melt =0.5–2 м2/с. The depth Δx from which the melt is transported to the surface is determined. Using the eruption volume, we obtain a relationship between the depth Δx and the plume conduit diameter for the above‐mentioned kinematic viscosities. In the case that the depth Δx is larger than 150 km, the melt from the plume conduit can transport diamonds to the Earth’s surface. Thus, the plumes with an intermediate thermal power are diamondiferous. The melt flow structure at the plume conduit/eruption conduit interface is determined on the basis of the laboratory modeling data. The photographs of the simulated flow were obtained. The flow line velocities were measured in the main cylindrical conduit (plume conduit) and at the main conduit/eruption conduit interface. A stagnant area is detected in the 'conduit wall/plume roof’ interface zone. The melt flow in the eruption conduit was analyzed as a turbulent flow in the straight cylindrical conduit with diameter dк. According to the experimental modeling and theoretical data, the superlithostatic pressure in the plume conduit is the sum of the frictional pressure drop and the increasing dynamic pressure in the eruption conduit. A relationship between the melt flow velocity in the eruption conduit and superlithostatic pressure has been derived.
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He, Chuansong, and M. Santosh. "Mantle roots of the Emeishan plume: an evaluation based on teleseismic P-wave tomography." Solid Earth 8, no. 6 (November 3, 2017): 1141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-8-1141-2017.

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Abstract. The voluminous magmatism associated with large igneous provinces (LIPs) is commonly correlated to upwelling plumes from the core–mantle boundary (CMB). Here we analyse seismic tomographic data from the Emeishan LIP in southwestern China. Our results reveal vestiges of delaminated crustal and/or lithospheric mantle, with an upwelling in the upper mantle beneath the Emeishan LIP rather than a plume rooted in the CMB. We suggest that the magmatism and the Emeishan LIP formation might be connected with the melting of delaminated lower crustal and/or lithospheric components which resulted in plume-like upwelling from the upper mantle or from the mantle transition zone.
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Kirdyashkin, A. G., A. A. Kirdyashkin, V. E. Distanov, and I. N. Gladkov. "GEODYNAMIC PROCESSES DURING ASCENT OF A PLUME WITH INTERMEDIATE THERMAL POWER THROUGH THE CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE AND DURING ITS ERUPTION ON THE SURFACE." Geodynamics & Tectonophysics 11, no. 2 (June 20, 2020): 397–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5800/gt-2020-11-2-0482.

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The study is focused on thermochemical mantle plumes with intermediate thermal power (1.15 < Ka < 1.9). Previously we have shown that these plumes are diamondiferous. Based on the laboratory modeling data, the flow structure of a melt in a plume conduit is represented. A plume melts out and ascends from the core – mantle boundary to the bottom of the continental lithosphere. The plume roof moves upwards in the lithosphere because of melting of the lithospheric matter at the plume roof and due to the effect of superlithostatic pressure on the roof, which causes motion in the lithosphere block above the plume roof. The latter manifests itself by uplifting of the ground surface above the plume. As the plume ascends through the lithosphere, the elevation of the surface increases until the plume ascends to critical level xкр, where an eruption conduit is formed. In our model, plume ascent velocity uпл is the rate of melting at the plume roof. Values of uпл and the ascent velocity of a spherical plume roof due to superlithostatic pressure U are calculated. Relationships are found between these velocities and the plume roof depth. The dependence of the velocity of the surface’s rise on the dynamic viscosity of the lithosphere block above the plume is obtained. A relationship is determined between the maximum surface elevation and the lithosphere viscosity. The elevation values are determined for different times and different lithosphere viscosities.The results of laboratory modeling of flow structure at the plume conduit/eruption conduit interface are presented. The flow was photographed (1) in the plane passing through the axes of the plume conduit and the eruption conduit; and (2) in case of the line-focus beam perpendicular to the axial plane. The photographs were used for measuring the flow velocities in the plume conduit and the eruption conduit. Corresponding Reynolds numbers and flow regimes are determined. The relation of dynamic pressure in the eruption conduit to that in the plume conduit is found for intermediate-power plumes. The melt flow velocity in the eruption conduit depends on superlithostatic pressure on the plume roof, plume diameter and kinematic viscosity of the melt. Its values are determined for different kinematic viscosities of melt.
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Koppers, A. A. P., T. Yamazaki, and J. Geldmacher. "IODP Expedition 330: Drilling the Louisville Seamount Trail in the SW Pacific." Scientific Drilling 15 (March 1, 2013): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sd-15-11-2013.

