Journal articles on the topic 'Manpower policy, Rural Sri Lanka'
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Talukder, Md Humayun Kabir, BH Nazma Yasmeen, Rumana Nazneen, Md Zakir Hossain, and Ishrat Jahan Chowdhury. "Assessment of relevance and effectiveness of community health workforce (CHW) development system in Bangladesh." Northern International Medical College Journal 5, no. 2 (April 29, 2015): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/nimcj.v5i2.23129.
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Background : Community Health Workforce (CHW) development has a rich history in South East Asian Region (SEAR). The first Community Health Unit was established in Sri Lanka in 1926 and then practiced over many of the regional countries like, Thailand, Mayanmar and India. Community Health Workers are in the fore front workforce to bring about change through community health programmes to national levels. In Bangladesh, there are also different categories of health workforce serving in the health care delivery system.Objectives : To assess relevance and effectiveness of community health workforce (CHW) development system in Bangladesh.Methods : This cross sectional study was conducted from 1st November 2010-30th April 2011 by purposive sampling technique. Study population were directors, administrators, principals, teachers of different institutes/ organizations and community health workers working in different corners of Bangladesh. Study places were different divisional towns of Bangladesh. Previously developed questionnaire & checklist were used for the collection of data from the institutes/ organizations by data collectors. These data were edited, processed and was analysed by using SPSS soft ware and a small portion by manually. No strong ethical issues were involved in this activity.Results : Study revealed that all the respondents (100%) are in favour of production of CHW in Bangladesh through formal academic institutional or pre service education (61.4%) .Most of the respondents (56.8%) viewed that there are scopes of utilisation of produced CHW in rural areas and most of the respondents (63.6%) also viewed that terminal/marginalized/underprivileged peoples of hard to reach areas at least can be served by CHW. Regarding the competency of produced CHW few of the respondents (43.2%) viewed positively. Most of the respondents (86.4%) viewed that both govt. & non govt. sectors should produce CHW with a very good coordination and co-operation. Study revealed the institutional capacities or situations about physical facilities, ongoing course, audiovisual aids, library, manpower and assessment procedure.Conclusion : Study revealed that there is strong & logical relevance present for the production of CHW in Bangladesh. So the existing Human Resource for Health (HRH) policy is to be revised & revisited as a time felt need to develop more competent CHW for Bangladesh to serve the marginalized, terminal, people of remote, rural & hard to reach areas.Northern International Medical College Journal Vol.5(2) 2014: 332-335
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Sathananthan, S. "Rural Development Policy in Sri Lanka, 1935 to 1989." Journal of Contemporary Asia 21, no. 4 (January 1991): 433–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00472339180000291.
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Jones, Margaret. "Policy Innovation and Policy Pathways: Tuberculosis Control in Sri Lanka, 1948–1990." Medical History 60, no. 4 (September 15, 2016): 514–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/mdh.2016.58.
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This paper, based on World Health Organization and Sri Lankan sources, examines the attempts to control tuberculosis in Sri Lanka from independence in 1948. It focuses particularly on the attempt in 1966 to implement a World Health Organization model of community-orientated tuberculosis control that sought to establish a horizontally structured programme through the integration of control into the general health services. The objective was to create a cost- effective method of control that relied on a simple bacteriological test for case finding and for treatment at the nearest health facility that would take case detection and treatment to the rural periphery where specialist services were lacking. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, Sri Lanka had already established a specialist control programme composed of chest clinics, mass X-ray, inpatient and domiciliary treatment, and social assistance for sufferers. This programme had both reduced mortality and enhanced awareness of the disease. This paper exposes the obstacles presented in trying to impose the World Health Organization’s internationally devised model onto the existing structure of tuberculosis control already operating in Sri Lanka. One significant hindrance to the WHO approach was lack of resources but, equally important, was the existing medical culture that militated against its acceptance.
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Köpke, Sören, Sisira S. Withanachchi, Ruwan Pathiranage, Chandana R. Withanachchi, Deepika U. Gamage, Thushantha S. Nissanka, Chinthana C. Warapitiya, et al. "Human–Elephant Conflict in Sri Lanka: A Critical Review of Causal Explanations." Sustainability 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2021): 8625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13158625.
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Human–elephant conflict (HEC) is a severe and much-debated issue in Sri Lanka. An average of two hundred animals are intentionally killed, and seventy to eighty human casualties are counted each year. The Sri Lankan elephant (Elephas maximus maximus) is an endangered subspecies. The reported elephant mortality rates are high. On the other hand, human–elephant conflict also leads to hardship and trauma among rural populations. This research paper reviews causal explanations for HEC in Sri Lanka, tracing underlying narratives and connecting broader conservation theory and practical approaches. The paper discusses potential causes and contexts of HEC in Sri Lanka, including historical factors (i.e., colonial hunting and land-use changes), poaching, habitat loss due to population growth, crop-raiding behaviour, problem animals, and changes in agricultural production systems. The review concludes that socio-economic and cultural factors in HEC in Sri Lanka are poorly explained, and more research should focus on the underlying conditions of rural populations’ vulnerability.
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Sørensen, Jane Brandt, Thilde Rheinländer, Birgitte Refslund Sørensen, Melissa Pearson, Thilini Agampodi, Sisira Siribaddana, and Flemming Konradsen. "An investigation into the role of alcohol in self-harm in rural Sri Lanka: a protocol for a multimethod, qualitative study." BMJ Open 4, no. 10 (October 2014): e005860. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005860.
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IntroductionSri Lanka has one of the highest suicide and self-harm rates in the world and although alcohol has been found to be a risk factor for self-harm in Sri Lanka, we know little about the connection between the two. This paper comprises a protocol for a qualitative study investigating alcohol's role in self-harm in rural Sri Lanka at three levels: the individual, community and policy level. The analysis will bring new understanding of the link between alcohol and self-harm in Sri Lanka, drawing on structural, cultural and social concepts. It will equip researchers, health systems and policy makers with vital information for developing strategies to address alcohol-related problems as they relate to self-harm.Methods and analysisTo capture the complexity of the link between alcohol and self-harm in the Anuradhapura district in the North Central Province in Sri Lanka, qualitative methods will be utilised. Specifically, the data will consist of serial narrative life-story interviews with up to 20 individuals who have non-fatally self-harmed and where alcohol directly or indirectly was involved in the incidence as well as with their significant others; observations in communities and families; six focus group discussions with community members; and key-informant interviews with 15–25 stakeholders who have a stake in alcohol distribution, marketing, policies, prevention and treatment as they relate to self-harm.Ethics and disseminationThe study has received ethical approval from the Ethical Review Committee of the Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka. A sensitive data collection technique will be used and ethical issues will be considered throughout the study.ResultsThe results will be disseminated in scientific peer-reviewed articles in collaboration with Sri Lankan and other international research partners.
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Teare, Richard, Chandrarathne Bandara, and Chandana (Chandi) Jayawardena. "Engaging the rural communities of Sri Lanka in sustainable tourism." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 5, no. 5 (November 11, 2013): 464–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-06-2013-0037.
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Anuradha, P. I., and R. Lalitha S. Fernando. "Factors Affecting Successful Implementation of Poverty Alleviation Policy in Sri Lanka." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 7, no. 4 (December 20, 2017): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v7i4.12339.
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Poverty is a critical and social issue in the developing world. Various policy measures have been taken by the countries for reducing this issue. Similarly, Sri Lanka has been taken many initiatives. But the incidence of poverty has not come down as expected. For an example, the Poverty Head Count Ratio in rural sector was 29.4% in 1990 and 24.7 % in 2012 (Census and Statistic Department in Sri Lanka). Among the many reasons for failure of these, poor implementation is imperative. In this context, this paper carries out an empirical study to identify the factors affecting successful implementation of poverty alleviation policy. Quantitative research method was used and primary data was gathered from 71 officers attached with the implementation process at the national, district, and divisional levels. A structured questionnaire was used with interviews for the data collection. Reliability analysis and factor analysis were undertaken to ensure the validity and reliability of the data. Correlation and regression analysis was undertaken in identifying the factors. The test result found that capability, disposition, number of people involved in the implementation, past experience of the implementing officers are significantly affecting on successful implementation of the policy. Based on the findings, policy measures are suggested for improving the policy implementation.
