Journal articles on the topic 'Mangroves restoration'
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1
Susilo, Heru, Yoshifumi Takahashi, and Mitsuyasu Yabe. "Evidence for Mangrove Restoration in the Mahakam Delta, Indonesia, Based on Households’ Willingness to Pay." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 3 (February 13, 2017): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n3p30.
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Mangroves provide multiple benefits for local communities’ livelihoods. However, in the Mahakam delta mangroves have declined considerably. This study examines the factors affecting households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for mangrove restoration in three villages in the Mahakam delta and determines whether a mangrove restoration project would be viable and should be implemented in the study area or not. The contingent valuation method was applied through a double-bound dichotomous choice format to estimate the WTP for mangrove restoration. The results showed that over 80% of perception of respondents considered the benefits of mangroves were essential that associated with their livelihoods. Local residents tended to be willing to pay more for mangrove restoration when they acknowledged the benefits of mangroves and when they felt that the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems was their responsibility. The benefits transfer method was also used to estimate the costs and benefits of an ongoing mangrove restoration project in the study area. The benefits provided by mangroves, as estimated based on households’ WTP, clearly outweighed the costs for the mangrove restoration project. We conclude that mangrove restoration should be implemented in the study area by increasing local communities’ awareness and responsibility to protect and manage the mangrove a sustainable.
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Febriansyah, Satria Cahya, Luchman Hakim, and Catur Retnaningdyah. "Evaluation of Mangrove Water Quality in Pancer Cengkrong, Trenggalek and Sine, Tulungagung, East Java, Indonesia Using Phytoplankton as Bioindicators." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 14, no. 2 (August 30, 2022): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v14i2.32459.
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Highlight Research Anthropogenic factors are the main cause of damage to mangrove ecosystems Restoration is a method for ecosystem restoration Restoration success is seen from the physical, chemical, and biological parameters Phytoplankton is a bioindicator of water quality The abundance of mangroves can explain the state of an ecosystem Abstract Mangrove ecosystems in Sine and Pancer Cengkrong had degraded due to land-use change and restoration has been carried out over a few year on the damaged location. This study was conducted to evaluate water quality of mangrove ecosystems at both locations based on physical, chemical and phytoplankton parameters as bioindicators. The evaluation of Cengkrong Mangrove was carried out at 4 different locations based on different periode of restoration, namely restoration of 2008-2009, 2013-2014, natural mangroves, and 2005 succession mangroves, whereas there was only one sampling site at Sine mangrove namely 1998-2008 restoration. The physico-chemical parameters measured include water temperature, air temperature, conductivity, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, nitrate, and orthophosphate. Phytoplankton data was used to measure, trophic diatom index (TDI) as an indicator of water nutrition status, and pollution tolerant value (%PTV) as an indicator of organic pollution. The results showed that the water quality at all the study locations met the Indonesian Ministry of Environment Regulation No 51/2004, except nitrate and phosphate. Based on the TDI index, mangrove in Sine, Cengkrong 2013-2014 restoration, and 2005 succession mangroves were categorized as hyper-eutrophic, natural Cengkrong mangroves were categorized as eutrophic, and 2008-2009 restored Cengkrong mangroves were categorized as meso-eutrophic. Based on the %PTV index, in the Sine mangrove, 2013-2014 Cengkrong restoration, and 2005 succession mangroves were classified as high levels of organic matter pollution, while in the Cengkrong 2008-2009 restoration and natural Cengkrong were classified as a moderate level of organic pollution.
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Horstman, Erik, Rik Gijsman, Rob van Zee, Sabine Engel, Jessica Johnson, Daphne van der Wal, and Kathelijne Wijnberg. "CREEK RESTORATION EFFECTS ON TIDAL DYNAMICS IN MANGROVES." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 37 (September 1, 2023): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v37.management.126.
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Mangroves provide natural buffers between land and sea, protecting both coastal communities and nature as they attenuate waves and stabilize shorelines but also filter terrestrial runoff. Tropical mangroves are also biodiversity hotspots and provide other ecosystem services such as supporting fish and shellfish habitat, accommodating ecotourism and sequestering carbon. Nevertheless, mangrove coasts have become increasingly exposed to changing environmental conditions, a trend that has resulted in a declining mangrove cover on a global scale. At the protected Ramsar site of Lac Bay, Bonaire, large areas of mangroves have been subject to deterioration and tree mortality (Senger et al., 2021). Excessive sediment inputs from the land and mangrove growth have clogged existing creeks and reduced hydrodynamic circulation through the mangrove system. Resulting changes in sedimentation rates, submergence and water quality affect the survival of the inland mangroves in Lac Bay. The (re-)creation of suitable morphological and hydrodynamic conditions is key for mangrove restoration (Friess et al., 2019). This study investigates the potential of creek restoration to increase the hydrodynamic circulation in the mangroves of Lac Bay, thereby accommodating their survival.
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Yu, Zhonghua, Wei Li, Shaowei Zhang, Buqing Zhong, Jun Wang, Shi-young Lee, Jaehyuck Choi, and Shulin Deng. "Mapping the Mangrove Forest Restoration Potential and Conservation Gaps in China Based on Random Forest Model." Journal of People, Plants, and Environment 25, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2022.25.4.425.
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Background and objective: The area of mangroves is gradually decreasing globally, and mangroves are already one of the most threatened ecosystems. Despite net growth in the mangrove areas in China, the restoration potential of mangroves is still insufficient. This study proposed the Random forest model as an excellent data mining method to map the restoration potential based on the predicted probability of mangrove habitat suitability.Methods: We demonstrated the vital environmental variables influencing habitat suitability. The de-cisive advantages of RFM were parsimonious (variables selection), cost-effective (us-ing existing open-source data), accurate (training AUC was 0.89, testing AUC was 0.91), highly efficient (fast-training speed); and its results had high explanatory power. Here, we first mapped the conservation gaps using the RFM.Results: The results showed that temperature was the most important environmental factor influencing the habitat suit-ability of mangroves. The northern limit of suitable areas was around 24°44' N. The theoretical suitable habitat area for mangrove was 196,566.6 ha (the highly suitable area was 32,551.4 ha, the medium suitable area was 164,015.2 ha). The potential area for mangrove restoration was 176,264 ha (Guangdong with 104215.4 ha, Guangxi with 65957.5 ha).Conclusion: We proposed 24 sites with conservation gaps for mangrove forests restoration and nine potential sites as examples for the further restoration plan. We took one example site with high restoration potential for further explanation: how the key environmental factors influence the habitat suitability and how to use the infor-mation to guide the restoration strategies. RFM can be used as a data mining algo-rithm for the utmost use of the presence-only ecological data, objectively evaluating the suitability of species distribution, and providing scientifically technical data for species restoration planning.
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Lovelock, Catherine E., Edward Barbier, and Carlos M. Duarte. "Tackling the mangrove restoration challenge." PLOS Biology 20, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): e3001836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001836.
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Mangroves have been converted and degraded for decades. Rates of loss have declined over the past decades, but achieving resilient coastlines requires both conservation and restoration. Here, we outline the challenges for the global restoration of mangroves and what actions could enhance restoration. Ambitious global targets for mangrove restoration, if successful, could deliver global benefits of carbon sequestration, fisheries production, biodiversity, and coastal protection. However, large-scale mangrove planting efforts have often failed, and smaller projects may not deliver landscape-scale benefits, even though they are more suited to community management. Solutions to achieving global targets include reducing risks of large projects and increasing the uptake and effectiveness of smaller projects. Sustainable mangrove restoration requires investment in capacity building in communities and institutions, and mechanisms to match restoration opportunities with prospective supporters and investors. Global reporting standards will support adaptive management and help fully understand and monitor the benefits of mangrove restoration.
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Limmon, Gino V., Eelco Waardenburg, Wouter Lengkeek, Peter Vodegel, Krisye, and Yunita A. Noya. "RESTORASI EKOSISTEM MANGROVE PADA MEDIA BIODEGRADABLE DI PESISIR DESA WAAI." MESTAKA: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 2 (April 24, 2023): 99–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.58184/mestaka.v2i2.39.
