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Journal articles on the topic 'Manpower policy Australia History'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Khatibi, Ali, V. Thyagarajan, and A. Seetharaman. "E-commerce in Malaysia: Perceived Benefits and Barriers." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920030307.

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Rapid developments in information technology and telecommunications have set the pace for an electronic revolution leading to emergence of E-commerce. The advent of internet offers many business firms new opportunities and challenges. However, there are various psychological and behavioural issues such as trust, security of the internet transactions, reluctance to change, and preference for human interface which appear to impede the growth of E-commerce. This paper analyses the current situation of E- commerce in Malaysia, the merits of E-commerce, and factors affecting the adoption of E-commerce. Internet has transformed the traditional marketing model and system. Besides functioning as a communication medium, it has been used as a market space where buyers and sellers exchange information, goods, and services without the hindrance of time and geographical constraints. Marketing functions are performed under a hypermedia-computer-mediated-environment where interactivity and connectivity are replacing the traditional mode of ‘face to face’ negotiation and communication. Internet allows interactivity between buyers and sellers to create a shared real-time common marketspace. Connectivity links buyers-sellers worldwide creating a shared global marketspace. No other industry in the world history has achieved a rapid growth in as short a time as E-commerce. Though only a few years old, E-commerce has taken off at an unprecedented speed despite much skepticism and some initial hesitation. It is univer-sally accepted that the world is in the grip of an E-commerce revolution. But, the hyper growth of Internet sales is still an American phenomenon and E-commerce has not taken off in other parts of the globe although some countries like Europe, Japan, and Australia are rapidly joining the bandwagon. Although E-commerce is a relatively new method of business, it has radically altered the marketing and distribution paradigms. The scale of business generated through E- commerce is multiplying exponentially. However, Malaysian E-commerce industry has not taken off as expected. Based on primary data collected by MATRADE using a survey of 222 Malaysian manufacturers, traders, and service providers, this paper examines the perceived benefits as well as barriers to E-commerce adoption. Though the sample firms felt that E-commerce was beneficial to business in general, they were uncertain as to how it would benefit their actual business operations. The perceived benefits included: competitiveness better image efficient processes better information system. However, despite the perceived benefits, E-commerce adoption was hindered by a number of constraints. Major barriers were thought to be the problems of keeping up and understanding the technology itself lack of trained manpower uncertainties with regard to its operations and regulations high switching costs. These findings are helpful in providing the firms' perspective of E-commerce in terms of its benefits to their companies as well as barriers to its full scale adoption. Hence, any policy that aims at promoting E-commerce should take these factors into consideration. The results support the development of E-business portals to cater to their needs and rectify their problems. E-commerce portals would enable companies to share the high investment cost of constantly changing technology, reduce the manpower requirement, and keep abreast with the advances in technology.
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2

Lemmings, David, and Nancy Cushing. "Review Policy for History Australia." History Australia 2, no. 2 (January 2005): 75–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/ha050075.

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3

Moss, Tristan. "‘Fuzzy Wuzzy’ soldiers: Race and Papua New Guinean soldiers in the Australian Army, 1940–60." War in History 29, no. 2 (April 2022): 467–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09683445211000375.

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This article examines the most militarily important indigenous units formed by Australia, arguing that racially based assumptions played a central role in how Papua New Guinean soldiers were conceptualized and used by the Australian Army during the 1940s and 1950s. Equally, while the perception of Papua New Guinean soldiers was heavily racialized, there was no construction of a martial race myth by Australians, in contrast to many colonial armies. Instead, Australia reluctantly recruited Papua New Guineans as a form of cheap manpower familiar with local conditions and saw them as simple soldiers who were potentially a threat to colonial rule.
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4

McDougall, Derek. "Foreign Policy Studies in Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 55, no. 3 (September 2009): 375–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.2009.1523a.x.

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5

Perkins, John. "Nazi foreign trade policy and Australia, 1933–39." Australian Historical Studies 36, no. 125 (April 2005): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610508682908.

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6

van den Bussche, Hendrik. "The history and future of physician manpower development in the Federal Republic of Germany." Health Policy 15, no. 2-3 (August 1990): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(90)90010-b.

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7

Sullivan, Helen. "Local Government in Australia: History, Theory and Public Policy." Australian Journal of Politics & History 64, no. 3 (September 2018): 510–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12496.

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8

Hailey, David. "The history of health technology assessment in Australia." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 25, S1 (July 2009): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462309090436.

