Relevant bibliographies by topics / Manipulation of ground

Academic literature on the topic 'Manipulation of ground'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

Nguyen, Vinh, Oksana Solenaya, and Petr Smirnov. "Issues of physical interaction of unmanned aircraft manipulators with ground objects." MATEC Web of Conferences 161 (2018): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816103021.

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Adding an onboard manipulation system to an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) significantly complicates framework, functioning algorithms, and leads to an increase in overall dimensions. The physical interaction of the manipulator with objects influences to unstabilization of UAV, which in turn leads to difficulties in positioning the UAV and reduces the accuracy of gripper motion. In addition, the physical interaction of the manipulator with objects requires increased power resources of UAVs. The article analyzes modern research of UAVs with a manipulator, including flight control problems, avoidance of contact with the earth, surrounding space, as well as manipulations with the captured object. On the basis of the analysis, a list of new problems arising in the physical interaction of UAVs with objects through an embedded manipulator is formulated.

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Yoneda, Kan, and Shigeo Hirose. "Three-Dimensional Stability Criterion of Integrated Locomotion and Manipulation." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 9, no. 4 (August 20, 1997): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.1997.p0267.

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This article discusses judging robot stability in manipulation and locomotion. The conventional relationship between center-of-gravity projection points and grounding points is easy to use but gives no consideration to counterforce manipulation. Theoretically, the ZMP concept of standard dynamic stability can handle counterforce manipulation, but moments considered are limited to two-dimensional planes, making it applicable only to flat land or areas which have two or more ground points at the same height and therefore not applicable to ordinary uneven land. We propose a ""tumble stability"" concept that deals with three-dimensional stability, taking into consideration tumble directions when grounding points, other than a certain pair, disappear virtually. If any such ground points can generate support for controlling tumbling, the locomotive mechanism would not tumble. If no such single grounding point can generate support for curbing tumbling, then the mechanism would tumble in a way similar to reality. Given this, stability during manipulation can be judged by handling counterforce manipulation as external, for flat land and for manipulation in three-dimensional uneven contours, walls, and ceilings. We introduces the counterforce manipulation limit concept as an index for indicating manipulability. This is the limit of counterforce against which manipulation can be stably effected and an effective method for raising manipulative capability may be to take grounding points opposed to manipulation at far areas.

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Kamitani, Takafumi, and Nobuhiro Kaneko. "The Earthtron facility for below-ground manipulation study." Ecological Research 21, no. 3 (December 8, 2005): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-005-0139-5.

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Xiao, Ruihan, Xiuling Man, Beixing Duan, and Tijiu Cai. "Short-Term Litter Manipulations have Strong Impact on Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in Larix gmelinii Forest of Northeast China." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 1205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111205.

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Changes in above-ground litterfall can influence below-ground biogeochemical processes in forests, which substantially impacts soil nitrogen (N) and nutrient cycling. However, how these soil processes respond to the litter manipulation is complex and poorly understood, especially in the N-limiting boreal forest. We aimed to examine how soil N dynamics respond to litter manipulations in a boreal larch forest. A litter manipulation experiment including control, litter exclusion, and litter addition was performed in the Larix gmelinii forest on the north of the Daxing’an Mountains in China. Monthly soil inorganic N, microbial biomass and the rate of net N mineralization in both 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers, and N2O flux were analyzed from May 2018 to October 2018. In 0–20 cm soil layer the average soil inorganic N contents, microbial biomass N (MBN) contents, the rate of net N mineralization (Rmin), and the soil N2O emission in the litter addition plot were approximately 40.58%, 54.16%, 128.57%, and 38.52% greater, respectively than those in the control. While litter exclusion reduced those indexes about 29.04%, 19.84%, 80.98%, and 31.45%, respectively. Compared with the dynamics of the 10–20 cm soil layer, the N dynamics in 0–10 cm soil were more sensitive to litter manipulation. Rmin and N2O emissions were significantly correlated with MBN in most cases. Our results highlight the short-term effects of litter manipulations on soil N dynamics, which suggests that the influence of litter on soil N process should be considered in the future defoliation management of the boreal larch forest.

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Michalski, Fernanda, and Darren Norris. "Artificial nest predation rates vary depending on visibility in the eastern Brazilian Amazon." Acta Amazonica 44, no. 3 (September 2014): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201302553.

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Observational and experimental studies have shown that increased concealment of bird nests reduces nest predation rates. The objective of the present study was to evaluate differences in predation rates between two experimental manipulations of artificial ground nests (i.e., clearing an area around the artificial nest or leaving it as natural as possible), and test whether environmental variables also affected nest predation in an undisturbed area of Amazonian forest in eastern Brazil. A generalized linear model was used to examine the influence of five variables (manipulation type, perpendicular distance from the main trail, total basal area of trees surrounding the nest site, understorey density, and liana quantity) on nest predation rates. Model results, showed that manipulation type was the only variable that significantly affected nest predation rates. Thus, to avoid systematic biases, the influence of nest site manipulation must be taken into consideration when conducting experiments with artificial nests.

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Co, Thomas C., Constantinos Zagaris, and Jonathan T. Black. "Responsive Satellites Through Ground Track Manipulation Using Existing Technology." Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 50, no. 1 (January 2013): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.a32263.

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Gedeon, Csongor István, Gábor Boross, András Németh, and Vilmos Altbäcker. "Release site manipulation to favour European ground squirrel Spermophilus citellus translocations: translocation and habitat manipulation." Wildlife Biology 18, no. 1 (March 2012): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2981/10-124.

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Strutynskyi, Serhii, and Roman Semenchuk. "Investigation of the accuracy of the manipulator of the robotic complex constructed on the basis of cycloidal transmission." Technology audit and production reserves 4, no. 1(60) (July 27, 2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2021.237326.

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The object of research is modern robotic systems used in hotspots. In their arsenal, such mobile works are equipped with manipulators with high-precision hinges, which provide accurate positioning of the gripper (object of manipulation). Considering ground-based robotic complexes with a wheel or caterpillar base, the implementation of the process of manipulation on a stationary basis, a number of problem areas were identified that affect the accuracy of positioning. In the course of research and analysis of modern robotic complexes, their circuit and design of components and mechanisms that provide the necessary qualities and parameters. The problem of developing high-precision hinges is central to the creation of efficient ground-based robotic systems. The methodology of kinematic research of rotary hinges of the manipulator for the ground robotic complex is stated. The analysis of influence of deformations of material of impellers of not involute transfer on accuracy of positioning of a final subject is carried out. A kinetostatic analysis of the manipulator circuit was performed and the maximum moments acting in the hinged units on the drive unit were determined, which allowed to make a quantitative assessment using the Solidworks software package. The mathematical model of construction of transfer and definition of accuracy of a rotary knot for a ground robotic complex, with use of cycloidal transfer without intermediate rolling bodies is investigated and developed. Mathematical modeling and taking into account the features of mechanical processes occurring in the manipulator, allows to increase the technical level of robotic complexes. Ways of improvement are defined for maintenance of a progressive design of the manipulator that not only will satisfy necessary technical characteristics, but also will allow to simplify manufacturing technology. Modern technologies and materials (stereolithography, carbon fiber, superhard materials) make it possible to implement advanced designs of spatial drive systems. Therefore, work in this direction is relevant, as robotic mechanical complexes for special purposes are widely used when performing work in emergencies.