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Mangroves are plants that live on the coast and are affected by sea tides. Mangroves play an important role in estuary areas, namely the border between seawater and fresh water because they have ecological, economic and chemical functions to support the life of organisms. Mangrove ecosystems can experience threats from both natural and human factors. Human activities that cause damage to mangroves are due to a lack of public awareness regarding the importance of mangrove ecosystems for organisms. This is the condition that occurs in the mangrove ecosystem in Waai Village, therefore, it is necessary to restore the mangrove ecosystem. Mangrove ecosystem restoration uses one of the potential media, namely BESE-Element, which is a biodegradable material. Community service is carried out in collaboration with the Pattimura University Maritime Center and Wardenburg Ecology International. The community service activities were carried out for two days, 7-8 February 2023. The result of the activity was that mangrove ecosystem restoration was carried out in semi-enclosed areas using 10 BESE-Element. The types of mangrove species planted were Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa, and Ceriops tagal. Around BESE-Elements planted seedlings and mangrove propagules as a control for mangroves in BESE-Elements. This restoration activity seems to be applicable not only in Waai Village but also in other areas that have experienced degradation of the mangrove ecosystem.
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Mahanama Gamage Greshan Dhanushka, Maduwe Guruge Manoj Prasanna, Kariyawasam Marthinna Gamage Gehan Jayasuriya, and Indupa Hasindi Vitanage. "Utilization of a new restoration technique for the rehabilitation of a degraded mangrove ecosystem: a case study from Koggala Lagoon, Sri Lanka." Journal of Threatened Taxa 15, no. 9 (September 26, 2023): 23889–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.8153.15.9.23889-23897.
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Mangrove ecosystems, amongst the most productive and biologically complex on Earth, are being degraded worldwide, and their widespread decline during the past decades has affected vital ecosystem services. Mangroves at Koggala lagoon on the southern coast of Sri Lanka have been degraded at an alarming rate due to agricultural practices, coastal zone development, and tourism activities. Most of the banks are heavily eroded due to boat and sea plane activities, and the mangrove ecosystem has been significantly damaged. Implementation of a scientific rehabilitation project was needed to restore this degraded mangrove ecosystem, and research was carried out to enrich the mangrove community by re-establishing mangroves on the eroded banks using corrosion-resistant plastic barrels. The sustainability of replanted mangroves was monitored under phase one and the re-establishment of ecological functions in the mangrove community was monitored under phase two. The accumulated biomass carbon during the period of two and half years was calculated by an allometric equation suggested for calculating biomass carbon of mangroves using the girth and height of individuals. The highest rate of girth increment was observed by the 24th month from establishment, whilst the growth rate declined between the 18th and the 30th months. During the study period, the average above-ground and below-ground biomass per barrel showed a linear increment. Our case study showed that the new method used for restoration is successful in establishing mangroves in sites with high erosion. This restoration technique was successful in coping with the situation in Koggala lagoon where previous restoration attempts were failures. Thus, we recommend this restoration method for sites facing the threat of severe erosion.
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Nuraeni, Eni, and Yayan Wahyu C. Kusum. "The role of community-based tourism for mangroves conservation in Banten, Indonesia." Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management) 13, no. 4 (December 5, 2023): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.13.4.606-612.
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Mangroves provide multiple ecological functions such as connectors and balancers of land and sea ecosystems. The presence of mangroves in coastal areas is very important for reducing the impact of tsunamis and tidal flooding. The role of local communities in the form of community-based tourism models, in conserving mangrove forests has not been extensively studied. This study aims to fill the gap in evaluating local communities’ involvement, particularly under the tourism-based communities’ model, in conserving mangroves and, at the same time, gaining economic benefits. This study was conducted in the mangrove villages of “Patikang,” Citeureup Village, and Pandeglang Regency. This study applied mixed methods that combine both quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were obtained directly from the local community through using questionnaires, interviews, and field observations. Secondary data collection was carried out through a literature review of mangrove conservation and community development in coastal areas. Our study found that local community-based tourism namely “Putri Gundul” played a very important role in increasing community awareness to conserve mangrove forests. The community has gained more knowledge on the biology of mangrove species and the ecology of mangroves for mangrove restoration. Furthermore, the involvement of local communities in mangrove conservation and restoration can increase the economy of communities by producing various products from mangroves.
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Chaudhary, Mamta, and S. Rathor. "SUSTAINING INDIA’S MANGROVES: EVALUATING LAW AND POLICIES FOR ECOLOGICAL RESTORATION." VIDYA - A JOURNAL OF GUJARAT UNIVERSITY 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2024): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v3i1.356.
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Mangroves are essential for the environment and serve as a barrier. They are only found in the intertidal areas of rivers and estuaries, acting as nurseries for fish and other marine life with great ecological and monetary values. It also recycles nutrients and preserves the hydrological cycle and coast protection from storm surges. Although being a plant that can withstand high levels of salt, mangroves require a steady supply of fresh water to exist. Mangroves have been rapidly disappearing from the past many years, which have had detrimental effects on the ecosystem, climate, and society by reducing benefits including carbon sinking, coastal protection, and seafood production. Mangrove forest restoration is feasible and has already been attempted in a number of locations, but these initiatives have largely failed due to their fragmented nature. The current paper describes the results of a new initiative to identify and map the locations where mangroves can be restored, as well as to estimate the potential benefits from such restoration with reference to India. The present research is carried out with the following objectives: Mangrove loss and threats, as well as actions made to restore them. Evaluation of Gujarat and Indian mangroves. Stressing the need of rules and regulations for the rehabilitation of mangroves. Repercussions for management and policy recommendations.
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Carpenter, Chris. "Mangrove Restoration and Conservation Effort in Niger Delta Used as Carbon Offset Option." Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, no. 07 (July 1, 2023): 104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0723-0104-jpt.
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_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 207725, “Mangrove Restoration and Conservation as a Carbon Offset Option: a Case Study in the Niger Delta Region,” by Gustavo C.D. Estrada, Jason Sali, and Patrizio Piras, Eni, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Mangroves have gained attention as a carbon offset option because of their high carbon-storage capacity and diverse social and environmental benefits. Carbon stock in mangroves is approximately four times higher than in terrestrial forests and contributes to almost 10% of the global terrestrial carbon pool. In 2017, the Nigerian Agip Oil Company (NAOC) launched an initiative to restore mangroves to promote social and biodiversity benefits while contributing to offsetting its greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. The complete paper details the methodology and results of this initiative. Introduction Mangroves are coastal ecosystems mainly composed of typical tree and shrub plant species possessing adaptations to unstable, low-oxygen soil; high-salinity water; and frequent submersion. Fauna equally adapted to the unique environmental conditions observed in the mangroves also are considered part of the ecosystem. Mangrove forests are recognized globally to be of extreme ecological, economic, social, and cultural importance because of the variety of goods and services they provide. Some of these include the protection of the coastline from the energy of the winds and waves and conservation of fishing and biodiversity in coastal and adjacent estuarine waters. The literature suggests that more than 812,000 ha of mangrove areas, spread over 106 countries or territories, show potential for restoration. Furthermore, mangroves have been lost globally at a rate of 1–2%/year, which may account for an annual emission of approximately 0.09–0.45 GtCO2eq/year that could be avoided through conservation. Because the dispersion of mangroves propagules (seeds that have germinated while attached to the mother plant) is driven by ocean and estuarine currents, natural recolonization can occur and mangroves recover successfully by secondary succession during a period of 10–15 years if conditions are ideal. However, ecosystem function may take more than a century to be fully reinstated. Understanding the autoecology, hydrological patterns, and factors impairing natural regeneration is key for a successful restoration project. Several examples exist of restoration programs that were unsuccessful for, among other problems, having failed to acquire these key prerestoration data. During the last 10–15 years, a community-based ecological mangrove restoration effort has emerged based on the recognition that ecological science is not enough to assure successful restoration of mangroves and that social and economic issues must also be integrated.
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Hu, Naxu, Long Wei, Yi Zhou, Meilin Wu, and Jianxiang Feng. "Restoration of Aegiceras corniculatum Mangroves May Not Increase the Sediment Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus Stocks in Southeastern China." Forests 15, no. 1 (January 11, 2024): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15010149.