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Deep-Earth convection can be understood by studying hotspot volcanoes that form where mantle plumes rise up and intersect the lithosphere, the Earth's rigid outer layer. Hotspots characteristically leave age-progressive trails of volcanoes and seamounts on top of oceanic lithosphere, which in turn allow us to decipher the motion of these plates relative to "fixed" deep-mantle plumes, and their (isotope) geochemistry provides insights into the long-term evolution of mantle source regions. However, it is strongly suggested that the Hawaiian mantle plume moved ~15° south between 80 and 50 million years ago. This raises a fundamental question about other hotspot systems in the Pacific, whether or not their mantle plumes experienced a similar amount and direction of motion. Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Expedition 330 to the Louisville Seamounts showed that the Louisville hotspot in the South Pacific behaved in a different manner, as its mantle plume remained more or less fixed around 48°S latitude during that same time period. Our findings demonstrate that the Pacific hotspots move independently and that their trajectories may be controlled by differences in subduction zone geometry. Additionally, shipboard geochemistry data shows that, in contrast to Hawaiian volcanoes, the construction of the Louisville Seamounts doesn’t involve a shield-building phase dominated by tholeiitic lavas, and trace elements confirm the rather homogenous nature of the Louisville mantle source. Both observations set Louisville apart from the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount trail, whereby the latter has been erupting abundant tholeiites (characteristically up to 95% in volume) and which exhibit a large variability in (isotope) geochemistry and their mantle source components. <br><br> doi:<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2204/iodp.sd.15.02.2013" target="_blank">10.2204/iodp.sd.15.02.2013</a>
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mantel plumes"

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Treml, Markus. "The Seismic Signature of Mantle Plumes." Diss., lmu, 2006. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-62692.

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Styles, Elinor Elizabeth. "Seismic expressions of thermochemical mantle plumes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/9002.

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Over the last decade of geophysical research the concepts of hotspots and plumes have taken a central role in discussions of the interior structure of the Earth and global geodynamic plate and convection models. In this study, I focus on the ability of thermal and/or thermochemical plumes to reproduce global and regional seismic observations at hotspot locations on Earth. In order to make meaningful interpretations of seismic images from global tomographic images I begin with an investigation into the physical meaning of seismic reference models and a full exploration of the temperature and compositional sensitivities of mantle seismic velocities, utilising a fully consistent forward modelling approach with up-to-date mineral physics parameters and associated uncertainties. I determine that, despite three-dimensional complexity of the mantle, averaged seismic structure reflects the average radial physical structure of the mantle except near phase boundaries and within thermal boundary layers. In the second half of the study I produce synthetic plume signatures by converting the thermo-chemical strutures of a range of plausible dynamic whole mantle plumes into seismic velocities-including the effect of seismic resolution in global tomographic models by convolution of the seismic structures with a resolution filter for the global model S40RTS. Quantitative comparison of synthetic signatures with global seismic observations beneath a number of hotspots indicates that more than half of all studied locations are underlain by low-velocity anomalies with widths and magnitudes compatible with thermal plumes. Other locations, e.g. Iceland, require plumes with time-dependent morphologies, modified by chemistry or phase buoyancy forces. I next forward model the predicted transition zone seismic structure for a number for thermal and thermochemical whole mantle plume scenarios, before commenting on suitability of using transition zone thickness beneath hotspots as a proxy for temperature. Lastly, I finish with a discussion of how such an analysis might be extended to other terrestrial planets, such as Mars.
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Mailer, Tina. "Neon, Helium and Argon isotope systematics of the Hawaiian hotspot." Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2009/3963/.