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Amarasinghe, Upali, Madar Samad, and Markandu Anputhas. "Spatial clustering of rural poverty and food insecurity in Sri Lanka." Food Policy 30, no. 5-6 (October 2005): 493–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2005.09.006.
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Karunaratna, Sumudu, Manuj C. Weerasinghe, Thushara Ranasinghe, Rohan Jayasuriya, Nadeeka Chandraratne, Hemantha Herath, and Matthew Quaife. "Improving uptake of non-communicable disease screening in Sri Lanka: eliciting people’s preferences using a discrete choice experiment." Health Policy and Planning 37, no. 2 (December 10, 2021): 218–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab141.
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Abstract A national programme to universally screen the population between 35 and 65 years for non-communicable diseases was established at ‘Healthy Lifestyle Centres (HLCs)’ in 2011 in Sri Lanka. Despite several efforts by policymakers, the uptake of screening remained <10% of the target population and with disparities in uptake across districts and among men and women. Considering service beneficiaries as a vital stakeholder, a discrete choice experiment was carried out to estimate people’s preference for a non-communicable disease screening service delivery model in rural, urban and estate sectors in a district in Sri Lanka. The choice design and the general survey questionnaire was developed through focus group discussions, literature reviews and stakeholder consultations. Data were collected by stratified random sampling, with 187 participants from the urban sector, 253 from the rural sector and 152 from the estate/plantation sector. People’s preference was assessed as utility estimates derived using multinomial logistic regression. Reliability was assessed within test among all study participants and with test–retest among 40 participants showed 80% precision. Urban and rural sectors gave the highest priority to workplace screening over screening at HLCs. The estates attributed the highest priority for cost-free screening. If cost-free screening is offered with having to spend 1–2 hours at the most preferred opening times for each sector with warm and friendly staff, the uptake of screening can predicted to be increased by 65, 29 and 21 times in urban, rural and estate sectors, respectively, relative to having to attend HLCs from 8 a.m. to 4 p.m., spending >2 hours and Rs. 1000 with unfriendly staff. Thus, people’s preferences on service delivery aspects seemed to have differed from government priorities. Preferences when ill and apparently healthy differed, as they preferred to spend less time and money when healthy than when ill.
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T. S. G. Peiris, M. T. N. Fernando, and S. Samarajeewa. "Factors influencing the use of coconut oil by the householders in Sri Lanka and their policy relevance to popularize the consumption of coconut oil." CORD 20, no. 02 (December 1, 2004): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.37833/cord.v20i02.388.
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In recent past the concept on the use of coconut oil (CNO) by the householders in Sri Lanka has been changing due to various reasons. The reasons were studied using the generalized linear models for the survey conducted during May/June 2001 for 366 householders representing three different population sectors (urban, rural and estate) and different income groups. The significant factors influencing the use of CNO are the type of oil used in past, monthly income, quality of CNO, misconception about CNO and the population sectors. The percentage of non-CNO users is considerably higher in the urban sector, whereas CNO still is the major edible oil in the rural and estate population sectors of Sri Lanka. The percentage of householders using CNO in the sample was 91.2. In 75% of the sample, the quantity of CNO consumption per person has reduced over the last five years. The main reason for dissatisfaction for CNO is adulteration. The proportion of CNO use was significantly higher in lower income groups than the higher income groups. The proportion of the CNO use decreased sharply when the income increases above Rs. 40,000 per month. The high-income earners have shifted their preferences towards other edible oil consumption. The findings of this study suggest that the growth of the per capita incomes and the rapid urbanization in the country further reduces the consumer demand for coconut oil, unless there are effective marketing strategies implemented to promote the CNO consumption in the long run. Both the proportion and rate of CNO use can be increased through an effective campaign via media. Improving the quality and dispelling the misconception among the householders would give better prospects to the coconut oil industry in Sri Lanka.
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Gunatilake, HM. "The role of rural development in protecting tropical rainforests: evidence from Sri Lanka." Journal of Environmental Management 53, no. 3 (July 1998): 273–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jema.1998.0201.
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Emran, M. Shahe, and Forhad Shilpi. "Do Land Market Restrictions Hinder Structural Change in a Rural Economy? Evidence from Sri Lanka." Bangladesh Development Studies XLIII, no. 3 & 4 (February 1, 2022): 01–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.57138/gdgc2344.
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This paper investigates the effects of land market restrictions on structural change from agriculture to non-agriculture in a rural economy. A model with higher migration costs due to land restrictions identifies the possibility of a reverse structural change where the share of non-agricultural employment declines. For identification, this paper exploits a natural experiment in Sri Lanka, where historical malaria played a unique role in land policy. The evidence indicates significant adverse effects of land restrictions on manufacturing and services employment. Land restrictions increase wage employment in agriculture but reduce it in manufacturing and services, with no effects on self-employment in non-agriculture.
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Pallegedara, Asankha, and Ajantha Sisira Kumara. "Spending privately for education despite having a free public education policy: evidence from Sri Lankan household surveys." International Journal of Social Economics 47, no. 5 (May 6, 2020): 561–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2019-0445.
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PurposeCompared to other neighbouring South Asian countries, Sri Lanka performs well in terms of education outcomes. Education is provided by the government for free from primary school level to the first-degree University level, yet households’ private education expenses are steadily increasing over time. Thus, this paper analyses trends and determinants of household private education expenditures using the country-wide micro-data from 1990 to 2013.Design/methodology/approachUsing Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) 1990/91, 2002 and 2012/13 data along with annual school census data, this paper examines the relationship between private education expenditure patterns and the observed changes of reported both demand-side and supply-side factors. In particular, the present paper analyses determinants of household private education expenditures within the two-part model econometric framework by taking into account location and time fixed-effects.FindingsThe results show that trend of spending privately for education is increasing over time with rising household income. Rural, Tamil and Islamic households and those headed by less-educated members are less likely to spend privately for education. The results also confirm that improved-supply-side factors can significantly lower the household burden arising from out-of-pocket education expenditure.Research limitations/implicationsUnavailability of panel data and missing data on several districts due to security concerns are limitations of the study.Social implicationsThe trend of increasing private education expenses has implications on equity concerns of education in Sri Lanka, and it can undermine the purpose of free public education policy.Originality/valueTo our knowledge, this is the first study for Sri Lanka that examines patterns and determinants of private education expenditures using nationwide data for last two decades. This paper applies novel econometric techniques to account for various issues in household survey data analysis.Peer reviewThe peer review history for this article is available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/IJSE-07-2019-0445
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Ranasinghe, T. T. "A sustainable extension package for rural and urban communities: An undertaking in western Sri Lanka." International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology 1, no. 4 (December 1994): 259–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504509409469881.
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Wijayatunga, Priyantha D. C., and Rahula A. Attalage. "Socio-economic impact of solar home systems in rural Sri Lanka: a case-study." Energy for Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (June 2005): 5–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60487-1.
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Jayasinghe, N. R., W. Rupananda, and M. Hettigama. "Socio-economic impacts of dendrothermal power generation in rural Sri Lanka: a case-study." Energy for Sustainable Development 10, no. 3 (September 2006): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0973-0826(08)60545-1.
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Perera, E. L. Sunethra J. "FERTILITY TRANSITION IN SRI LANKA: IS IT A TEMPORARY PHENOMENON?" Journal of Biosocial Science 49, S1 (November 2017): S116—S130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932017000384.
