Journal articles: 'Manic-depressive psychosis'

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Gerada, Clare, and Adrianne Reveley. "Schizophreniform Psychosis Associated with the Menstrual Cycle." British Journal of Psychiatry 152, no. 5 (May 1988): 700–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.152.5.700.

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The premenstrual and menstrual periods are associated with increased psychiatric disturbances, both of a psychotic and neurotic nature. Pre-existing psychosis can worsen in the premenstrual period, or, as we describe in the following case report, a psychosis can occur in the premenstrual period with complete remission once the bleeding has ceased. The role of menstruation in the timing and pathogenesis of the major psychoses is largely ignored in present-day psychiatry. In the nineteenth century, however, psychosis coincident with menstruation was thought to merit its own special term (Menstruationpsychose), and Kraepelin himself described the importance of the association (Kraepelin, 1909). In contrast, premenstrual tension has been the subject of continuous interest since the term was first used by Frank (1931), and there have been cases described of premenstrual tension in association with psychosis. Williams & Weeks (1952), for example, reported on 16 cases where the psychosis was characteristic of mania or catatonic schizophrenia, and more recently, Price & DiMarzio (1986) found that 60% of a group of rapidly cycling manic-depressive psychotics suffered from severe premenstrual tension. Psychosis associated with the menstrual cycle without concomitant symptoms of premenstrual tension has also been described. Lingjaerde & Bredland (1954) presented a case of a 24-year-old woman who developed a manic–depressive (manic-type) psychosis synchronous with her menstrual cycle, after childbirth. A Japanese cohort of patients diagnosed as suffering from “periodic psychosis” (Wakoh et al, 1960) showed significant correlation between acute psychosis and the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. The premenstrual period is also known to exacerbate pre-existing psychosis; Ota et al (1954) and Gregory (1957) have shown a significant increase in psychotic behaviour in the last 10 days of the menstrual cycle. We present a patient with a schizophreniform psychosis occurring irregularly but concomitant with her menstrual cycle, with total remission during the interval stage.

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Saugstad, Letten F. "Age at Puberty and Mental Illness." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 536–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.536.

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The hypothesis of a neurodevelopmental aetiology of manic-depressive psychosis and schizophrenia is based on the relation between onset of puberty and the final regressive events in the central nervous system (elimination of 40% of neuronal synapses), and the discrepancy in body build in the two disorders which is similar to that between early- and late-maturing individuals. The marked rise in manic–depressive psychoses and decline in schizophrenia, particularly the non-paranoid categories, accompanying the decline in mean pubertal age by some four years during the past hundred years are taken as evidence that manic–depressive psychosis affects early maturers and schizophrenia particularly affects late maturers. Gender differences and social differentials accord with this theory. Redundancy of neuronal synapses characterises manic-depressive psychosis, and reduced density of synapses is a characteristic of schizophrenia, whereas ‘normality’, with optimal synaptic density, is in between.

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Goodwin, G. M., D. A. W. Johnson, and R. G. McCreadie. "Comments on the Northwick Park ‘Functional’ Psychosis Study." British Journal of Psychiatry 154, no. 3 (March 1989): 406–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.154.3.406.

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“Functional psychosis is conventionally subdivided into schizophrenia and manic depressive psychosis. Response to treatment is assumed to be a validating criterion for these diagnoses. The efficacy of pimozide (a dopamine antagonist neuroleptic), lithium, and a combination of the two was compared with that of placebo in a 4-week trial in 120 functionally psychotic patients, each of whom was assessed for psychotic symptoms, manic symptoms, and depressive symptoms. The sample was subdivided into patients with predominantly elevated mood, predominantly depressed mood, and no consistent mood change. Pimozide reduced psychotic symptoms in all groups of patients. The only significant effect of lithium was to reduce elevated mood. Thus dopamine blockade seems relevant to the resolution of psychotic symptoms in all types of ‘functional’ psychosis, but the mode of action of lithium in psychotic patients concerns only mood. Application of standardised classifications of functional psychosis to these data did not change this conclusion.”

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4

McCURDY, JOLE CAPPIELLO. "Manic-Depressive Psychosis?A Perspective:." Journal of Analytical Psychology 32, no. 4 (October 1987): 309–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1987.00309.x.

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5

Perry, Alison, Nicholas Tarrier, and Richard Morriss. "Identification of Prodromal Signs and Symptoms and Early Intervention in Manic Depressive Psychosis Patients: A Case Example." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 23, no. 4 (October 1995): 399–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1352465800016507.

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Recent research has revealed that relapse in manic depressive psychosis and schizophrenia is preceded by specific prodromal signs and symptoms that include dysphoria, other non-psychotic symptoms and features unique to individual patients. Treatment studies in schizophrenia have shown that early pharmacological intervention during a prodromal phase of psychotic relapse may be effective in the prevention of hospitalization. This paper describes the procedure of prodromal signs identification in manic depressive psychosis and the negotiation of an appropriate plan of action with the mental health services in order to abort the relapse or reduce its severity through early pharmacological intervention. A case example is presented to demonstrate this approach.

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Reid, A. H., A. J. G. Swanson, A. S. Jain, G. Spowart, and A. F. Wright. "Manic Depressive Psychosis with Mental Retardation and Flexion Deformities." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 1 (January 1987): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.1.92.

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Five mentally handicapped patients are described in whom a bipolar manic depressive psychosis was associated with flexion deformities, involving principally the fingers. The effect of increasing degrees of retardation on the clinical presentation of the affective psychosis is discussed. Surgical treatment of the flexion deformity brought about considerable improvement in one patient. These five patients were further investigated cytogenetically using high resolution banding techniques. The results obtained were interesting but inconclusive. There would seem to be a definite place for further cytogenetic investigations of some of the more distinctive psychotic disorders using this technique.