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Mangrove ecosystems play important roles in mitigating climate change but are suffering from an area decrease. The sediment in a mangrove ecosystem is a crucial component in estuarine carbon and nutrient cycles. However, it is unclear whether the restoration of mangroves enhances their sediment carbon sequestration and nutrient storage. To investigate the restoration effects of native Aegiceras corniculatum mangrove forests, the contents and density of sediment organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) were quantified in an unvegetated mudflat (MF), an area with mature A. corniculatum (AC), and two restored A. corniculatum mangroves planted in 2002 (02AC) and 2008 (08AC) in Quanzhou, southeastern China. Compared with the MF, mangrove restoration increased the SOC and TN contents in the sediment, primarily at the 0–40 cm depth for SOC and 0–20 cm for TN, while the TP content was not impacted by restoration. The sediment under AC showed a higher SOC content only at the 0–10 cm and 20–40 cm depths compared to restored 02AC and 08AC. The restoration of A. corniculatum mangroves did not significantly increase the stock of sediment SOC, TN, and TP relative to the MF, which might be attributed to the decrease in bulk density and the relatively short restoration period. Thus, further continuous monitoring is needed to verify whether the sediment carbon pool can be promoted on a longer-term scale by the restoration of A. corniculatum.
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Vardi Venkateswarlu, Chenji Venkatrayulu, Adelina Jaya Harsha M, and Govardhan Reddy G. "Review on mangrove restoration: Re-greening the sea coast." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 22, no. 3 (March 30, 2023): 130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2023.22.3.0112.
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Mangroves are important coastal resources that can provide exceptional ecosystem benefits. Several of its ecosystem functions, including sediment buildup, carbon sequestration, and storm surge protection, are being recognized as practical tools for climate change adaptation and mitigation. Its unique capacity to endure extreme environmental circumstances makes them; in particular, the only viable option for ecosystem-based adaptation in exposed coastal locations. Mangroves are among the most severely damaged tropical ecosystems, and they are continuing to disappear as a result of increased human activity. Especially in the Asia-Pacific region, where they exist in the form of complex socio-ecological systems, mangroves remain heavily threatened due to numerous anthropogenic activities. Mangroves are under grave danger; hence it is imperative that prompt steps be taken to methodically conserve and restore their ecosystems. The Asia-Pacific region is the location of nearly half of the existing mangroves, scattered over some of the poorest and post-conflict states. Dependence on traditional sources of income and the recent trend of coastal development have had a negative impact on the region's mangrove sustainability. Lacks of supportive policies and mangrove conversion to non-forest uses has been further fueled by insufficient institutional intervention. Nevertheless, in recent years, participatory, multi stake holder-based approaches for mangrove conservation and/or restoration have gained immense popularity in the region of Asia pacific. Participatory management which exemplifies an ameliorative approach can also support sustainable development, community empowerment, and social inclusion. Despite its asserted superiority, a number of new sustainability challenges need to be carefully examined and reconciled due to conflicting results of earlier experiences.
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Soria-Barreto, Miriam, Rosela Pérez-Ceballos, Arturo Zaldívar-Jiménez, and Rolando Gelabert Fernández. "Assessment of aquatic food web and trophic niche as a measurement of recovery function in restored mangroves in the Southern Gulf of Mexico." PeerJ 11 (June 6, 2023): e15422. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15422.
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Mangroves are coastal wetlands with high biodiversity and productivity, with great interaction with coastal environments. In the face of worldwide mangrove loss, restoration projects attempt to recover ecosystem composition and functioning over time. Our objective was to examine and compare the food webs in mangrove areas with different restoration times and in a reference mangrove in Términos Lagoon, Mexico. We estimated the trophic structure, identified the carbon resources that maintain aquatic consumers through the analysis of stable isotopes, and compared the trophic niche of the restored mangroves with the reference mangrove. We analyzed environmental variables, trophic structure, and contributions of resources during three seasons: rainy, dry, and “nortes”. Environmental changes and food structure changed in response to regional seasons. Bayesian mixing models indicated that food webs varied seasonally as a response to the primary productivity developed at Términos Lagoon. As expected, the assimilation of C3 plants in the reference mangrove was highest, as a primary (“nortes” season) and secondary resource (dry and rainy seasons). The restored mangroves depended mainly on allochthonous resources (seagrass, epiphytes, and phytoplankton). The assimilation of these resources highlighted the importance of connectivity and the input of sources of carbon from nearby coastal environments. Trophic niche analysis showed that the area with longer restoration time was more similar to the reference mangrove, which is evidence of the importance and efficacy of the restoration process, as well as the restoration of the ecosystem function over time.
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Dou, Zhiguo, Lijuan Cui, Jing Li, Yinuo Zhu, Changjun Gao, Xu Pan, Yinru Lei, Manyin Zhang, Xinsheng Zhao, and Wei Li. "Hyperspectral Estimation of the Chlorophyll Content in Short-Term and Long-Term Restorations of Mangrove in Quanzhou Bay Estuary, China." Sustainability 10, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041127.
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The chlorophyll content can indicate the general health of vegetation, and can be estimated from hyperspectral data. The aim of this study is to estimate the chlorophyll content of mangroves at different stages of restoration in a coastal wetland in Quanzhou, China, using proximal hyperspectral remote sensing techniques. We determine the hyperspectral reflectance of leaves from two mangrove species, Kandelia candel and Aegiceras corniculatum, from short-term and long-term restoration areas with a portable spectroradiometer. We also measure the leaf chlorophyll content (SPAD value). We use partial-least-squares stepwise regression to determine the relationships between the spectral reflectance and the chlorophyll content of the leaves, and establish two models, a full-wave-band spectrum model and a red-edge position regression model, to estimate the chlorophyll content of the mangroves. The coefficients of determination for the red-edge position model and the full-wave-band model exceed 0.72 and 0.82, respectively. The inverted chlorophyll contents are estimated more accurately for the long-term restoration mangroves than for the short-term restoration mangroves. Our results indicate that hyperspectral data can be used to estimate the chlorophyll content of mangroves at different stages of restoration, and could possibly be adapted to estimate biochemical constituents in leaves.
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Nguyen, T. H., B. Dell, and R. J. Harper. "Assessment of the feasibility of applying payment for forest ecosystem services in Vietnamese mangrove forests." APN Science Bulletin 12, no. 1 (December 19, 2022): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30852/sb.2022.2016.
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Mangroves can play a major role in efforts to mitigate climate change through two pathways. These are (1) carbon sequestration following reforestation of areas where mangroves previously existed, and (2) protection of existing carbon stores in intact mangrove forests. There is considerable international interest in carbon mitigation by governments and businesses as a way of meeting emissions reduction targets, and this could result in significant investment in mangrove restoration and protection. This is likely to have positive benefits in terms of coastal protection, biodiversity protection and new economic activity. This project examined three aspects of mangroves related to the emerging carbon economy. There has been considerable (0.2 million hectares) mangrove restoration in Vietnam and this activity provides insights into the causes of project success or failure. A review of this restoration concluded that the failure of several past restoration projects in Vietnam could be attributed to poor species and site selection and lack of incentives to engage residents in long-term management. The economic, environmental and social aspects of mangrove-shrimp farming or aquaculture (MAS) systems in Ca Mau Province, Vietnam, were examined, and it was concluded that this approach allows the achievement of these multiple objectives. Whereas, most of the discussion around mangroves and their role in carbon management is at the international and national levels, implementation occurs at the local level. It was found that whereas local stakeholders had a reasonable understanding of climate change, they were less clear about carbon markets and the role that mangroves can play. This points to the need for new educational programmes. The study concluded that monitoring and verification systems for both carbon and biodiversity are essential to allow the resultant multiple benefits of carbon mitigation projects to be realised.
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Maulidia, Vera, Aji Ali Akbar, Jumiati Jumiati, Arifin Arifin, and Aini Sulastri. "The Value of Mangrove Ecosystems Based on Mangrove Carbon Sequestration in West Kalimantan." Journal of Wetlands Environmental Management 10, no. 1 (February 7, 2022): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jwem.v10i1.279.
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Research on carbon storage is currently in the world spotlight along with the increasing greenhouse effect. Mangroves as one of the ecosystems play a role in blue carbon which can store more carbon than terrestrial forests. Mangroves absorb more carbon than any other forest ecosystem. This is because mangroves are included in wetlands that have the ability to store carbon when the land remains wet. An in-depth discussion was carried out by integrating various literatures on mangroves from 2011–2021 to enrich the information for this research. Mangrove area in West Kalimantan in the period 2011 - 2021 has an area of about 256,586.80 Ha which is dominated by species <em>Brugueira spp., Rhizophora spp., Sonneratia alba, Avicennia spp. Nypa fruticans, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus moluccensis </em>and<em> Acrostichum speciosum</em>. Human activities, abrasion and sedimentation have caused a decrease in the area of mangrove ecosystems in West Kalimantan. An increase in temperature has a global impact on life on the earth's surface and the environmental conditions of mangroves. The decrease in micropopulation and aboveground biomass causes a decrease in infauna species and biomass, affects nutrient cycles, destroys nurseries, and reduces mangrove ecosystem services. The results show that mangrove carbon storage in the period 2011 - 2021 is 628.10 tons C.ha<sup>-1 </sup>which has an economic valuation of 3,410.50 US$. Efforts to mitigate global warming and trade in mangroves can be carried out through community-based restoration, restoration of forest plantings, integrated coastal ecosystem rehabilitation, and economic approaches.
