Academic literature on the topic 'Manque de fluidité'

Abstract The present article investigates the concept of naturalness in literary translation. The aim of the investigation is to delineate an integrated approach to 'natural' translation, the essence of which lies in creating a compromise between accurate rendition and literary reproduction. Such a compromise entails attaining an artistic verbal smoothness which transcends the level of ordinary language. To this end, natural translation calls for a utilization of the target language's resources that will make the translation read like an authentic target language (TL) work, while preserving the content intact. The article thus identifies naturalness as the achievement of authentic TL style, and unnaturalness as the hybrid language of literal rendition, i.e. translationese that may be unacceptable or unintelligible. It detects the actualization of an authentic style of Arabic rendition on several levels: lexical, sentential, cohesive and idiomatic. On the lexical level, naturalness is delimited in terms of proper choice of appropriate vocabulary. On the sentential level, well-formedness is posited as the feature of naturalness which outlines a rhetorically natural sentence, besides other concomitant features. On the cohesive level, the features of a natural target text are based on the use of cohesive devices to a greater or lesser degree than the source text in general and on the propriety of their use in particular instances. At the idiomatic level, we mention idioms and proverbs but concentrate, with examples, on collocations. Résumé Cet article examine la notion de naturel dans la traduction des textes littéraires dans le but de cerner une approche intégrée de la traduction 'naturelle' qui consiste essentiellement à obtenir un compromis entre un rendu fidèle et une reproduction littéraire. Ce compromis exige une fluidité verbale artistique qui dépasse le niveau de la langue ordinaire. La traduction naturelle doit donc utiliser toutes les ressources de la langue d'arrivée pour que la traduction se lise comme ouvrage littéraire rédigé dans cette langue d'arrivée, tout en respectant fidèlement le contenu. Dans leur article, les auteurs définissent donc le naturel comme l'obtention d'un style authentique dans la langue d'arrivée, et le manque de naturel comme un langage hybride avec un rendu littéral, c'est-à-dire des traductions susceptibles d'être inacceptables ou incompréhensibles. L'article analyse comment mettre en oeuvre, à différents niveaux, un style authentique en arabe: lexicologie, phraséologie, cohérence et usage d'expressions idiomatiques. En ce qui concerne le niveau lexicologique, le naturel se définit comme étant le choix correct d'un vocabulaire approprié. Au niveau phraséologi-que, des phrases formées correctement sont la caractéristique du naturel qui fait apparaître, à côté d'autres propriétés, la rhétorique naturelle de la phrase. Au niveau de la cohérence, les caractéristiques d'un texte rédigé avec naturel dans la langue cible sont basées sur des mécanismes utilisés plus ou moins intensivement que dans le texte d'origine en général et sur leur utilisation appropriée dans certains cas particuliers. Au niveau des expressions idiomatiques, les auteurs mentionnent de telles expressions ainsi que des proverbes, mais se concentrent, en donnant des exemples, sur des collocations.

Le 1 er janvier 2021, soit quatre ans et demi après le référendum en faveur du Brexit, le Royaume-Uni est sorti de l’union douanière, et donc de la libre-circulation des marchandises, entraînant un rétablissement des formalités douanières. L’impact est particulièrement fort pour la France, du fait de la volumétrie des échanges sur la façade Manche – mer du Nord (30 millions de voyageurs et 4,2 millions de poids lourds), de la fréquence des rotations (50 rotations de ferries par jour à Calais), des temps de traversée très brefs. Cela a conduit à mettre en place des procédures d’identification des moyens de transport, de traitement de déclarations en douane sur les marchandises transportées, et la construction d’infrastructures de contrôle sur des sites qui avaient été conçus dans un contexte de libre-circulation. La douane a relevé le défi du rétablissement d’une frontière et de contrôles tout en maintenant la fluidité des échanges.