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This study presents noble gas compositions (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) of lavas from several Hawaiian volcanoes. Lavas from the Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP) core, surface samples from Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Hualalai, Kohala and Haleakala as well as lavas from a deep well on the summit of Kilauea were investigated. Noble gases, especially helium, are used as tracers for mantle reservoirs, based on the assumption that high 3He/4He ratios (>8 RA) represent material from the deep and supposedly less degassed mantle, whereas lower ratios (~ 8 RA) are thought to represent the upper mantle. Shield stage Mauna Kea, Kohala and Kilauea lavas yielded MORB-like to moderately high 3He/4He ratios, while 3He/4He ratios in post-shield stage Haleakala lavas are MORB-like. Few samples show 20Ne/22Ne and 21Ne/22Ne ratios different from the atmospheric values, however, Mauna Kea and Kilauea lavas with excess in mantle Ne agree well with the Loihi-Kilauea line in a neon three-isotope plot, whereas one Kohala sample plots on the MORB correlation line. The values in the 4He/40Ar* (40Ar* denotes radiogenic Ar) versus 4He diagram imply open system fractionation of He from Ar, with a deficiency in 4He. Calculated 4He/40Ar*, 3He/22Nes (22NeS denotes solar Ne) and 4He/21Ne ratios for the sample suite are lower than the respective production and primordial ratios, supporting the observation of a fractionation of He from the heavier noble gases, with a depletion of He with respect to Ne and Ar. The depletion of He is interpreted to be partly due to solubility controlled gas loss during magma ascent. However, the preferential He loss suggests that He is more incompatible than Ne and Ar during magmatic processes. In a binary mixing model, the isotopic He and Ne pattern are best explained by a mixture of a MORB-like end-member with a plume like or primordial end-member with a fractionation in 3He/22Ne, represented by a curve parameter r of 15 (r=(³He/²²Ne)MORB/(³He/²²Ne)PLUME or PRIMORDIAL). Whether the high 3He/4He ratios in Hawaiian lavas are indicative of a primitive component within the Hawaiian plume or are rather a product of the crystal-melt- partitioning behavior during partial melting remains to be resolved.
Ozeaninselbasalte (OIBs), die durch Intraplatten-Vulkane gebildet werden wie z.B. Hawaii, sind geochemisch oft durch variable Isotopensignaturen charakterisiert, die verschiedene Mantelquellen widerspiegeln. Diese Variationen können über kurze Distanzen auf lokalem Maßstab auftreten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Edelgasisotopenzusammensetzungen (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) verschiedener hawaiianischer Vulkane ermittelt. Bohrkernproben vom Hawaii Scientific Drilling Project (HSDP), Oberflächenproben von den Vulkanen Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa, Kilauea, Hualalai, Kohala und Haleakala, sowie Proben aus einer Bohrung am Gipfel des Kilauea wurden untersucht. Edelgase, insbesondere Helium, dienen als geochemische Tracer. Dies ist auf der Annahme begründet, dass hohe 3He/4He Verhältnisse (> 8 RA) (RA ist das atmosphärische 3He/4He Verhältnis) Material aus dem tiefen Erdmantel repräsentieren, während niedrigere 3He/4He Verhältnisse (~ 8 RA) dem oberen Erdmantel entsprechen. Mauna Kea, Kohala und Kilauea Laven erreichten 3He/4He Verhältnisse zwischen 8 und 18 RA, während Haleakala Laven 3He/4He Verhältnisse von ~ 8 RA nicht überschreiten. Nur wenige Proben zeigten 20Ne/22Ne und 21Ne/22Ne Verhältnisse unterschiedlich vom Luftwert, was auf eine Herkunft aus dem tiefen Erdmantel schließen lässt. Edelgasisotopenwerte weisen auf eine Fraktionierung von He und Ar hin, mit einem Defizit an He. Berechnete 4He/40Ar*, 3He/22Nes (22NeS ist solares Ne) and 4He/21Ne Verhältnisse für die Proben sind niedriger als die entsprechenden Produktions- und primordialen Verhältnisse. Dies unterstützt die Beobachtung einer Fraktionierung von He gegenüber den schwereren Edelgasen, mit einer Verarmung von He gegenüber Ne und Ar. Ein beitragender Faktor bei der He Verarmung ist der löslichkeitskontrollierte Gasverlust während des Magmenaufstiegs. Der bevorzugte Verlust von He lässt jedoch auch darauf schließen, dass He sich bei magmatischen Prozessen inkompatibler verhält als Ne und Ar. Inwiefern die hohen 3He/4He Verhältnisse in hawaiianischen Laven ihren Ursprung in primitiven Komponenten innerhalb des hawaiianischen Plumes haben oder vielmehr in dem Verteilungsverhalten zwischen Mineralphase und Schmelze begründet sind, bleibt zu klären.
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Xue, Jing. "Wavefront Healing and Tomographic Resolution of Mantle Plumes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50423.