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Hiremath, Rekha, Naseema Begum, S. D. Desai, and Anand Mugadlimath. "Dermatoglyphic Analysis in Indian Subjects with Manic Depressive Psychosis: A Prospective Study." Indian Journal of Anatomy 7, no. 4 (2018): 407–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ija.2320.0022.7418.10.

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8

FEARON, PAUL, JAMES B. KIRKBRIDE, CRAIG MORGAN, PAOLA DAZZAN, KEVIN MORGAN, TUHINA LLOYD, GERARD HUTCHINSON, et al. "Incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses in ethnic minority groups: results from the MRC AESOP Study." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 11 (August 29, 2006): 1541–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706008774.

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Background. The incidence of schizophrenia in the African-Caribbean population in England is reported to be raised. We sought to clarify whether (a) the rates of other psychotic disorders are increased, (b) whether psychosis is increased in other ethnic minority groups, and (c) whether particular age or gender groups are especially at risk.Method. We identified all people (n=568) aged 16–64 years presenting to secondary services with their first psychotic symptoms in three well-defined English areas (over a 2-year period in Southeast London and Nottingham and a 9-month period in Bristol). Standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRR) for all major psychosis syndromes for all main ethnic groups were calculated.Results. We found remarkably high IRRs for both schizophrenia and manic psychosis in both African-Caribbeans (schizophrenia 9·1, manic psychosis 8·0) and Black Africans (schizophrenia 5·8, manic psychosis 6·2) in men and women. IRRs in other ethnic minority groups were modestly increased as were rates for depressive psychosis and other psychoses in all minority groups. These raised rates were evident in all age groups in our study.Conclusions. Ethnic minority groups are at increased risk for all psychotic illnesses but African-Caribbeans and Black Africans appear to be at especially high risk for both schizophrenia and mania. These findings suggest that (a) either additional risk factors are operating in African-Caribbeans and Black Africans or that these factors are particularly prevalent in these groups, and that (b) such factors increase risk for schizophrenia and mania in these groups.

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Penney, M. D., M. J. Levell, and R. P. Hullin. "Arginine vasopressin in manic-depressive psychosis." Psychological Medicine 17, no. 4 (November 1987): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700000659.

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SynopsisUrinary excretions of arginine vasopressin (AVP), sodium, potassium, osmoles and creatinine were measured in three in-patients with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis on at least eight 24-hour periods in each affective phase. Mood and body weight were recorded twice daily. The excretion by each patient of sodium, water and osmoles was greater in mania than during depression. Comparison of electrolytes and osmoles suggested that the increase was due to increased intake of salt and water rather than of total diet. There was a fall of mean AVP excretion during mania, the magnitude of the fall being related to the increase of water throughput.Compared with controls, AVP excretion was high and variable. It did not show the normal relationship to urine osmolality. Days with very high AVP were not associated with any characteristic feature of the other measurements; nor were they confined to any one point in the manic-depressive cycle.AVP does not appear to play a major role in the salt and water changes characteristic of manicdepressive psychosis and we have no evidence of its having any direct relationship to mood changes. We suggest that the observed abnormalities of AVP excretion are another manifestation of the central defect of this disease.

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10

Weeke, A. "Cardiovascular death and manic-depressive psychosis." Journal of Affective Disorders 13, no. 3 (December 1987): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(87)90049-8.

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11

Bhandari, S. "Neuropsychological function in manic-depressive psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 6 (December 1995): 824–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.6.824b.

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12

Smith, J. A., and N. Tarrier. "Prodromal symptoms in manic depressive psychosis." Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 27, no. 5 (1992): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00788937.

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Naylor, G. J., A. H. W. Smith, D. Bryce-Smith, and N. I. Ward. "Trace elements in manic depressive psychosis." Journal of Affective Disorders 8, no. 2 (March 1985): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(85)90035-7.

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14

Kumar, R., I. Wright, G. J. Naylor, and N. Ward. "Caesium levels in manic depressive psychosis." Journal of Affective Disorders 17, no. 1 (July 1989): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-0327(89)90019-0.

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15

Kadambari, S. R. "Manic-Depressive Psychosis in a Mentally Handicapped Person: Diagnosis and Management." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 5 (May 1986): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.5.595.

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The diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis in mentally handicapped people can be easily overlooked, partly because its presentation differs from that in people with normal intelligence. This report illustrates some of the difficulties involved in making the diagnosis of manic-depressive psychosis in a mentally handicapped person and in planning for her future care.

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Khalili, MD, Navid, Abdolreza Sabahi, MD, Mostafa Vahedian, PhD, and Mehdi Alimardanzadeh, MD. "A double blind randomized clinical trial of buprenorphine augmentation for treatment of psychotic symptoms in opioid addicted bipolar patients." Journal of Opioid Management 15, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 362–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jom.2019.0525.

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Objective: To assess the efficacy of buprenorphine augmentation in treatment of psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder type I.Design: Bipolar type I patients with manic or depressive episodes and psychotic feature and with opioid dependency comorbidity were randomly included and allocated. Both groups of buprenorphine (4 or 6 mg/d) and placebo were also treated with enough dosages of sodium valproate and risperidone. Psychosis as primary outcome and depressive and manic symptoms as secondary outcome were assessed at baseline and after 1 and 2 weeks. Data were analyzed through t test and repeated measure ANOVA.Results: Twenty-four patients remained in each group. Both groups displayed significant reduction in psychotic, depressive, and manic symptoms during the 2 weeks of study, although there was not any significant difference between them. Conclusions: Buprenorphine did not add any efficacy to usual treatment of psychotic episodes of bipolar, although did not aggravate psychiatric symptoms.