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SummaryThis paper examines the fertility transition and its recent dynamics in Sri Lanka using data from Demographic and Health Surveys and Population Censuses. Fertility trends and patterns were analysed for two periods: 1953–2000 and 2000–2012. The findings revealed that Sri Lanka’s fertility transition has been relatively rapid and has taken place over a period of about four decades to reach replacement level. Social and health-related factors, including decline in maternal and infant mortality, increase in women’s education, changes in institutions, reproductive values and behaviour, and increased contraceptive use all contributed to bringing down the fertility level by 2000. However, in the 2006/07 Sri Lankan DHS and 2012 Population Census, a slight increase in Total Fertility Rate (TFR) to 2.3 and 2.4, respectively, was observed. Binary logistic regression estimates based on 2006/2007 DHS data were used to identify the significant predictors of fertility preferences of ever-married women. The analysis of factors affecting the likelihood of having a larger family (more than 2 children) revealed that lower educated women were more likely to have a higher number of children than their counterparts with a higher level of education. Women who lived in rural and estate (commercial area of 20 acres or more employing 10 or more labourers) sectors were 1.4 and 1.2 times, respectively, more likely to prefer more children compared with urban women. In terms of ethnic groups, Moor and Tamil women were 4.5 and 1.4 times, respectively, more likely to prefer more children than Sinhalese women. When the economic status of women was considered, the poorer women were 1.4 times more likely to desire a higher number of children compared with rich women, while women in the middle wealth quintile were 1.2 times more likely to desire more children. The findings suggest that the Sri Lankan government should re-visit population and reproductive health policy and family planning programmes to see how it can better manage fertility among the different population groups in Sri Lanka.
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Sisira Kumara, Ajantha, and Vilani Sachitra. "Modeling the participation in physical exercises by university academic community in Sri Lanka." Health Education 121, no. 5 (June 15, 2021): 504–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-02-2021-0031.
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PurposeThe World Health Organization issued its global action plan on physical activities 2018–2030, emphasizing the importance of context-specific evidence on the subject. Accordingly, this study aims to provide unique and important policy insights on trends and drivers of participation in physical exercises by academic community in Sri Lankan universities.Design/methodology/approachFor this purpose, we collected cross-sectional data (n = 456) in 2020 using a survey, and first, estimated a double-hurdle model to uncover covariates influencing likelihood and intensity of physical exercises overall. Second, count-data models are estimated to capture regularity of key exercises.FindingsThe results reveal that about 50% of members do not participate in any general physical exercise. Older members (marginal effect (ME) = 3.764, p < 0.01), non-Buddhists (ME = 54.889, p < 0.01) and alcohol consumers (ME = 32.178, p < 0.05) exhibit a higher intensity of participating in exercises overall. The intensity is lower for rural members (ME = −63.807, p < 0.01) and those with health insurance covers (ME = −31.447, p < 0.05). Individuals diagnosed for chronic illnesses show a higher likelihood of exercising but, their time devotion is limited. The number of children the academic staff members have as parents reduces the likelihood, but for those who choose to exercise have higher time devotion with increased number of children. The covariates play a similar role in determining regularity of key exercises: walking, jogging and exercising on workout machines.Research limitations/implicationsThe results imply a need to promote exercising in general and particularly among younger, healthy, insured and female individuals living in rural sector.Originality/valueThe study covers an under-researched professional sub-group in an under-researched developing context, examining both the likelihood and regularity of exercising as both dimensions are equally important for individuals to maintain healthy lives.
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Kok, Jan, Luc Bulten, and Bente M. de Leede. "Persecuted or permitted? Fraternal Polyandry in a Calvinist colony, Sri Lanka (Ceylon), seventeenth and eighteenth centuries." Continuity and Change 36, no. 3 (December 2021): 331–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000308.
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AbstractSeveral studies assume that Calvinist Christianity severely undermined or even persecuted the practice of polyandry in the Sri Lankan areas under Dutch control. We analyze Dutch colonial policy and Church activities toward polyandry by combining ecclesiastical and legal sources. Moreover, we use the Dutch colonial administration of the Sinhalese population to estimate the prevalence of polyandry. We conclude that polyandry was far from extinct by the end of the Dutch period and we argue that the colonial government was simply not knowledgeable, interested and effective enough to persecute the practice in the rural areas under its control.
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Gudmann Knutsson, Sophie, Therese Asplund, Gunnar Höst, and Konrad J. Schönborn. "Public Perceptions of Waste Management in Sri Lanka: A Focus Group Study." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 12960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132312960.
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The prevention, reduction, recycling and reuse of waste is promoted by the United Nation’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, but many countries lack both necessary resources and infrastructure for sound waste management. While literature pinpoints the need for an engaged public and suggests a range of factors and supportive actions that may impact citizens’ waste behaviour, qualitative in-depth studies for engaging in waste management practices remain scarce. This study aimed to investigate perceptions of waste management and underlying behaviours for waste practices in the context of household waste management in Sri Lanka. Six focus group interviews were held with 23 residents across 6 regions in Sri Lanka. A thematic analysis of the interview transcripts revealed perceptions of four waste management systems, together with five motivational aspects of waste practices in urban, suburban, and rural areas. The analysis further considers how the motivational aspects are interlinked with practices within citizens’ perceived systems. In addition to the novel thematic contribution to the field, the findings can be used as a foundation to inform strategies to communicate with selected target audiences about their local challenges for sustainable waste management practices, in an attempt to influence citizen behaviours.
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Ekanayake, E. M. B. P., Yi Xie, and Shahzad Ahmad. "Rural Residents’ Participation Intention in Community Forestry-Challenge and Prospect of Community Forestry in Sri Lanka." Forests 12, no. 8 (August 7, 2021): 1050. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081050.
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The contribution of local communities has become widely recognized as a better alternative in forest management than the traditional command-based control approach. However, several years later of implementation, most programs were failed due to a lack of community participation, imposing an uncertain future for community forestry. This paper examines rural Sri Lankans’ participation intention in community forestry (CF) program by using the Probit regression model. Randomly selected 300 individuals representing both CF members and non-CF members were interviewed for the study. The study results indicate that rural residents’ intention in future CF program negatively correlated with the participation status (CF membership) of individuals. Accordingly, CF members show less participation intention in future CF program than non-CF members. Socio-economic variables such as education level (p < 0.01) and the occupation of head of the household (p < 0.05) and total household income (p < 0.01) have significant influences on individuals’ participation intention in CF. In addition, non-monetary benefits derived from CF and perception on the product regulation and conflict mitigation are also appeared to significantly and positively affect villagers’ intention. The findings also revealed the knowledge gap on the purpose of the CF program and CF policy design. Hence, require immediate attention to improve awareness. Moreover, failure to raise local people’s participation intention in CF may indicate inadequate or ineffective government policies. Therefore, the Department of Forest Conservation should take sound measures to ensure that community-based forest management policies are consistently implemented at different administrative levels across the country and its rightness should be evaluated strictly.
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Jayasekera, Dumindu L., Jagath J. Kaluarachchi, and Karen G. Villholth. "Groundwater stress and vulnerability in rural coastal aquifers under competing demands: a case study from Sri Lanka." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 176, no. 1-4 (June 18, 2010): 13–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1563-8.
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De Zoysa, Mangala. "Public-Private Partnerships in Forestry Management in Sri Lanka: Emergence, Influence and Legitimacy." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 9, no. 2 (April 25, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v9i2.16752.
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Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are considered as “win-win” solutions to both government and market failures in sustainable forest management. PPPs in Sri Lanka are filling a regulatory gap resulting from withdrawal of government from the management of forest resources. The national forest policy has emphasized afforestation, conservation and protection as the main components of emerged government-community, donor–recipient and public–private partnerships with local people, rural communities and other stakeholders. Timber and fuel-wood plantations, and agro-forestry woodlots have been established through partnerships. Eco-tourism has been given special emphasis through partnerships between the government agencies, private sector and communities. Private sector involves in forestry as a business through sustainable agro-forestry, imparting financial gain. The government has identified risk mitigation as an integral part of the government–community partnership planning process. Investments of private sector in forest management are committed to enhance inflow of foreign exchange earnings through the export of value added forest products. The Forest Ordinance has empowered Forest Department for the management, protection and development of forest resources. PPPs are far less frequent in rule-setting and implementation of timber and fuel-wood plantations and agro-forestry woodlots. Work undertaken by community based organizations in PPPs occurs on a minor scale. Private-sector involvement in forest resources management has raised serious concerns by public perception about conflict of interest. The Government needs serious efforts and amendment of forest policies to promote public-private partnerships for the sustainable development of forest resources.