The increasing demand for freight services and the use of larger vessels to meet this demand has led to challenges related to storage space and logistics activities, highlighting the need for improvements in port infrastructure for better logistics management. At a crucial phase in its growth, the Port of Trois-Rivières in Canada is planning a major expansion, including the construction of a new terminal to enhance its hosting capacities and freight services. This expansion faces potential access congestion problems during the planned construction, exacerbated by the port’s urban setting. In response to the needs identified by the port authorities for this event, the study’s objective is to assess the implications of increased construction and freight truck flows on access gate fluidity and the impact of additional access infrastructure investment to mitigate potential congestion. These evaluations aim to define effective access management strategies throughout the construction period of the new terminal. To address these complexities, our approach is based on scenario analysis in variants co-constructed with the partner. These scenarios are evaluated using simulation models, configured according to parameters calibrated with a granularity that allows congestion detection. The results enabled an evaluation of the capability of existing and potential gates to manage access. Subsequently, recommendations were shaped in accordance with the expected objectives to manage access traffic effectively. These recommendations concern the optimization of construction activity planning, the layout and planning of access, and the importance of enhanced collaboration between municipal and port authorities for more controlled road traffic management. Recognizing the importance of synchromodality, road network centrality management, and the outsourcing of capacity through inter-port cooperation and with dry ports to manage congestion, these tools will be discussed in this work. The study proposes an approach that reconciles scientific rigor with the implementation constraints of the proposed solutions, allowing this study wider applicability in various port contexts facing challenges in this field of study.

Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are usually characterized by mucus hypersecretion. This condition may worsen and prolong symptoms and signs. For this reason, reducing mucus production and improving mucus removal represent relevant aspects of managing patients with RTIs. In this regard, mucoactive drugs may be effective. Mucoactive agents constitute a large class of compounds characterized by different mechanisms of action. Sobrerol is a monoterpene able to fluidify mucus, increase mucociliary clearance, and exert antioxidant activity. Sobrerol is available in various formulations (granules, syrup, nebulized, and suppository). Sobrerol has been on the market for over 50 years. Therefore, the present article revised the evidence concerning this compound and proposed new possible strategies. The literature analysis showed that several studies investigated the efficacy and safety of sobrerol in acute and chronic RTIs characterized by mucus hyperproduction. Seven pediatric studies have been conducted with favorable outcomes. However, the regulatory agencies recently reduced the treatment duration to three days. Therefore, a future study will test the hypothesis that a combination of oral and topical sobrerol could benefit children and adults with frequent respiratory tract infections. The rationale of this new approach is based on the concept that mucus accumulation could be a risk factor for increased susceptibility to infections.

Calais a toujours été au centre des grands enjeux internationaux entre le Royaume-Uni et l’Europe, en raison de sa situation géographique, mais aussi de ses liens historiques avec la Grande-Bretagne. Le premier enjeu est économique avec deux plateformes transmanche – le port de Calais et le Tunnel sous la manche – qui agissent comme un vrai poumon économique aux niveaux local et régional. Calais est également l’épicentre d’une forte pression migratoire, au cœur des politiques et des relations gouvernementales françaises et britanniques, et dont la physionomie est changeante (problématique des « small-boats », troubles à l’ordre public…). Le Brexit a par ailleurs complexifié la gestion de la frontière franco-britannique de Calais en imposant désormais des contrôles sur les marchandises et les voyageurs, tout en assurant le défi de la fluidité du trafic qui est la base du modèle économique local. Si les différents accords entre la France et le Royaume-Uni ont permis d’avoir une frontière juxtaposée spécifique à Calais et d’accompagner financièrement la lutte contre l’immigration clandestine, c’est bien toujours grâce à l’adaptation des services de l’État et à la bonne coopération franco-britannique sur le terrain – au plan opérationnel et sur le volet du renseignement – que ces défis frontaliers peuvent être relevés au quotidien.