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To investigate seismic resolution of deep mantle plumes as well as the robustness of the anti-correlation between bulk sound speed and S wave speed imaged in the lowermost mantle, we use a Spectral Element Method (SEM) to simulate global seismic wave propagation in 3-D wavespeed models and measure frequency-dependent P-, S-, Pdiff- and Sdiff-wave traveltime anomalies caused by plume structures in the lowermost mantle. We compare SEM time delay measurements with calculations based on ray theory and show that an anti-correlation between bulk sound speed and S-wave speed could be produced as an artifact. This is caused by different wavefront healing effects between P waves and S waves in thermal plume models. The bulk sound speed structure remains poorly resolved when P-wave and S-wave measurements are at different periods with similar wavelength. The differences in wave diffraction between the two types of waves depend on epicentral distance and wave frequency. The artifact in anti-correlation is also confirmed in tomographic inversions based on ray theory using Pdiff and Sdiff time delay measurements made on the SEM synthetics. This indicates a chemical origin of "superplumes" in the lowermost mantle may not be necessary to explain observed seismic traveltimes. The same set of Pdiff and Sdiff measurements are inverted using finite-frequency tomography based on Born sensitivity kernels. We show that wavefront healing effects can be accounted for in finite-frequency tomography to recover the true velocity model.
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Bredow, Eva [Verfasser], and Bernhard [Akademischer Betreuer] Steinberger. "Geodynamic models of plume-ridge interaction : case studies of the Réunion, Iceland and Kerguelen mantle plumes / Eva Bredow ; Betreuer: Bernhard Steinberger." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1219514403/34.

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Halkett, Angus Rex William. "Mantle plumes and the sedimentary record : onshore-offshore India." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268908.

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Hassan, Raquibul. "Dynamics of Mantle Plumes and Their Influence on Paleotopography." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15171.

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The present-day structure of the Earth’s mantle, as revealed by an array of geophysical and geochemical observations, features plumes that rise from the deep lower mantle to the base of the lithosphere. Arrival of plume heads beneath the lithosphere is associated with the formation of large igneous provinces on the Earth’s surface. Following the eruption of a plume head, long-lived plume tails are responsible for continued magmatism associated with volcanic hotspot tracks, while dynamic topography associated with their interactions with continental lithosphere bears important implications for the evolution of paleotopography. This thesis investigates the spatial distribution of mantle plumes that erupted over the last 200 Myrs, their subsequent lateral migration and their influence on paleotopography. We investigate the influences of lower mantle chemical heterogeneities on the nucleation and eruption of plumes in paleogeographically constrained global models of mantle convection spanning the last 200 Myrs. We show that plume eruption locations in models with a chemically anomalous lower mantle are highly correlated with reconstructed eruption locations of large igneous provinces that erupted over the last 200 Myrs — those in purely thermal models show a weaker correlation. Plumes in thermochemical models are anchored to peaks of ridges extant within large-scale thermochemical structures that can morph and migrate laterally in response to subduction-induced flow. Subsequently, we derive spatiotemporal analytics of flow in the deepest lower mantle and show that edges of these thermochemical structures can undergo rapid asymmetric deformation in regions of strong coherent subduction-induced flow. Consequently, rapid motion of plume sources anchored to these regions causes the plumes to become strongly tilted. We show that the sharp bend in the Hawaiian-Emperor hotspot track is a consequence of the interplay of plume tilt and lateral advection of plume source. Asymmetric deformation of the thermochemical structure under the Pacific over the last 140 Myrs may explain the morphological diversity of surface hotspot tracks associated with deep mantle plumes in the Pacific. Moreover, we show that analogous flow dynamics caused the Afar plume and the thermochemical structure under Africa to migrate southward over the lifetime of the plume. Our analysis suggests that the space-time distribution of plume-related magmatism in east Africa and the associated trends in geochemical data are better explained by a moving Afar plume. We develop a new scalable code to investigate the influence of transient plume-related dynamic topography on the evolution of paleodrainage systems. Based on simple qualitative models of geomorphology, we suggest that a dynamic topography swell associated with the southward propagating Afar plume may have induced a reorganization of regional paleodrainage systems in east Africa.
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Adena, Katherine Jane Daly. "Geochemical probing of mantle plume dynamics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707705.