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Mulović, Amra. "Manipulacija u političkom diskursu / Manipulation In Political Discourse." Context: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (March 21, 2022): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.55425/23036966.2016.3.1.41.

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Manipulation is a kind of speech activity which has definite intentions and aims, such as gaining control and power within political discourse. This paper will shed light on the theoretical ground on which this phenomenon is based to determine how language is utilized for manipulation. The analysis aims to investigate manipulative strategies and the language devices used in generating these strategies in al-Gaddafi s speech known as Zenga. Also, it will pay more attention to strategy of polarisation, i.e. basic strategy of positive self-presentation and negative other-presentation. This paper will be limited to lexical-semantic devices (selection of negative words for them and positive words for us), certain grammatical mechanisms (passive, nominalisation) and rhetorical devices (metaphor, metonymy, hyperbole). The study shows the diversity of modes of how language of the speech is manipulated on diffe ent levels of discourse.

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Castaman, Nicola, Elisa Tosello, Morris Antonello, Nicola Bagarello, Silvia Gandin, Marco Carraro, Matteo Munaro, et al. "RUR53: an unmanned ground vehicle for navigation, recognition, and manipulation." Advanced Robotics 35, no. 1 (November 3, 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01691864.2020.1833752.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

Staub, Nicolas. "Models, algorithms and architectures for cooperative manipulation with aerial and ground robots." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU30169/document.

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Les dernières années ont vu le développement de recherches portant sur l'interaction physique entre les robots aériens et leur environnement, accompagné de l'apparition de nombreux nouveaux systèmes mécaniques et approches de régulation. La communauté centrée autour de la robotique aérienne observe actuellement un déplacement de paradigmes des approches classiques de guidage, de navigation et de régulation vers des tâches moins triviales, telle le développement de l'interaction physique entre robots aériens et leur environnement. Ceci correspond à une extension des tâches dites de manipulation, du sol vers les airs. Cette thèse contribue au domaine de la manipulation aérienne en proposant un nouveau concept appelé MAGMaS, pour " Multiple Aerial Ground Manipulator System ". Les motivations qui ont conduites à l'association de manipulateurs terrestres et aériens pour effectuer des tâches de manipulation coopérative, résident dans une volonté d'exploiter leurs particularités respectives. Les manipulateurs terrestres apportant leur importante force et les manipulateurs aériens apportant leur vaste espace de travail. La première contribution de cette thèse présente une modélisation rigoureuse des MAGMaS. Les propriétés du système ainsi que ses possibles extensions sont discutées. Les méthodes de planning, d'estimation et de régulation nécessaire à l'exploitation des MAGMaS pour des tâches de manipulation collaborative sont dérivées. Ce travail propose d'exploiter les redondances des MAGMaS grâce à un algorithme optimal d'allocation de forces entre les manipulateurs. De plus, une méthode générale d'estimation de forces pour robots aériens est introduite. Toutes les techniques et les algorithmes présentés dans cette thèse sont intégrés dans une architecture globale, utilisée à la fois pour la simulation et la validation expérimentale. Cette architecture est en outre augmentée par l'addition d'une structure de télé-présence, afin de permettre l'opération à distances des MAGMaS. L'architecture générale est validée par une démonstration de levage de barre, qui est une application représentative des potentiels usages des MAGMaS. Une autre contribution relative au développement des MAGMaS consiste en une étude exploratoire de la flexibilité dans les objets manipulés par un MAGMaS. Un modèle du phénomène vibratoire est dérivé afin de mettre en exergue ses propriétés en termes de contrôle. La dernière contribution de cette thèse consiste en une étude exploratoire sur l'usage des actionneurs à raideur variable dans les robots aériens, dotant ces systèmes d'une compliance mécanique intrinsèque et de capacité de stockage d'énergie. Les fondements théoriques sont associés à la synthèse d'un contrôleur non-linéaire. L'approche proposée est validée par le biais d'expériences reposant sur l'intégration d'un actionneur à raideur variable léger sur un robot aérien
In recent years, the subject of physical interaction for aerial robots has been a popular research area with many new mechanical designs and control approaches being proposed. The aerial robotics community is currently observing a paradigm shift from classic guidance, navigation, and control tasks towards more unusual tasks, for example requesting aerial robots to physically interact with the environment, thus extending the manipulation task from the ground into the air. This thesis contributes to the field of aerial manipulation by proposing a novel concept known has Multiple Aerial-Ground Manipulator System or MAGMaS, including what appears to be the first experimental demonstration of a MAGMaS and opening a new route of research. The motivation behind associating ground and aerial robots for cooperative manipulation is to leverage their respective particularities, ground robots bring strength while aerial robots widen the workspace of the system. The first contribution of this work introduces a meticulous system model for MAGMaS. The system model's properties and potential extensions are discussed in this work. The planning, estimation and control methods which are necessary to exploit MAGMaS in a cooperative manipulation tasks are derived. This works proposes an optimal control allocation scheme to exploit the MAGMaS redundancies and a general model-based force estimation method is presented. All of the proposed techniques reported in this thesis are integrated in a global architecture used for simulations and experimental validation. This architecture is extended by the addition of a tele-presence framework to allow remote operations of MAGMaS. The global architecture is validated by robust demonstrations of bar lifting, an application that gives an outlook of the prospective use of the proposed concept of MAGMaS. Another contribution in the development of MAGMaS consists of an exploratory study on the flexibility of manipulated loads. A vibration model is derived and exploited to showcase vibration properties in terms of control. The last contribution of this thesis consists of an exploratory study on the use of elastic joints in aerial robots, endowing these systems with mechanical compliance and energy storage capabilities. Theoretical groundings are associated with a nonlinear controller synthesis. The proposed approach is validated by experimental work which relies on the integration of a lightweight variable stiffness actuator on an aerial robot

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Russell, Brent S., Mark D. Geil, Jianhua Wu, and Kathryn T. Hoiriis. "Variability of vertical ground reaction forces in patients with chronic low back pain, before and after chiropractic care." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2011. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/kin_health_theses/3.