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PIMPLE, Uday. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle de la forêt de mangrove dans la province de Trat en Thaïlande." BOIS & FORETS DES TROPIQUES 353 (October 1, 2022): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/bft2022.353.a36999.
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In the United Nations 2021–2030 ecosystem restoration programme, coastal ecosystems such as mangroves are listed as a priority for biodiversity restoration. Therefore, understanding mangrove species diversity and changes over time are essential to predict ecosystem health, viability and resilience to changing climatic and human pressures. However, when considering future conservation ambitions and policies for mangroves, it is also crucial to understand the effects of conservation interventions. To address these concerns, we needed to develop reliable inventory methods for mangrove forests, spatialised predictions of biodiversity and good practices for using Earth observation data. In this study, we investigated the gaps in knowledge concerning the spatial organisation, intertidal zones and the recent history of mangroves in Thailand's Trat province. We investigated the impacts on forest diversification of environmental parameters, such as topography, and of human interventions such as stand rehabilitation or plantations. We were able to integrate historical multi-satellite data, current ecological data and micro-topographic measurements to establish the status and describe the spatial organisation of the mangrove forests in the Province of Trat. Using the method described in this study, we were able to overcome the technical limitations of monitoring protocols and thus develop a powerful decision-support system to assess the recovery period of mangrove forests, their structural growth and the species composition of plantations and natural native stands over three decades. Our study also identifies the main influencing factors that compromise the quality of Earth observation data, and proposes specific best practices for monitoring mangrove ecosystems. In addition, we developed the ARMA tool (Automatic Regrowth Monitoring Algorithm) and summarized functional indicators (secondary succession) by type of stand. ARMA can identify the years of planting, recovery period, age and structural development of rehabilitated mangroves compared to adjacent natural and naturally regenerating mangroves. We believe that our study makes a significant contribution to research on mangrove biodiversity, as it has several potential applications for forest restoration planning and management. It can therefore be a useful tool to measure and assess biodiversity and thereby improve ecosystem-based mangrove forest management.
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Kinya, Gladys, James Gitundu Kairo, Rossa Ngendo Nyoike, Josphat Gachoki Nguu, Brian Kiiru Githinji, and Michael N. Githaiga. "Eco-Engineering Mangrove Restoration at Gazi Bay, Kenya." Diversity 16, no. 3 (February 22, 2024): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16030135.
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Mangroves offer a range of globally acknowledged advantages, yet they continue to be lost and degraded. Efforts to restore lost mangroves using conventional techniques in high-energy areas result in low success rates due to the removal of seedlings via wave action. We assessed the efficacy of using modified Riley Encasement Methods in the restoration of mangroves in high-energy areas in Gazi Bay, Kenya. Vegetation and soil baseline data were collected in 49 square plots of 100 m2, which were established along belt transects perpendicular to the shoreline. The following mangrove vegetation data was collected: species composition, tree height (m), and stem diameter (cm). From these, the importance value index (IV), basal area, and standing density (stems/ha) were derived. Sediment cores were made in the center of each square plot for carbon and grain size analysis. Mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) planting adopted a randomized complete block design (RCBD) in which the planting area was divided into three blocks (A, B, C). Within each block, treatments (bamboo and different-sized PVC pipes) were randomly assigned locations. The results of the study reveal significant variations in survival and growth rates among treatments. Higher survival rates were recorded for seedlings grown within PVC encasements (43%), surpassing bamboo (1%) and control groups (4%). Our findings suggest that PVC pipes were efficient in supporting and protecting seedlings from external forces. We expound on the implications of the results and highlight potential enhancements for the effectiveness of encasement technique in mangrove restoration.
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Lugo, Ariel E. "Conserving Latin American and Caribbean mangroves: issues and challenges." Madera y Bosques 8 (September 1, 2016): 5–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21829/myb.2002.801289.
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This is a literature review of the distribution, salient features, uses, and conservation of mangroves in the Caribbean and Latin America. These ecosystems have played a vital role in the development of the region and their value increases as tropical countries develop and commercialize their coastal zones. Unfortunately, markets ignore or underestimate the value of products and non-market services from mangroves. Science informs and improves the effectiveness of the conservation of mangroves. Professional management with participation of all sectors of society also benefits the conservation of mangroves. Understanding mangrove ecosystems requires consideration of multiple spatial and temporal scales and attention to paradoxes that can lead to ineffective conservation measures. The review includes guidelines for mangrove restoration and conservation.
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Cui, Lina, Uta Berger, Minmin Cao, Yaqi Zhang, Junming He, Lianghao Pan, and Jiang Jiang. "Conservation and Restoration of Mangroves in Response to Invasion of Spartina alterniflora Based on the MaxEnt Model: A Case Study in China." Forests 14, no. 6 (June 13, 2023): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14061220.
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In China, the invasion of Spartina alterniflora is an important driver for the decrease of mangrove area and ecological service functions related to this habitat. In the past few decades, S. alterniflora clearing and mangrove restoration projects have mainly focused on the areas where it is already changed but ignored the potential distribution areas. This study suggested that implementation of mangrove protection prior to the areas with the threat of S. alterniflora invasion could greatly improve protection efficiency and save costs. Thus, using Maximum Entropy Modeling (MaxEnt), we estimated the potential spatial distribution of both mangroves and S. alterniflora in China, considering the current distribution data, topographical, sediments, sea surface temperature and bioclimatic variables. What’s more, we identified and calculated the potential distributed areas in each province. We aimed to explore (i) the key factors determining the distribution of mangrove and Spartina alterniflora along the coastline and (ii) the hotspots of their competitive occurrence, including S. alterniflora invasion areas and mangroves degradation areas, in order to support mangrove conservation. The model showed that the distance to the coastline and the topography play important roles in the distribution of S. alterniflora, while mangroves were more sensitive to the range of the annual sea surface temperature. Our results furthermore confirm that S. alterniflora has a wider potential distribution area (~10,585 km2) than mangroves (~9124 km2) at the coastline of China; and predict the provinces Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Zhanjiang, Beihai and Wenzhou as hotspots for the competition between mangroves and S. alterniflora. We propose that priority should be given to the protection or restoration of mangrove plants in those areas which are co-suitable for mangroves and S. alterniflora. In these areas, management measures should be conducted that hinder S. alterniflora invasions or clear existing S. alterniflora plants, firstly. This study provides guidance for the management of native species by preventing biological invasion.
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Sari, Suci Puspita, Nico Koedam, Aditya Pamungkas, Muhammad Rizza Muftiadi, and Frieke Van Coillie. "Unveiling the Diversity of Bangka Island’s Mangroves: A Baseline for Effective Conservation and Restoration." Forests 14, no. 8 (August 17, 2023): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081666.
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The current state of the mangrove ecosystem on Bangka Island requires urgent attention from the local government to protect, restore, and conserve the remaining mangrove areas. Hence, this study endeavors to assess the species composition of mangroves on Bangka Island, examining their correlation with edaphic factors and shedding light on the zonation pattern within the region. We examined species composition, edaphic factors, and zonation patterns along 20 m × 100 m transects perpendicular to the waterfront at 22 sampling sites distributed across Bangka Island. Our findings revealed the presence of 21 mangrove species from ten families, including two mangrove associates. Among the documented species, the Rhizophoraceae family exhibited the highest floristic abundance with nine species. Edaphic factors (soil texture, pore-water salinity, N-total, P, and K) significantly influenced mangrove species composition (p < 0.05). However, these factors explained only 37.2% of the overall variability, suggesting additional factors contribute to the diverse zonation and composition of mangroves on Bangka Island. This study has relevant implications for the conservation and management of mangroves on Bangka Island. By gaining insight into the specific site’s floristic composition, overall richness, and distribution, our findings can guide effective conservation and restoration strategies by understanding the factors shaping mangrove composition.
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Mayur S., Naik, and Pawar Prabhakar R. "Importance of Mangroves to Human Well-being." International Journal of Zoological Investigations 08, no. 01 (2022): 421–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33745/ijzi.2022.v08i01.047.