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Objectives:To describe the development and application of health technology assessment (HTA) in Australia.Methods:Review of relevant literature and other documents related to HTA in Australia.Results:Most HTA activity in Australia has been associated with provision of advice for the two national subsidy programs, Medicare, and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). National advisory bodies established by the federal government have had a prominent role. Assessments from the advisory bodies have had a major influence on decisions related to Medicare and the PBS, and in some other areas. Technologies without links to the national subsidy schemes, and those that are widely distributed, have been less well covered by HTA. To some extent these are addressed by evaluations supported by state governments, but details of approaches taken are not readily available.Conclusions:HTA in Australia now has a long history and is well established as a source of advice to health decision makers. Challenges remain in extending the scope of assessments, developing more transparent approaches in some areas, and consistently applying appropriate standards.
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9

Settje, David E. "Rough Draft: Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance." Journal of American History 107, no. 4 (March 1, 2021): 1051–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa559.

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10

Snow, Dianne. "Family Policy and Orphan Schools in Early Colonial Australia." Journal of Interdisciplinary History 22, no. 2 (1991): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/205868.

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11

Botterill, Linda Courtenay. "Uncertain Climate: The Recent History of Drought Policy in Australia." Australian Journal of Politics and History 49, no. 1 (March 2003): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8497.00281.

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12

Clyne, Michael. "Language policy in Australia—achievements, disappointments, prospects." Journal of Intercultural Studies 18, no. 1 (April 1997): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1997.9963442.

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13

Petersen, Kerry. "Abortion in Australia: a legal misconception." Australian Health Review 29, no. 2 (2005): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah050142.

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Abortion is a procedure and practice which has been universally practised in some form since the beginning of recorded history. While deliberate terminations of pregnancy are reported throughout history, all races, cultures and religious groups have sharply divergent and frequently irreconcilable opinions on this highly controversial subject.1
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14

Gary, Brown. "The Dilemmas Facing Australia´s Defence Policy." Contemporary Southeast Asia 15, no. 3 (December 1993): 309–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs15-3e.

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15

Foster, Lois, and David Stockley. "The politics of ethnicity: Multicultural policy in Australia." Journal of Intercultural Studies 10, no. 2 (January 1989): 16–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07256868.1989.9963351.

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16

Laughren, Pat. "Debating Australian Documentary Production Policy: Some Practitioner Perspectives." Media International Australia 129, no. 1 (November 2008): 116–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1329878x0812900112.

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On 1 July 2008, Screen Australia commenced operation as the main Australian government agency supporting the screen production industry. This article considers some of the policy issues and challenges identified by the ‘community of practitioners’ as facing Australian documentary production at the time of the formation of that ‘super-agency’ from the merger of its three predecessor organisations — the Australian Film Commission, the Film Finance Corporation and Film Australia. The article proceeds by sketching the history of documentary production in Australia and identifying the bases of its financial and regulatory supports. It also surveys recent debate in the documentary sector and attempts to contextualise the themes of those discussions within the history of the Australian documentary.
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17

Graves, Nicholas, Gina Clare, Mary Haines, and Robert Bird. "A policy case study of blood in Australia." Social Science & Medicine 71, no. 9 (November 2010): 1677–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.07.035.

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18

Botterill, Linda Courtenay. "Are Policy Entrepreneurs Really Decisive in Achieving Policy Change? Drought Policy in the USA and Australia." Australian Journal of Politics & History 59, no. 1 (March 2013): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12006.

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19

Xerri, Matthew, Rod Farr-Wharton, Yvonne Brunetto, and Dennis Lambries. "Work harassment and local government employees: Australia and USA." International Journal of Public Sector Management 29, no. 1 (January 11, 2016): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpsm-05-2015-0094.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the impact of management and colleagues on the perception of work harassment and outcomes of local government employees in Australia and the USA. Design/methodology/approach – Completed surveys from local government employees (265 from the USA and 250 from Australia) were analysed using structural equation modelling and an ANOVA. Findings – The results depict support for the overall measurement and structural models showing that workplace relationships impact on work harassment, and in turn employee outcomes (psychological wellbeing and Organisational Citizenship Behaviour-Individual (OCB-I)), although not all paths were accepted for each country. Statistically significant differences were found between the Australian and USA samples for both the measurement and structural models, with the sample from the USA showing much higher levels of satisfaction with workplace relationships, higher levels of psychological wellbeing, OCB-I, and lower perceptions of work harassment. Practical implications – The findings provide implications that Australian and US local government employees, positioned closest to the public, experience work harassment probably as a result of chronic under-resourcing both in terms of manpower and other resources, and coupled with unrealistically high-performance targets. The results depict that such work harassment is resulting in lower psychological wellbeing (USA only) and lower extra-role behaviour associated with OCB-I (Australia and USA). Originality/value – The value of this paper is that it benchmarks the impact of workplace relationships on work harassment for local government employees across two Anglo-American countries.
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20