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Introduction Many chiropractic articles and textbooks discuss gait, but there actually has been little research into the effects of chiropractic adjustment on gait. This pilot study used a quantitative method of gait evaluation before and after a series of chiropractic visits. Hypotheses: (1) adults with chronic low back pain (CLBP) would show increased variability in vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF) while walking, as compared to healthy control subjects, and (2) that, following chiropractic care, will show decreased variability. Methods VGRF data were collected for 6 controls and compared to 9 CLBP participants, who were also evaluated before and after the first visit of care and over 7 visits. Data were analyzed by Mean Standard Deviation (MSD), Mean Coefficient of Variation (MCV), and the Coefficient of Variation of loading rate. Chiropractic care consisted of “high velocity low amplitude” thrust type procedures, flexion-distraction, pelvic wedges, light mobilization, and stretching. Results CLBP participants had somewhat greater variability and became slightly less variable post-care; differences were not significant. Limitations: Some participants had no impairment of walking at baseline; MSD is an uncommon measure, and more research is needed; these results (small group seen by a single doctor) may not be generalizable. Conclusions Participants with CLBP had slightly more variability and had slight decreases in variability following chiropractic care. Differences were not statistically significant. With this small pilot study as a guide, more research should be done with larger groups and improved participant selection.

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Smith, Laura. "On uneven ground : the multiple and contested natures(s) of environmental restoration." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2009. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55902/.

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Environmental restoration is emerging as a major driver in the repair and reversal of some of the world’s most severely degraded landscape systems, with growing interest in the status and composition of restoration efforts. Although much has already been written about the theory and practice of environmental restoration, both positive and negative, hitherto the literature has tended to overlook the complexity bound up in defining restoration discourses, and perhaps more importantly, the physical, material consequences instilled through such human choice. The mutability of discourses of environmental restoration means that it can be moulded and (re-)shaped by different actors and contexts, with different values and meanings attached to ‘nature’. There exist multiple and contested natures of environmental restoration - nature(s) both in the sense o f the properties of restoration, and also that which is restored to a site. In this doctoral thesis, I demonstrate how discourses of environmental restoration are defined and interpreted, which discourses (if any) appear to dominate, and how these are mobilised to produce ‘restored nature’. Attention is also awarded to the environmental implications incurred when such discourses are played out on the ground. The research is grounded empirically through reference to the case studies o f the Eden Project (Cornwall, UK), the National Forest Company (Derbyshire, UK), and the Walden Woods Project (Lincoln, MA) and their adoption of restoration practices. Analysing the processes and practices of environmental restoration within a framework of social nature and cultural landscapes serves to destabilise the dualism distancing nature from society - a preserve of environmental ethics and philosophy - for such synergy not only highlights how ideas of (restored) nature are socially constructed, but also addresses the material production of nature, reinforcing the interactions between natural and societal actors.

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Pettengell, Clare Louise. "The isolation of muscle activity and ground reaction force patterns associated with postural control in four load manipulation tasks." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005203.

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Although much effort has been placed into the reduction of risks associated with manual materials handling, risk of musculoskeletal disorder development remains high. This may be due to the additional muscle activity necessary for the maintenance of postural equilibrium during work tasks. This research proposes that postural control and subsequent additional muscle activity is influenced by the magnitude of the external load and the degree of body movement. The objective of this research was to identify whether performing tasks with increased external load and with a greater degree of trunk motion places additional strain on the musculoskeletal system in excess of that imposed by task demands. Twenty-four male and twenty-four female subjects performed four load manipulation tasks under three loading conditions (0.8kg, 1.6kg, and 4kg). Each task comprised of a static and dynamic condition. For the static condition, subjects maintained a stipulated posture for ten seconds. The dynamic condition required subjects to move and replace a box once every three seconds, such that a complete lift and lower cycle was performed in six seconds. Throughout task completion, muscle activity of six pairs of trunk muscles were analysed using surface electromyography. This was accompanied by data regarding ground reaction forces obtained through the use of a force platform. After the completion of each condition subjects were required to identify and rate body discomfort. Differential analysis was used to isolate the muscle activity and ground reaction forces attributed to increased external load and increased trunk movement. It was found that the heaviest loading conditions (4kg) resulted in significantly greater (p<0.05) muscle activation in the majority of muscles during all tasks investigated. The trend of muscle activity attributed to load was similar in all significantly altered muscles and activation was greatest in the heaviest loading condition. A degree of movement efficiency occurred in some muscles when manipulating loads of 0.8kg and 1.6kg. At greater loads, this did not occur suggesting that heavier loading conditions result in additional strain on the body in excess of that imposed by task demands. In manipulated data, trend of vertical ground reaction forces increased with increased load in all tasks. Sagittal movement of the centre of pressure attributed to load was significantly affected in manipulated data in the second movement phase of the “hip shoulder” task and the second movement phase of the “hip twist” task. The “hip reach” task was most affected by increased load magnitude as muscle activity attributed to load was significantly different (p<0.05) under increased loading conditions in both movement phases in all muscles. Further, a significant interactional effect (p<0.05) between condition and data point was found in all muscles with the exception of the right and left lumbar erector spinae during the second movement phase of the “hip reach” task. Muscle activity associated with increased trunk motion resulted in additional strain on the trunk muscles in the “hip shoulder” and “hip reach” tasks as muscle activity associated with the static component of each of the above tasks was greater than that of the dynamic tasks. Trend of ground reaction forces attributed to increased trunk motion generally increased under increased loading conditions. Additionally, a significant interactional effect (p<0.05) between load and muscle activity pattern was found in all muscles during all tasks, with the exception of the right rectus abdominis in the first movement phase of the “hip shoulder’ task, the left rectus abdominis in the second movement phase of the “hip knee” task and the right latissimus dorsi during the first movement phase of the “hip twist” task. This was accompanied by a significant interactional effect (p<0.05) between load and sagittal centre of pressure movement attributed to load, in both movement phases of all tasks investigated. From this research it can be proposed that guidelines may underestimate risk and subsequently under predict the strain in tasks performed with greater external loads as well as tasks which require a greater degree of trunk motion. Therefore, this study illustrates the importance of the consideration of the muscle activity necessary to maintain postural equilibrium in overall load analyses.

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Zhong, Wei. "Manipulation of the motion of polyatomic molecules in the rotational ground state : microwave lens effect by AC Stark dipole force." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45263.