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Fuentes, Ronald. "Transnational Sri Lankan Sinhalese family language policy: Challenges and contradictions at play in two families in the U.S." Multilingua 39, no. 4 (July 26, 2020): 475–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/multi-2019-0077.
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AbstractThis study examines how the transnational lives of two Sinhalese-speaking Sri Lankan families in the rural U.S. influenced family language policy (FLP) and how they (re)positioned themselves in response to their transnational lives. Employing an ethnographic design, including interviews and observations, this study explores the families’ language ideologies and management strategies and the factors that shaped their policies. Both families held similar language ideologies but contrasting management strategies that were informed by a differing socioeconomic status and eventual home country return, and which in turn led to different ways of FLP formation and implementation. FLPs were aimed at accruing capital and social prestige to facilitate the navigation of spaces in family members’ present and (imagined) future lives in Sri Lanka and the U.S., and possibly beyond; yet, these same policies created a sense of ambivalence in regards to transnationals’ cultural and linguistic identities and attachments. The findings show the competing and contradictory forces at play in transnational bilingual children’s heritage language development. This study draws attention to how transnationals navigate global citizenry and how they make decisions about language as they reimagine and refashion their membership into multiple communities in an interconnected world.
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Jayasinghe, Naduni, Nishara Fernando, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Richard Haigh, and Kithugasmulle Lekamalage Wathsala Indeevarie Gunathilake. "Exploring the Impact of Planned Relocation on Agricultural Income Generation in Sri Lanka." Journal of Regional and City Planning 33, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5614/jpwk.2022.33.1.1.
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The recent global acknowledgement of the importance of disaster risk reduction (DRR) in steering the world towards sustainable development can be discerned in the Sendai Framework for DRR 2015-2030 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Ironically, certain DRR strategies like planned relocation have often undermined agricultural production, which is paramount for achieving certain Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as ‘Zero Poverty’ and ‘Zero Hunger’. This paper explores the impact of planned relocation on the agricultural income generating activities of rural communities relocated under a landslide induced relocation program executed in the Y district of Sri Lanka. Further, it discusses the extent to which the outcomes of said relocation program comply with the Post-2015 Sustainable Development Agenda, thereby informing future policy directions towards planning, designing and executing DRR measures aimed at sustainable development. This study drew on a survey administered among 435 households who have been resettled under said project. The data was analyzed using the descriptive statistical method interactively with the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the MS Excel software. The findings of this study show that relocation has generated unfavorable outcomes for relocatees who depended on agriculture as primary or subsidiary source of income. This group of relocatees was also characterized by pre-existing vulnerabilities, rendering it difficult for them to adapt to the risks and stresses caused by relocation. Agricultural income generating activities are particularly threatened by relocation initiatives, as such activities are reliant on immovable assets like land. Therefore, special attention should be paid to rebuilding livelihoods of agricultural communities in planning, designing and implementing relocation programs. Given the significance of agriculture in achieving certain SDGs, failure to do so will lend to dissonance between DRR measures and the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda, subduing the efficacy of DRR in protecting development gains.
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Daluwatte, D. D. S., and S. Sivakumar. "Community-based water governance for adaptation to water reduction and scarcity in Badulla district of Sri Lanka." Journal of Water and Climate Change 13, no. 2 (December 7, 2021): 451–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.382.
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Abstract Sustainable Development Goal number 6 declares safe drinking water for all as a human right and it can be used as an indicator to measure development. While urban and municipal residents benefit from safe drinking water through centralized water supply systems, water supply for rural areas and estates were decentralized due to large construction costs, according to the demand-driven approach introducing community governance mechanism for water sources and water supply in rural areas. Community-based water societies emerged as a consequence of this situation. In Badulla district of Sri Lanka, 47% of community-based water societies depend upon natural water springs benefitting 46% of households in a particular area. Recently, two natural water springs dried up affecting 191 households and 10 community-based water societies who depend on natural water springs are regulating their water supply hours due to a long and extended drought situation. This affected 1,953 households in Badulla. Further it represents 8.4% of households who depend upon natural water springs. Owing to the present water scarcity, 37 community-based water societies started catchment protection initiatives with the support of government and non-governmental agencies. One community-based water society in this district has collapsed due to lack of water with the drying up of their natural water spring and another is functioning with an alternative water source. Other community-based water societies are functioning to a varying extent because of water level reduction in natural water springs. While the climate is changing, there are development initiatives that, in particular, are affecting natural water springs.
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D.A.T., Kumari, Ferdous Azam S. M., and Siti Khalidah. "The Impact of Financial Literacy on Women’s Economic Empowerment in Developing Countries: A Study Among the Rural Poor Women in Sri Lanka." Asian Social Science 16, no. 2 (January 31, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v16n2p31.
Full textAbstract:
The World Bank, in 2016 defined women’s empowerment as a principle for sustainable development and for the fulfilment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Economic empowerment has been identified as a main section of women’s empowerment in literature. Economic empowerment directly influences the improvement of women’s decision-making power and their financial well-being. Previous researchers have explored many antecedents of women’s economic empowerment; among them financial literacy is the most significant determinant in literature. Financial literacy defines as a combination of financial knowledge, financial skills and financial attitudes. Further many researchers argue that financial literacy has greater importance for increasing economic empowerment among women. However, the most important argument is whether financial literacy is a significant determinant of women’s economic empowerment in Sri Lankan context. Therefore, the present study mainly focuses on exploring the impact of financial literacy among rural poor on their economic empowerment in the context of Sri Lanka. The sample for this study was drawn from under privileged families who are living under the poverty line in 09 provinces in the country. Altogether 426 questionnaires were distributed and 386 completed questionnaires were taken for final analysis. There were 24 items employed to represents 5 main dimensions to measure the women’s economic empowerment (i.e.: 1. Decision-making power, 2. Control over the use of income and expenditure, 3. Leadership in the community, 4. Control over time allocation and 5. Financial wellbeing). And financial literacy was tested based on 25 items which was employed to determine the 04 key factors (i.e.: 1. Financial awareness, 2. Financial knowledge, 3. Financial skills, 4. Financial attitude and 5. Financial behavior). The reliability was measured by Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients. Data were collected with the assistance of a researcher administrated questionnaire. The sample was selected based on the multilevel mixed sampling method and the unit of analysis was the women headed households in rural areas representing 25 Districts represented each province of the country. Furthermore, a partial least squares structural equation model (PLS-SEM) was employed as the principle data analysis approach, and Smart PLS 3 was employed as the main analytical software. However, descriptive analysis was done by using SPSS 22.
The findings revealed that, the financial literacy has significant impact on women’s economic empowerment among the rural poor. However, when it was considered under separate dimensions, financial wellbeing and control over time allocation have significant impact on financial literacy among rural women. Further it was noted that all the hypotheses were accepted after the analysis. Therefore, researcher concluded that financial literacy can be considered as a significant determinant of women economic empowerment in Sri Lankan context as well. Finally, the researcher provides some suggestions for government policy decision makers to develop financial literacy level for enhancing women’s economic empowerment in Sri Lanka.
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deHaan, Rachel, Helen Hambly Odame, Naresh Thevathasan, and Sarath P. Nissanka. "Local Knowledge and Perspectives of Change in Homegardens: A Photovoice Study in Kandy District, Sri Lanka." Sustainability 12, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 6866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12176866.