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Mangroves and their associated biodiversity help to deliver important goods and services that play a critical role in supporting human well-being through climate regulation, food security and poverty reduction. This review focuses on importance of mangroves to human with respect to: (i) definition; (ii) categories; (iii) provisioning services; (iv) regulating and supporting services; (v) recreational, spiritual and cultural services and (vi) quantifying mangrove values. The study recommends protection and sustainable management of remaining mangrove ecosystems, successful restoration using sound scientific protocols and to allocate mangrove resources to improve human well-being.
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Ravaoarinorotsihoarana, Lalao Aigrette, Ismael Ratefinjanahary, Celestin Aina, Cicelin Rakotomahazo, Leah Glass, Lantoasinoro Ranivoarivelo, and Thierry Lavitra. "Combining Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Scientific Observations to Support Mangrove Restoration in Madagascar." Forests 14, no. 7 (July 3, 2023): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071368.
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Local communities play a key role in ecosystem restoration due to their invaluable traditional ecological knowledge. While community-led mangrove restoration has been practiced in Madagascar for decades, the factors influencing the success of the restoration remains understudied. Despite the extensive local knowledge, the complexity of factors influencing restoration success requires outside technical expertise. This study aimed to investigate the drivers of mangrove restoration success in southwest Madagascar. The survival rate of mangroves planted from 2015 to 2022, including Rhizophora mucronata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Ceriops tagal was assessed using the sampling methods for tree planting inventory with circular plots. R version 4.2.2 was used for descriptive statistics analysis. The correlation between the survival rate and plantation density, species composition, and number of participants was assessed using a Principal Component Analysis. As a result, the mean survival rate of the 440,990 planted mangroves, with a density of 4628 ± 317 trees/ha−1 was 82.5 ± 1.8%. Our study showed that plantation density and species composition are not correlated with survival rate. However, the survival rate is inversely correlated with the number of participants. The findings of this paper showed that both traditional ecological knowledge and scientific observations are vital to informing mangrove reforestation.
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Vijitharan, Sharaniya. "Restoration and Conservation Benefits of Mangrove Forest to the Coastal Communities: A Review on Sri Lankan Perspective." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 10, no. 2 (November 5, 2021): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2021.10.2.3117.
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Mangrove forest plays a vital role to enhance the standard of living in coastal communities by providing a variety of products and services. However, the mangrove forest cover was 0.2% which is much less than other existing forest types. The objective of the study was to conduct a review of mangrove forest resources and their associated benefits to coastal communities through conservation and restoration in Sri Lanka. This study reviewed secondary data such as peer-reviewed published research papers and reports for this study. The present extent of mangrove forest cover is increased to 16,000 ha between 2015 and 2016. Notably, the Puttalam district has the highest extent of mangrove forest. 10% of mangroves are cleared for prawn farming in the Chilaw and Kalpitiya. Mangrove forests provide vegetables, fuelwood, timber, and seafood to local communities to accomplish their subsistence and commercial uses. The restoration project has been initiated by the Sri Lankan government with the partnership of non-profit organizations and Seacology. Rhizophoraand Avicinnia was the main species used for replanting. Community-based restoration and conservation approaches are widely considered and implemented for replanting mangroves. This study recommends that future researches need to be focused more on the mangrove forest in each province, and their values to empower the livelihood, and more in-depth scientific studies regarding the effective mangrove restoration, conservation, and quantification of mangrove forests carbon stocks through REDD+ scheme to obtain incentives to improve the living standards of the mangrove-dependent community.
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Jia, Peihong, Weida Huang, Zhouyao Zhang, Jiaxuan Cheng, and Yulong Xiao. "The Carbon Sink of Mangrove Ecological Restoration between 1988–2020 in Qinglan Bay, Hainan Island, China." Forests 13, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101547.
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As the world’s largest reactive carbon reservoir, the ocean plays a critical role in global climate change. Among coastal plant ecosystems, mangroves have the highest carbon storage efficiency and are prone to the impact of anthropogenic activities. In this study, taking the mangrove wetland of Qinglan Bay as an example, we extracted information on mangrove coastal surface change from 1988 to 2020 based on multi-temporal Landsat remote sensing data through field ground surveys and laboratory analysis and used the InVEST model to calculate the spatial and temporal structure of blue carbon in the mangrove area to investigate the effects of mangrove change in an ecological restoration context. The result shows that the overall area of mangrove forests exhibited a decreasing trend from 1988 to 2020, and the area of mangroves decreased from 1559.34 ha to 737.37 ha of which 52.71% was transformed into aquiculture, construction, and farm land. Accordingly, the mangrove carbon sinks from 1988 to 2020 were significantly reduced and the carbon stock decreased at an annual tendency from 1,025,901.71 tons to 712,118.69 tons. With the implementation of mangrove restoration, the decline of mangrove forests has decreased since 2003, promoting the stabilization and enhancement of carbon sinks in the mangrove wetlands of Qinglan Bay. The results of this study provide a technical method to evaluate the carbon sink contribution of mangrove wetland restoration in Hainan Province, a scientific basis and methodological innovation to monitor the carbon sink of mangrove cover change in larger regions of China, a theoretical basis to select criteria for mangrove restoration, and a scientific and systematic management strategy for ecological and mangrove restoration on Hainan Island.
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Deng, Liangchao, Bowei Chen, Min Yan, Bolin Fu, Zhenyu Yang, Bo Zhang, and Li Zhang. "Estimation of Species-Scale Canopy Chlorophyll Content in Mangroves from UAV and GF-6 Data." Forests 14, no. 7 (July 11, 2023): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14071417.
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The growth of mangroves is inhibited due to environmental degradation, and changes in the growing health of mangrove forests cause changes in internal physicochemical parameters. The canopy chlorophyll content is an important indicator to monitor the health status of mangroves. We study the effective inversion data sources and methods of mangrove health indicator parameters to monitor the health of mangrove ecosystems in typical areas of Beibu Gulf, Guangxi. In this study, we evaluated the capability of UAV, GF-6 data, and machine learning regression algorithms in estimating mangrove species-scale canopy chlorophyll content (CCC). Effective measures for mangrove pest and disease pressure, Sporobolus alterniflorus invasion, and anthropogenic risk are also explored, which are important for mangrove conservation and restoration. (1) We obtained several feature variables by constructing a combined vegetation index, and the most sensitive band of mangrove CCC was selected by the characteristic variable evaluation, and the CCC model at the mangrove species-scale was evaluated and validated. Through variable preferences, the feature variables with the highest contribution of Avicennia marina, Aegiceras corniculatum, Kandelia candel, and a collection of three categories of species in the UAV data were indices of RI35, MDATT413, RI35, and NDI35. (2) Random Forest, Gradient Boosting Regression Tree, and Extreme Gradient Boosting were evaluated using the root-mean-square error and coefficient of determination accuracy metrics. Extreme Gradient Boosting regression algorithms were evaluated for accuracy. In both UAV data and GF-6, RF achieved optimal results in inverse mangrove Aegiceras corniculatum species CCC, with higher stability and robustness in machine learning regressors. (3) Due to the sparse distribution of Kandelia candel in the study area and the low spatial resolution of the images, there is an increased possibility that individual image elements contain environmental noise, such as soil. Therefore, the level of CCC can effectively reflect the health status of mangroves and further reflect the increased possibility of the study area being exposed to risks, such as degradation. The establishment of the current protected areas and restoration of degraded ecosystems are effective measures to cope with the risks of mangrove pest and disease stress, invasion of Sporobolus alterniflorus, and anthropogenic activities, which are important for the protection and restoration of mangroves. This study provides an important data reference and risk warning for mangrove restoration and conservation.
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Jimenez, Laís Coutinho Zayas, Hermano Melo Queiroz, Xosé Luis Otero, Gabriel Nuto Nóbrega, and Tiago Osório Ferreira. "Soil Organic Matter Responses to Mangrove Restoration: A Replanting Experience in Northeast Brazil." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (August 26, 2021): 8981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18178981.
