Journal articles: 'Manpower policy, Rural – United States'

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Medvedeva, Nina Afanasyevna. "RURAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES." Economy, labor, management in agriculture, no. 11 (2019): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33938/1911-30.

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Greenberg, Michael R. "Rural Health in the United States." Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 25, no. 6 (December 2000): 1176–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03616878-25-6-1176.

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Padt, Frans J. G., and A. E. Luloff. "An Institutional Analysis of Rural Policy in the United States." Community Development 40, no. 3 (August 20, 2009): 232–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330903091696.

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Fluharty, Charles W. "Refrain Or Reality: A United States Rural Policy?: Implications for Rural Health Care." Journal of Legal Medicine 23, no. 1 (March 2002): 57–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/019476402317276669.

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Horwich, George, and David J. Bjornstad. "Spending and Manpower in Four U.S. Mobilizations: A Macro/Policy Perspective." Journal of Policy History 3, no. 2 (April 1991): 173–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s089803060000484x.

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During the twentieth century the United States has called upon its economy to support a war effort four times: for World War I, World War II, the Korean conflict, and the Vietnam War. The experience of these four military buildups has led to a formal body of mobilization planning incorporating a number of implicit assumptions as to an appropriate mobilization posture. This article reviews the mobilization record of each war and traces the development of the accompanying mobilization doctrine.

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Dotson, Michael J., Dinesh S. Dave, Joseph A. Cazier, and Mary D. McLeod. "Nurse retention in rural United States: A cluster analytic approach." International Journal of Healthcare Management 6, no. 3 (August 2013): 184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2047971913y.0000000037.

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Salka, William M. "Urban-Rural Conflict Over Environmental Policy in the Western United States." American Review of Public Administration 31, no. 1 (March 2001): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02750740122064820.

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Michie, Aruna Nayyar. "SYMPOSIUM ON RURAL POVERTY AND PUBLIC POLICY IN THE UNITED STATES." Policy Studies Journal 15, no. 2 (December 1986): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.1986.tb00712.x.

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Martin, Kiel M., Daniel J. Richmond, and John G. Swisher. "Sustaining the Drone Enterprise: How Manpower Analysis Engendered Policy Reform in the United States Air Force." Interfaces 47, no. 2 (April 2017): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/inte.2016.0882.

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Hyberg, Bengt, and Sean Pascoe. "Agriculture and Environmental Policy: Recent United States and Australian Developments." Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20, no. 1 (April 1991): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0899367x00002920.

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Agricultural development in both the United States and Australia has led to suboptimal levels of environmental degradation. While both countries face similar forms of agricultural environmental degradation, the different resource endowment and population distributions have resulted in a different incidence of the costs of these problems. Increasing demand for environmental services and better information on off-site damages have led to increasing demand for reform of agricultural, rural development, and environmental programs to eliminate biases against practices viewed as more environmentally compatible.

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Graham, Robin P., Maureen L. Forrester, Jere A. Wysong, Thomas C. Rosenthal, and Paul A. James. "HIV/AIDS in the Rural United States: Epidemiology and Health Services Delivery." Medical Care Research and Review 52, no. 4 (December 1995): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107755879505200401.

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Vohra, Sameer, Carolyn Pointer, Amanda Fogleman, Thomas Albers, Anish Patel, and Elizabeth Weeks. "Designing Policy Solutions to Build a Healthier Rural America." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 48, no. 3 (2020): 491–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073110520958874.

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Disparities exist in the health, livelihood, and opportunities for the 46-60 million people living in America’s rural communities. Rural communities across the United States need a new energy and focus concentrated around health and health care that allows for the designing capturing, and spreading of existing and new innovations. This paper aims to provide a framework for policy solutions to build a healthier rural America describing both the current state of rural health policy and the policies and practices in states that could be used as a national model for positive change.

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Parsons, Robert J., Bruce P. Murray, and Richard B. Dwore. "Trends in Rural Healthcare Delivery in the United States, 1990–1999." Journal of Hospital Marketing & Public Relations 14, no. 2 (December 11, 2002): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j375v14n02_03.

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Hastings, Steven E., and Gerald L. Cole. "The Changing Rural Policy Context: Discussion." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 24, no. 2 (October 1995): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500008777.

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This paper discusses a paper presented by Stephen Smith at the 1995 annual meeting of the Northeastern Agricultural and Resource Economics Association. Smith presented key issues that have changed the context for rural development policy in the United States. We propose that the induced innovation model of economic development can be used to identify a variety of ways that LGU's can contribute to developing and delivering appropriate rural economic development programs. These ways include assisting rural communities in identifying comparative advantage, identifying and/or providing relevant resource persons, delivering appropriate educational programs and conducting research on important issues. The success of LGU's in these areas will depend on their willingness to undertake these activities and their ability to recognize and adapt to current to future economic and social realities affecting rural America.