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Zanetti, Marcus V., Maristela S. Schaufelberger, Cláudio C. de Castro, Paulo R. Menezes, Márcia Scazufca, Philip K. McGuire, Robin M. Murray, and Geraldo F. Busatto. "White-matter hyperintensities in first-episode psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 193, no. 1 (July 2008): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.038901.

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BackgroundWhite-matter hyperintensities have been associated with both schizophrenia and mood disorders, particularly bipolar disorder, but results are inconsistent across studiesAimsTo examine whether white-matter hyperintensities are a vulnerability marker for psychosis or are specifically associated with bipolar disorderMethodT2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data were acquired in 129 individuals with first-episode psychosis (either affective or non-affective psychoses) and 102 controls who were randomly selected from the same geographical areas. Visual white-matter hyperintensity ratings were used for group and subgroup comparisonsResultsThere were no statistically significant between-group differences in white-matter hyperintensity frequency or severity scores. No significant correlations were found between white-matter hyperintensity scores and duration of illness, duration of untreated psychosis, or severity of psychotic, manic or depressive symptomsConclusionsWhite-matter hyperintensities are not associated with vulnerability to psychosis in general, or specifically with affective psychoses. Further, first-episode psychosis investigations using more quantitative methods are warranted to confirm these findings

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Wylie, K., D. De Silva, T. Jerram, and R. H. S. Mindham. "Simultaneous kidney disease and manic–depressive psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 2 (February 1993): 275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.2.275a.

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Dean, C., R. J. Williams, and I. F. Brockington. "Is puerperal psychosis the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder? A family study." Psychological Medicine 19, no. 3 (August 1989): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700024235.

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SynopsisThe first degree relatives of three groups of women were interviewed; 51 women who had had an illness within two weeks of childbirth and no non-puerperal episodes (the puerperal group), 33 who had puerperal and non-puerperal episodes (the mixed group), and 19 women with bipolar manic-depressive disorder who had non-puerperal episodes only (the manic-depressive group).Over 60% of the affected relatives in all three groups had affective illnesses; in the main these were not puerperal. There were significantly more first degree relatives who had had general practitioner or hospital treatment for psychiatric illness in the puerperal group and in the mixed group than in the manic-depressive group. The puerperal patients had a better prognosis in terms of their illness (number of relapses and time on medication), work functioning and social functioning than the manic-depressive group and the mixed group. The mixed group had an earlier age of onset than the manic-depressive group and the puerperal group. The hypothesis that puerperal psychosis is the same as bipolar manic-depressive disorder was not upheld. The mixed group and the puerperal group were similar with respect to the risk in first degree relatives but differed in terms of prognosis.There were no significant differences between the groups with respect to puerperal episodes in first-degree relatives, although the rate of puerperal psychosis in the first-degree relatives of the puerperal patients was significantly greater than in the general population. The hypothesis that there is a specific genetically determined puerperal psychosis was not supported. Women who had had an illness with an onset within two weeks of childbirth (mixed and puerperal) subsequently had an illness following 36% of their childbirths. In women who had had puerperal and non-puerperal episodes (mixed) the risk was higher; over 50 % of deliveries in these women were followed by psychiatric illness.

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Thalbourne, Michael A., Edmund Keogh, and Susan E. Crawley. "Manic-Depressiveness and its Correlates." Psychological Reports 85, no. 1 (August 1999): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1999.85.1.45.

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Manic-depressiveness is the name here given to a hypothesized personality continuum that has, at one extreme, manic-depressive psychosis. A Manic-Depressiveness Scale is described, which comprises three scales, Manic Experience, Depressive Experience, and the sum of the two, since they are correlated. 250 undergraduate psychology students at the University of Adelaide and at Goldsmiths' College, London, were administered the Manic-Depressiveness Scale along with 12 measures including the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised). Scores on the total Manic-Depressiveness Scale tended (in order of size of association) to be correlated with Schizotypal Personality (and three subscales), Neuroticism, Magical Ideation, Mystical Experience, Belief in the Paranormal, absence of Social Naïveté, and Psychoticism. Manic Experience showed a pattern of relationships with the above variables broadly similar to that of Depressive Experience but included Creative Personality, while Depressive Experience included introversion. The relationship between manicdepressiveness and schizotypy is discussed.

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Christie, Janice E., Lawrence J. Whalley, Heinz Dick, Douglas M. R. Blackwood, Ivy M. Blackburn, and George Fink. "Raised Plasma Cortisol Concentrations a Feature of Drug-Free Psychotics and not Specific for Depression." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 1 (January 1986): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.1.58.

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To determine whether high plasma cortisol concentrations are a distinctive feature of depression or whether plasma cortisol is also elevated in other forms of psychosis, cortisol concentrations were measured in 59 patients with acute functional psychoses, six non-psychotic depressed patients and 37 control subjects, all free of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs for at least three months. Patients with schizoaffective disorder, manic type, had the highest concentrations throughout the day and those with major depressive disorder, psychotic sub-type had higher concentrations than controls in the afternoon and evening. Manic and schizophrenic patients had cortisol concentrations above controls in the afternoon only. Elevated concentrations were not related to the presence of depressed mood or to duration of stay in hospital, and a return to normal occurred irrespective of the type of treatment used. Thus raised plasma cortisol concentrations are a feature of psychotic illness, but in drug-free patients are not specific for severe depression.