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Mangroves are among the most relevant ecosystems in providing ecosystem services because of their capacity to act as sinks for atmospheric carbon. Thus, restoring mangroves is a strategic pathway for mitigating global climate change. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the organic matter dynamics in mangrove soils during restoration processes. Four mangrove soils under different developmental stages along the northeastern Brazilian coast were studied, including a degraded mangrove (DM); recovering mangroves after 3 years (3Y) and 7 years (7Y) of planting; and a mature mangrove (MM). The soil total organic carbon (CT) and soil carbon stocks (SCSs) were determined for each area. Additionally, a demineralization procedure was conducted to assess the most complex humidified and recalcitrant fractions of soil organic matter and the fraction participating in organomineral interactions. The particle size distribution was also analyzed. Our results revealed significant differences in the SCS and CT values between the DM, 3Y and 7Y, and the MM, for which there was a tendency to increase in carbon content with increasing vegetative development. However, based on the metrics used to evaluate organic matter interactions with inorganic fractions, such as low rates of carbon enrichment, C recovery, and low C content after hydrofluoric acid (HF) treatment being similar for the DM and the 3Y and 7Y—this indicated that high carbon losses were coinciding with mineral dissolution. These results indicate that the organic carbon dynamics in degraded and newly planted sites depend more on organomineral interactions, both to maintain their previous SCS and increase it, than mature mangroves. Conversely, the MM appeared to have most of the soil organic carbon, as the stabilized organic matter had a complex structure with a high molecular weight and contributed less in the organomineral interactions to the SCS. These results demonstrate the role of initial mangrove vegetation development in trapping fine mineral particles and favoring organomineral interactions. These findings will help elucidate organic accumulation in different replanted mangrove restoration scenarios.
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Weaver, Robert J., and Abigail L. Stehno. "Mangroves as Coastal Protection for Restoring Low-Energy Waterfront Property." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 3 (March 9, 2024): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12030470.
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Mangroves offer vital ecological advantages including air and water filtration, coastal and estuarine habitat provision, sediment stabilization, and wave energy dissipation. Their intricate root systems play a key role in safeguarding shorelines from tsunamis and erosive storms by dissipating wave energy. Moreover, mangroves shield against boat wakes and wind-waves, thus naturally bolstering shoreline defense. Wave dissipation is a function of forest width, tree diameter, and forest density. Restoration efforts of juvenile mangroves in Florida’s Indian River Lagoon (IRL) aim to reduce wave energy in areas vulnerable to erosion. Physical model testing of wave dissipation through mangroves is limited due to the complexity in representing the mangrove structure, where prop roots are non-uniform in both diameter and location. Previous studies have quantified wave-dissipating effects through the use of scaled and parameterized mangrove structures. This study measures the dissipation effects of live mangroves in a wave flume, forced by conditions representative of the IRL. These measurements are used to validate a parameterized dowel model. Error between wave attenuation factors for the live mangrove and dowel system was on average 2.5%. Validation of the modularized dowel system allowed for further parameterized testing to understand forest structure effects, such as sediment stabilization and wave attenuation. Maximum wave attenuation achieved in this study was 27–35% corresponding to a 40–60% reduction in wave energy depending on the configuration of the system. The wave reduction resulted in a 50–70% decrease in sediment erosion from the berm. The dowel tests indicate a target minimum thickness for mangrove root systems of 0.6 m for shoreline stabilization and restoration in the IRL.
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Lu, Wenxun, Zhen Zou, Xueying Hu, and Shengchang Yang. "Genetic Diversity and Mating System of Two Mangrove Species (Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina) in a Heavily Disturbed Area of China." Diversity 14, no. 2 (February 6, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14020115.
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Mangrove forests are distributed in the intertidal zones of tropical and subtropical regions, and have been severely damaged by anthropogenic activities, climate change, and stochastic events. Although much progress has been made in the conservation and restoration of mangroves in China, studies of the genetic diversity of mangroves are lacking, especially for isolated populations, yet such studies are essential for guiding conservation and restoration efforts. Here, we evaluated the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, and mating system of two mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata and Avicennia marina, in a heavily disturbed area in Tielu Harbor, Sanya City, Hainan Island, China, using 18 nuclear microsatellite markers. We found that the genetic diversity of R. apiculata, which is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ in the China Red List categories, was high and similar compared with the genetic diversity estimates of other populations reported in previous studies. In contrast, the genetic diversity of A. marina, which is classified as a species of ‘Least Concern’, was low compared with the genetic diversity estimates of other populations. We then evaluated the presence of genetic bottlenecks, spatial genetic structure, and the mating system to determine the effects that habitat destruction has had on these two species. Our findings indicate that distinct conservation and restoration approaches are needed for these two species. Generally, our results provide valuable information that will aid the development of conservation and restoration strategies for the mangroves of Tielu Harbor.
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Harefa, Meilinda Suriani, Nur Rohim, Imam Pramuja, Putri Ramadayanti Harahap, Suciati Agustin, Kamaluddin Siregar, and Jonatan Pardamean Sitanggang. "Bio-ecological study on Aceh coast to determine mangrove ecosystem restoration areas suitability." Depik 12, no. 3 (December 30, 2023): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.12.3.32211.
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Mangrove forests in Aceh are significant because of their roles in ecological, socio-economic, and socio-cultural aspects. Mangrove restoration efforts must be based on adequate land assessment and regular evaluation of the viability of planted mangroves. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the bio-ecological characteristics of mangrove planting locations and evaluate land suitability in the restoration areas in Aceh Besar (Layeun Village) and Aceh Jaya (Babah Ie, Ujong Sudeun and Keude Unga Villages). This study was conducted in the YAGASU restoration area in Aceh Besar and Aceh Jaya Regencies in September 2022. The primary data consisted of the physicochemical characteristics of the environment, biodiversity, land suitability index, and plant survival rates after 3- 6 months planted. Data were analyzed using correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis (CA), descriptive statistics, and land suitability index. The result showed that the physical-chemical parameters of the environment are suitable for supporting the growth of mangroves and the livelihoods of various communities. In the study areas, the communities include 8 mangroves, 15 fish, 19 benthic, 11 zooplankton, and 22 phytoplankton species. Layeun, Ujong Sudeun, and Keude Unga Villages were found to have better land suitability than Babah Ie Village. However, an evaluation of the results of planting monitoring showed that Layeun has the highest survival rate compared to the other three villages. The results showed that pests, including buffalo and crustaceans, as well as sea waves, and the duration of the tides inundating the water are the main factors causing mangrove mortality.Keywords:Mangrove restorationSuitabilityBio-ecological
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Wang, Ziyu, Kai Liu, Jingjing Cao, Liheng Peng, and Xin Wen. "Annual Change Analysis of Mangrove Forests in China during 1986–2021 Based on Google Earth Engine." Forests 13, no. 9 (September 14, 2022): 1489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091489.
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Mangroves are a key type of protected coastal wetland, with a range of benefits such as protection from wave damage, sand fixation, water purification and ecological tourism. As the academic knowledge of mangroves has gradually increased, the use of remote sensing to monitor their dynamic changes in China has become a hot topic of discussion and has received attention in academic circles. Remote sensing has also provided necessary auxiliary decision-making suggestions and data support for the scientific and rational conservation, restoration and management of mangrove resources. In this paper, we used Landsat satellite series data combined with the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and adaptive threshold partitioning (OTSU method) to monitor mangrove dynamics in coastal China from 1986 to 2021 based on Google Earth Engine (GEE), with three main results. (1) Based on the massive data and efficient computational capability of the GEE platform, we achieved large-scale interannual mangrove distribution extraction. The overall classification accuracy for 2019 exceeded 0.93, and the mangrove distribution extraction effect was good. (2) The total mangrove area and the mean patch size in China showed overall increasing trends, and Guangdong and Guangxi were the top two provinces in China in terms of the largest mangrove area. (3) Except for Dongzhaigang National Nature Reserve, the mangrove areas in other national mangrove reserves mainly showed increasing trends, confirming the effectiveness of the reserves. Data on the spatial structure and area trends of mangroves in China can provide scientific references for mangrove conservation and development, and serve in the further restoration of mangrove ecosystems.
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Nguyen, Huong Thi Thuy, Giles E. S. Hardy, Tuat Van Le, Huy Quoc Nguyen, Hoang Huy Nguyen, Thinh Van Nguyen, and Bernard Dell. "Mangrove Forest Landcover Changes in Coastal Vietnam: A Case Study from 1973 to 2020 in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An Provinces." Forests 12, no. 5 (May 18, 2021): 637. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050637.