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Stoddard, Christiana, and Eugenia F. Toma. "Introduction to Special Topic: Rural Education Finance and Policy." AERA Open 7 (January 2021): 233285842110116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23328584211011607.

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This special topic takes stock of the current state of rural education finance and policy research. Taken together the articles in this special topic highlight a major point. Rural districts and schools not only differ from those in urban areas but also differ from one another. This is perhaps not surprising given the heterogeneity of school size, community size, demographics, and the degree of rurality of schools across the United States. The articles pose a challenge for policymakers. Policies that serve one state or one rural community may not be relevant or helpful to another. Policy solutions must recognize the diversity of education challenges across and within states.

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Pelkki, Matthew, and Gabrielle Sherman. "Forestry's Economic Contribution in the United States, 2016." Forest Products Journal 70, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 28–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/fpj-d-19-00037.

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Abstract Economic contributions of an industry sector are often vital information in the policy-making process. IMPLAN data and software were used to determine the economic contribution of forest industries to all 50 states plus Washington, D.C. Rankings of the states' contributions to employment, employee compensation, and value added were determined. National forest inventory data, rural population, and industrial energy costs were examined for correlation with total forestry contributions to each state's economies. Rankings were based on absolute contributions as well as contributions as a percentage of a state's total economy. Percentage rankings present the relative importance of forestry to a state's economy, and can differ considerably from absolute value rankings. Regional and national contributions were also calculated to model interstate and regional contribution “leakages,” or trade effects. Differences in both interstate and interregional trade flows are substantial. Industrial energy costs, rural population, and timber removals were significantly correlated with total economic contributions.

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Rearick, Emma L., and Gregory L. Newmark. "Reducing Rural Car Ownership: Cultural Not Policy Changes?" Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 6 (September 1, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118790327.

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Automobile use is recognized as affecting public health, environmental sustainability, land use, and household expense. Car use is closely tied to car ownership rates. Most car ownership research focuses on urban areas; however, 97% of the United States’ land area and a fifth of its population remains rural. Factors that affect car ownership in these communities may be different than in more urbanized areas. This research focuses on the 2,285 counties in the continental United States that are defined as entirely rural by the guidelines established in the Agricultural Act of 2014. These counties were grouped by five multi-state regions using U.S. Census Bureau definitions. Their percentage changes in car ownership, as well as other demographic variables, over a quarter century were calculated using data from the 1990 Decennial Census and the 2014 5-Year American Community Survey. A multiple regression model was estimated for each grouping to identify counties with lower-than-expected changes in car ownership. For each grouping, one of these outlying counties was selected and matched with another county whose changes in car ownership were within expected ranges given demographic developments. Local professionals were then interviewed to identify policies possibly responsible for the difference in car ownership trends between the matched-pair counties. The interviews suggested that, contrary to expectation, transportation policies had no discernable effect on rural car ownership, but land use polices and, more often, cultural factors linked to changing populations were associated with reduced rural car ownership.

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Brooks, Matthew M., J. Tom Mueller, and Brian C. Thiede. "County Reclassifications and Rural–Urban Mortality Disparities in the United States (1970–2018)." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 12 (December 2020): 1814–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305895.

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Objectives. To demonstrate how inferences about rural–urban disparities in age-adjusted mortality are affected by the reclassification of rural and urban counties in the United States from 1970 to 2018. Methods. We compared estimates of rural–urban mortality disparities over time, produced through a time-varying classification of rural and urban counties, with counterfactual estimates of rural–urban disparities, assuming no changes in rural–urban classification since 1970. We evaluated mortality rates by decade of reclassification to assess selectivity in reclassification. Results. We found that reclassification amplified rural–urban mortality disparities and accounted for more than 25% of the rural disadvantage observed from 1970 to 2018. Mortality rates were lower in counties that reclassified from rural to urban than in counties that remained rural. Conclusions. Estimates of changing rural–urban mortality differentials are significantly influenced by rural–urban reclassification. On average, counties that have remained classified as rural over time have elevated mortality. Longitudinal research on rural–urban health disparities must consider the methodological and substantive implications of reclassification. Public Health Implications. Attention to rural–urban reclassification is necessary when evaluating or justifying policy interventions focusing on geographic health disparities.

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Barrio, Brenda L. "Special Education Policy Change." Rural Special Education Quarterly 36, no. 2 (May 26, 2017): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870517707217.

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Research suggests that disproportionate representation of culturally and linguistically diverse students in special education has been a recurring topic of concern in the field of special education within the United States. Over the past few years, this concern has shifted to focus on the disproportionate representation of English Language Learners (ELLs) in categories of mild to moderate disabilities, specifically within the category of learning disabilities. Although improvements in educational policy have been made through federal legislation, local rural school districts continue to battle this concern, especially those in rural areas. The following article focuses on the recommendations for development, implementation, and evaluation of local policy change to improve the disproportionate representation of ELL students within rural school districts.