This study examines the intergenerational transmission of family resources (class, education and income) on people’s educational and occupational attainment in their early career life. It asks whether parental resources remain effective or fall into insignificance. It also asks whether the resources operate in a similar way for the ethnic minorities as for the majority. Drawing on data from the Longitudinal Study of Young Persons in England, the study focuses on resource transmission in degree attainment, access to elite class position, unemployment rates, labour market earnings, and continuous income. In each aspect, we test not only the net effects of parental resources, but also the differential transmission between the majority and ethnic minority groups. The analysis shows strong effects of parental resources on educational and occupational attainment for whites but rather weak effects for the ethnic minorities. Ethnic minority children tend to grow up in poor families, yet even those whose parents manage to achieve socio-economic parity with whites do not enjoy similar benefits. Reducing inequality in family socio-economic conditions and inequality in labour market opportunities is key to achieving social justice.

The body has come to play an increasingly crucial role in social context, where appearance represents the privileged sphere for self-expression and identity construction. Among the many ways of decorating, adorning and camouflaging the body, some traditional techniques (tattoing, piercing, scarification) are competing with newer and technological ones (aesthetic surgery, implants) to shape and portray individualities. On the one hand, those techniques are borrowing from the world of fashion purposes and codes of presentation, on the other hand, they challenge that fluidity and continuous change by materializing long term identity projects aimed at resisting transformation.In both cases individuals refer to the body as a privileged realm to narrate and reflect upon their own personal story, they also seem more capable to manage the different techniques, and to mix them for their expressive purposes. The result is a combination of visual codes that can reveal different bodily models as well as different ways of experiencing corporeality and embodiment.The article tries to account for this variety by referring to a research carried out on four techniques (tattoing, scarification, aesthetic surgery and piercing) among a group of users and professionals.

This article compares the practice of great power federalism in terms of global/local economic policy and relations in a context of expanding regional influence and transcontinental reach. The authors contrast China's recent decentralization experience with that of the FRG and the United States with respect to management of productive ventures, regulation of the economy, trade and commerce, fiscal relations, monetary policy and labor mobility. The three great-power states manage their complex and far-reaching economies through systems of multi-level governance that exhibit elements of convergence at the same time as each is headed in a defining direction. German federalism is making room for supranational involvement, US federalism emphasizes new managerialism at all levels of government and China's post Mao de facto federalism is launching provincial and sub-provincial governments on a booming economic trajectory. China's recent performance is particularly impressive given the size of its population and the extent to which its economy has been transformed and energized. In key respects, China's administrative system is the most decentralized and fluid. The effective participation of Chinese sub-national entities in transterritorial economic undertakings is particularly striking. China's experience suggests that the requisite energy and capacity to tackle trans-national economic challenges might lie at the sub-national level. Given the shifting nature of global pressures and local priorities, the extra-organizational sensitivities and linkages of sub-national public managers must include proximate and distant economic conditions, central government overseers and trans-national actors. In this dynamic context, the most fluid forms of federalism are likely to have an edge.

ABSTRACTThis paper will propose methods to use leaf vasculature formations to advance a material to act as an infrared block. The research shows the use of microfluidics based flows to direct the structural assembly of a polymer into a thermally functional material. To manage IR radiation stop-band to lower a polymer device phase transition temperature. This paper will determine this functionality by hierarchical multi microchannel network scaling, to regulate laminar flow rate by analysis as a resistor circuit.Nature uses vasculature formations to modulate irradiance absorption by laminar fluidic flow, for dehydration and autonomous self-healing surfaces as a photoactive system. This paper will focus specifically on pressure drop characterization, as a method of regulating fluidic flow. This approach will ultimately lead to desired morphology, in a functional material to enhance its ability to capture and store energy. The research demonstrates a resistor conduit network can define flow target resistance, that is determined by iterative procedure and validated by CFD. This algorithm approach, which generates multi microchannel optimization, is achieved through pressure equalization in diminishing flow pressure variation. This is functionality significant in achieving a flow parabolic profile, for a fully developed flow rate within conduit networks. Using precise hydrodynamics is the mechanism for thermal material characterization to act as a switchable IR absorber. This absorber uses switching of water flow as a thermal switching medium to regulate heat transport flow. The paper will define a microfluidic network as a resistor to enhance the visible transmission and solar modulation properties by microfluidics for transition temperature decrease.