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Linter, C. M. "Short-Cycle Manic-Depressive Psychosis in a Mentally Handicapped Child without Family History." British Journal of Psychiatry 151, no. 4 (October 1987): 554–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.151.4.554.

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Diagnosis of classic psychiatric illness in mentally handicapped individuals remains difficult. Manic-depressive illness has previously been reported in both pre-pubertal and pubertal children with a mental handicap and with a family history. This paper reports a case of manic-depressive psychosis in childhood, with no family history, short-cycle mood swings and good response to lithium therapy.

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Gudisa Bereda. "Stage and symptoms of bipolar disorders." Insights on the Depression and Anxiety 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2022): 007–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ida.1001030.

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Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic-depressive illness or manic depression) is a mental disorder that causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity levels, concentration, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks. During mood swings, there may be features of psychosis (delusions and hallucinations) that are mood-congruent. Although psychotic symptoms are seen only in a minority of patients, they explain the early terminology of manic–depressive psychosis. Stage 1a is defined as mild or non-specific symptoms of mood disorder and intervened as formal mental health literacy; family psychoeducation; substance abuse reduction; cognitive behavioral therapy. Euphoric means the experience of pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Certain natural rewards and social activities, such as aerobic exercise, laughter, listening to or making music, and dancing, can induce a state of euphoria. Racing thoughts are consistent, persistent, often intrusive thoughts that come in rapid succession. There is a direct link between depression and anxiety and racing thoughts. Whereas jumping from topic to topic as in the flight of ideas can be observed by others, ascertainment of racing thoughts requires asking the child whether his or her thoughts seem to be going too fast.

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Arumainayagam, M., and A. Kumar. "Manic–Depressive Psychosis in a Mentally Handicapped Person." British Journal of Psychiatry 156, no. 6 (June 1990): 886–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.156.6.886.

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Diagnosis of mental illness in mentally-handicapped people is often difficult and complex, because of atypical presentation and lack of clear diagnostic criteria. A patient in whom seasonal variation in behaviour and mood gave a clue to the diagnosis of manic–depressive psychosis is reported.

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Arrasate, M., I. González-Ortega, S. Alberich, M. Gutierrez, M. Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, F. Mosquera, N. Cruz, M. A. González-Torres, C. Henry, and A. González-Pinto. "Affective dimensions as a diagnostic tool for bipolar disorder in first psychotic episodes." European Psychiatry 29, no. 7 (September 2014): 424–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.07.005.

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AbstractObjectiveTo examine the predictive diagnostic value of affective symptomatology in a first-episode psychosis (FEP) sample with 5 years’ follow-up.MethodAffective dimensions (depressive, manic, activation, dysphoric) were measured at baseline and 5 years in 112 FEP patients based on a factor structure analysis using the Young Mania Rating Scale and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Patients were classified as having a diagnosis of bipolar disorder at baseline (BDi), bipolar disorder at 5 years (BDf), or “other psychosis”. The ability of affective dimensions to discriminate between these diagnostic groups and to predict a bipolar disorder diagnosis was analysed.ResultsManic dimension score was higher in BDi vs. BDf, and both groups had higher manic and activation scores vs. “other psychosis”. Activation dimension predicted a bipolar diagnosis at 5 years (odds ratio = 1.383; 95% confidence interval, 1.205–1.587; P = 0.000), and showed high levels of sensitivity (86.2%), specificity (71.7%), positive (57.8%) and negative predictive value (90.5%). Absence of the manic dimension and presence of the depressive dimension were both significant predictors of an early misdiagnosis.ConclusionThe activation dimension is a diagnostic predictor for bipolar disorder in FEP. The manic dimension contributes to a bipolar diagnosis and its absence can lead to early misdiagnosis.

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Azhar, MZ, and SL Varma. "Electro-convulsive therapy in neuroleptic malignant syndrome." European Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (1995): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0924-9338(96)80323-3.

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SummaryA middle aged lady having Manic-depressive psychosis developed neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) on haloperidol. The emergent psychosis after recovery from NMS resolved with judicious use of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) followed by gradual reintroduction of antipsychotics is reported here.

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O'MAHONY, E., A. CORVIN, R. O’CONNELL, C. COMERFORD, B. LARSEN, I. R. JONES, F. McCANDLESS, et al. "Sibling pairs with affective disorders: resemblance of demographic and clinical features." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (January 2002): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004986.

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Background. As part of a collaborative linkage study, the authors obtained clinical and demographic data on 160 families in which more than one sibling was affected with a bipolar illness. The aim of the study was to identify clinical characteristics that had a high degree of familiality.Method. Data on age at onset, gender, frequency of illness-episodes and proportion of manic to depressive episodes were examined to determine intra-pair correlations in affected sibling pairs. Dimension scales were developed measuring frequency and severity of lifetime mania, depression, psychosis and mood-incongruence of psychotic symptoms; degree of familial aggregation for scores on these dimensions was calculated.Results. Sibling pairs correlated significantly for age at onset (ρ = 0·293, P<0·001); dimension scores for psychosis (ρ = 0·332, P < 0·001); and proportion of manic to depressive episodes (ρ = 0·184, P = 0·002). These findings remained significant when correcting for multiple testing. Of the other test variables; mania (ρ = 0·171, P = 0·019); incongruence dimensions (ρ = 0·242, P = 0·042); frequency of manic episodes (ρ = 0·152, P = 0·033); and frequency of depressive episodes (ρ = 0·155, P = 0·028) were associated with modest correlations but these were not significant after correction. Degree of familial aggregation was not significant for sex (κ = 0·084) or dimension scores for depression (ρ = 0·078, P = 0·300).Conclusions. Significant but modest familial resemblance has been shown for some specific features of bipolar illness, particularly age at onset and degree of psychosis. Further research may establish the extent to which these findings are mediated by genetic and/or environmental factors.