Full textAbstract:
Kandyan homegardens are traditional agroforestry systems that exist to support rural livelihoods in Kandy District, Sri Lanka. These agro-ecosystems have been sustained over generations of socio-ecological change and are recognized today for their biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services. The main drivers of adaption and the sustainability of homegardens are the local farmers who manage them on a daily basis. However, despite being key stakeholders, local communities have seldom been included in research, especially through participatory approaches. This study utilized a participatory and visual method called photovoice to reveal the local perspectives and experiences of socio-ecological change as viewed by 24 Kandyan homegardeners. The results highlight visual documentation and narrative that publicly displayed farmers’ perspectives of their current homegardening situation and the major challenges they face. The priorities for future conservation of homegardens include addressing wildlife conflict and crop damage, the lack of land to grow, and a decline in available labor and interest in agriculture, especially among younger household members. Our results indicate that the photovoice process allowed for rich, varied, and in-depth stories of the human-ecological relationship in homegardens to emerge. Consideration of these relationships and the knowledge of local communities are necessary for understanding socio-ecological change in homegardens, and key to sustainable development. Photovoice, we conclude, is a robust method for research in agroforestry systems that can effectively engage local farmers and produce participant-driven data that are potentially well suited to complement other methods for a more holistic approach to understanding homegardens.
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Majewski, Sebastian, Urszula Mentel, Raufhon Salahodjaev, and Marek Cierpiał-Wolan. "Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from South Asian Countries." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041327.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study is to shed light on the nexus between electricity supply and economic growth in South Asian countries during 1990–2018. The study employs Pedroni’s panel cointegration test as well as Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s (DH) causality test for panel data. The empirical results confirm a long-term relationship between electricity supply and economic growth. We fail to reject the non-causal relationship between electricity supply and economic growth for the panel, thereby affirming the neutrality hypothesis. Single country causality analysis reveals the growth hypothesis in the case of Pakistan. These results have a number of policy implications. For example, governments can introduce measures to improve energy efficiency in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka without fear of harming economic growth. The results for Pakistan may also imply that fostering green energy generation would lead to a positive effect on economic growth via improved electricity production. The government may use various policy tools to stimulate adoption of renewable energy, such as fiscal incentives, low interest loans, or grants for rural populations to speed up the green energy transformation.
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Risna, U. Fathima, and M. N. Nuska Banu. "A Study On The Problems, And Issues Of The Handloom Industry; A Special Reference Of Maruthamunai Area." Journal of Image Processing and Intelligent Remote Sensing, no. 11 (September 23, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jipirs.11.1.12.
Full textAbstract:
The handloom industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. From the earliest times it has been seen as a profession intertwined with human life. Manpower is seen as more essential than capital to the handloom industry. As a result, the industry is gaining ground in more populous countries where man power is readily available. As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, most of the people living in rural areas are engaged in weaving here. Nowadays, however, weavers encounter many problems, and challenges. In the Maruthamunai, handloom industry has been chosen to explore this, explore the challenges, and issues they face. Based on this, this study aims to identify ways to improve this industry. In addition, the sub-objective is to identify the problems in advancing the weaving or handloom industry, and to come up with solutions. Field visit, observation, interviews, and questionnaire were the primary data collection method of the study. The questionnaires were distributed in random sampling method to 638 handloom small scale weavers among 8 Grama Nilathari Divisions of Maruthamunai, in order to achieve the sub objective of the study. Statistical reports, and annual reports of DSD, and GND, published articles, magazines, books, and internet sources were considered as the secondary data for the study. As well, the first, and secondary data thus obtained are analyzed through ArcGIS 10.3, and presented as graphs, tables, and diagrams. The study area Maruthamunai has identified a number of issues in various fields such as raw material products, and appropriate solutions have been proposed.
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Risna, U. Fathima, and M. N. Nuska Banu. "A Study on the Problems, And Issues of the Handloom Industry; A Special Reference of Maruthamunai Area." April-May 2022, no. 23 (May 26, 2022): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jmc23.16.27.
Full textAbstract:
The handloom industry is one of the oldest industries in the world. From the earliest times it has been seen as a profession intertwined with human life. Manpower is seen as more essential than capital to the handloom industry. As a result, the industry is gaining ground in more populous countries where man power is readily available. As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, most of the people living in rural areas are engaged in weaving here. Nowadays, however, weavers encounter many problems, and challenges. In the Maruthamunai, handloom industry has been chosen to explore this, explore the challenges, and issues they face. Based on this, this study aims to identify ways to improve this industry. In addition, the sub-objective is to identify the problems in advancing the weaving or handloom industry, and to come up with solutions. Field visit, observation, interviews, and questionnaire were the primary data collection method of the study. The questionnaires were distributed in random sampling method to 638 handloom small scale weavers among 8 Grama Nilathari Divisions of Maruthamunai, in order to achieve the sub objective of the study. Statistical reports, and annual reports of DSD, and GND, published articles, magazines, books, and internet sources were considered as the secondary data for the study. As well, the first, and secondary data thus obtained are analyzed through ArcGIS 10.3, and presented as graphs, tables, and diagrams. The study area Maruthamunai has identified a number of issues in various fields such as raw material products, and appropriate solutions have been proposed.
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Arzal, Mohammad. "K. Mahadevan (ed). Fertility Policies in Asian Countries. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1989.320 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs 225.00." Pakistan Development Review 32, no. 2 (June 1, 1993): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i2pp.223-225.
Full textAbstract:
The book consists of twelve papers and presents the contributors' observations regarding fertility control policies in Australia, Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Kuwait, Malaysia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, and Thailand. In the first paper, which provides a perspective (mostly in the Indian context) to the concerns about policy formulation for fertility control, the authors discuss various issues and place an emphasis on the multi sectoral approach. The need to implement the policies for eligible couples, for female education and enhancement of female status, for strengthening the strategies for programme development and management, and for making policies relating to the elderly people, is stressed in this paper. The paper on planned birth policies of China provides a view of the actions and the successes achieved through organised programmes in the recent years. Conceding that the programme in China was not entirely voluntary, the paper also highlights the problems and failures of the fertility control efforts through the emphasis on a single-child family, especially in the rural areas.
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Horbulyk, Theodore, Kashi Kafle, and Soumya Balasubramanya. "Community response to the provision of alternative water supplies: A focus on chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) in rural Sri Lanka." Water International 46, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 37–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2020.1868124.
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Guruge, Keerthi S., Sachi Taniyasu, Nobuyoshi Yamashita, Sumedha Wijeratna, Keerthi M. Mohotti, Harsha R. Seneviratne, Kurunthachalam Kannan, Noriko Yamanaka, and Shigeru Miyazaki. "Perfluorinated organic compounds in human blood serum and seminal plasma: a study of urban and rural tea worker populations in Sri Lanka." Journal of Environmental Monitoring 7, no. 4 (2005): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b412532k.
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Ranagalage, Manjula, Yuji Murayama, DMSLB Dissanayake, and Matamyo Simwanda. "The Impacts of Landscape Changes on Annual Mean Land Surface Temperature in the Tropical Mountain City of Sri Lanka: A Case Study of Nuwara Eliya (1996–2017)." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (October 6, 2019): 5517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195517.