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Walters, Suzan M., David Frank, Marisa Felsher, Jessica Jaiswal, Scott Fletcher, Alex S. Bennett, Samuel R. Friedman, et al. "How the rural risk environment underpins hepatitis C risk: Qualitative findings from rural southern Illinois, United States." International Journal of Drug Policy 112 (February 2023): 103930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2022.103930.

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Goldman, L. Elizabeth, and R. Adams Dudley. "United States rural hospital quality in the Hospital Compare database—Accounting for hospital characteristics." Health Policy 87, no. 1 (July 2008): 112–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2008.02.002.

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Hollo, Alexandra, Kim K. Floyd, and Carla B. Brigandi. "Endorsement by Exam: Policy and Practice in Rural Special Education." Rural Special Education Quarterly 38, no. 3 (April 19, 2019): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756870519843500.

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National- and state-level education policies are evolving to address teacher shortages that are pervasive across the United States and are particularly problematic in rural special education. In this article, we describe a policy we call “endorsement by exam” in which teachers certified in one subject area can become certified in other areas by passing a content knowledge test. Although such add-on endorsements are not uncommon in some content areas (e.g., chemistry teachers adding certification in biology), some states have extended this practice to include special education certification. The purpose of this article is to explore what state agencies have adopted endorsement by exam for special education. Despite difficulties in obtaining reliable information, we determined approximately eight states have adopted some form of this policy. We discuss results in terms of rurality and conclude by explaining our position that endorsement by exam is a potentially harmful quick fix that may in fact exacerbate teacher shortages in the long term and thus is ill advised.

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Anstreicher, Garrett. "Does increasing health care access reduce disability insurance caseloads? Evidence from the rural United States." Health Economics 30, no. 4 (January 21, 2021): 786–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.4220.

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Sanders, Catherine E., Kristin E. Gibson, and Alexa J. Lamm. "Rural Broadband and Precision Agriculture: A Frame Analysis of United States Federal Policy Outreach under the Biden Administration." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010460.

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Global food security requires sustainable and resource-efficient agricultural production. Precision agriculture may provide the tools needed to intensify agricultural production while prioritizing sustainability; however, there are barriers such as initial investments, knowledge gaps, and broadband access that may hinder adoption. Many rural areas in the United States lack the appropriate infrastructure for broadband access needed for precision agriculture, indicating government policies are needed to expand broadband access. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to develop a conceptualization of the current frames used by the Biden administration in communications related to rural broadband and precision agriculture. The methodological framework used was frame analysis. Data were initially analyzed inductively for overall gestalt and subsequently analyzed with abductive coding. Five overarching frames were identified during the data analysis process: broadband access and economic issues, garnering support for broadband expansion, urgency and equity surrounding broadband, expanding beyond the rural, and broadband infrastructure and the agricultural sector. The findings revealed broadband access associated with the Biden administration expanded beyond rural areas, recognizing that cities also face broadband access and affordability issues. There was a lack of discourse, however, surrounding rural broadband policy and precision agriculture, which may downplay its importance in agricultural sustainability.

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Willgerodt, Mayumi A., Douglas M. Brock, and Erin D. Maughan. "Public School Nursing Practice in the United States." Journal of School Nursing 34, no. 3 (January 17, 2018): 232–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059840517752456.

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School nursing practice has changed dramatically over the past 20 years, yet few nationally representative investigations describing the school nursing workforce have been conducted. The National School Nurse Workforce Study describes the demographic and school nursing practice patterns among self-reported public school nurses and the number and full-time equivalent (FTE) positions of all school nurses in the United States. Using a random sample stratified by public/private, region, school level, and urban/rural status from two large national data sets, we report on weighted survey responses of 1,062 public schools. Additional questions were administered to estimate the school nurse population and FTEs. Findings reported illustrate differences by strata in public school nurse demographics, practice patterns, and nursing activities and tasks. We estimate approximately 132,300 self-identified practicing public and private school nurses and 95,800 FTEs of school nurses in the United States. Research, policy, and school nursing practice implications are discussed.

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Chillag, Kata L., and Lisa M. Lee. "Synergistic Disparities and Public Health Mitigation of COVID-19 in the Rural United States." Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 17, no. 4 (November 9, 2020): 649–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11673-020-10049-0.

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Meyerson, Beth E., Alissa Davis, Hilary Reno, Laura T. Haderxhanaj, M. Aaron Sayegh, Megan K. Simmons, Gurprit Multani, Lindsey Naeyaert, Audra Meador, and Bradley P. Stoner. "Existence, Distribution, and Characteristics of STD Clinics in the United States, 2017." Public Health Reports 134, no. 4 (May 21, 2019): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0033354919847733.