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Dutta, R., C. Morgan, P. Dazzan, J. Boydell, G. Doody, G. Harrison, J. Leff, P. B. Jones, R. M. Murray, and P. Fearon. "TC16A THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF FIRST ONSET DEPRESSIVE PSYCHOSIS COMPARED TO MANIC PSYCHOSIS." Schizophrenia Research 86 (October 2006): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-9964(06)70169-4.

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Johnstone, Eve C., D. G. C. Owens, C. D. Frith, and Louie M. Calvert. "Institutionalisation and the Outcome of Functional Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 146, no. 1 (January 1985): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.146.1.36.

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SummaryThe outcome in patients receiving long-term in-patient care for manic-depressive psychosis was compared with that in long-stay schizophrenic in-patients and discharged schizophrenic patients. The manic-depressive and schizophrenic in-patients differed in terms of positive and negative features and in the pattern of behaviour, but were equally cognitively impaired. The pattern of behaviour in both schizophrenic groups was the same. The results offer some support for the use of outcome as a validating criterion for the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

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Hume, Anne J. A., Philip J. Barker, William Robertson, and John Swan. "Manic depressive psychosis: an alternative therapeutic model of nursing." Journal of Advanced Nursing 13, no. 1 (January 1988): 93–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1988.tb01395.x.

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Rao, I. V. L. Narasimha, Sheela N. J. Sait, and H. S. Narayanan. "Klinefelter's Syndrome and Manic Depressive Psychosis: A Case Report." Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 8, no. 1 (January 1985): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419850101.

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Mathai, P. John. "Manic Depressive Paranoid Psychosis - A Clinical Entity or Illusion - ?" Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 11, no. 2 (July 1988): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0975156419880201.

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Van Os, Jim, Machteld Marcelis, Pak Sham, Peter Jones, Karyna Gilvarry, and Robin Murray. "Psychopathological syndromes and familial morbid risk of psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 170, no. 3 (March 1997): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.170.3.241.

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BackgroundFamilial liability in the functional psychoses had traditionally been examined by comparing mutually exclusive diagnostic categories. This study examines overlapping psychopathological dimensions in relation to familial morbid risk of psychosis.MethodWe tested for associations between seven factor-analysis derived psychopathological dimensions and familial morbid risk of psychosis, in a sample of 150 patients with recent-onset functional psychosis and 548 of their first-degree relatives.ResultsA syndrome characterised by affective blunting and insidious and early onset of illness, non-specifically predicted psychosis in the first-degree relatives, whereas a manic syndrome specifically predicted affective psychosis in the relatives. No other main effects were observed, but there were interactions with proband diagnosis: a syndrome characterised by bizarre behaviour, inappropriate affect, catatonia and poor rapport predicted psychosis in relatives of schizophrenic probands, and a syndrome of depressive: symptoms predicted psychosis in relatives of schizoaffective probands. Positive symptoms were not associated with illness in the relatives.ConclusionsGenetic effects in the functional psychoses may comprise non-specific components that canalise a general, early-onset, affective blunting phenotype and several other, more specific, influences on phenotypic variation.

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Quattrone, Diego, Marta Di Forti, Charlotte Gayer-Anderson, Laura Ferraro, Hannah E. Jongsma, Giada Tripoli, Caterina La Cascia, et al. "Transdiagnostic dimensions of psychopathology at first episode psychosis: findings from the multinational EU-GEI study." Psychological Medicine 49, no. 08 (October 4, 2018): 1378–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002131.

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AbstractBackgroundThe value of the nosological distinction between non-affective and affective psychosis has frequently been challenged. We aimed to investigate the transdiagnostic dimensional structure and associated characteristics of psychopathology at First Episode Psychosis (FEP). Regardless of diagnostic categories, we expected that positive symptoms occurred more frequently in ethnic minority groups and in more densely populated environments, and that negative symptoms were associated with indices of neurodevelopmental impairment.MethodThis study included 2182 FEP individuals recruited across six countries, as part of the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene–Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study. Symptom ratings were analysed using multidimensional item response modelling in Mplus to estimate five theory-based models of psychosis. We used multiple regression models to examine demographic and context factors associated with symptom dimensions.ResultsA bifactor model, composed of one general factor and five specific dimensions of positive, negative, disorganization, manic and depressive symptoms, best-represented associations among ratings of psychotic symptoms. Positive symptoms were more common in ethnic minority groups. Urbanicity was associated with a higher score on the general factor. Men presented with more negative and less depressive symptoms than women. Early age-at-first-contact with psychiatric services was associated with higher scores on negative, disorganized, and manic symptom dimensions.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the bifactor model of psychopathology holds across diagnostic categories of non-affective and affective psychosis at FEP, and demographic and context determinants map onto general and specific symptom dimensions. These findings have implications for tailoring symptom-specific treatments and inform research into the mood-psychosis spectrum.

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Nascimento, M., M. Lázaro, J. Reis, G. Pereira, F. Bacelar, and A. Nobre. "Affective disorders, psychosis and lipid levels: Is there a connection? Linking psychopathology, clinical exams and neurobiology." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S765. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1439.