Medical Workforce Advisory Committee (AMWAC), Australian. "Medical workforce planning in Australia." Australian Health Review 23, no. 4 (2000): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah000008.

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The Australian Medical Workforce Advisory Committee (AMWAC) was established by the Australian Health Ministers'Advisory Council (AHMAC) in 1995 to provide information and analysis to AHMAC and the profession about themedical workforce to inform the policy process. This article provides a brief history of the events leading to the formationof AMWAC and of the work of this committee, particularly its approach to medical workforce planning and the outcomesof some of its research. The paper concludes that the forces leading to and maintaining workforce geographic andstructural maldistribution are better understood as a result of AMWAC studies and the work of other stakeholders.Further research is required to improve understanding of the hospital medical workforce and the factors influencing thecareer decisions of young doctors and to monitor the impact of strategies to improve workforce distribution.
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21

YARWOOD, A. T. "The “White Australia” Policy: Some Administrative Problems, 1901-1920." Australian Journal of Politics & History 7, no. 2 (April 7, 2008): 245–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1961.tb01074.x.

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22

Mann, Jatinder. "“Leavening British Traditions”: Integration Policy in Australia, 1962-1972." Australian Journal of Politics & History 59, no. 1 (March 2013): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12003.

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23

Pomfret, Richard. "Trade Policy in Canada and Australia in the Twentieth Century." Australian Economic History Review 40, no. 2 (July 2000): 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8446.00061.

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24

Robertson, P. "Official Policy on American Direct Investment in Australia, 1945-1952." Australian Economic History Review 26, no. 2 (January 1986): 159–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aehr.262005.

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25

Orlova, T. "Development of Public History in Australia." Problems of World History, no. 15 (September 14, 2021): 193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-15-10.

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The present article is aimed at demonstrating the importance of new for Ukrainian historiography direction of public history, for the country’s development and for strengthening its stance at the international arena. Australia is taken for an example, as it has turned from once remote Terra Incognita into one of the leading nations of the modern world. It is emphasized that, regardless of attainments, the identity issue is still as urgent as to other countries in the conditions of a global crisis. The sources of the public history trend are revealed, explained are the factors conducive to its spread planet-wise, attention is brought to the fact that this trend has become a natural result of developments in the science of history in the Western civilization, encompassing countries of Europe, the Americas, and Australia. The latter, being a ramification of the Western civilization branch, has adopted the guidelines outlined by American scholars, driven by pragmatic considerations. Steps are determined in the institutionalization of the said direction, a characteristic is given to the activities of the Australian Center of Public History at Sydney Technology University, of the journal “Public History Survey”, as well as to the specifics of their work in the digital era under the motto: “History for the public, about the public, together with the public”. The same motto is leading the historians working with local and family history, cooperating with the State in the field of commemoration, placing great importance on museums, memorials, monuments. Considering national holidays, particular attention is given to the National Day of Apology, reflecting the complications of Australian history. Like American public history, the Australian one began to give much attention to those groups of population that were previously omitted by the focus of research, namely, the aborigines. A conclusion is made regarding the importance of history in general and public history in particular for the implementation of the national identity policy – an important token of the nation’s stable and successful progress.
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26

Hall, Mitchell K. "Amy J. Rutenberg. Rough Draft: Cold War Military Manpower Policy and the Origins of Vietnam-Era Draft Resistance." American Historical Review 126, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 347–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/rhab116.

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27

Hider, Philip. "From Anderson to ORDAC: A History of Bibliographic Policy Discussion in Australia." Journal of the Australian Library and Information Association 68, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24750158.2019.1574275.

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28

MARSH, J. A., and G. R. HENNING. "Some History of the Debate on Educational Policy of Accountants in Australia." Abacus 23, no. 1 (March 1987): 55–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6281.1987.tb00139.x.

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29

Linne, Karsten. "The “New Labour Policy” in Nazi Colonial Planning for Africa." International Review of Social History 49, no. 2 (August 2004): 197–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002085900400149x.