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Objectives: Studies of sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics have been limited by the lack of a national list for representative sampling. We sought to establish the number, type, and distribution of STD clinics and describe selected community characteristics associated with them. Methods: We conducted a 2-phased, multilevel, online search from September 2014 through March 2015 and from May through October 2017 to identify STD clinics in all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. We obtained data on clinic name, address, contact information, and 340B funding status (which requires manufacturers to provide outpatient drugs at reduced prices). We classified clinics by type. We also obtained secondary county-level data to compare rates of chlamydia and HIV, teen births, uninsurance and unemployment, and high school graduation; ratios of primary care physician to population; health care costs; median household income; and percentage of population living in rural areas vs nonrural areas. We used t tests to examine mean differences in characteristics between counties with and without STD clinics. Results: We found 4079 STD clinics and classified them into 10 types; 2530 (62.0%) clinics were affiliated with a local health department. Of 3129 counties, 1098 (35.1%) did not have an STD clinic. Twelve states had an STD clinic in every county, and 34 states had ≥1 clinic per 100 000 population. Most STD clinics were located in areas of high chlamydia morbidity and where other surrogate needs were greatest; rural areas were underserved by STD clinics. Conclusions: This list may aid in more comprehensive national studies of clinic services, STD clinic adaptation to external policy changes (eg, in public financing or patient access policy), and long-term clinic survival, with special attention to clinic coverage in rural areas.

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Dos Santos, Luis. "Rural Public Health Workforce Training and Development: The Performance of an Undergraduate Internship Programme in a Rural Hospital and Healthcare Centre." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (April 9, 2019): 1259. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071259.

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Workforce shortages in the field of public health and healthcare are significant. Due to the limitations of career opportunities and compensation, rural hospitals and healthcare centres usually have on-going career openings for all departments. As a result, university departments of public health and healthcare management, and rural hospitals and health centres may need to establish internship and training programmes for undergraduate senior-year students in order to provide opportunities and human resource opportunities for both students and public health professions. The research examined the performance, feedback, and opinions of a university-based one-year-long on-site internship training programme between a university public health and healthcare undergraduate department and a regional hospital and healthcare centre in a rural region in the United States. Individual interview data were collected from management trainees and focus group activities data were collected from hospital departmental supervisors who have completed this one-year-long on-site internship training programme. The results offered an assessment of performance and evaluation of how a one-year-long internship programme could be beneficial to hospitals and health centres in the areas of human resources, manpower management, and skill training to prospective professionals in rural and regional communities. Also, the study provided a blueprint and alternative for universities and partnered sites to redesign and improve their current internship programmes which may better fit their needs for their actual situations.

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Hussaini, Syed, Amanda L. Blackford, and Arjun Gupta. "Rural-urban disparities in cancer mortality in the United States from 1999 to 2019." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 6553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.6553.

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6553 Background: U.S. cancer outcomes have improved in recent years, but it is unclear if these gains are realized in all geographic areas. We investigated US rural-urban disparities in age-adjusted cancer mortality rates (AAMRs) over a 20-year period. Methods: We identified cancer deaths from 1999 to 2019 in the CDC WONDER database. We classified populations into large metropolitan (≥1 million), small-or medium-sized metropolitan (50,000-999,999), and rural (<50,000) areas based on the 2013 U.S. Census classification. We calculated annual AAMRs per 100,000 individuals and stratified results by age, sex, and race/ethnicity. We estimated annual percentage changes (APC) in AAMR using robust linear regression models of the log-scale AAMR, including population size as weights, and assessed differential changes over time by geographic area with interaction tests. Results: There were 12,935,840 deaths attributed to cancer (50% large metropolitan, 31.2% medium/small metropolitan, and 18.7% rural). AAMRs were highest in rural areas with least annual improvement. AAMR in large metropolitan areas decreased from 204.5 to 142.6 (APC -1.74 (95% CI [-1.78, -1.7])), and in rural areas it decreased from 209 to 168.3 (APC -1.05 (95% CI [-1.09, -1])) (P <.001 for time trend). The absolute difference in AAMRs between large metropolitan and rural areas increased 5-fold, from 4.5 in 1999, to 25.7 in 2019. This trend was larger in elderly (>65), where rural-urban disparity grew 25-fold (P < 0.001). Non-Hispanic Blacks had higher AAMR than other racial/ethnic groups, and women had lower AAMR than men. Conclusions: In this national analysis of 20 years, rural residents suffered higher cancer mortality than their metropolitan counterparts resulting in widening disparities. Our findings inform program interventions possible through the recent reignition of the Cancer Moonshot in achieving geographic parity, and support ongoing congressional policy deliberations to increase access through re-investment in rural infrastructure.[Table: see text]

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Huh, Koungmi. "Crime Prevention Strategies in Rural Areas of an Aging Society." Korean Society of Culture and Convergence 44, no. 5 (May 31, 2022): 651–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33645/cnc.2022.5.44.5.651.