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IntroductionPublished research regarding the relationship between lipid levels in affective disorders has been contradictory. Additionally, most studies correlating psychosis to lipid serum concentrations only concern schizophrenic patients.ObjectiveTo access the relationship between serum lipid levels with the diagnosis and pathophysiology of affective disorders.MethodsDiagnostic data (ICD–10: F31–32), including mood and psychotic features, were prospectively collected for all patients admitted at the affective disorder ward at Centro Hospitalar Psiquiátrico de Lisboa (Portugal), during the third trimester of 2016. Serum concentrations of triglycerides and total/HDL/LDL cholesterol were evaluated using standard laboratory tests. Statistical analysis was performed for possible correlations between serum lipid levels and:– different stages of bipolar disorder (BD);– elevated versus depressive mood (unipolar and bipolar);– depressive mood (BD versus non-BD);– psychotic features.ResultsSixty-three patients admitted were enrolled in this study: 47 presented with BD (32 manic, 10 depressives and 5 mixed episodes) and 16 presented depressive disorders. Statistical analysis (R software) revealed that depressed bipolar patients had significantly higher triglyceride (P = 0.026), total and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.525) levels than other states; mixed episodes presented higher HDL levels (P = 0.542). Although not significant, manic patients’ HDL levels were consistently elevated compared to depressive ones, whom presented with lower values overall. Finally, when adjusted for age, psychotic patients showed lower levels of total (P = 0.031) and LDL cholesterol (P = 0.052) compared to non-psychotic patients.ConclusionsThere is a potential link between serum lipid levels and diagnosis/psychopathology of affective disorders. Further research is needed to characterize its pathophysiologic relevance.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Esparon, J., J. Kolloori, G. J. Naylor, A. M. McHarg, A. H. W. Smith, and S. E. Hopwood. "Comparison of the Prophylactic Action of Flupenthixol with Placebo in Lithium Treated Manic-Depressive Patients." British Journal of Psychiatry 148, no. 6 (June 1986): 723–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.148.6.723.

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A double-blind cross-over trial of depot flupenthixol in recurrent manic depressive psychosis was carried out. Ail patients continued on lithium. Eleven patients completed the two-year trial. Flupenthixol appeared to have no prophylactic effect.

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Guinness, E. A. "II. Brief Reactive Psychosis and the Major Functional Psychoses: Descriptive Case Studies in Africa." British Journal of Psychiatry 160, S16 (April 1992): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296773.

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In a three-year prospective study of service-based incidence of functional psychoses in Africa, 94 cases of brief reactive psychosis were compared with 56 cases of schizophreniform syndromes, 29 cases of DSM-III schizophrenia and 14 of manic-depressive psychosis. This was supplemented by retrospective study of the same syndromes not in their first episode. Brief reactive psychosis was found to be a composite syndrome. The 50% with preceding depression were a distinct group, in terms of course and demographic features. Of those with intense prodromal anxiety, most were a single episode precipitated by a major life event, a few showed a recurrent long-term pattern. Schizophrenia was heralded, or presented unequivocally months or years later, in 10-20%. The schizophreniform group comprised a range of atypical psychoses intermediate between the transient and major psychoses. The pattern of precipitants and the over-representation of education and paid employment in the acute syndromes, compared with the major psychoses, in a society which was largely first-generation educated, suggested a link with rapid social change.

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Whalley, L. J., J. E. Christie, D. H. R. Blackwood, J. Bennie, H. Dick, I. M. Blackburn, and G. Fink. "Disturbed Endocrine Function in the Psychoses." British Journal of Psychiatry 155, no. 4 (October 1989): 462–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.155.4.462.

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Discriminant function analyses were performed on plasma concentrations of prolactin, growth hormone, Cortisol, TSH, and the neurophysins measured over 17 hours in 70 newly admitted drug-free psychiatric patients and 35 control subjects. The hormone data distinguished between patients with different classes of drug-free psychosis (26 schizophrenic, 12 with manic disorder, 10 with major depressive disorder, psychotic subtype, 9 with schizoaffective mania (SAM)). Higher plasma Cortisol and lower TSH concentrations separated eight of nine SAM patients from all others.

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Reininghaus, Ulrich, Jan R. Böhnke, Georgina Hosang, Anne Farmer, Tom Burns, Peter McGuffin, and Richard P. Bentall. "Evaluation of the validity and utility of a transdiagnostic psychosis dimension encompassing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 2 (August 2016): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.167882.

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BackgroundIn recent years, the Kraepelinian dichotomy has been challenged in light of evidence on shared genetic and environmental factors for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, but empirical efforts to identify a transdiagnostic phenotype of psychosis remain remarkably limited.AimsTo investigate whether schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder lie on a transdiagnostic spectrum with overlapping non-affective and affective psychotic symptoms.MethodMultidimensional item-response modelling was conducted on symptom ratings of the OPerational CRITeria (OPCRIT) system in 1168 patients with schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar disorder.ResultsA bifactor model with one general, transdiagnostic psychosis dimension underlying affective and non-affective psychotic symptoms and five specific dimensions of positive, negative, disorganised, manic and depressive symptoms provided the best model fit and diagnostic utility for categorical classification.ConclusionsOur findings provide support for including dimensional approaches into classification systems and a directly measurable clinical phenotype for cross-disorder investigations into shared genetic and environmental factors of psychosis.

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Aspiazu, Saioa, Fernando Mosquera, Berta Ibañez, Patricia Vega, Sara Barbeito, Puri López, Sonia Ruiz de Azúa, Amaia Ugarte, Eduard Vieta, and Ana González-Pinto. "Manic and depressive symptoms and insight in first episode psychosis." Psychiatry Research 178, no. 3 (August 2010): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2010.03.012.