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The National Socialist planning for a recolonization of Africa was based on a new social and labour policy and focused chiefly on the “labour question”. In designing their schemes, planners strove to mobilize wage labour and circumvent the much-feared “proletarianization” of the workers. The key problem in exploiting the African colonies had two main aspects: a shortage of manpower and migrant labour. Therefore, planners designed complex systems of organized, state-controlled labour recruitment, and formulated rules for labour contracts and compensation. An expanded labour administration was to ensure that the “deployment of labour” ran smoothly and that workers were registered, evaluated, and supervised. Furthermore, “white labour guardians” were to be assigned the responsibility of overseeing the social wellbeing of the African workers. As was evident not only in Germany but in the colonial powers, France and Great Britain, as well, these concepts all fit into the general trend of the times, a trend characterized by the application of scientific methods in solving social issues, by the increased emphasis on state intervention, and by the introduction of sociopolitical measures. Nazi planning was based on Germany's prewar politics but also reflected the changes occurring in German work life after 1933.
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30

Tsokhas, Kosmas. "Dedominionization: the Anglo-Australian experience, 1939–1945." Historical Journal 37, no. 4 (December 1994): 861–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00015120.

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ABSTRACTThe role of decolonization in the decline of the British empire has received a great deal of attention. In comparison there has been little research or analysis of the process of dedominionization affecting Australia and the other dominions. During the Second World War economic ties were seriously weakened and there were substantial conflicts over economic policy between the British and Australian governments. Australia refused to reduce imports in order to conserve foreign exchange, thus contributing to the United Kingdom's debt burden. The Australian government insisted that the British guarantee Australia's sterling balances and refused to adopt the stringent fiscal policies requested by the Bank of England and the British treasury. Australia also took the opportunity to expand domestic manufacturing industry at the expense of British manufacturers. Economic separation and conflict were complemented by political and strategic differences. In particular, the Australian government realized that British military priorities made it impossible for the United Kingdom to defend Australia. This led the Australians towards a policy of cooperating with the British embargo on Japan, only to the extent that this would be unlikely to provoke Japanese military retaliation. In general, the Australians preferred a policy of compromise in the Far East to one of deterrence preferred by the British.
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Curran, James. "Australia and Appeasement: Imperial Foreign Policy and the Origins of World War II." Australian Historical Studies 44, no. 2 (June 2013): 314–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2013.793245.

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32

Snyder, Craig A. "Southeast Asian Perceptions of Australia´ s Foreign Policy." Contemporary Southeast Asia 28, no. 2 (August 2006): 322–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1355/cs28-2g.

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33

Jones, David R., and Susan Davies. "The Martin Committee and the Binary Policy of Higher Education in Australia." History of Education Quarterly 30, no. 3 (1990): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/368701.

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34

ELLINGHAUS, KATHERINE. "Indigenous Assimilation and Absorption in the United States and Australia." Pacific Historical Review 75, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2006.75.4.563.

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Using a comparative mode of analysis, this article offers a new perspective on Indian assimilation policy in the United States. It focuses on one aspect of assimilation policy common to the United States and Australia in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries-the practice of removing indigenous children from their families and communities and placing them in institutions. The article argues that there is a subtle difference in the way that Americans and Australians described "assimilation"taking place-namely, the extent to which white Americans and white Australians openly planned to "whitewash" indigenous identity through interracial relationships. Nevertheless, while children of mixed descent played a very different role in the grandiloquent words used by reformers and politicians to describe their nation's policies,similar ideas about their role in the absorption and eventual disappearance of the indigenous population into the white one can be discerned in both contexts.
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Kuhn, Rick. "The Limits of Social Democratic Economic Policy in Australia." Capital & Class 17, no. 3 (October 1993): 17–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030981689305100102.

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36

Maras, Steven. "Screenwriting research in Australia: A truncated (pre)history." Journal of Screenwriting 12, no. 2 (June 1, 2021): 179–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/josc_00059_1.