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The main contribution of this project to the field of cold and ultracold molecules is we firstly demonstrated successful manipulation of the motion of polyatomic molecular beam in the rotational ground state, which has the lowest temperature of all possible states. Chapter 1 gives a summary of this field, including the application of cold and ultracold molecules, the methods to obtain them, and each method’s advantages and disadvantages. Once we decelerate molecular ensembles, we would like to trap the cold and ultracold molecules in electric trap, megnetic trap and megneto-optical trap. Chapter 2 starts with an introduction of the concept of supersonic beam and the basic knowledge of it, such as the specific features. The experimental setup will also be presented and explained in this chapter. The main highlight of this project is that we are manipulating molecules in the real ground state. Our molecular source is a Counter Rotating Nozzle(CRN), which can precool (or slow in alternate terminology) molecules in all states including the rotational ground state. The principle and performance of CRN will be presented and explained in Chapter 3. After obtaining a well precooled molecular beam, the microwave lens effect on various species is presented in Chapter 4. Meanwhile, the principle of AC Stark shift, AC dipole force and the microwave standing wave modes, such as TE modes and TM modes, will be explained in this chapter as well. Finally, I’ll summarize, draw conclusion of this work and describe the future expectation of this project in Chapter 5.

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Hrmo, Pavel. "Ground state cooling of the radial motion of a single ion in a penning trap and coherent manipulation of small numbers of ions." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/61471.

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This thesis extends the recently reported ground state sideband cooling of the axial motion of a single ion to a broader frequency range of the axial motion, the radial motion and ion crystals. Once cold, coherent control of these different configurations is demonstrated. The experimental work in this thesis uses 40Ca+ ions that can be coherently addressed on a narrow linewidth optical transition at 729 nm. The technique of axialization that resonantly couples the two radial modes of motion is used to enhance laser Doppler cooling leading to mean phonon occupation numbers in the low hundreds for both modes. The sideband cooling technique is then used to simultaneously cool both the motional modes to within one phonon of the ground state for the first time evers. Sideband cooling is then also employed to cool the axial modes of many ion Coulomb crystals in two different configurations. For two ions in a 1D chain, motional occupation numbers of nbar_COM=0.30(4) and nbar_B=0.07(3) are achieved. For two ions in a planar 2D configuration the result for the two modes are nbar_T=nbar_COM < 0.1. This technique is scaled up to demonstrate ground state occupation of up to 10 ions in the planar configuration. The axial mode of motion of a single motion is used to characterise the coherent addressing capabilities in our system through optical and motional Ramsey spectroscopy. We observe optical coherence times of 1.78(4) ms and motional coherence times of 590(12) ms. Dynamical decoupling techniques are shown to extend these coherence times. Furthermore, basic decoherence models are validated in high-lying non-thermal motional states that are prepared by a sideband heating technique. Progress towards entangling gates is demonstrated using a bichromatic laser beam to prepare non-classical states of motion.

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Ling, Peter. "Common Ground by Artefacts : Everyday Collaborative Manipulations." Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Humanities and Informatics, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4306.

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This thesis explores how cognitive artefacts contribute to the process of reaching common ground within collaborative groups through a study of both Clark's theory of Common Ground and of how artefacts are understood to be used, both by individuals and as seen in distributed cognition. This was accompanied by an ethno-methodologically inspired study in the natural setting of a kitchen to observe how artefacts are used when negotiationg common ground. After the study's completion, participants were interviewed in order to establish whether common ground was successfully established ant to look for consistency between obeservations from the study and how the participants motivate their actions. The study was analysed in order to find patterns, of which four distinct kinds were indentified; these categories were then related to facts established in the study of Common Ground and artefacts.

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Schopis, Joel L. "Single-Element GNSS Patch Antenna Pattern Control." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1438285370.

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Okoye, Raphael. "Manipulation of short pulses." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/85576.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An ultra-fast laser pulse can be described in the time or frequency domain. If the timebandwidth product of an ultra-fast pulse is not satisfied, then the pulse is stretched. Stretching can be described in the time or frequency domain. In the time domain, it is called a chirp and in the frequency domain, it is known as the group delay dispersion GDD. Various techniques can be used to stretch and compress laser pulses. In this project, a prism pulse compressor used for compressing stretched pulses was built. A 200nm supercontinnum generated in an all normal dispersion photonic crystal fibre (ANDi-PCF) was compressed using the prism pulse compressor from 2ps to 140fs. The experiment and physical interpretation presented in this project suggest that a shorter pulse duration less than the measured 140fs of the compressed supercontinnum can be obtained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Ultra-vinnige laser puls kan beskryf word in tyd of frekwensie. As die tyd-bandwydte produk van ‘n ultra-vinnige puls nie bevredig is nie, dan is die puls uitgerek. Hierdie uitrekking kan beskryf word in tyd of frekwensie. In tyd word dit tjirp genoem en in frekwensie groep vertraging dispersie. Verskeie tegnieke kan gebruik word om ‘n laser puls te rek of saam te pers. In hierdie projek is ‘n prisma puls kompressor gebou om uitgerekte pulse saam te pers. ‘n 200nm bre e bandwydte puls (“supercontinuum”) is gegenereer in ‘n fotoniese kristal optiese vesel wat uitsluitlik normale dispersie toon (ANDI-PCF) en die puls is toe saamgepers met behulp van die prisma puls kompressor van‘n oorspronklike 2ps na 140fs. Die eksperiment en fisiese interpretasie wat in hierdie projek aangebied word dui daarop dat ‘n nog korter puls, minder as die gemete 140 fs, verkry kan word deur die bre e bandwydte puls verder saam te pers.

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Thacker, Eric T. "Greater Sage-Grouse Seasonal Ecology and Responses to Habitat Manipulations in Northern, Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 2010. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/707.

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Declining greater sage-grouse populations (Centrocercus urophasianus; hereafter sage-grouse) have led to increased concern regarding the long-term stability of the species. Previous research has identified factors contributing to the observed population declines. Habitat degradation and loss have been implicated as major factors in population declines. Although much is known about sage-grouse biology, more information is needed about population responses to specific management actions. This research was conducted to document sage-grouse responses to site-specific management actions. Additionally, I evaluated sage-grouse temporal and seasonal habitat-use and the comparability of techniques used by range and wildlife managers to measure vegetation responses of habitat management. Specifically, I evaluated 1) whether chemical analysis (gas chromatography) of sage-grouse fecal pellets could identify sagebrush species in sage-grouse winter diets, 2) the comparability of the line-point intercept and Daubenmire canopy cover methods for estimating canopy cover, 3) the response of sage-grouse broods to prescribed burns in a high elevation sagebrush community in northeastern Utah, and 4) the vegetation and insect characteristics of sites used by sage-grouse broods during a 24-hour period. I was able to determine wintering sage-grouse diets using gas chromatography by analyzing fecal pellets. This research also confirmed that black sagebrush (Artemisia nova) was an important component of sage-grouse winter diets in western Box Elder County and Parker Mountain populations. The line-point intercept and Daubenmire methods for estimating canopy cover are not comparable. Sage-grouse broods selected small (~ 25 ha) patchy prescribed burns in high elevation mountain big sagebrush (A. tridentata vaseyana) communities in northeastern Utah. Sage-grouse brood-site use in northwestern Utah did not differ during the diurnal hours, but nocturnal roost sites were characterized by shorter statured shrubs and more bare ground when compared to midday sites.