La radiothérapie externe est un traitement contre le cancer qui met en jeu différents professionnels issus de divers métiers et travaillant dans le cadre d’un processus de production du soin. L’Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN) et l’Autorité de Sûreté Nucléaire (ASN) ont fait le constat de « manques de fluidité » de ce processus, particulièrement pour les phases liées à la préparation des traitements. Ces manques de fluidité peuvent avoir des effets sur le travail (réalisé dans l’urgence) et sur la sécurité des soins. Ce constat constitue l’objet de la demande initiale pour ce travail de recherche en ergonomie. Notre objectif est de comprendre l’origine et les effets des « manques de fluidité » du processus technique, constatés par l’IRSN et (ASN). Nous cherchons à caractériser les discontinuités du processus technique pour identifier leurs éventuels effets sur le travail des professionnels et la sécurité des patients. Pour ce faire, nous caractérisons les discontinuités du processus technique de préparation à travers la compréhension de l’articulation des activités individuelles et collectives, en mobilisant deux approches intrinsèques l’activité humaine développées en ergonomie, le cours d’action (Theureau, 2004) et l’approche instrumentale (Rabardel, 1995). Deux modes d’organisation sont majoritaires en radiothérapie externe. L’un d’entre eux, le plus répandu, détermine la date de début de traitement en amont de la préparation des traitements. L’autre, prépare les dossiers au fil de leur ordre d’arrivée et détermine la date de début de traitement une fois le dossier prêt, c’est le « fil de l’eau ». Nous appréhendons les effets respectifs de ces deux modes d’organisation sur la dynamique de développement des activités collectives, sur d’éventuelles discontinuités et sur la sécurité des soins. Nous montrerons comment les activités collectives transverses sont garantes de la continuité de la prise en charge des patients, mais aussi de l’élaboration d’un traitement de qualité et garantissant la sécurité des patients. Pourtant, ces activités collectives transverses et surtout les articulations nécessaires à leur développement ne sont pas prises en compte dans le découpage séquentiel du processus technique prescrit. À partir de ces connaissances empiriques, nous ouvrons la réflexion sur des perspectives de conception en mettant en avant ce que les organisations devraient prendre en compte pour permettre et soutenir le développement des activités collectives transverses réelles, engagées dans la préparation
External radiotherapy is a cancer treatment that involves several professionals from a variety of fields, working within the framework of a care production process. The Institute for Radiation Protection and Nulcear Safety (IRSN) and the Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) have observed a "lack of fluidity" in this process, particularly in the treatment preparation phases. This lack of fluidity can have an impact on work (carried out in a hurry) and on the safety of care. This observation is the subject of the initial request for this ergonomic research project. Our aim is to understand the origin and effects of the "lack of fluidity" in the technical process, as observed by IRSN and ASN. We aim to characterize discontinuities in the technical process, in order to identify their possible effects on the work of professionals and on patient safety. To do this, we characterize discontinuities in the technical preparation process by understanding the articulation of individual and collective activities, using two intrinsic approaches of the human activity developed in ergonomics : the course of action (Theureau, 2004) and the instrumental approach (Rabardel, 1995). External radiotherapy is organized in two main ways. One, the most widespread, determines the treatment start date before treatment preparation. The other, called « fil de l'eau », prepares files as they arise and determines the treatment start date once the file is ready. We will examine the respective effects of these two organizational modes on the development dynamics of collective activities, on possible discontinuities and on care safety. We will show how cross-disciplinary collective activities guarantee continuity of patient care, as well as the development of quality treatment that guarantees patient safety. However, these cross-fonctionnal collective activities, and above all the articulations required for their development, are not taken into account in the sequential breakdown of the prescribed technical process. On the basis of this empirical knowledge, we open the discussion to design perspectives by highlighting what organizations should take into account to enable and support the development of real cross-fonctionnal collective activities, engaged in preparation