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Recent years have seen a growing interest in the history of fields of study and academic disciplines. While recognizing a number of limitations, this article explores the emergence of screenwriting research in Australia. It addresses the question of what were the cultural conditions that gave rise to contemporary screenwriting research in Australia. The article discusses three key factors: firstly, long-standing policy settings around cultural identity and content in film and television; secondly, active debates around ‘screen culture’ that have given discussions of the place of culture and story special prominence and contributed to awareness of questions of cultural ‘value’, and conventional separations of production and consumption; thirdly, the rise of film studies in the 1970s, which gave ferment to research into narrative and story forms. My goal is to capture some of the contextual features that are important to an understanding of screenwriting research in this period and geography, and to suggest that screenwriting research emerged as intellectual attitude and area of interest that eventually crystallized as part of a more formalized arena of study in the later 2000s.
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Da Rimini, Francesca, James Goodman, Pradip Swarnakar, and Tuomas Ylä‐Anttila. "Climate Policy Networks in Australia: Dynamics of Failure and Possibility." Australian Journal of Politics & History 67, no. 2 (June 2021): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajph.12725.

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Lucas, David. "From India to Australia: A Brief History of Immigration; The Dismantling of the 'White Australia' Policy; Problems and Prospects of Assimilation." Population Studies 48, no. 1 (March 1, 1994): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000147586.

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39

Evans, Megan C. "Deforestation in Australia: drivers, trends and policy responses." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 2 (2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15052.

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Australia’s terrestrial environment has been dramatically modified since European colonisation. Deforestation – the clearing and modification of native forest for agricultural, urban and industrial development – remains a significant threat to Australia’s biodiversity. Substantial policy reform over the last 40 years has delivered a range of policy instruments aimed to control deforestation across all Australian States and Territories. Despite these policy efforts – as well as strong governance and high institutional capacity – deforestation rates in Australia were nonetheless globally significant at the turn of this century. Legislation introduced in Queensland and New South Wales during the mid-2000s was at the time seen to have effectively ended broad-scale clearing; however, recent policy changes have raised concerns that Australia may again become a global hotspot for deforestation. Here, I describe the deforestation trends, drivers and policy responses in Australia over the last four decades. Using satellite imagery of forest cover and deforestation events across Australia between 1972 and 2014, I present a comprehensive analysis of deforestation rates at a fine resolution. I discuss trends in deforestation with reference to the institutional, macroeconomic and environmental conditions that are associated with human-induced forest loss in Australia. I provide a detailed history and critique of the native vegetation policies introduced across Australia over the last 40 years, including recent legislative amendments and reviews. Finally, I comment on future prospects for curbing deforestation in Australia, including the role of incentive-based policies such as carbon farming, private land conservation and biodiversity offsets. Despite being a highly active policy space, very little is known of the effectiveness of policy responses to deforestation in Australia, and whether the recent shift away from ‘command and control’ policies will necessarily lead to better outcomes. My analysis demonstrates the need for an effective policy mix to curb deforestation in Australia, including a greater focus on monitoring, evaluation and policy learning.
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Garin, Artyom A. "China's Influence on Australia's Defence Policy in the South Pacific." South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, no. 3 (48) (2020): 202–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-3-48-202-214.

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Australia is the leading country in the South Pacific and sees it as part of a natural sphere of influence. For most of Australian history, a remote and isolated geographical location has worked to the benefit of the Fifth Continent and has ensured the security of Australia and its Oceania frontiers. Nowadays, the strategic environment in Asia-Pacific has undergone significant changes. Australia is concerned that during the intensive growth of the military power of the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA), Beijing may be more interested in the South Pacific, in particular, in gaining naval bases in Oceania.
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ROY, KAUSHIK. "Race and Recruitment in the Indian Army: 1880–1918." Modern Asian Studies 47, no. 4 (February 8, 2013): 1310–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000431.

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AbstractIn 1914, the Indian Army was deployed against the enemies of the British Empire. This paper analyses the administrative mechanism as well as the imperial assumptions and attitudes which shaped the recruitment policy of the Indian Army during the First World War. From the late nineteenth century, the Martial Race theory (a bundle of contradictory ideas) shaped the recruitment policy. With certain modifications, this theory remained operational to the first decade of the twentieth century. The construction of the ‘martial races’ enabled the British to play-off different communities against each other to prevent the emergence of a unified anti-British sentiment among the colonized. During the Great War, faced with the rising demands of manpower, the army was forced to modify the Martial Race theory. However, a conscript army did not emerge in British-India. This was due to imperial policies, the inherent social divisions of Indian society, and because the demands for military manpower remained relatively low in comparison to India's demographic resources. Due to innovations in the theory and praxis of recruitment, the volume of recruitment showed a linear increase from 1914 to 1918, with maximum intensification of recruitment occurring during 1917 and 1918. But as the war ended in November 1918, despite the entry of several new communities, the bulk of the Indian Army still came from the traditional martial races.
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42

Jackson, Judge Hal. "Policy and Politics: Two recent examples in Western Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 29, no. 1 (March 1996): 58–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589602900105.