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Arce Ross, G. "2059 – White factors and psychotherapy of the manic-depressive psychosis." European Psychiatry 28 (January 2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(13)76976-1.

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Lowe, M. R., and D. H. Batchelor. "Lithium and neuroleptics in the management of manic depressive psychosis." Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental 5, no. 3 (September 1990): 267–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hup.470050322.

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Donnelly, Peter. "Medical audit in an elderly depressed cohort." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 9, no. 1 (May 1992): 62–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700014014.

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AbstractMedical audit was carried out to evaluate drug therapy in a cohort of depressed patients admitted to a functional ward for the elderly. A retrospective case note study was carried out in 61 consecutive admissions with a diagnosis of depression. Seventeen of the 41 patients (41%) with a diagnosis of Manic Depressive Psychosis were not taking antidepressant medication on admission. Of the 11 patients who received Electroconvulsive Therapy seven (64%) did so under Section 3 of the Mental Health Act. Four of the 41 patients (10%) with a diagnosis of Manic Depressive Psychosis were not on prophylactic antidepressants or lithium on discharge. Seventeen of the patients (28%) were taking benzodiazepine hypnotics on admission, and 14 of these were discharged on the same type and dosage. There were no patients on more than one type of antidepressant or antipsychotic at any one time. These findings reflect deficiencies in the general practice and specialist treatment of depressive illness in an elderly cohort. The need for on-going audit in this at risk group is emphasized.

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Demjaha, A., K. Morgan, C. Morgan, S. Landau, K. Dean, A. Reichenberg, P. Sham, et al. "Combining dimensional and categorical representation of psychosis: the way forward for DSM-V and ICD-11?" Psychological Medicine 39, no. 12 (July 23, 2009): 1943–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291709990651.

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BackgroundThere is good evidence that psychotic symptoms segregate into symptom dimensions. However, it is still unclear how these dimensions are associated with risk indicators and other clinical variables, and whether they have advantages over categorical diagnosis in clinical practice. We investigated symptom dimensions in a first-onset psychosis sample and examined their associations with risk indicators and clinical variables. We then examined the relationship of categorical diagnoses to the same variables.MethodWe recruited 536 patients as part of a population-based, incidence study of psychosis. Psychopathology was assessed using the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). A principal axis factor analysis was performed on symptom scores. The relationship of dimension scores with risk indicators and with clinical variables was then examined employing regression analyses. Finally, regression models were compared to assess the contribution of dimensionsversusdiagnosis in explaining these variables.ResultsFactor analysis gave rise to a five-factor solution of manic, reality distortion, negative, depressive and disorganization symptom dimensions. The scores of identified dimensions were differentially associated with specific variables. The manic dimension had the highest number of significant associations; strong correlations were observed with shorter duration of untreated psychosis, acute mode of onset and compulsory admission. Adding dimensional scores to diagnostic categories significantly increased the amount of variability explained in predicting these variables; the reverse was also true but to a lesser extent.ConclusionsCategorical and dimensional representations of psychosis are complementary. Using both appears to be a promising strategy in conceptualising psychotic illnesses.

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Sousa, A., C. Solana, J. Gomes, P. Barata, R. Serrano, M. Lages, C. Oliveira, and J. Chainho. "Cycloid psychosis: From Kleist until our days." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1312.

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IntroductionAfter Emil Kraepelin's division of psychoses into a group of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity, the classification of psychoses with atypical symptoms, which could not be assigned in this dichotomy created a debate, that lasts until our days. These “atypical psychoses” had been described under many terms and concepts in different countries.In 1926, Kleist coined the term “cycloid psychosis” to describe cases which did not meet the typical presentation shown in Kraepelian's dichotomy. Three decades later, Karl Leonhard established the concept of cycloid psychosis as a nosologically independent group of endogenous psychosis.Objectives/AimsMake an historical review of the concept of cycloid psychosis. Discuss the clinical features and debate the classification of this clinical entity.MethodsA bibliographical review is made of the cycloid psychosis, based on the data published in Pubmed.ResultsAccording to Leonhard, cycloid psychosis generally present with bipolar, polymorphous clinical symptomatology, and run a phasic course with complete remissions after each episode. Furthermore, Leonhard delineated three subtypes: anxiety-happiness psychosis, confusion psychosis and motility psychosis presenting with different symptoms. In 1981, Perris and Brockington formulated the first set of operational criteria for cycloid psychoses. In recent years, new data about this entity have been acknowledged due to information displayed by different clinical studies and imaging techniques.ConclusionThe phenomenology and classification of cycloid psychosis still needs more evidence for a greater use in clinical practice. However, this clinical entity can solve the void for the diagnosis of many of the so-called “atypical psychoses”.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Crow, T. J. "The Continuum of Psychosis and its Implication for the Structure of the Gene." British Journal of Psychiatry 149, no. 4 (October 1986): 419–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.149.4.419.

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Three observations challenge Kraepelin's binary view of the functional psychoses: a bimodal distribution of the clinical features of manic-depressive illness and schizophrenia has not been demonstrated; affective illness appears to predispose to schizophrenia in later generations; and “schizoaffective’ illnesses cannot be separated in family studies from either of the prototypical psychoses. The alternative concept is that psychosis is a continuum extending from unipolar, through bipolar affective illness and schizoaffective psychosis, to typical schizophrenia, with increasing degrees of defect. According to this concept the genes predisposing to psychosis have a degree of stability that ensures that the form of the psychosis tends to remain the same within families, but there is also the possibility of change, implying that the genetic mechanisms themselves are variable. It is proposed that quantal changes in the “virogene’ are due to replications within the genome (e.g. the generation of tandem repeats of the element or a component of it); that such replications occur at a critical stage (e.g. gametogenesis, fertilisation, very early embryogenesis) in the course of reproduction; and that the “season of birth effect’ reflects the operation of the mechanism responsible for these replications.