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Books on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0.

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Detinko, Alla. Probabilistic Group Theory, Combinatorics, and Computing: Lectures from the Fifth de Brún Workshop. London: Springer London, 2013.

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Baker, C. Edwin. Advertising and a democratic press. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1994.

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Baker, C. Edwin. Advertising and a democratic press. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 1993.

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Joswig, Michael. Polyhedral and Algebraic Methods in Computational Geometry. London: Springer London, 2013.

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The new genetics: Challenges for science, faith, and politics. Wakefield, R.I: Moyer Bell, 1996.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Vinh Nguyen, Tien Ngo, and Quyen Vu. Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Vinh Nguyen, Tien Ngo, and Quyen Vu. Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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von Philipsborn, Anne C. Neurobiology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198797500.003.0003.

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Behavioral neurobiology aims at explaining behavior at the level of neurons and neuronal circuits, based on linking comparative anatomy, and the observation and manipulation of nervous system activity with animal behavior. The numerical simplicity and the presence of identified neurons in insect nervous systems make them outstanding model systems for neurobiology. The insect nervous system has a common ground plan with functionally specialized regions for sensory processing, integration, and motor control. In holometabolous species, the nervous system is restructured during metamorphosis to support new behavior. Different forms of plasticity allow for behavioral adaptations in the adult stage. Neuronal circuits for behavior in Drosophila melanogaster can be effectively analysed with genetic tools, as exemplified for courtship and mating behavior. Recent developments in connectomics and genome editing are expected to further behavioral neurobiology in a broad range of species and permit a comprehensive comparative approach to the neurobiology of behavioral ecology.

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Cooper, Mark S. Hormone therapies in critical illness. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0049.

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A range of hormonal manipulations have been proposed as adjunctive therapy during critical care. These therapies might be used to treat a pre-existing or acquired hormonal disorder. Additionally, hormonal manipulation has been suggested to alter the long-term outcome of critical illness, even in patients without structural abnormalities of endocrine glands. Currently, the effectiveness of these anabolic therapies has not been established and they might be harmful in some patient groups. Recently, it has been recognized that many critically-ill patients have low levels of vitamin D and this is associated with an adverse outcome. It is still unclear whether replacement of vitamin D will be effective in improving outcome. This chapter will also highlight the importance of recognizing and addressing hormonal deficiency in patients with known pituitary disease and with traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI is associated with a high prevalence of acute and long-term pituitary dysfunction. The management of the rare, but important thyroid disorders requiring critical care, thyroid storm, and myxoedema coma, will also be discussed.

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Book chapters on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Conceptual and Algorithmic Models of Air Manipulation System." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 205–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_10.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Algorithms for Multi-criteria Synthesis of the Robotic Gripper Configuration." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 131–52. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_7.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Results of Modeling and Optimization of the Robotic Gripper Configuration." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 153–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_8.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Analysis of Existing Approaches to the Service Automation and to Interaction Control of Heterogeneous Agricultural Robots." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 3–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_1.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Theoretical Foundations to Control Technological and Robotic Operations with Physical Manipulations of Agricultural Products." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 89–113. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_5.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Model-Algorithmic Support of Robotic Gripper for Manipulating Agricultural Products." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 115–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_6.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Experimental Estimation of Means Developed for Interaction Between Heterogeneous Agricultural Robots." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 65–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_4.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Mathematical Modeling of Motion Control of Air Manipulation System and Its Stabilization." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 227–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_11.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Analysis of Approaches to the Control of Air Manipulation Systems." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 179–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_9.

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Ronzhin, Andrey, Tien Ngo, Quyen Vu, and Vinh Nguyen. "Experimental Results of Simulating the Motion Control of Air Manipulation Systems." In Ground and Air Robotic Manipulation Systems in Agriculture, 251–70. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86826-0_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

Kim, Raymond, Alex Debate, Stephen Balakirsky, and Anirban Mazumdar. "Using Manipulation to Enable Adaptive Ground Mobility." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icra40945.2020.9197061.

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Danko, Todd W., and Paul Y. Oh. "Coordinated Visual and Kinematic Servoing for Positioning Manipulating UAV End-Effectors." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34761.

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Manipulating objects using arms mounted to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is attractive because UAVs may access many locations that are otherwise inaccessible to traditional mobile manipulation platforms such as ground vehicles. However, the constantly moving UAV platform and compliance of manipulator arms make it difficult to position the UAV and end-effector relative to an object of interest precisely enough for reliable manipulation. Solving this challenge will bring UAVs one step closer to being able to perform meaningful tasks such as infrastructure repair, disaster response, law enforcement, and personal assistance. Toward a solution to this challenge, this paper describes an approach to coordinate the redundant degrees of freedom of a six degree of freedom gantry with those of a six degree of freedom manipulator arm. The manipulator’s degrees of freedom are visually servoed to a specified pose relative to a target while treating motions of the host platform as perturbations. Simultaneously, the host platform’s degrees of freedom are servoed using kinematic information from the manipulator. This drives the base of the manipulator to a position that allows it to assume a joint-space configuration that maximizes reachability while minimizing static torque transmitted from the arm to the host.

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Co, Thomas, Jonathan Black, and Costantinos Zagaris. "Responsive Satellites through Ground Track Manipulation using Existing Technology." In AIAA SPACE 2011 Conference & Exposition. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2011-7262.

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Liu, Houde, Bin Liang, Wenfu Xu, Xueqian Wang, and Ye Shi. "Development of ground experiment system for space robot performing fine manipulation." In 2012 12th International Conference on Control Automation Robotics & Vision (ICARCV 2012). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv.2012.6485312.

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Lissandrini, Nicola, Christos K. Verginis, Pedro Roque, Angelo Cenedese, and Dimos V. Dimarogonas. "Decentralized Nonlinear MPC for Robust Cooperative Manipulation by Heterogeneous Aerial-Ground Robots." In 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iros45743.2020.9341023.

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Zigoneanu, Lucian, Bogdan-Ioan Popa, and Steven A. Cummer. "Sound Manipulation With Acoustic Metamaterials." In ASME 2012 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference at InterNoise 2012. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2012-1277.