Full textAbstract:
Although urbanization has contributed to improving living conditions, it has had negative impacts on the natural environment in urbanized areas. Urbanization has changed the urban landscape and resulted in increasing land surface temperature (LST). Thus, studies related to LST in various urban environments have become popular. However, there are few LST studies focusing on mountain landscapes (i.e., hill stations). Therefore, this study investigated the changes in the landscape and their impacts on LST intensity (LSTI) in the tropical mountain city of Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka. The study utilized annual median temperatures extracted from Landsat data collected from 1996 to 2017 based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) interface. The fractions of built-up (BL), forested (FL) and agricultural (AL) land, were calculated using land use and cover maps based on urban–rural zone (URZ) analysis. The urban–rural margin was demarcated based on the fractions of BL (<10%), and LSTI that were measured using the mean LST difference in the urban–rural zone. Besides, the mixture of land-use types was calculated using the AL/FL and BL/FL fraction ratios, and grid-based density analysis. The results revealed that the BL in all URZs rapidly developed, while AL decreased during the period 1996 to 2017. There was a minimal change in the forest area of the Nuwara Eliya owing to the government’s forest preservation policies. The mean temperature of the study area increased by 2.1 °C from 1996 to 2017. The magnitude of mean LST between urban–rural zones also increased from 1.0 °C (1996) to 3.5 °C (2017). The results also showed that mean LST was positively correlated with the increase and decrease of the BL/FL and AL/FL fraction ratios, respectively. The grid-based analysis showed an increasing, positive relationship between mean LST and density of BL. This indicated that BL density had been a crucial element in increasing LST in the study area. The results of this study will be a useful indicator to introduce improved landscape and urban planning in the future to minimize the negative impact of LST on urban sustainability.
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Nadeeshani, Malka, Thanuja Ramachandra, Sachie Gunatilake, and Nisa Zainudeen. "Carbon Footprint of Green Roofing: A Case Study from Sri Lankan Construction Industry." Sustainability 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 6745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13126745.
Full textAbstract:
At present, the world is facing many hurdles due to the adverse effects of climate change and rapid urbanization. A lot of rural lands and villages are merged into cities by citizens, resulting in high carbon emission, especially in the built environment. Besides, the buildings and the construction sector are responsible for high levels of raw material consumption and around 40% of energy- and process-related emissions. Consequently, the interest in defining the carbon footprint of buildings and their components is on the rise. This study assesses the carbon footprint of a green roof in comparison to a conventional roof in a tropical climate with the aim of examining the potential carbon emission reduction by a green roof during its life cycle. A comparative case study analysis was carried out between an intensive green roof and a concrete flat roof located on two recently constructed commercial buildings in the Colombo district of Sri Lanka. Data were collected from interviews, project documents and past literature in addition to on-site data measurements and a comparison of life cycle carbon emissions of the two roof types was carried out. The results revealed that the operational phase has the highest contribution to the carbon footprint of both roof types. In the operational phase, the green roof was found to significantly reduce heat transfer by nearly 90% compared to the concrete flat roof and thereby contributed to an annual operational energy saving of 135.51 kWh/m2. The results further revealed that the life cycle carbon emissions of the intensive green roof are 84.71% lower compared to the conventional concrete flat roof. Hence, this study concludes that the use of green roofs is a suitable alternative for tropical cities for improving the green environment with substantial potential for carbon emission reduction throughout the life cycle of a building.
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Narayan, Prem, and Subhash Chand. "Explaining status and scope of pomegranate production in India: An economic analysis." INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS AND STATISTICS 11, no. 2 (September 15, 2020): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/irjaes/11.2/157-165.
Full textAbstract:
The pomegranate was found very profitable crop as compared to others traditional food and oilseeds crops. Laying the route map to double the farmer’s income has decided to double farmers’ income by 2022 by improving technology and policy, increasing milk production and high value crops production like; fruits and vegetable. It will require annual growth rate 10.4 per cent (Ramesh Chand, 2017). The area and production of the pomegranate was recorded 124 thousand hectares, 884 thousand tons and productivity 71.3 quintals, respectively during 2007-08. There was seen quantum jump in both area and production from 113 to 216 thousand hectares about twice and 745 to 2613 thousand tons almost 3.5 times, respectively, during 2012-13 to 2016-17. The highest share of major importing countries like; United Arab Emirates 42.82 per cent, Bangladesh 24.49 per cent, Nepal 8.03 per cent, Saudi Arabia 5.87, Kuwait 2.57 per cent, Netherland 2.53 and the other like Sri Lanka, Thailand, Bahrain and Malaysia below 2 per cent during (TE) 2016-17. A basket of the pomegranate has embedded in human history and its utilization was associated with several ancient cultures for its fruit, nutritional and medicinal value of pharmaceutical industries. In the recent past, its wide range of significance in human health, malnutrition and provide better livelihood security in rural and urban areas. Therefore, production of pomegranate not only will boost the income of the farmers but also ensure the social security in India.
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Salau, Wahab, and Paul Ifatokun Ifabiyi. "HYDRO-GEOMORPHIC FACTORS AND THE POTENTIAL OF HYDROKINETIC POWER PRODUCTION UPSTREAM OF IKERE GORGE DAM, NIGERIA." Geosfera Indonesia 4, no. 1 (April 29, 2019): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/geosi.v4i1.9511.
Full textAbstract:
The operation of hydrokinetic turbine depends on river flow and pressure head (∆H) which are of high potential in many parts of Nigeria. This study attempts the analysis of the potential of the area upstream of Ikere Gorge dam for hydrokinetic potential. Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to determine the hydrological parameters of the sub-basins. Pearson Moment Correlation and linear regression methods were used to find the relationships between morphometric properties and the discharge parameters. Hydrological modeling and statistical computations were done to estimate the theoretical potential of the catchment. The result shows that River Oshe has 9.542 MW, which is the highest potential while River Konsun with 1.161 MW has the lowest potential Pearson Moment Correlation shows that there is strong positive relation of 0.7 between slope and pressure head (∆H) at 0.05 significant levels. The result of the multiple regression show that hydro-geomorphic factors explained 59.1% of the variance in the explanation of hydrokinetic power potential upstream of Ikere gorge dam.
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Abeywardana, Thanuksha. "Effect of population dynamics on Livelihood Security in rural Sri Lanka." Bangladesh Journal of Public Administration, September 2, 2021, 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36609/bjpa.v29i1.266.
Full textAbstract:
Out of 20.82 million total population of Sri Lanka, 81.70% of the population lives in rural areas (Quandl, 2015). From 2005 to 2016 government expenditure for agriculture based actions shows the trend of decreasing while the development policy gradually changes the path from agricultural based economy to an industrial based economy over last few decades. However, poverty head count measures in 2006/2007 of Sri Lanka indicate that the percentage of people living in poverty in the rural sector is significant and the percentage of underweight children in rural areas is 38.3%, which is considerably higher than that of urban areas (29.9%). Thus, this status brought about the primary research question of how does the country achieve livelihood security. Thus, the objectives of this research are, to examine the factors affecting livelihood security and to understand the view of rural communities’ population dynamics on livelihood security. The research was carried out in mixed research design. The results show that access to livelihood resources also was not affected by gender, age, education and household income. However, in the analysis, both males and females were dissatisfied with the access to livelihood resources. Thus, in forming and implementation of development policies Sri Lanka needs to ensure community livelihood security.
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Agampodi, Thilini Chanchala, Neerodha Kithmini Dharmasoma, Iresha Sandamali Koralagedara, Thushari Dissanayaka, Janith Warnasekara, Suneth Buddhika Agampodi, and Rafael Perez-Escamilla. "Barriers for early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding up to six months in predominantly rural Sri Lanka: a need to strengthen policy implementation." International Breastfeeding Journal 16, no. 1 (April 8, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13006-021-00378-0.
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Abstract Background Sri Lanka was named as the first-ever ‘Green’ breastfeeding nation status by the World Breastfeeding Trends Initiative (WBTi) in January 2020. However, improvements are still needed. This study aims to identify barriers and facilitators for early initiation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months in rural Sri Lanka. Methods We conducted in-depth interviews with 16 mothers with infants, who had been unable to practice early initiation of breastfeeding and/or exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), in six child-welfare clinics in Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka. Three focus group discussions were held with public health midwives (PHMs). Initial thematic analysis that built upon force field and social learning theories was performed. Results Main barriers for EBF were clustered at three time periods; during the first 2–3 days, 2–3 weeks, and 4–5 months postpartum. Early barriers included cesarean section pain, poor breast latch, maternal exhaustion, suboptimal maternity ward environment, and lack of support for breastfeeding. Around 2–3 weeks postpartum mothers introduced water or infant formula due to social norms and poor support. On-demand feeding was misunderstood. Around 4 and 5 months postpartum, EBF ended due to return to work. PHMs reported a heavy workload limiting their time to support breastfeeding. Conclusion EBF interruption was due to diverse individual- and environnmental- level barriers that varied across the first 6 months. To improve EBF, Sri Lanka should focus on strengthening policies for reducing the excessive rates of cesarean section, improving support in maternity ward facilities, fostering on-demand breastfeeding, enhancing support for working mothers and reducing the work load of PHMs.