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Ito, Garrett Tetsuo. "Mantle plume-midocean ridge interaction : geophysical observations and mantle dynamics." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59638.

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Mota, Carlos Eduardo Miranda. "Petrogênese e geocronologia das intrusões alcalinas de Morro Redondo, Mendanha e Morro de São João: caracterização do magmatismo alcalino no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e implicações geodinâmicas." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5883.

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Os modelos para a formação de plútons alcalinos da Província Alcalina do Sudeste Brasileiro ou Alinhamento Poços de Caldas-Cabo Frio associam a gênese destas rochas a grandes reativações ou a passagem de uma pluma mantélica, registrada pelo traço de um hot spot. O objetivo desta tese é, apresentar novos dados e interpretações para contribuir com a melhor elucidação e discussão destes modelos. Os estudos incluem mapeamento, petrografia, litogeoquímica, geoquímica isotópica de Sr, Nd e Pb e datação 40Ar/39Ar. As intrusões selecionadas correspondem ao Morro Redondo, Mendanha e Morro de São João, no Rio de Janeiro, localizados em posições distintas no alinhamento Poços de Caldas-Cabo Frio. A intrusão alcalina do Morro Redondo é composta majoritariamente de nefelina sienitos e sienitos com nefelina, com rara ocorrência de rochas máficas e é caracterizada por uma suíte alcalina sódica insaturada em sílica, de caráter metaluminosa a peralcalina. Esta intrusão foi datada em aproximadamente 74 Ma (idade-platô 40Ar/39Ar). A intrusão alcalina do Mendanha é composta por diversos tipos de rochas sieníticas, além de brechas e estruturas subvulcânicas, como rochas piroclásticas e diques e caracteriza-se por ser uma suíte alcalina sódica saturada em sílica, de caráter metaluminosa, diferente do que ocorre no Marapicu, este subsaturado em sílica. Esta intrusão apresentou duas idades-platô 40Ar/39Ar distintas de magmatismo: 64 Ma para as rochas do Mendanha e 54 Ma em dique de lamprófiro, registrando magmatismo policíclico. O Morro do Marapicu foi datado em aproximadamente 80 Ma. Já a intrusão alcalina do Morro de São João possui uma ampla variedade de litotipos saturados a subsaturados em sílica, tais como sienitos, álcali-sienitos e monzossienitos (alguns portadores de pseudoleucita), com variedades melanocráticas, tais como malignitos e fergustios. Estas rochas definem suas distintas suítes alcalinas subsaturadas em sílica: Uma de composição sódica e outra potássica. Há também uma suíte alcalina saturada em sílica, definida por gabros alcalinos e shonkinitos. A petrogênese destas intrusões corresponde ao modelo de cristalização fracionada, com assimilação de rochas encaixantes (AFC) como indicado pela alta variabilidade de razões isotópicas de estrôncio. No Morro de São João é sugerido o modelo de mistura magmática. Estas intrusões foram geradas a partir de magmas mantélicos enriquecidos, possivelmente associados à antiga zona de subducção relacionada ao orógeno Ribeira. Em razão das novas idades obtidas, o modelo de hot spot proposto fica prejudicado, visto que o Marapicu é de idade mais antiga das intrusões analisadas, o que era esperado para o Morro Redondo. Alguns modelos projetam plumas mantélicas com aproximadamente 1000 km de diâmetro, o que poderia explicar o Mendanha ser contemporâneo ao Morro de São João. As assinaturas isotópicas obtidas para as intrusões não se associam à assinatura isotópica de Trindade e, caso o modelo de plumas mantélicas seja o correto, a pluma que teria maior semelhança de assinatura isotópica é a pluma de Tristão da Cunha.
The models for formation of alkaline plutons of the Southeastern Brazil Alkaline Province or Poços de Caldas-Cabo Frio Magmatic Lineament, which genetic modeling associates crust reactivations or mantle plumes, with definition of a hot spot track. The objective of this work is to report new data and interpretations to contribute to a better understanding and discussion about the model of alkaline rock generation. The studies involved geological mapping, petrography, litogeochemistry, Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology. The selected alkaline complexes are the Morro Redondo, Mendanha and Morro de São João, located at Rio de Janeiro State. These intrusions are well-distributed along the Poços de Caldas-Cabo Frio Magmatic Lineament. The Morro Redondo alkaline intrusion is composed mainly by nepheline syenites and nepheline-bearing syenites and mafic rocks are rare. It was defined as a sodic silica-undersaturated alkaline suite, with metaluminous to peralkaline characteristics. The intrusion was dated at 74 Ma (40Ar/39Ar plateau age). The Mendanha alkaline intrusion is compose by various types of syenitic rocks, breccias and subvulcanic structures, as pyroclastic rocks and dikes. It was defined by a sodic silica-saturated alkaline suite with metaluminous characterisics. The intrusion presented two distinct 40Ar/39Ar ages for the magmatism: 64 Ma for Mendanha rocks and 54 Ma to lamprophyre dike, which illustrates a polycyclic magmatism. The Morro do Marapicu 40Ar/39Ar age yielded 80 Ma. The Morro de São João alkaline intrusion has a large variety of silica-undersaturated to silica-saturated rocks, as syenites, alkali-syenites and monzosyenites (some pseudoleucite-bearing), with melanocratic varieties, as malignites and ferguites. These rocks defined distinct alkaline silica-undersaturated suggenting sodic and potassic types. There was found an alkaline silica-saturated suite, defined by alkaline gabbros and shonkinites. The petrogenesis of these intrusions corresponds to the fractional crystallization, with assimilation of host rocks, and the crustal contamination is indicated by high variability of Sr isotope ratios. For Morro de São João origin is suggested a K-Na bimodal magma. These intrusions were generated from enriched mantle-derived magmas, possible associated to ancient subduction zone of Ribeira orogen. In terms of the new 40Ar/39Ar data, the hot spot model is not plausible, because the Morro do Marapicu is older than the other studied intrusions. Some models projected mantle plumes with 1000 Km size, what may explain the reason for Mendanha and Morro de São João have the nearly the same age. The obtained isotopic signatures for these intrusions were not associated to Trindade signature and, if the mantle plumes model is correct, the plume that has the most similar signature is Tristão da Cunha.
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Books on the topic "Mantel plumes"