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Huh Koungmi(Keimyung University) The purpose of this study was to examine the crime prevention strategies developed and implemented by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and the United States in line with the aging and depopulation of rural areas, and to find ways to supplement and apply them to rural areas in Korea. As a crime prevention strategy in rural areas, the UN Secretariat for Drug Crimes presented local-based crime prevention strategies, life development crime prevention strategies, situational crime prevention strategies, and reintegration strategies as action strategies. In the case of the United States, the federal government, each state government, criminal justice agencies, including local police departments, and regional researchers developed various rural crime prevention strategies together, complementing each other and disseminating it. Representative rural crime prevention strategies include hotspot policing strategy, problemoriented policing, ACTION, Police-Mental Health Provider Co-Responder Model, outreach using social media, and support for criminal recovery through Offender Review Board. This study can be used as a security policy to promote the safety of rural residents, and is expected to trigger follow-up research in related fields.

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Walters, Jayme, and Dorothy Wallis. "Characteristics and Organizational Capacity of Nonprofits in Rural, Persistently Poor Southern Counties in the United States." Journal of Public and Nonprofit Affairs 7, no. 3 (December 1, 2021): 390–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.20899/jpna.7.3.390-416.

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The present study focuses on organizational capacity of nonprofits located in rural, persistently poor counties in the South region of the United States, an area of the country that encapsulates the majority of rural poverty. IRS Form 990 data were utilized for recruitment and to obtain demographic characteristics for nonprofits in the area of interest (N=3,530). Emailed and mailed surveys to all qualifying organizations sought to measure organizational capacity. Data from 292 nonprofits were examined in a descriptive analysis. Overall, the participating rural nonprofits scored moderate to high in most dimensions of organizational capacity. Financial management, strategic planning, collaboration, and program planning were strengths in organizational capacity. Evaluation, succession planning, fundraising planning, human resources, and volunteer management were challenges. Study findings provide guidance to capacity builders and funders to guide future training, investments, and policy related to rural nonprofits and communities they serve.

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Kozhimannil, Katy B., Julia D. Interrante, Mariana S. Tuttle, Carrie Henning-Smith, and Lindsay Admon. "Characteristics of US Rural Hospitals by Obstetric Service Availability, 2017." American Journal of Public Health 110, no. 9 (September 2020): 1315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2020.305695.

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Objectives. To describe characteristics of rural hospitals in the United States by whether they provide labor and delivery (obstetric) care for pregnant patients. Methods. We used the 2017 American Hospital Association Annual Survey to identify rural hospitals and describe their characteristics based on the lack or provision of obstetric services. Results. Among the 2019 rural hospitals in the United States, 51% (n = 1032) of rural hospitals did not provide obstetric care. These hospitals were more often located in rural noncore counties (counties with no town of more than 10 000 residents). Rural hospitals without obstetrics also had lower average daily censuses, were more likely to be government owned or for profit compared with nonprofit ownership, and were more likely to not have an emergency department compared with hospitals providing obstetric care (P for all comparisons < .001). Conclusions. Rural US hospitals that do not provide obstetric care are located in more sparsely populated rural locations and are smaller than hospitals providing obstetric care. Public Health Implications. Understanding the characteristics of rural hospitals by lack or provision of obstetric services is important to clinical and policy efforts to ensure safe maternity care for rural residents.

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Langinen, Alexei. "Sparsely populated and rural areas in the United Kingdom: measures to solve governance challenges." Socium i vlast 6 (2020): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2020-6-29-39.

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Introduction. The problems of state and local governance in sparsely populated and rural areas is relevant for the Russian Federation due to the presence of depressed areas, depopulation of the countryside, small towns, monotowns, migration of the rural population to large cities, regional capitals, other regions and abroad. These processes are typical for many other modern states. Solving the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas includes providing socially significant services, protecting the health and safety of residents, developing education, creating and maintaining social infrastructure, and creating jobs. The purpose of the article is to identify the most important management problems in rural and sparsely populated areas and reveal possible solutions to these problems using the example of Great Britain. Methods. The research is based on a systematic approach to management in rural and sparsely populated areas. Analysis of factual data, legal sources, published survey results, foreign Internet sources. Comparative analysis of problems and measures of state policy in different states. Scientific novelty of the research. The author highlights the current measures taken in the UK at the central, local levels in order to overcome the problems of rural and sparsely populated areas. These activities as a basis for developing practical recommendations may be important for solving similar problems in Russian regions, including in the context of the COVID-19 epidemic and economic problems in the near future. Results. As a result the author identifies problems in the field of management in rural and sparsely populated and hard-to-reach areas, as well as possible directions of state policy in the UK and Russia to overcome these problems. Conclusions. The most important direction of state policy for solving the problems highlighted in the study is the development of local interests of the community, the integration of state support measures and local events. As measures aimed at solving social and infrastructural problems of sparsely populated areas in the UK, one can single out government programs implemented at the national and regional levels with the participation of industrial enterprises and businesses, a grant mechanism for the implementation of financial support, combined with the empowerment of local communities. There is no such policy in Russia yet.