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Rocha, T. Coelho, J. Cunha, S. Torres, and A. Lopes. "The universe of brief psychosis." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (April 2021): S514—S515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.1377.

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IntroductionNowadays, ‘Acute and transient psychotic disorders’ in ICD-10 and ‘Brief psychotic disorders’ in DSM-5 are both classifications of the same clinical entity. Over the years, several concepts have been formulated to define the same syndrome.ObjectivesTo explore the historical evolution of brief psychotic disorders and relate them to current nosologies.MethodsLiterature review, using the most relevant papers, with the keywords “brief psychosis”, “bouffée délirante”, “cycloid psychosis”, “psychogenic psychosis”, “atypical psychosis” and “holodysphrenia”.ResultsInitially, in 1896, Kahlbaum coined the term ‘dysphrenia’, a group of severe form of psychosis that remitted without showing the typical sequence of disease states and without leaving a lasting alteration. Later, Kraepelin included this kind of disorder in manic depressive illness, which he first named as ‘periodic delirium’ and then as ‘delirious mania’. Magnan, in the pre-Kraepelinian era, created the term ‘bouffée délirante’, a sudden onset of delusional ideas with rapid evolution and intense symptomatology with complete remission usually followed after a short time. Later on, Henry Ey grabbed this entity and renewed it, contrasting it to the defined concept of schizophrenia. Other psychiatric schools have proposed numerous designations: ‘cycloid psychosis’ by Kleist from the German school, ‘psychogenic psychosis’ by Wimmer of the Scandinavian school and ‘holodysphrenias’ by Barahona-Fernandes from the Portuguese school. Cultural variants are also observed, as ‘amok’ seen in Malaysia or ‘shinbyung’ in Korea.ConclusionsThe intensity and polymorphism of brief psychosis present a clinical challenge. The historical evolution may be helpful on recognizing this entity in current clinical practice.

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González-Pinto, Ana, Ana Aldama, Asunción González Pinto, Fernando Mosquera, José Luis Pérez de Heredia, Javier Ballesteros, and Miguel Gutiérrez. "Dimensions of mania: differences between mixed and pure episodes." European Psychiatry 19, no. 5 (August 2004): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.04.019.

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AbstractObjectiveThe presence of at least five dimensions in mania has recently been established. This study extends previous findings by comparing the dimensions of pure vs. mixed mania.Materials and methodOne hundred and three inpatients with bipolar I disorder, manic or mixed (DSM IV), were assessed with SCID-I, YMRS and HDRS-21. The five-factor solution found after applying factorial analysis with Varimax rotation was compared between manic and mixed patients.ResultsThere were differences between pure mania and mixed states on factor 1 (depression) and factor 3 (hedonism). There was a tendency to present higher values on factor 5 (activation) in the pure manic group. No differences were found in factor 2 (dysphoria) and factor 4 (psychosis).DiscussionHedonism and activation dimensions are present to a lesser degree in mixed states. Although the principal difference between mixed and pure bipolar disorder is the existence of depressive symptoms, the depressive dimension is strongly present in patients with pure mania.ConclusionsThere is need to search for core depressive symptoms in all patients suffering from mania and to evaluate their outcome in clinical trials.

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Jackson, Murray. "Manic-depressive psychosis: Psychopathology and individual psychotherapy within a psychodynamic milieu." Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy 7, no. 2 (January 1993): 103–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02668739300700091.

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Cotter, M., S. Domingues, I. Amado, and R. Massano. "Delusional hyperthyroidism-A case report." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S469—S470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.534.

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IntroductionDisorders of endocrine function are among the most common etiology of psychiatric illness.The link between psychosis and hyperthyroidism is still poorly understood. We report an unusual presentation of hyperthyroidism as a psychotic state. Careful history, physical examination, and laboratory investigation, including thyroid function tests, should be part of the assessment of patients with any unexplained acute psychosis to detect this potentially curable disease. In this way, this article analyzes the psychiatric, physical and laboratory findings associated with hyperthyroidism and treatment.ObjectivesTo report a case of psychosis in a patient with endocrine disease.MethodsClinical records. Research on PubMed and Medscape using the Mesh Terms “hyperthyroidism”, “psychosis” and “thyroid and psychiatric manifestations”.ResultsWe present the case of a male patient, previously followed on our ambulatory psychiatric service for drug-induced psychosis. He was hospitalized due to psychotic symptoms, without substance abuse. Inpatient evaluation diagnosed hyperthyroidism. The patient did not present any somatic changes, except for psychosis. The patient was effectively treated with antipsychotics. He was referred to further evaluation and started antithyroid therapy.ConclusionsThyroid disease should be considered in the differential diagnosis of a broad spectrum of psychiatric symptoms. Psychosis is a rare complication of hyperthyroidism, ranging between 1–20%. The typical psychosis is reported to simulate manic-depressive psychosis. This association reinforces the need of a careful clinical evaluation in patients presenting with psychosis. Such psychiatric symptoms remit successfully with concomitant administration of antipsychotics and normalization of thyroid levels.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Manic-depressive psychosis'

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