1

Ritter, Joachim R. R., and Ulrich R. Christensen, eds. Mantle Plumes. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68046-8.

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Orovet͡skiĭ, I͡U P. Mantle plumes. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1999.

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Pirajno, Franco. Ore Deposits and Mantle Plumes. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2502-6.

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Choudhuri, Mainak, and Michal Nemčok. Mantle Plumes and Their Effects. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-44239-6.

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Ore deposits and mantle plumes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2000.

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Plates vs plumes: A geological controversy. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011.

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Dynamic earth: Plates, plumes, and mantle convection. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

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Goyer, Guy. Les plumes d'amour et les enfants des hommes. Saint-Boniface, Man: Éditions des Plaines, 1988.

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Nick, Rogers, McGarvie Dave, and Open University. Understanding the Continents Course Team., eds. Understanding the continents.: Mantle plumes and continental break-up. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 2001.

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Ruedas, Thomas. Convection and melting processes in a mantle plume under a spreading ridge, with application to the Iceland plume. Berlin: Logos Berlin, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mantel plumes"

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Farnetani, Cinzia G., and Albrecht W. Hofmann. "Mantle Plumes." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_132-1.

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Farnetani, Cinzia G., and Albrecht W. Hofmann. "Mantle Plumes." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 857–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8702-7_132.

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Farnetani, Cinzia G., and Albrecht W. Hofmann. "Mantle Plumes." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1094–107. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58631-7_132.

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Zhao, Dapeng. "Hotspots and Mantle Plumes." In Multiscale Seismic Tomography, 139–84. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55360-1_5.

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Campbell, Ian. "Mantle Plume, Planetary." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1–2. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27833-4_933-4.

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Campbell, Ian. "Mantle Plume, Planetary." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 1440–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44185-5_933.

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Campbell, Ian. "Mantle Plume (Planetary)." In Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, 958–59. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_933.

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White, William M. "Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 1–20. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6644-0_14-1.

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White, William M. "Hot Spots and Mantle Plumes." In Encyclopedia of Marine Geosciences, 316–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6238-1_14.