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Acoustic metamaterials are engineered materials with properties hard or impossible to find in natural materials (e.g. negative effective density and/or negative bulk modulus). Therefore, a myriad of novel applications could be imagined and some of them have already been theoretically and/or experimentally demonstrated. Gradient index acoustic lenses, acoustic cloaks or acoustic absorbing panels are some common examples. Here, we review the coordinate transformation approach (transformation acoustics) which provides the material parameters needed to precisely control the acoustic wave propagation. Then, we use this technique to design an acoustic black hole and a 3D acoustic ground cloak. We use numerical simulations to explore the practical feasibility of the material parameters required by these applications and design non-resonant, highly sub-wavelength unit cells that will implement them in practice.

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Swain, R., and R. K. Mishra. "RCS reduction and wave manipulation using planar phased surface." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Antenna Innovations & Modern Technologies for Ground, Aircraft and Satellite Applications (iAIM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iaim.2017.8402581.

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Wang, Nianfeng, and Xianmin Zhang. "Multi-material topology optimization of complaint mechanism using ground structure approach." In 2014 International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3m-nano.2014.7057357.

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Gan, Dongming, Jiaming Fu, Mo Rastgaar, Byung-Cheol Min, and Richard Voyles. "Actuation-Coordinated Mobile Parallel Robots With Hybrid Mobile and Manipulation Function." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-70081.

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Abstract Mobile robots with manipulation capability are a key technology that enables flexible robotic interactions, large area covering and remote exploration. This paper presents a novel class of actuation-coordinated mobile parallel robots (ACMPRs) that utilize parallel mechanism configurations and perform hybrid moving and manipulation functions through coordinated wheel actuators. The ACMPRs differ with existing mobile manipulators by their unique combination of the mobile wheel actuators and the parallel mechanism topology through prismatic joint connections. The common motion of the wheels will provide the mobile function while their differentiation will actuate the parallel manipulator function. This new concept reduces the actuation requirement and increases the manipulation accuracy and mobile motion stability through the coordinated and connected wheel actuators comparing with existing mobile parallel manipulators. The relative wheel location on the base frame also enables a reconfigurable base size with variable moving stability on the ground. The basic concept and general type synthesis are introduced and followed by the kinematics and inverse dynamics analysis of a selected three limb ACMPR. A numerical simulation also illustrates the dynamics model and the motion property of the new mobile parallel robot. The work provides a basis for introducing this new class of robots for potential applications in surveillance, industrial automation, construction, transportation, human assistance, medical applications and other operations in extreme environment such as nuclear plants, Mars, etc.

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ROOS, C. F., D. LEIBFRIED, F. SCHMIDT-KALER, J. ESCHNER, and R. BLATT. "GROUND STATE COOLING AND STATE MANIPULATION OF SINGLE IONS: APPLICATIONS IN PRECISION SPECTROSCOPY." In Proceedings of the 6th Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812777713_0042.

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Reports on the topic "Manipulation of ground"

KNYAZEVA, V., A. BILYALOVA, and E. IBRAGIMOVA. INTERTEXT AS A LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC TOOL OF SUGGESTION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-2-3-39-49.

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An article describes intertextuality as a lexico-semantic tool of linguistic suggestion and examines its ability to constitute manipulative power of authority within political media discourse. Following a thorough study of linguopragmatics and suggestive linguistics from the perspective of their theoretical grounds, we aimed to classify lexico-semantic tools, which could enable an authority to become a manipulative power of political media texts. Intertextuality caught our attention as an element of the aforementioned classification. The phenomenon representing overlap and interaction of several texts is backed up by recent examples gathered from some Russian and foreign Internet periodicals. Being sub-types of intertextuality Allusion and Quotation were highlighted in the research.

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Alston, Lee, Gary Libecap, and Bernardo Mueller. Interest Groups, Information Manipulation in the Media, and Public Policy: The Case of the Landless Peasants Movement in Brazil. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, April 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w15865.

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Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.

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The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.

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Granot, David, Scott Holaday, and Randy D. Allen. Enhancing Cotton Fiber Elongation and Cellulose Synthesis by Manipulating Fructokinase Activity. United States Department of Agriculture, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7613878.bard.

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a. Objectives (a) Identification and characterization of the cotton fiber FRKs; (b) Generating transgenic cotton plants overproducing either substrate inhibited tomato FRK or tomato FRK without substrate inhibition; (c) Generating transgenic cotton plants with RNAi suppression of fiber expressed FRKs; (d) Generating Arabidopsis plants that over express FRK1, FRK2, or both genes, as additional means to assess the contribution of FRK to cellulose synthesis and biomass production. b. Background to the topic: Cellulose synthesis and fiber elongation are dependent on sugar metabolism. Previous results suggested that FRKs (fructokinase enzymes that specifically phosphorylate fructose) are major players in sugar metabolism and cellulose synthesis. We therefore hypothesized that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber elongation and cellulose synthesis in cotton plants. Accordinlgy, the objectives of this research were: c. Major conclusions and achievements: Two cotton FRKs expressed in fibers, GhFRK2 and GhFRK3, were cloned and characterized. We found that GhFRK2 enzyme is located in the cytosol and GhFRK3 is located within plastids. Both enzymes enable growth on fructose (but not on glucose) of hexose kinase deficient yeast strain, confirming the fructokinase activity of the cloned genes. RNAi constructs with each gene were prepared and sent to the US collaborator to generate cotton plants with RNAi suppression of these genes. To examine the effect of FRKs using Arabidopsis plants we generated transgenic plants expressing either LeFRK1 or LeFRK2 at high level. No visible phenotype has been observed. Yet, plants expressing both genes simultaneously are being created and will be tested. To test our hypothesis that increasing fructose phosphorylation may enhance fiber cellulose synthesis, we generated twenty independent transgenic cotton plant lines overexpressing Lycopersicon (Le) FRK1. Transgene expression was high in leaves and moderate in developing fiber, but enhanced FRK activity in fibers was inconsistent between experiments. Some lines exhibited a 9-11% enhancement of fiber length or strength, but only one line tested had consistent improvement in fiber strength that correlated with elevated FRK activity in the fibers. However, in one experiment, seed cotton mass was improved in all transgenic lines and correlated with enhanced FRK activity in fibers. When greenhouse plants were subjected to severe drought during flowering and boll development, no genotypic differences in fiber quality were noted. Seed cotton mass was improved for two transgenic lines but did not correlate with fiber FRK activity. We conclude that LeFRK1 over-expression in fibers has only a small effect on fiber quality, and any positive effects depend on optimum conditions. The improvement in productivity for greenhouse plants may have been due to better structural development of the water-conducting tissue (xylem) of the stem, since stem diameters were larger for some lines and the activity of FRK in the outer xylem greater than observed for wild-type plants. We are testing this idea and developing other transgenic cotton plants to understand the roles of FRK in fiber and xylem development. We see the potential to develop a cotton plant with improved stem strength and productivity under drought for windy, semi-arid regions where cotton is grown. d. Implications, scientific and agricultural: FRKs are probably bottle neck enzymes for biomass and wood synthesis and their increased expression has the potential to enhance wood and biomass production, not only in cotton plants but also in other feed and energy renewable plants.