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Zahnd, Whitney E., Cathryn Murphy, Marie Knoll, Gabriel A. Benavidez, Kelsey R. Day, Radhika Ranganathan, Parthenia Luke, et al. "The Intersection of Rural Residence and Minority Race/Ethnicity in Cancer Disparities in the United States." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 4 (February 3, 2021): 1384. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041384.

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One in every twenty-five persons in America is a racial/ethnic minority who lives in a rural area. Our objective was to summarize how racism and, subsequently, the social determinants of health disproportionately affect rural racial/ethnic minority populations, provide a review of the cancer disparities experienced by rural racial/ethnic minority groups, and recommend policy, research, and intervention approaches to reduce these disparities. We found that rural Black and American Indian/Alaska Native populations experience greater poverty and lack of access to care, which expose them to greater risk of developing cancer and experiencing poorer cancer outcomes in treatment and ultimately survival. There is a critical need for additional research to understand the disparities experienced by all rural racial/ethnic minority populations. We propose that policies aim to increase access to care and healthcare resources for these communities. Further, that observational and interventional research should more effectively address the intersections of rurality and race/ethnicity through reduced structural and interpersonal biases in cancer care, increased data access, more research on newer cancer screening and treatment modalities, and continued intervention and implementation research to understand how evidence-based practices can most effectively reduce disparities among these populations.

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Ngangbam, Sapana, and Archana K. Roy. "Determinants of Health-seeking Behaviour in Northeast India." Journal of Health Management 21, no. 2 (May 22, 2019): 234–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0972063419835118.

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India’s northeast region comprises eight states, which, together, is home to 3.8 per cent of the country’s population. The quality of healthcare and manpower availability remains a cause for concern in the region, affecting the overall health-seeking behaviour of the people. This study attempts to understand the determinants of utilization of healthcare services in Northeast India. Healthcare and morbidity data for this study are based on a Northeast India sample from the National Sample Survey Organization’s (NSSO’s) health consumption data (2014). Probit, multinomial and mixed conditional logit models were employed in the study. In Northeast India, uneducated, higher-aged, Schedule Castes/Schedule Tribes (SCs/STs), Muslims, rural people and district people are served less by medical institutions and because of poor road connectivity they either remain untreated or seek care at underequipped primary healthcare services, while their counterparts utilize private facilities mostly for outpatient care and either public hospital or private facilities for inpatient care. There is also a tendency to substitute alternative healthcare when the cost of an inpatient healthcare service rises. To protect the interest of marginalized people and achieve the target of accessible, affordable and quality healthcare, the government needs to strengthen the primary healthcare in rural areas and improve the quality of healthcare in urban areas without increasing the cost of treatment.

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Bruns, Debra Pettit, Lisa Pawloski, and Cecil Robinson. "Can Adoption of Cuban Maternity Care Policy Guide the Rural United States to Improve Maternal and Infant Mortality?" World Medical & Health Policy 11, no. 3 (September 2019): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wmh3.312.

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AbiNader, Millan A. "Correlates of Intimate Partner Homicide in the Rural United States: Findings From a National Sample of Rural Counties, 2009–2016." Homicide Studies 24, no. 4 (January 9, 2020): 353–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088767919896403.

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Intimate partner homicide (IPH) in the U.S. rural context has increased in recent years while other types of homicide have decreased. This suggests that some rural structural characteristics make IPH more likely in rural communities than other forms of homicide. This study used multilevel models to examine individual- and community-level characteristics’ association with IPH in rural counties between 2009 and 2016 in the United States. Overall, individual-level correlates were more strongly associated with IPH than community-level correlates, although increased economic need was associated with IPH in one of the models. Implications for individual-level intervention, policy, and future research are discussed.

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Rohrer, James E., Thomas Vaughnt, Astrid Knott, and Jorg Westermann. "Health Status and Health Professional Visits in a Rural Area." Health Services Management Research 13, no. 2 (May 2000): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148480001300207.

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Visits to physicians (MDs), physician assistants (PAs) or nurse practitioners (NPs) by residents of a rural county in the upper-middle west of the United States were analysed in this study. A telephone survey yielded 250 responses. The dependent variable was the natural logarithm of the number of times the respondent had seen a health professional (MD, PA or NP) in the past two years. Predisposing, enabling and medical need variables were tested as potential predictors of visits. Self-rated health status, being unable to perform usual activities, and feeling upset or ‘down in the dumps’ proved to be important predictors, as was having a usual source of care. Health insurance coverage and family income was not, however. Unexpectedly, smokers also reported more visits. The implications for policy and future research are discussed

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Lapping, Mark B. "American Rural Planning, Development Policy and the Centrality of the Federal State: An Interpretative History." Rural History 3, no. 2 (October 1992): 219–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300003101.