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Krishna, K. S., and M. Ismaiel. "Mantle Plume – Spreading Ridge Interactions." In Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics, 1–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-10475-7_262-1.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mantel plumes"

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Jones, Tim, and James Day. "Depleted mantle plumes." In Goldschmidt2021. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7185/gold2021.7754.

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Foulger, Gillian R., and Thomas Rossetter. "DO MANTLE PLUMES EXIST?" In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339327.

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Chauvel, Catherine. "Geochemical Constraints on Mantle Plumes." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.369.

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Lebedev, Sergei, Nicolas Luca Celli, and Chiara Civiero. "CONTINENTAL LITHOSPHERE AND MANTLE PLUMES." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-355444.

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Shkodzinskiy, Vladimir. "ORIGIN OF MANTLE PLUMES AND THEIR VARIATION." In 19th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference EXPO Proceedings. STEF92 Technology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2019/1.1/s01.051.

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Harpp, Karen. "Karen Harpp - Plenary talkBent Plumes, and Striped Plumes, and Bilateral Asymmetry (oh my!): The Galápagos as a Case Study of Evolving Mantle Plume Models." In Goldschmidt2022. France: European Association of Geochemistry, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2022.11395.

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Brounce, Maryjo, Edward Stolper, and John Eiler. "The Reunion Mantle Plume is not Oxidized." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.270.

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Gu, Xiao-Yan, Piao-Yi Wang, Qun-Ke Xia, and Bertrand Moine. "Water Content in the Kerguelen Mantle Plume." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.888.

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Weis, Dominique, Lauren Harrison, and James S. Scoates. "WINDOWS INTO THE DEEP MANTLE FROM LONG-LASTING EM-1 MANTLE PLUME." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-304391.

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Ebinger, Cynthia, Miriam Reiss, and Ian Bastow. "UPPER MANTLE SEISMIC ANISOTROPY IN EAST AFRICA: PLUMES, PLATES, AND MAGMA." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-382506.

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Reports on the topic "Mantel plumes"

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Brown, Luke. Drift of Plumes in the Mantle. Portland State University Library, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/honors.200.

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Fuss, C., J. E. Lesemann, and H. A. J. Russell. Glacial dispersal IM plume library, data entry reference manual. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/292804.

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Keen, C. E., K. Dickie, L. T. Dafoe, T. Funck, J. K. Welford, S A Dehler, U. Gregersen, and K J DesRoches. Rifting and evolution of the Labrador-Baffin Seaway. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/321854.

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The evolution of the 2000 km long Mesozoic rift system underlying the Labrador-Baffin Seaway is described, with emphasis on results from geophysical data sets, which provide the timing, sediment thickness, and crustal structure of the system. The data sets include seismic reflection and refraction, gravity, and magnetic data, with additional constraints provided by near-surface geology and well data. Many features that characterize rift systems globally are displayed, including: wide and narrow rift zones; magma-rich and magma-poor margin segments; exhumation of continental mantle in distal, magma-poor zones; and occurrences of thick basalts, associated with the development of seaward-dipping reflectors, and magmatic underplating. The magma-rich regions were affected by Paleogene volcanism, perhaps associated with a hotspot or plume. Plate reconstructions help elucidate the plate tectonic history and modes of rifting in the region; however, many questions remain unanswered with respect to this rift system.
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Adelman, Ross N., and David M. Hull. US Army Research Lab Power-Line UAV Modeling and Simulation (ARL-PLUMS Ver 2.x) Software Tool: User Manual and Technical Report. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada622285.

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Harris, L. B., P. Adiban, and E. Gloaguen. The role of enigmatic deep crustal and upper mantle structures on Au and magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr mineralization in the Superior Province. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328984.