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Feldman, Moshe, Eitan Millet, Calvin O. Qualset, and Patrick E. McGuire. Mapping and Tagging by DNA Markers of Wild Emmer Alleles that Improve Quantitative Traits in Common Wheat. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7573081.bard.

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The general goal was to identify, map, and tag, with DNA markers, segments of chromosomes of a wild species (wild emmer wheat, the progenitor of cultivated wheat) determining the number, chromosomal locations, interactions, and effects of genes that control quantitative traits when transferred to a cultivated plant (bread wheat). Slight modifications were introduced and not all objectives could be completed within the human and financial resources available, as noted with the specific objectives listed below: 1. To identify the genetic contribution of each of the available wild emmer chromosome-arm substitution lines (CASLs) in the bread wheat cultivar Bethlehem for quantitative traits, including grain yield and its components and grain protein concentration and yield, and the effect of major loci affecting the quality of end-use products. [The quality of end-use products was not analyzed.] 2. To determine the extent and nature of genetic interactions (epistatic effects) between and within homoeologous groups 1 and 7 for the chromosome arms carrying "wild" and "cultivated" alleles as expressed in grain and protein yields and other quantitative traits. [Two experiments were successful, grain protein concentration could not be measured; data are partially analyzed.] 3. To derive recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) for the chromosome arms of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 that were found previously to promote grain and protein yields of cultivated wheat. [The selection of groups 1 and 7 tons based on grain yield in pot experiments. After project began, it was decided also to derive RSLs for the available arms of homoeologous group 4 (4AS and 4BL), based on the apparent importance of chromosome group 4, based on early field trials of the CASLs.] 4. To characterize the RSLs for quantitative traits as in objective 1 and map and tag chromosome segments producing significant effects (quantitative trait loci, QTLs by RFLP markers. [Producing a large population of RSLs for each chromosome arm and mapping them proved more difficult than anticipated, low numbers of RSLs were obtained for two of the chromosome arms.] 5. To construct recombination genetic maps of chromosomes of homoeologous groups 1 and 7 and to compare them to existing maps of wheat and other cereals [Genetic maps are not complete for homoeologous groups 4 and 7.] The rationale for this project is that wild species have characteristics that would be valuable if transferred to a crop plant. We demonstrated the sequence of chromosome manipulations and genetic tests needed to confirm this potential value and enhance transfer. This research has shown that a wild tetraploid species harbors genetic variability for quantitative traits that is interactive and not simply additive when introduced into a common genetic background. Chromosomal segments from several chromosome arms improve yield and protein in wheat but their effect is presumably enhanced when combination of genes from several segments are integrated into a single genotype in order to achieve the benefits of genes from the wild species. The interaction between these genes and those in the recipient species must be accounted for. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for some of the disappointing results that have historically obtained when using wild species as donors for crop improvement and provide a strategy for further successes.

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Eshed, Yuval, and Sarah Hake. Exploring General and Specific Regulators of Phase Transitions for Crop Improvement. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7699851.bard.

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The transition of plants from a juvenile to adult growth phase entails a wide range of changes in growth habit, physiological competence and composition. Strikingly, most of these changes are coordinated by the expression of a single regulator, micro RNA 156 (miR156) that coordinately regulates a family of SBP genes containing a miR156 recognition site in the coding region or in their 3’ UTR. In the framework of this research, we have taken a broad taxonomic approach to examine the role of miR156 and other genetic regulators in phase change transition and its implication to plant development and crop improvement. We set to: Determine the common and unique factors that are altered upon juvenile to adult phase transition. Determine the functions of select miR156 target genes in tomato and maize, and identify those targets that mediate phase transition. Characterize the role of miR172 and its targets in tomato phase change. Determine the relationships between the various molecular circuits directing phase change. Determine the effects of regulated manipulation of phase change genes on plant architecture and if applicable, productivity. In the course of the study, a new technology for gene expression was introduced – next generation sequencing (NGS). Hence some of the original experiments that were planned with other platforms of RNA profiling, primarily Affymetrix arrays, were substituted with the new technology. Yet, not all were fully completed. Moreover, once the initial stage was completed, each group chose to focus its efforts on specific components of the phase change program. The Israeli group focused on the roles of the DELAYED SYMPODIAL TERMINATION and FALSIFLORA factors in tomato age dependent programs whereas the US group characterized in detail the role of miR156 (also termed Cg) in other grasses and in maize, its interplay with the many genes encoding miR172.

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Katzir, Nurit, James Giovannoni, Marla Binzel, Efraim Lewinsohn, Joseph Burger, and Arthur Schaffer. Genomic Approach to the Improvement of Fruit Quality in Melon (Cucumis melo) and Related Cucurbit Crops II: Functional Genomics. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592123.bard.

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Background: Genomics tools for enhancement of melon research, with an emphasis on fruit, were developed through a previous BARD project of the PIs (IS -333-02). These included the first public melon EST collection, a database to relay this information to the research community and a publicly available microarray. The current project (IS-3877- 06) aimed to apply these tools for identification of important genes for improvement of melon (Cucumis melo) fruit quality. Specifically, the research plans included expression analysis using the microarray and functional analyses of selected genes. The original project objectives, as they appeared in the approved project, were: Objective 1: Utilization of a public melon microarray developed under the existing project to characterize melon transcriptome activity during the ripening of normal melon fruit (cv. Galia) in order to provide a basis for both a general view of melon transcriptome activity during ripening and for comparison with existing transcriptome data of developing tomato and pepper fruit. Objective 2: Utilization of the same public melon microarray to characterize melon transcriptome activity in lines available in the collection of the Israeli group, focusing on sugar, organic acids and aroma metabolism, so as to identify potentially useful candidates for functional analysis and possible manipulation, through comparison with the general fruit development profile resulting from (1) above. Objective 3: Expansion of our existing melon EST database to include publicly available gene expression data and query tools, as the US group has done with tomato. Objective 4: Selection of 6-8 candidate genes for functional analysis and development of DNA constructs for repression or over-expression. Objective 5: Creation of transgenic melon lines, or transgenic heterologous systems (e.g. E. coli or tomato), to assess putative functions and potential as tools for molecular enhancement of melon fruit quality, using the candidate gene constructs from (4).

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Jander, Georg, Gad Galili, and Yair Shachar-Hill. Genetic, Genomic and Biochemical Analysis of Arabidopsis Threonine Aldolase and Associated Molecular and Metabolic Networks. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696546.bard.