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In just over two hundred years, the United States has been transformed from a very largely rural and wilderness nation into an urban one. Rural Americans have gone from being the first majority to the last minority, to paraphrase historian John Shover (Shover,1976). All through this time policies directly and indirectly oriented to rural areas and rural people have been enunciated by the federal government. Rarely was the coordination of policy sought or achieved, however. Also, for generations the easy assumption was made that agricultural policy constituted rural policy. Further, a form of rural fundamentalism, closely related to a neo-Jeffersonian social outlook, reinforced a false sense of ‘rugged individualism’ as the essence of personal and collective success. Such gross oversimplifications have tended to mask some of the truly substantive problems of poor housing, race and gender inequities, unemployment, illiteracy, poor health, and malnutrition faced by rural and small town populations.

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Shaffer, Robert, Lauren E. Pinson, Jonathan A. Chu, and Beth A. Simmons. "Local elected officials’ receptivity to refugee resettlement in the United States." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 50 (November 30, 2020): 31722–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015637117.

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Local leaders possess significant and growing authority over refugee resettlement, yet we know little about their attitudes toward refugees. In this article, we use a conjoint experiment to evaluate how the attributes of hypothetical refugee groups influence local policymaker receptivity toward refugee resettlement. We sample from a national panel of current local elected officials, who represent a broad range of urban and rural communities across the United States. We find that many local officials favor refugee resettlement, regardless of refugee attributes. However, officials are most receptive to refugees whom they perceive as a strong economic and social fit within their communities. Our study contributes to a growing literature on individual attitudes toward refugees by systematically examining the preferences of US local elected officials and offers unique insights into the views of this influential and policy-relevant group.

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Buettner-Schmidt, Kelly, Donald R. Miller, and Brody Maack. "Disparities in Rural Tobacco Use, Smoke-Free Policies, and Tobacco Taxes." Western Journal of Nursing Research 41, no. 8 (February 17, 2019): 1184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193945919828061.

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Tobacco use and exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) remain leading causes of preventable disease, disability, and mortality in the United States. Rural populations are among those being left behind in the recent declining smoking rates and have become a focus of discussions on tobacco-related disparities. This article describes tobacco-related disparities in rural populations including tobacco use, exposure to SHS, smoke-free policies, and tobacco taxes. Nurses, as social justice and tobacco control policy advocates, are needed especially at the local level, where much of the policy work occurs and where nursing’s voice is respected and can be powerful.

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Lazar, Julia G., Kelly Addy, Arthur J. Gold, Peter M. Groffman, Richard A. McKinney, and Dorothy Q. Kellogg. "Beaver Ponds: Resurgent Nitrogen Sinks for Rural Watersheds in the Northeastern United States." Journal of Environmental Quality 44, no. 5 (September 2015): 1684–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq2014.12.0540.

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Honadle, Beth Walter. "Rural development policy in the United States: a critical analysis and lessons from the “still birth” of the rural collaborative investment program." Community Development 42, no. 1 (January 2011): 56–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15575330.2010.500393.

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Robertson, David Brian. "Mrs. Thatcher's Employment Prescription: An Active Neo-Liberal Labor Market Policy." Journal of Public Policy 6, no. 3 (July 1986): 275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00004037.

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ABSTRACTThough each of the capitalist democracies has developed a similar battery of programs for mitigating labor market problems, politically significant differences in strategy underlie superficial similarities. By the 1970s, labor market strategies could be distinguished by three models: a passive social democratic or guardian strategy (Britain), an active social democratic or egalitarian strategy (Sweden), and a passive neo-liberal or business-centered strategy (United States). In response to high unemployment, the Thatcher government has resurrected a long dormant fourth strategy that combines neo-liberal principles with an active state. This active neo-liberal or market-centered approach seeks a workforce that is less organised, has greater wage disparities, and is more adaptable to business needs. The government's activism is evident in the growth of the Manpower Services Commission, both in absolute terms and relative to passive compensatory measures. Its neo-liberalism is evident in reducing structural impediments to lower wages, increasing incentives for individual initiative, and revamping employment and training schemes along neo-liberal lines. These efforts correlate with decreasing levels of union membership, increasing self-employment, and increasing wage disparities in the British economy, trends that are, by the government's criteria, improvements.

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Logan, Ryan I., and Heide Castañeda. "Addressing Health Disparities in the Rural United States: Advocacy as Caregiving among Community Health Workers and Promotores de Salud." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 9223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249223.

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Rural populations in the United States are faced with a variety of health disparities that complicate access to care. Community health workers (CHWs) and their Spanish-speaking counterparts, promotores de salud, are well-equipped to address rural health access issues, provide education, and ultimately assuage these disparities. In this article, we compare community health workers in the states of Indiana and Texas, based on the results of two separate research studies, in order to (1) investigate the unique role of CHWs in rural communities and (2) understand how their advocacy efforts represent a central form of caregiving. Drawing on ethnographic, qualitative data—including interviews, photovoice, and participant observation—we analyze how CHWs connect structurally vulnerable clients in rural areas to resources, health education, and health and social services. Our primary contribution to existing scholarship on CHWs is the elaboration of advocacy as a form of caregiving to improve individual health outcomes as well as provoke structural change in the form of policy development. Finally, we describe how CHWs became especially critical in addressing disparities among rural populations in the wake of COVID-19, using their advocacy-as-caregiving role that was developed and well-established before the pandemic. These frontline workers are more vital than ever to address disparities and are a critical force in overcoming structural vulnerability and inequities in health in the United States.