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Aeromagnetic and ground gravity data for the Canadian Superior Province, filtered to extract long wavelength components and converted to pseudo-gravity, highlight deep, N-S trending regional-scale, rectilinear faults and margins to discrete, competent mafic or felsic granulite blocks (i.e. at high angles to most regional mapped structures and sub-province boundaries) with little to no surface expression that are spatially associated with lode ('orogenic') Au and Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr occurrences. Statistical and machine learning analysis of the Red Lake-Stormy Lake region in the W Superior Province confirms visual inspection for a greater correlation between Au deposits and these deep N-S structures than with mapped surface to upper crustal, generally E-W trending, faults and shear zones. Porphyry Au, Ni, Mo and U-Th showings are also located above these deep transverse faults. Several well defined concentric circular to elliptical structures identified in the Oxford Stull and Island Lake domains along the S boundary of the N Superior proto-craton, intersected by N- to NNW striking extensional fractures and/or faults that transect the W Superior Province, again with little to no direct surface or upper crustal expression, are spatially associated with magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE-Cr and related mineralization and Au occurrences. The McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, aka. 'Ring of Fire', constitutes only a small, crescent-shaped belt within one of these concentric features above which 2736-2733 Ma mafic-ultramafic intrusions bodies were intruded. The Big Trout Lake igneous complex that hosts Cr-Pt-Pd-Rh mineralization west of the Ring of Fire lies within a smaller concentrically ringed feature at depth and, near the Ontario-Manitoba border, the Lingman Lake Au deposit, numerous Au occurrences and minor Ni showings, are similarly located on concentric structures. Preliminary magnetotelluric (MT) interpretations suggest that these concentric structures appear to also have an expression in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) and that lithospheric mantle resistivity features trend N-S as well as E-W. With diameters between ca. 90 km to 185 km, elliptical structures are similar in size and internal geometry to coronae on Venus which geomorphological, radar, and gravity interpretations suggest formed above mantle upwellings. Emplacement of mafic-ultramafic bodies hosting Ni-Cr-PGE mineralization along these ringlike structures at their intersection with coeval deep transverse, ca. N-S faults (viz. phi structures), along with their location along the margin to the N Superior proto-craton, are consistent with secondary mantle upwellings portrayed in numerical models of a mantle plume beneath a craton with a deep lithospheric keel within a regional N-S compressional regime. Early, regional ca. N-S faults in the W Superior were reactivated as dilatational antithetic (secondary Riedel/R') sinistral shears during dextral transpression and as extensional fractures and/or normal faults during N-S shortening. The Kapuskasing structural zone or uplift likely represents Proterozoic reactivation of a similar deep transverse structure. Preservation of discrete faults in the deep crust beneath zones of distributed Neoarchean dextral transcurrent to transpressional shear zones in the present-day upper crust suggests a 'millefeuille' lithospheric strength profile, with competent SCLM, mid- to deep, and upper crustal layers. Mechanically strong deep crustal felsic and mafic granulite layers are attributed to dehydration and melt extraction. Intra-crustal decoupling along a ductile décollement in the W Superior led to the preservation of early-formed deep structures that acted as conduits for magma transport into the overlying crust and focussed hydrothermal fluid flow during regional deformation. Increase in the thickness of semi-brittle layers in the lower crust during regional metamorphism would result in an increase in fracturing and faulting in the lower crust, facilitating hydrothermal and carbonic fluid flow in pathways linking SCLM to the upper crust, a factor explaining the late timing for most orogenic Au. Results provide an important new dataset for regional prospectively mapping, especially with machine learning, and exploration targeting for Au and Ni-Cr-Cu-PGE mineralization. Results also furnish evidence for parautochthonous development of the S Superior Province during plume-related rifting and cannot be explained by conventional subduction and arc-accretion models.
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Hecht, Ethan, and Brian Ehrhart. Hydrogen Plus Other Alternative Fuels Risk Assessment Models (HyRAM+) Version 4.0 Technical Reference Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1832082.

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Ehrhart, Brian, and Ethan Hecht. Hydrogen Plus Other Alternative Fuels Risk Assessment Models (HyRAM+) Version 4.1 Technical Reference Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1865723.

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Ehrhart, Brian, and Ethan Hecht. Hydrogen Plus Other Alternative Fuels Risk Assessment Models (HyRAM+) Version 5.0 Technical Reference Manual. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1900089.

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López-Trigo Reig, M., M. Puchalt López, and V. Cuesta Díaz. Artivismo plus Grassroots. Estudio del caso: la Campaña Municipal de Manuela Carmena y Ahora Madrid. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2019-1378.

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López-Trigo Reig, M., M. Puchalt López, and V. Cuesta Díaz. Artivism plus Grassroots. Study of the case: The Municipal Campaign of Manuela Carmena and Ahora Madrid. Revista Latina de Comunicación Social, July 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4185/rlcs-2019-1378en.

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