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Since the amino acids threonine and isoleucine can be limiting in mammalian diet and there is interest in increasing their abundance in certain crop plants. To meet this need, a BARD proposal was written with two main research objectives: (i) investigate new avenues for manipulating threonine and isoleucine content in plants and (ii) study the role of threonine aldolase in plant metabolism. Research conducted to meet these goals included analysis of the sub-cellular localization of threonine aldolase in the plant, analysis of metabolic flux in developing embryos, over- and under-expression of Arabidopsis threonine aldolases, and transcriptional and metabolic analysis of perturbations resulting from altered threonine aldolase expression. Additionally, the broader metabolic effects of increasing lysine biosynthesis were investigated. An interesting observation that came up in the course of the project is that threonine aldolase activity affects methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis. Further research showed that threonine deaminase and methionine gamma-lyase both contribute to isoleucine biosynthesis in plants. Therefore, isoleucine content can be altered by manipulating the expression of either or both of these enzymes. Additionally, both enzymes contribute to the up to 100-fold increase in isoleucine that is observed in drought-stressed Arabidopsis. Toward the end of the project it was discovered that through different projects, both groups had been able to independently up-regulate phenylalanine accumulation by different mechanisms. The Galili lab transformed Arabidopsis with a feedbackinsensitive bacterial enzyme and the Jander lab found a feedback insensitive mutation in Arabidopsis arogenate dehydratase. Exchange of the respective plant lines has allowed a comparative analysis of the different methods for increasing phenylalanine content and the creation of double mutants. The research that was conducted as part of this BARD project has led to new insights into plant amino acid metabolism. Additionally, new approaches that were found to increase the accumulation of threonine, isoleucine, and phenylalanine in plants have potential practical applications. Increased threonine and isoleucine levels can increase the nutritional value of crop plants. Elevated isoleucine accumulation may increase the osmotic stress tolerance of plants. Up-regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis can be used to increase the production of downstream higher-value plant metabolites of biofuel feed stocks.

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Yaron, Zvi, Abigail Elizur, Martin Schreibman, and Yonathan Zohar. Advancing Puberty in the Black Carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) and the Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis). United States Department of Agriculture, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7695841.bard.

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Both the genes and cDNA sequences encoding the b-subunits of black carp LH and FSH were isolated, cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis of the bcFSHb and LHb5'flanking regions revealed that the promoter region of both genes contains canonical TATA sequences, 30 bp and 17 bp upstream of the transcription start site of FSHb and LHb genes, respectively. In addition, they include several sequences of cis-acting motifs, required for inducible and tissue-specific transcriptional regulation: the gonadotropin-specific element (GSE), GnRH responsive element (GRE), half sites of estrogen and androgen response elements, cAMP response element, and AP1. Several methods have been employed by the Israeli team to purify the recombinant b subunits (EtOH precipitation, gel filtration and lentil lectin). While the final objective to produce pure recombinantGtH subunits has not yet been achieved, we have covered much ground towards this goal. The black carp ovary showed a gradual increase in both mass and oocyte diameter. First postvitellogenic oocytes were found in 5 yr old fish. At this age, the testes already contained spermatozoa. The circulating LH levels increased from 0.5 ng/ml in 4 yr old fish to >5ng/ml in 5 yr old fish. In vivo challenge experiments in black carp showed the initial LH response of the pituitary to GnRH in 4 yr old fish. The response was further augmented in 5 yr old fish. The increase in estradiol level in response to gonadotropic stimulation was first noted in 4 yr old fish but this response was much stronger in the following year. In vivo experiments on the FSHb and LHb mRNA levels in response to GnRH were carried out on common carp as a model for synchronom spawning cyprinids. These experiments showed the prevalence of FSHP in maturing fish while LHP mRNA was prevalent in mature fish, especially in females. The gonadal fat-pad was found to originate from the retroperitoneal mesoderm and not from the genital ridge, thus differing from that reported in certain amphibians This tissue possibly serves as the major source of sex steroids in the immature black carp. However, such a function is taken over by the developing gonads in 4 yr old fish. In the striped bass, we described the ontogeny of the neuro-endocrine parameters along the brain-pituitary-gonadal axis during the first four years of life, throughout gonadal development and the onset of puberty. We also described the responsiveness of the reproductive axis to long-term hormonal manipulations at various stages of gonadal development. Most males reached complete sexual maturity during the first year of life. Puberty was initiated during the third year of life in most females, but this first reproductive cycle did not lead to the acquisition of full sexual maturity. This finding indicates that more than one reproductive cycle may be required before adulthood is reached. Out of the three native GnRHs present in striped bass, only sbGnRH and cGnRH II increased concomitantly with the progress of gonadal development and the onset of puberty. This finding, together with data on GtH synthesis and release, suggests that while sbGnRH and cGnRH II may be involved in the regulation of puberty in striped bass, these neuropeptides are not limiting factors to the onset of puberty. Plasma LH levels remained low in all fish, suggesting that LH plays only a minor role in early gonadal development. This hypothesis was further supported by the finding that experimentally elevated plasma LH levels did not result in the induction of complete ovarian and testicular development. The acquisition of complete puberty in 4 yr old females was associated with a rise in the mRNA levels of all GtH subunit genes, including a 218-fold increase in the mRNA levels of bFSH. mRNA levels of the a and PLH subunits increased only 11- and 8-fold, respectively. Although data on plasma FSH levels are unavailable, the dramatic increase in bFSH mRNA suggests a pivotal role for this hormone in regulating the onset and completion of puberty in striped bass. The hormonal regulation of the onset of puberty and of GtH synthesis and release was studied by chronic administration of testosterone (T) and/or an analog of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (G). Sustained administration of T+G increased the mRNA levels of the PLH subunit to the values characteristic of sexually mature fish, and also increased the plasma levels of LH. However, these changes did not result in the acceleration of sexual maturation. The mRNA levels of the bFSH subunit were slightly stimulated, but remained about 1/10 of the values characteristic of sexually mature fish. It is concluded that the stimulation of FSH gene expression and release does not lead to the acceleration of sexual maturity, and that the failure to sufficiently stimulate the bFSH subunit gene expression may underlie the inability of the treatments to advance sexual maturity. Consequently, FSH is suggested to be the key hormone to the initiation and completion of puberty in striped bass. Future efforts to induce precocious puberty in striped bass should focus on understanding the regulation of FSH synthesis and release and on developing technologies to induce these processes. Definite formulation of hormonal manipulation to advance puberty in the striped bass and the black carp seems to be premature at this stage. However, the project has already yielded a great number of experimental tools of DNA technology, slow-release systems and endocrine information on the process of puberty. These systems and certain protocols have been already utilized successfully to advance maturation in other fish (e.g. grey mullet) and will form a base for further study on fish puberty.

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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.

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