Taylor G. Petrey’s trenchant history takes a landmark step forward in documenting and theorizing about Latter-day Saints (LDS) teachings on gender, sexual difference, and marriage. Drawing on deep archival research, Petrey situates LDS doctrines in gender theory and American religious history since World War II. His challenging conclusion is that Mormonism is conflicted between ontologies of gender essentialism and gender fluidity, illustrating a broader tension in the history of sexuality in modernity itself. As Petrey details, LDS leaders have embraced the idea of fixed identities representing a natural and divine order, but their teachings also acknowledge that sexual difference is persistently contingent and unstable. While queer theorists have built an ethics and politics based on celebrating such sexual fluidity, LDS leaders view it as a source of anxiety and a tool for the shaping of a heterosexual social order. Through public preaching and teaching, the deployment of psychological approaches to “cure” homosexuality, and political activism against equal rights for women and same-sex marriage, Mormon leaders hoped to manage sexuality and faith for those who have strayed from heteronormativity.

Local governments, like their central government counterparts, must demonstrate increased fiscal responsibility. Although the Jamaican finance ministry has overall responsibility for direction and control of fiscal management at all levels of government, successful implementation cannot be achieved solely by the finance ministry's efforts, but requires the inputs of other actors, including central government, local authorities, the private sector, and civil society groups. This chapter examines the strategic use of collaborations among local authorities and other stakeholders in the implementation of fiscal management policies, in particular revenue-raising efforts in Jamaica, a small island state. The study examines relationships/partnerships (collaborative governance) focusing on the actors, structure, and processes in the implementation of fiscal policy reforms in local authorities. It finds that deliberate efforts must be made to manage complexity arising from overlapping networks with unclear boundaries and fluidity in participation and leadership.

Local governments, like their central government counterparts, must demonstrate increased fiscal responsibility. Although the Jamaican finance ministry has overall responsibility for direction and control of fiscal management at all levels of government, successful implementation cannot be achieved solely by the finance ministry's efforts, but requires the inputs of other actors, including central government, local authorities, the private sector, and civil society groups. This chapter examines the strategic use of collaborations among local authorities and other stakeholders in the implementation of fiscal management policies, in particular revenue-raising efforts in Jamaica, a small island state. The study examines relationships/partnerships (collaborative governance) focusing on the actors, structure, and processes in the implementation of fiscal policy reforms in local authorities. It finds that deliberate efforts must be made to manage complexity arising from overlapping networks with unclear boundaries and fluidity in participation and leadership.

Gone are the days when organizations were concerned with increasing efficiency by mastering repetitive tasks. The competitive, boundary-less world of today has dramatically altered the primary challenges of an organization: fluidity, coherence, and connectedness are the hallmarks of successful organizations. Concomitant with this epochal transformation is the emergence of information systems as the backbone for conducting any business. Today, one cannot find any enterprise or government that is not permeated by information systems at all levels. That the role of information systems is so central to any organization is evident from the prescient words of management legend, Peter Drucker, that the future CEO may be the CIO. With extended enterprises so very common, how do we not lose sight at the bigger picture while making decisions? Systems thinking advocates cultivation of viewing the “whole” and seeing the parts (of the whole) in the context of dependence with other parts (of the whole) and their interactions. Architecture should help create necessary artifacts to understand and manage the complexities. Developing insights on how things work together and the influence of one part over the other is at the heart of architectural conversations. There is thus a natural connect between leadership, architecture, and systems thinking. This chapter explores the nature of evolving enterprises and the increasing relevance of systems thinking in architectural activities. The author discusses the importance of systems thinking to enterprise architecture and illustrate, with TOGAF as an example, how to apply the principles of systems thinking. A conceptual case study is presented to illustrate the application of systems thinking in architectural governance.