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Mangrove forests can ameliorate the impacts of typhoons and storms, but their extent is threatened by coastal development. The northern coast of Vietnam is especially vulnerable as typhoons frequently hit it during the monsoon season. However, temporal change information in mangrove cover distribution in this region is incomplete. Therefore, this study was undertaken to detect change in the spatial distribution of mangroves in Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces and identify reasons for the cover change. Landsat satellite images from 1973 to 2020 were analyzed using the NDVI method combined with visual interpretation to detect mangrove area change. Six LULC classes were categorized: mangrove forest, other forests, aquaculture, other land use, mudflat, and water. The mangrove cover in Nghe An province was estimated to be 66.5 ha in 1973 and increased to 323.0 ha in 2020. Mangrove cover in Thanh Hoa province was 366.1 ha in 1973, decreased to 61.7 ha in 1995, and rose to 791.1 ha in 2020. Aquaculture was the main reason for the loss of mangroves in both provinces. Overall, the percentage of mangrove loss from aquaculture was 42.5% for Nghe An province and 60.1% for Thanh Hoa province. Mangrove restoration efforts have contributed significantly to mangrove cover, with more than 1300 ha being planted by 2020. This study reveals that improving mangrove restoration success remains a challenge for these provinces, and further refinement of engineering techniques is needed to improve restoration outcomes.
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Debrot, Adolphe O., Ab Veldhuizen, Sander W. K. van den Burg, Charlotte J. Klapwijk, Md Nazrul Islam, Md Iftakharul Alam, Md Nazmul Ahsan, et al. "Non-Timber Forest Product Livelihood-Focused Interventions in Support of Mangrove Restoration: A Call to Action." Forests 11, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): 1224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11111224.
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Mangroves of tropical and subtropical shores and deltas contribute to ecosystem functioning and human wellbeing in numerous ways but continue to be lost or degraded worldwide at a rapid pace. Overexploitation driven by poverty is often the root cause of mangrove destruction and degradation. The negative feedback cycle between destruction and poverty can only be broken by justly valuing current or introducing new sustainable livelihood options to foster long-lasting local support for mangroves. The large array of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) that mangroves offer have rarely been developed beyond the subsistence level and remain undervalued as “products of the poor”. In light of the global trends towards sustainability and bio-economy, today they represent a major business opportunity for forest communities to produce high value-added end-user products. Even though mangrove NTFPs have been recognized to have high potential toward inclusive development and poverty alleviation and to be highly gender-equal, the development of mangrove NTFPs has continued to attract very little funding or research interest. Several ecological characteristics make commercialization of mangrove NTFPs particularly challenging. Production at economies of scale, including quality standards, as well as marketing and value chain management are all essential in order to develop these products beyond their subsistence role. To be most effective, a systems perspective on NTFP development is needed, whereby product-market development occurs in unison and based on a participative, inclusive and fair development approach. The species/product of choice for value-added product-market development in any specific community or area will depend on several factors. To address many of the typical constraints and maximize the chances of success, we suggest that the use of village or district-level cooperatives may be particularly useful. A better use of the untapped potential of mangroves for local livelihoods may form a most convincing advocate for local protection and restoration of mangrove forests. Therefore, funding agencies, governments and researchers alike are called to invest in mangrove NTFP development as a way to locally incentivize sustainable mangrove protection and restoration.
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Prasetyo, Casamira Gitta, I. Dewa Nyoman Nurweda Putra, and I. Nyoman Giri Putra. "Korelasi indeks keanekaragaman dan kerapatan tegakan dengan simpanan karbon mangrove Estuari Perancak." Journal of Marine and Aquatic Sciences 8, no. 2 (February 1, 2023): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jmas.2022.v08.i02.p08.
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Land use change is a huge threat for mangrove ecosystems,which are known for their high carbon sequestration and storage capacity.Vegetation restoration efforts are often undertaken, but fail to restore optimal ecosystem carbon sequestration. The mangrove forest of Perancak Estuary with a history of restoration project was made the subject of this research. The objectives include: (i) estimation of mangrove biomass and sediment carbon stock; (ii) comparison of restored, mixed and natural mangroves’ total carbon stock; (iii) correlational analysis between stand density and diversity indices with ecosystem carbon stock. Nine sampling points were determined within three mangrove categories (mixed, natural, restored). Stand characteristics and diameter at breast height (DBH) were measured to allometrically estimate biomass carbon. Sediment carbon was analyzed with Loss on Ignition (LOI) method. Correlational analysis was done with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Total ecosystem carbon stock is 4472,93 tonnes ha-1 (biomass C: 4046,31 tonnes ha-1; sediment C: 426,62 tonnes ha-1). Highest carbon stock value was found on restored mangroves due to high contribution of sediment C offsetting its low biomass C. Lowest carbon stock value was found on natural mangroves due to decreased root biomass production and increased decomposition due to change in tidal regimes. There is a strong positive correlation between stand density and biomass carbon. Simpson index of diversity has a stronger (though non significant) correlation with biomass carbon than Shannon-Wiener index.
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BADOLA, RUCHI, and S. A. HUSSAIN. "Valuing ecosystem functions: an empirical study on the storm protection function of Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, India." Environmental Conservation 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001967.
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The ecosystem services provided by mangroves are often ignored in the ongoing process of mangrove conversion. Services provided by the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem in India and estimated cyclone damage avoided in three selected villages, taking the cyclone of 1999 as a reference point, were valued by assessing the socio-economic status of the villages, the cyclone damage to houses, livestock, fisheries, trees and other assets owned by the people, and the level and duration of flooding. Eleven variables were used to compare damage in the villages, one protected by mangroves, one unprotected by mangroves, and the third possessing an embankment on its seaward side. Attitude surveys were carried out in 10% of the households in 35 villages located in the Bhitarkanika Conservation Area to assess local people's perceptions regarding the storm protection function of mangroves and their attitude towards mangrove forests generally. In the mangrove-protected village, variables had either the lowest values for adverse factors (such as damage to houses), or the highest values for positive factors (such as crop yield). The loss incurred per household was greatest (US$ 153.74) in the village that was not sheltered by mangroves but had an embankment, followed by the village that was neither in the shadow of mangroves or the embankment (US$ 44.02) and the village that was protected by mangrove forests (US$ 33.31). The local people were aware of and appreciated the functions performed by the mangrove forests in protecting their lives and property from cyclones, and were willing to cooperate with the forest department in mangrove restoration.
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Shih, Shang-Shu. "Spatial Habitat Suitability Models of Mangroves with Kandelia obovata." Forests 11, no. 4 (April 23, 2020): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040477.
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Mangrove forests provide important estuarine ecosystem services but are threatened by rising sea levels and anthropogenic impacts. Understanding the habitat characteristics required for mangrove growth is significant for mangrove restoration and integrated management. This study aims to build spatial habitat suitability index (HSI) models for Kandelia obovata mangrove trees. Biological and habitat-related environmental data were collected in the Wazwei and Guandu wetlands in northern Taiwan. We adopted inundation frequency, soil sorting coefficient, and water salinity as the key environmental factors to build HSI models. The dependent variable of these environmental factors was the mangrove biomass per unit area. Significant differences were found for the mangrove biomass on different substrata and shore elevations. The tidal creek had the lowest elevation, and mangrove areas were found at the highest elevations. The oxidization level of the substrate under mangrove forests was high, indicating that the root system of mangroves could carry oxygen into the soil and result in oxidation. Human activities were found to lead to the reduced growth conditions of mangroves. The validation of the HSI model, considering the inundation frequency and soil sorting coefficient, proved to be reliable, with an accuracy ranging from 78% to 90%. A better simulation was found after revising the model by incorporating the factor of water salinity. The model forecast of the mangrove responses to the sea-level rise indicated an increase in the inundation frequency and thus an induced shift and shrinkage of the mangrove area. The increased HSI values of the bare mudflat area demonstrate an option for the potential restoration of mangrove trees. Given the findings of this study, we concluded that mangroves could spread from estuaries to upstream areas due to rising sea levels and might be limited by humanmade impacts. Restoring degraded floodplains is suggested for mangrove habitat rehabilitation.
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Liu, Xiaoliang, Xiaomei Yang, Tao Zhang, Zhihua Wang, Junyao Zhang, Yueming Liu, and Bin Liu. "Remote Sensing Based Conservation Effectiveness Evaluation of Mangrove Reserves in China." Remote Sensing 14, no. 6 (March 13, 2022): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14061386.