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Budge, Kathleen M. "Why Shouldn’t Rural Kids Have It All? Place-conscious Leadership in an Era of Extralocal Reform Policy." education policy analysis archives 18 (January 14, 2010): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v18n1.2010.

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This article explores school and community leaders' beliefs about standards-based reform and the purposes of local schooling in a single rural community in the western United States. The study used interviews of 11 community and school leaders in the community. Participants engage in a balancing act between serving local interests and satisfying extralocal mandates. They care about both the students they serve and the place they inhabit, and their own assessment of the educational enterprise indicated that state and federal policy had had little constructive influence on either. The conclusion explores critical place-consciousness as a possible tool to refocus rural educators' attention on the intent of the standards-based movement and to ensure that schooling supports individual student success and the needs of rural communities.

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Pozzoboni, Kristen M. "Rural Youth Perspectives on Why Kids Disconnect." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 117, no. 13 (April 2015): 83–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146811511701310.

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In the United States, policy makers refer to young people, between the ages of 16 and 24, who are disconnected from school or work as “opportunity youth.” Although researchers have documented demographic characteristics of this population, few empirical studies examine features of context that explain how youth become disconnected from education and employment. In this chapter, I present the voices of young people as they examine the phenomenon of “disconnection” in their rural community. I draw on qualitative data to describe how features of policy, practice, and place make it difficult for youth to experience feelings of belonging, develop valued social networks, and establish identities as productive community members. The chapter includes recommendations for sustaining youth engagement and interrupting pathways to disconnection. In a small town, everybody knows everybody. If I make a mistake, and do something bad, everybody knows, everybody judges me. Why would I want to be involved in a place where I feel so judged? — Youth participant

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Gondi, Suhas, and Kavita Patel. "Improving Rural Health: How system-level innovation and policy reform can enhance health outcomes across the United States." IEEE Pulse 7, no. 6 (November 2016): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mpul.2016.2608447.

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Weil, Thomas P. "Hospital downsizing and workforce reduction strategies: some inner workings." Health Services Management Research 16, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095148403762539103.

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Downsizing, manpower reductions, re-engineering, and resizing are used extensively in the United States to reduce cost and to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of various functions and processes. Published studies report that these managerial strategies result in a minimal impact on access to services, quality of care, and the ability to reduce costs. But, these approaches certainly alienate employees. These findings are usually explained by the significant difficulties experienced in eliminating nursing and other similar direct patient care-oriented positions and in terminating white-collar employees. Possibly an equally plausible reason why hospitals and physician practices react so poorly to these management strategies is their cost structure-high fixed (85%) and low variable (15%)-and that simply generating greater volume does not necessarily achieve economies of scale. More workable alternatives for health executives to effectuate cost reductions consist of simplifying prepayment, decreasing the overall availability and centralizing tertiary services at academic health centres, and closing superfluous hospitals and other health facilities. America's pluralistic values and these proposals having serious political repercussions for health executives and elected officials often present serious barriers in their implementation.

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Seymour, Jane W., Terri-Ann Thompson, Dennis Milechin, Lauren A. Wise, and Abby E. Rudolph. "Potential Impact of Telemedicine for Medication Abortion Policy and Programming Changes on Abortion Accessibility in the United States." American Journal of Public Health 112, no. 8 (August 2022): 1202–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306876.

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Objectives. To quantify the impact of telemedicine for medication abortion (TMAB) expansion or ban removal on abortion accessibility. Methods. We included 1091 facilities from the 2018 Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health facility database and Planned Parenthood Web site, among which 241 did not offer abortion as sites for TMAB expansion. Accessibility was defined as the proportion of reproductive-aged women living within a 30-, 60-, or 90-minute drive time from an abortion-providing facility. We calculated accessibility differences between 3 scenarios: (1) facilities offering abortion in 2018 (reference), (2) the reference scenario in addition to all facilities in states without TMAB bans (TMAB expansion), and (3) all facilities (TMAB ban removal). We also stratified by state and urban–rural status. Results. In 2018, 65%, 81%, and 89% of women lived within a 30-, 60-, or 90-minute drive time from an abortion-providing facility, respectively. Expansion and ban removal expanded abortion accessibility relative to the current accessibility scenario (range: 1.25–5.66 percentage points). Women in rural blocks experienced greater increases in accessibility than those in urban blocks. Conclusions. TMAB program and policy changes could expand abortion accessibility to an additional 3.5 million reproductive-aged women. Public Health Implications. Our findings can inform where to invest resources to improve abortion accessibility. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(8):1202–1211. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306876 )

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Journal articles on the topic 'Manpower policy, Rural – United States'

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