E-learning swiftly evolved to m-learning, which relies on mobile technology. Thus, the weblog continuously contains the blogger and education becomes edutainment (education + entertainment) (Morgan-Klein & Osborne 2007). Teachers can permanently maintain contact with their students offering feed-back on their blogs and initiating discussions. If coordinated, the activity on personal blogs becomes reflection in action (Kidd & Keengwe 2010). The blog functions as a platform of interaction and becomes an e-portfolio. The new type of portfolio implies personalization and assimilation of different types of media (texts, video, MP3 and so forth). Starting from a customary virtual environment, which is to be transformed into a highly personalized one, students share their creative involvements with the rest of the weblog and with larger socializing sites. The electronic personal diary permits an interdisciplinary approach (Liebowitz & Frank 2011) and proves its efficiency if included in the creative writing strategies. Creativity is enhanced and held accountable for its products owing to the fluidity of the weblog. Additionally, the team spirit is shaped by blogging into groups, together with the technology literacy. The use of blogs for educational purposes saves students’ time and teaches them how to manage their resources. With the help of mobile technologies, bloggers can easily improve the content of their e-portfolios and take account of every valuable suggestion they receive. In their turn, as members of a large creative community, they are supposed to offer feed-back to their colleagues’ uploaded materials. As the weblog is an open sphere, almost everybody can interact and take part at different debates, irrespective of age and professional background. Such openness encourages students to defend and consider their intellectual output.

GaN on Diamond has been demonstrated to enable notable increases in RF power density without impacting High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) peak junction temperature. However, Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) fabricated using GaN on Diamond substrates are subject to the same packaging thermal limitations as their GaN on SiC counterparts. Therefore, efforts to exploit GaN on Diamond to achieve substantial increases in MMIC power are stymied by external packaging thermal resistances that characterize the current “remote cooling” paradigm. This paper explores an intra-chip cooling alternative to the “remote cooling” paradigm, eliminating various heat spreader, heat sink and thermal interface layers in favor of integral microfluidic cooling in close proximity to the device junction. We describe an intra-chip cooling structure comprised of GaN on Diamond with integral micro-channels fed using a Si fluid distribution manifold. This structure exploits GaN on Diamond substrate technology to support increased HEMT areal power density while employing diamond microfluidics to affect scalable, low thermal resistance die-level heat removal. Thermal-electrical-mechanical co-design of integrated circuit (IC) features is performed to optimize conjugate heat transfer performance and manage the electrical and mechanical impacts associated with the presence of fluidic cooling near the electrically active region of the device. Through this, MMICs with significantly greater RF output than typical of the current state-of-the-art (SoA), dissipating die and HEMT heat fluxes in excess of 1 kW/cm2 and 30 kW/cm2, respectively, can be operated with junction temperatures that support reliable operation. The modeling, simulation and micro-fabrication results presented here demonstrate the potential of diamond microfluidics-based intra-chip cooling as a means to alleviate thermal impediments to exploitation of the full electromagnetic potential of GaN.

The past decade has seen tremendous growth in areas of micro- and nano-fluidics, and MEMs flow control. Nowadays, there is considerable interest in micro- and nano/technologies consisting of small structures in contact with liquid media. By increasing the motivations of using miniaturized devices such as MEMS and NEMS and inventing new methods of their manufacturing, the inspirations of their study and analysis have been increased more and more. One of the most important characteristics of these devices which have undeniable impacts on their performances is miniaturized-channel flow field. By decreasing the dimensions of channels, the influence of surface effects becomes prominent and cannot be ignored. One of the most charismatic categories of these phenomena is elecrokinetic effect which can results in electroosmotic flow field (EOF) that has many advantages such as being vibration free, being much more compact, having flat-form velocity and etc. These beneficiaries lead to the increasing stimulus of using this type of flow field. One of the most important disadvantages of EOF is the Joule heating effect, the generation of heat due to the electroosmosis effect. Besides, miniaturized-channels are usually used as heat sink in miniaturized devices. By considering these facts, it can be concluded that heat characteristics of EOF must be studied carefully in order to manage the Joule heating effect and to utilize the cooling characteristics of miniaturized-channels. By reviewing the studies that have been performed in this field of study, it can be concluded that there is not any analytical approaches in dealing with heat transfer of EOF in miniaturized-channels though analytical formulas are completely essential for investigating, monitoring and controlling of any systems. In this regards, having some analytical studies on heat transfer analysis of miniaturized-channel flow field is completely essential. In the present study, by using the Schwartz-Christoffel mapping, an analytical tactic will be proposed in order to find electroosmotic velocity and consequently temperature distribution of EOF in micro- and transitional nano-channels.