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Gunarathne, Sajaan Praveena, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Thilini Chanchala Agampodi, Indika Ruwan Prasanna, and Suneth Buddhika Agampodi. "How costly is the first prenatal clinic visit? Analysis of out-of-pocket expenditure in rural Sri Lanka - a country with free maternal health care." BMC Health Services Research 21, no. 1 (September 16, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12913-021-07005-y.
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Abstract Background This study aimed to determine the magnitude of and factors associated with out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) during the first prenatal clinic visit among pregnant women in Anuradhapura district, Sri Lanka, which provides free maternal healthcare. Methods The study design was a cross-sectional study, and the study setting was 22 Medical Officers of Health (MOOH) areas in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka. Data of 1389 pregnant women were analyzed using descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests. Results The mean OOPE of the first prenatal clinic visit was USD 8.12, which accounted for 2.9 and 4.5% of the household income and expenditure, respectively. Pregnant women who used only government-free health services (which are free of charge at the point of service delivery) had an OOPE of USD 3.49. A significant correlation was recorded between household expenditure (rs = 0.095, p = 0.002) and the number of pregnancies (rs = − 0.155, p < 0.001) with OOPE. Education level less than primary education is positively contributed to OOPE (p < 0.05), and utilizing government-free maternal health services lead to a decrease in the OOPE for the first prenatal clinic visit (p < 0.05). Conclusion Despite having free maternal services, the OOPE of the first prenatal clinic visit is high in rural Sri Lanka. One-fifth of pregnant women utilize private health services, and pregnant women who used only government-free maternal health services also spend a direct medical cost for medicines/micronutrient supplements.
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Kumari I.G.S. and Ganeshmoorthy M. "A Study on the Relationship between Economic Growth and CO2 Emission: A Comparative Study on Selective Countries." Proceedings of International Forestry and Environment Symposium 26 (June 7, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fesympo.v26.5706.
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The relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission has been a widely researched topic in the global context. This paper intends to shed light on the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission in selected group of countries with special comparison between Sri Lanka and each country since it is the research gap identified by the researchers. The objective of this paper is to investigate the relationship between economic growth and CO2 emission in Sri Lanka in comparison with the reference countries. Examining the impact of the size of urban/rural population, GDP growth rate and electric power consumption on CO2 emission are specific objectives. The group of countries selected for this study are Sri Lanka, India, Norway, and the United States of America. This study uses secondary data for each country collected from the World Bank database for the period of 1994-2018. A period of 25 years with 20 cross sections draws 500 total observations. The Fixed Effect Panel Regression (FEPR) method is applied by using SPSS software as the analytical tool of the study. As expected, the p values of the study showed that there is a high impact of economic growth on CO2 emission in Sri Lanka and USA. Further, the study found that the economic growth of India and Norway have less effect on CO2 emission compared to Sri Lanka and USA. The study also found that the size of urban and rural population has a direct impact on CO2 emission in selected countries while GDP growth rate and electric power consumption has no impact into CO2 emission. The study concludes that the overall population of selected countries has significant impact on CO2 emissions since the increase in both urban and rural population has led to higher CO2 emission. Further, the research confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve analysis since the results show that the countries with higher GDP growth rate and electric power consumption are contributing to lower CO2 emission. Finally, the research suggests that the Sri Lankan policy makers to implement a suitable program to lower the environmental degradation within the country. Developing or importing appropriate and advanced technology can minimize the environmental impact on developing process.
Keywords: Economic growth, CO2 emission, Urban/rural population, GDP growth rate, Electric power consumption
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Wijayasinghe, Sachin. "Corporate Citizenship Behaviour and Rural Livelihoods: A Study on Multinational Corporations in Sri Lanka." Vidyodaya Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/vjm.v7i1.4910.
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Corporate citizenship seems a new conceptualization of the role of business in society. Disparity between rural and urban economy is growing and it is essential for multinational companies to address the issues benchmarking best practices. MNCs enter a nation with numerous guarantees but are they equipped for accomplishing objectives as a corporate citizen? Although the role of MNCs on local firms has been measured at different industry levels, rural livelihood perspective is unkempt in developing economies. The study aims to identify the roles of MNCs in enhancing the rural livelihoods of the dairy farmers in Sri Lanka. The study was based on an exploratory approach, adopting a qualitative research design with a thematic data analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews from twenty-five dairy farmers who were directly engaging with MNC subsidiaries operating in the rural community of Sri Lanka. The MNC has been able to enhance the rural livelihoods of the dairy farmers through generating of job opportunities and replacing conventional practices with modern technology, identifying the importance of knowledge management, understanding the value of quality, adhering to policies, standards and guidelines along with maintaining proper documentations and improving the return on invested capital. However, the MNC has failed to build strong relationships with local authorities and struggled to promote dairy farming as a main source of income. MNCs exercises in the developing context is still being contended and coordinating and compiling a policy framework with the local authorities could play a significant role in shaping the livelihoods of the dairy farmers.
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Warnasooriya, P. G. A. S., W. A. P. Weerakkody, N. A. S. P. Nissanka, and J. K. Vidanarachchi. "Assessment of Productivity and Income Generation from Rural Agricultural Systems in the Mid-country Wet Zone of Sri Lanka - A Case Study." Asian Journal of Advances in Agricultural Research, January 10, 2020, 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajaar/2020/v12i130069.
Full textAbstract:
Majority of the rural population in the wet mid elevations in Sri Lanka are predominantly engaged in Kandyan Homegardening (KHG) and smallholder tea cultivations (TS). Reports indicate that recent developments in this region are very low due to marketing, extension and production issues. The study was conducted to evaluate the recent changes in the agricultural productivity and other socio economic parameters of the households in a selected village belonging to Yatinuwara Divisional Secretariat in 2017. Information on social and family status, agricultural systems and income generation of a sample households (65%) were collected using a structured questionnaire. Results revealed that there was a trend of leaving agriculture by the young generation, resulting in just a 58.4% of the males (predominantly middle aged and old) for agriculture, mostly on part-time basis. Low percentage of women involvement in agricultural livelihoods clearly indicated their potential engagements in agricultural livelihoods in the future, bringing about a good solution for their unemployment issue. Nearly 76% families were engaged with KHGs whereas 36% and 7% were involved in TS and other cropping systems, respectively. The livestock sector was very much at a diminishing phase, limiting only to 7.8% of the households. The highest annual income was recorded by the TS, compared to KHG farmers. This could be justified with lower productivity of KHGs (compared to potential productivity of its major crop components). Majority of the households (38.2%) belongs to the lowest annual income category of less than Sri Lankan Rupees (LKR.) 50,000 (from agriculture). Hence a boost in agriculture will be an urgent need for improving the financial status and the living standards of the villagers. The outcome of the survey will be an eye-opening for policy makers and the institutional setup that are mandated for rural development in Sri Lanka.
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Murray, Francis Joseph, and David Colin Little. "Rural Consumer Preferences for Inland Fish and Their Substitutes in the Dry-Zone of Sri Lanka and Implications for Aquaculture Development." Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems 6 (April 14, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2022.867701.