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In a state known for consistently high incarceration rates, especially of Aboriginal people, the Labor governments of the 1980s created two criminologically based research or advisory bodies. The paper looks at the background and history of each — the State Government Advisory Committee on Young Offenders and the Crime Research Centre (and the lessons learned therefrom in light of policy making decisions, both by the Labor Government which created them and its successor, the Liberal Government of Richard Court). The first was composed largely of high ranking judicial, police and bureaucratic members, high profile community members and skilled research staff. Its fate was sealed by its insistence on independence. The second is university-based with a statistical and research focus. Independently funded, it survives but what effect has it had? The author was at one time a member of the Committee and a member of the Advisory Board of the Centre.
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Stratton, Jon. "The Impossible Ethnic: Jews and Multiculturalism in Australia." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 5, no. 3 (December 1996): 339–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.5.3.339.

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This article discusses the situation of Jews in the context of Australia’s governmental policy of multiculturalism. It is often claimed that the assimilationist and integrationist population management policies of the era of the White Australia policy are thoroughly removed from the practices of multiculturalism.
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44

Merrett, David, Stepehn Corones, and David Round. "THE INTRODUCTION OF COMPETITION POLICY IN AUSTRALIA: THE ROLE OF RON BANNERMAN." Australian Economic History Review 47, no. 2 (July 2007): 178–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2007.00200.x.

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45

Cruickshank, Joanna. "Religious freedom in ‘the most godless place under Heaven’: making policy for religion in Australia." History Australia 18, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14490854.2021.1878466.

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46

New, T. R., and A. L. Yen. "Invertebrate conservation in Australia: problems in policy and practice." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 2 (2013): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130104.

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UNDERTAKING programmes for invertebrate conservation in Australia has always been difficult because of (1) lack of information about the target taxa, (2) the small number of relevant invertebrate specialists, and (3) competition with the better known plants and animals for limited resources to conduct these programmes. The task of invertebrate conservation is both formidable and increasingly urgent, and must be undertaken with very inadequate taxonomic and biological knowledge. The history of insect conservation interest in Australia (summarized by New and Yen 2012) demonstrates many of the problems that may be even greater amongst lesser-known invertebrates. Reviews (New 1984; Yen and Butcher 1997; Hutchings and Ponder 1999; Sands and New 2002; Clarke and Spier 2003), conferences (primarily the series of Invertebrate Biodiversity and Conservation Conferences, or IBCC, that have been conducted every two years since 1993), numerous workshops, and interest groups (such as the Conservation Committee of the Australian Entomological Society), and establishment of recovery teams have collectively publicized invertebrate conservation issues, from basic study and inventory to practical management. They have sought the widest possible inputs to ensure progress and explore the various impediments that retard effective conservation of invertebrates.
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Clyne, Michael. "Australia’s language policies are we going backwards?" Language Planning and Language Policy in Australia 8 (January 1, 1991): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aralss.8.01cly.

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The recent White Paper, Australia’s Language – The Australian Language and Literacy Policy, is the latest contribution to the history of language policies in Australia. This article explores that history, giving particular attention to each of the string of policy documents released since the early 1980s. Features of the current debate in Australia are drawn out, and a comparative assessment is made of Australia’s policies and those of other countries.
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48

Zimmerman, William, and Michael L. Berbaum. "Soviet military manpower policy in the Brezhnev era: Regime goals, social origins and ‘working the system’." Europe-Asia Studies 45, no. 2 (January 1993): 281–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668139308412090.

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49

Forbes, Andrew. "Book Review: Maritime Security: International Law and Policy Perspectives from Australia and New Zealand." International Journal of Maritime History 22, no. 2 (December 2010): 476–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871410022002102.

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50

Egger, Garry, Andrew Binns, John Stevens, and Stephen Penman. "Lifestyle Medicine in Australia: A Potted History—So Far." American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14, no. 2 (March 2020): 147–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559827619840002.

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Lifestyle medicine commenced in Australia in response to the rise in chronic diseases following the epidemiological transition that began in the 1980s. Today, it is flourishing with an annual conference, a variety of multidisciplinary members, and a developed pedagogy for the “art-science.”
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