Full textAbstract:
Poor understanding of market demand is a key factor in the recurrent failure of many production-orientated aquaculture interventions. In the Dry-Zone of Sri Lanka stocking-based fisheries enhancements in small-scale reservoirs have been promoted by the State since the 1980's with no evidence of sustainable adoption. Through an evaluation of positive (actual) and normative (aspirational) consumer preferences for inland fish and its substitutes, we aimed to assess underlying reasons for this recurrent failure and future prospects for the policy and rural food-security. Work commenced with a detailed scoping-analysis to establish socio-economic context and a sample frame for systematic surveys. Consumption recall and preference ranking/scoring techniques were applied in two iterative survey phases across 6 villages of Northwest Province. Totals of 39 and 165 respondents were surveyed across the two phases with selection stratified on age, gender, caste and wealth criteria. Results underscored the importance of inland fish to rural food security. Fresh inland fish was consumed by 60% of all respondents at least once per fortnight and by 82% at least once per month with tilapias accounting for 75–85% of meals. Preference for inland fish compared over similarly priced substitutes is attributable to their freshness at point of sale above any other intrinsic product quality. Larger inland and marine fish were more popular than smaller sizes of the same varieties though poorer households consumed lower cost small fresh tilapia (<180 g) and dried marine fish at higher frequency. Common carp an exotic candidate for culture-based reservoir stocking enhancements, held an intermediate position. National policies on inland aquaculture development and rural food security are discussed and recommendations made in the light of these findings.
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Senevirathne, S. M. P., M. H. S. M. Hettiarachchi, R. P. W. A. Dilrukshi, G. D. Kapila Kumara, A. D. Ampitiyawatta, and C. K. Beneragama. "Meta-analysis of Technical Efficiency in Selected Agricultural Sub-sectors: Implications for Policy Making in Developing Countries like Sri Lanka." Asian Journal of Research in Agriculture and Forestry, June 19, 2021, 42–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ajraf/2021/v7i230127.
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Aims: To evaluate the technical efficiency (TE) in selected agricultural sub-sectors and to propose possible policy interventions to the government with the aim of reducing the poverty of farmers in the developing world.
Study design: A meta-analysis based on empirical studies conducted by various scientists throughout the developing world.
Methodology: Research articles for the meta-analysis were selected using a thorough screening process based on the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) concept. Selected 94 articles were sub-divided in to three main agriculture sub-sectors for detailed analysis; (a) paddy, other field crops-OFC and vegetables, (b) fruits, and (c) livestock. Mean TE of each crop or livestock type was calculated by averaging the TE values for a particular crop or livestock type across different studies included in this study.
Results: TE data presented in the original articles showed a considerable dispersion within a given study. The highest mean TE was recorded in B-onion (0.83±0.15) whereas the lowest was recorded in maize (0.703±0.09) and in soybean (0.705±0.13). The TE of chili cultivation was 0.78 with the greatest variability (standard error of mean [SEM] 0.19) among the crops considered, which signifies the unpredictable nature of the chili cultivation. Mango was found to be the least technically efficient crop among the studied, with a mean TE of 0.596±0.11. Dairy, poultry and aquaculture farming operations were found to be highly technically efficient having mean TE values of 0.80±0.16, 0.89±0.02 and 0.88±0.08 respectively.
Conclusion: Findings of this study will lead to several key policy implications including, improvement of the socioeconomic characteristics of farmers, implementation of farmer field schools (FFS) and establishment of a cautious and gradual strategy for expansion of the rural financial institutions.
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Yatawara, Mangala, and Nalika Dayananda. "Use of corticolous lichens for the assessment of ambient air quality along rural–urban ecosystems of tropics: a study in Sri Lanka." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 191, no. 3 (February 22, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7334-2.
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Amarasinghe, Gayani Shashikala, Thilini Chanchala Agampodi, Vasana Mendis, and Suneth Buddhika Agampodi. "The geo-spatial perspective of biological, social and environmental determinants of early pregnancy anaemia in rural Sri Lanka: Need for context-specific approaches on prevention." Geospatial Health 17, no. 2 (November 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/gh.2022.1110.
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We provide a novel approach to understanding the multiple causations of maternal anaemia in a geospatial context, highlighting how genetics, environment and socioeconomic disparities at the micro-geographical level lead to the inequitable distribution of anaemia. All first-trimester pregnant women registered for the antenatal care programme in Anuradhapura District, Sri Lanka from July to September 2019 were invited to the Rajarata Pregnancy Cohort (RaPCo), which assessed the prevalence of anaemia in early pregnancy. The combination of the prevalence of anaemia and minor haemoglobinopathy-related anaemia (MHA) with the poverty headcount index of the 22 health divisions in the district was investigated using GeoDa spatial K-means clustering. Sociodemographic and economic data at the divisional level were compared between identified clusters. Combining the analysis with the geographical and environmental characteristics of the region, further hypotheses regarding anaemia in this community were formulated. The study included data from 3,137 pregnant women in early pregnancy. The anaemia and MHA prevalence varied from 13.6 to 21.7% and from 2.6% to 5%, respectively. We identified four distinct spatial clusters. The cluster with the highest anaemia prevalence also included high poverty and the highest prevalence of MHA. The clusters had significant differences with regard to ethnic distribution, access to water, sanitation and dietary patterns. Areas supplied by major irrigation projects had significantly low levels of anaemia, probably attributable to internal migration and improved livelihood. It was evident that genetic, socioeconomic and environmental risk factors were grouped at the divisional level, and that their complex interactions make controlling anaemia with blanket interventions unsuccessful. Analysis of the distribution of heterogeneous risk factors at the micro-geospatial level helped identify context-specific approaches to tackle anaemia in pregnancy.
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Fernando, G. M. T. S. "Identification of Urban Heat Islands &Its Relationship withVegetation Cover: A Case Study of Colombo & Gampaha Districts in Sri Lanka." Journal of Tropical Forestry and Environment 8, no. 2 (January 31, 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/jtfe.v8i2.3765.
Full textAbstract:
Global Warming is a major environmental problem that all kind of organisms has been affected at present. Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one of primary impacts of Global Warming. UHI is a phenomenon that the temperature of urban area is higher than surrounding rural areas or suburban areas. This increasing trend of temperature in urban areas affects many environmental entities such as air quality, water resources, habitats behaviors and climate changes. The most remarkable incident that relate with UHI is the difference of thermal properties of the surfaces. Many countries experience the consequences of Urban Heat Islands in many aspects such as economic, health, social and environmental affects. Thus to mitigate such impacts of UHI, it is very important to identify the main reasons behind this. In this paper UHIs in Colombo, Gampaha Districts and the relationship between UHI and vegetation cover were analyzed based on Landsat 8, 30m resolution data. Land Surface Temperature was derived from Landsat thermal Infrared band through several equations of United State Geological Survay (USGS) guidelines using Arc GIS 10. Conversion of Digital Number (DN) values to Top of Atmosphere (TOA) Radiance, Conversion of TOA Radiance to Satellite Brightness temperature and final calculation of Land Surface Temperature considering land surface emissivity are the steps that had been done for the analysis. Vegetation cover was derived by using vegetation index with the Red and Near Infra Red bands. The result shows that the land high surface temperature directly relates with the urbanized regions where vegetation cover is very less. High temperature difference could be identified that cause to arise the urban heat island effects in Colombo & Gampaha districts. There is a strong linearly negative correlation with correlation coefficient value of -0.742 between land surface temperature and vegetation cover. 78.8 km2 (including water) of total area had been identified as NDVI value less than 0.1. And extent of high temperature area was 74.12 km2 where temperature more than 27oC at 10.22am. The area in temperature range of 25-27 was 464.95km2 and area in NDVI value range 0.1-0.2 was 333.04 km2. 1471.1 km2 was identified as NDVI value between 0.3-0.4 and the area at low temperature was 1529 km2where temperature less than 25oC. According to this results, high temperature at non-vegetated areas and low temperature at vegetated areas could be noted very clearly. This is probably due to the ecological function of vegetation that lay down the surface temperature from high evapotranspiration. Vegetated areas are mostly sensed with surface temperature.Thus research output can be useful for policy-makers and planners of development projects such as Western province Megapolis project as well as for general public to understand the urban heat island effects and importance of vegetation cover to mitigate such impacts.