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In recent decades, the mangrove area in China has changed dramatically, and governments have established multiple mangrove protected areas at various levels. However, we know little about the effectiveness of conservation on mangroves on a national scale. In this study, we constructed an evaluation index system for landscape health and proposed a landscape health composite index (LHCI) to characterize the landscape health status of mangroves. Based on the distribution dataset of mangrove forests mangrove in the recent 40 years, we evaluated the conservation effectiveness of mangrove reserves in China from a perspective of landscape health. The dynamics of mangrove areas show that the mangrove area in 83% of the reserves increased after the establishment of reserves. Additionally, the increase in mangrove area in provincial-level, municipal-level, and county-level reserves was higher than that in national-level reserves, and the most significant increase in mangrove area was in Guangxi, followed by Fujian and Hong Kong. The evaluation results show that mangrove reserves have achieved outstanding conservation effectiveness in China, with 43% of the reserves significantly improving the landscape health status of mangroves and 35% of the reserves maintaining good condition. The reserves in Guangxi, Guangdong, and Fujian Provinces showed more significant protective effects. Specifically, the most effective reserves protecting mangroves were the Qi’ao Island reserve, Maowei Gulf reserve, and Enping reserve. This study may provide references for formulating a rapid evaluation method of conservation effectiveness based on remote sensing and promote the scientific management of protected areas and the ecological restoration of mangroves in China.
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Krumholz, Jason, and Catherine Jadot. "Demonstration of a New Technology for Restoration of Red Mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) in High-Energy Environments." Marine Technology Society Journal 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2009): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.43.1.10.
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AbstractRestoration of red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in high-energy environments has proven difficult in the past, but it is a critical aspect of restoration science, since mangroves provide natural protection to shorelines and buffer sensitive near-shore tropical ecosystems. We present here the initial field results from a pilot test of a new technique for the restoration of R. mangle in high-energy environments, using anchored armored concrete cultivator pots to stabilize the juvenile mangrove until it can establish a network of buttress roots. Mangroves were reared in a nursery for 15 months before transplantation to fully and partially exposed field sites. Mangroves transplanted in this way on Grand Cayman Island were able to survive two direct hurricane hits shortly after transplantation during the hurricane season of 2008, with survival rates ranging from 42% to 73% depending on the exposure of the site. We discuss the implications of these results and a proposed revision to our technique, which we hope will eliminate the work-intensive and costly nursery phase while also facilitating higher survival rates by minimizing washout, which was a key source of mortality, accounting for 20%-50% of mortalities, depending on site.
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Kalsum, Ummu, Ris Hadi Purwanto, Lies Rahayu Wijayanti Faida, and Sumardi. "Destruction to Mangrove Forests in East Luwuk, Banggai Regency, Central Sulawesi." Journal of Sylva Indonesiana 5, no. 02 (August 31, 2022): 124–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/jsi.v5i02.7622.
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According to the results of interactions between humans and mangrove forests, the causes of mangrove forest destruction are developing very dynamically. In the sub-district of East Luwuk, Banggai Regency, this study aims to determine the causes of mangrove forest damage. With descriptive analysis, this study utilizes qualitative methods. To determine the factors causing damage to mangroves was done by purposive sampling through interviews. The results showed that the damage to mangrove forests was caused by the conversion of mangrove forests into ponds, rice fields, and settlements. By carrying out restoration, rehabilitation, and restoration of damaged areas and recommending pond management by implementing a silvofishery pattern that can meet community welfare and maintain the survival of the mangrove ecosystem.
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Li, Lifeng, Wenai Liu, Jingwen Ai, Shuangjiao Cai, and Jianwen Dong. "Predicting Mangrove Distributions in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China, Using the MaxEnt Model: Determining Tree Species Selection." Forests 14, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14010149.
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Mangrove restoration is challenging within protected coastal habitats. Predicting the dominant species distributions in mangrove communities is essential for appropriate species selection and spatial planning for restoration. We explored the spatial distributions of six mangrove species, including their related environmental factors, thereby identifying potentially suitable habitats for mangrove protection and restoration. Based on six dominant mangrove species present in the Beibu Gulf, Guangxi, China, we used a linear correlation analysis to screen environmental factors. In addition, we used the maximum entropy model to analyze the spatial distributions of potential mangrove afforestation areas. Based on the spatial superposition analysis, we identified mangrove conservation and restoration hot spots. The findings indicate that topographic and bioclimatic factors affect the distribution of suitable mangrove habitats in the Beibu Gulf, followed by land use type, salinity, and substrate type. We identified 13,816 hm2 of prime mangrove habitat in the Beibu Gulf that is primarily distributed in protected areas. The protection rate for existing mangroves was 42.62%. According to the predicted spatial distributions of the mangrove plants, the findings suggest that mangrove restoration should be based on suitable species and site selection.
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Hochard, Jacob P., Stuart Hamilton, and Edward B. Barbier. "Mangroves shelter coastal economic activity from cyclones." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 25 (June 3, 2019): 12232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1820067116.
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Mangroves shelter coastlines during hazardous storm events with coastal communities experiencing mangrove deforestation are increasingly vulnerable to economic damages resulting from cyclones. To date, the benefits of mangroves in terms of protecting coastal areas have been estimated only through individual case studies of specific regions or countries. Using spatially referenced data and statistical methods, we track from 2000 to 2012 the impact of cyclones on economic activity in coastal regions inhabited by nearly 2,000 tropical and subtropical communities across 23 major mangrove-holding countries. We use nighttime luminosity to represent temporal trends in coastal economic activity and find that direct cyclone exposure typically results in permanent loss of 5.4–6.7 mo for a community with an average mangrove extent (6.3 m per meter of coastline); whereas, a community with more extensive mangroves (25.6 m per meter of coastline) experiences a loss equivalent to 2.6–5.5 mo. These results suggest that mangrove restoration efforts for protective benefits may be more cost effective, and mangrove deforestation more damaging, than previously thought.
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Hasan, Muhamad, Dolly Priatna, and Yossa Istiadi. "The role of the parties in mangrove ecosystem recovery in Juntinyuat Coast, West Java, Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Applied Environmental Studies 3, no. 2 (October 31, 2022): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/injast.v3i2.5120.
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Coastal abrasion is a problem that needs to be addressed thoroughly. If not properly managed, coastal abrasion can lead to other environmental issues, such as damage to mangroves and coastal ecosystems. The local government is actively carrying out mangrove ecosystem restoration program to conserve the coastal ecology by involving related agencies, industries, and the community surrounding the Juntinyuat coastal area. The focus of this research is to find out the planning, implementation, and monitoring carried out in relation to the restoration of the mangrove ecosystem based on the involvement of the parties in overcoming coastal abrasion on the coast of Juntinyuat, Indramayu Regency, West Java. Data were collected by conducting observations, interviews, and documentation to the community and the parties involved in restoring the mangrove ecosystem on the Juntinyuat coast. The results showed that mangrove ecosystem damage in the coastal area of Juntinyuat generates a high level of abrasion. The damage caused by abrasion threatens settlements, ponds, and agricultural land, as well as threatens the gas and oil pipelines of Pertamina Gas in the West Java operation area (Pertagas OWJA). There is a relationship between the critical condition of the mangrove ecosystem in the Juntinyuat coastal area and the initiation of efforts to restore the mangrove ecosystem. The initiation of mangrove ecosystem restoration arose from the critical condition of mangroves, which necessitates careful planning to restore damaged mangrove conditions. Related parties concerned with the preservation of the mangrove ecosystem subsequently coordinate to plan the mangrove ecosystem restoration program on the Juntinyuat coast. The mangrove ecosystem restoration was conducted after an initial survey in mid-2014. The role of the parties in planning, implementing, and monitoring the restoration of the mangrove ecosystem is running well and maximally with a clear division of duties and responsibilities. Currently, the results of the restoration of the mangrove ecosystem on the Juntinyuat coast can be felt together with the denser mangrove cover, reducing the abrasion impact, and making it a mangrove ecotourism area. In the future, it is necessary to form a coordinating team for the strategy of mangrove ecosystem management at the regency and sub-district levels to synergize policies and programs for managing mangrove ecosystems. Empowerment activities need to be carried out intensively to encourage a change in the role of mangrove management.
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Limmon, Gino V., Rahman Rahman, and Frijona Fabiola Lokollo. "PEMANFAATAN MATERIAL BIODEGRADABLE (BESE-ELEMENT) SEBAGAI MEDIA RESTORASI MANGROVE DI PESISIR NEGERI PASSO, KOTA AMBON." J-ABDI: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2, no. 10 (March 4, 2023): 6675–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/jabdi.v2i10.5192.
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Mangrove ecosystems have potential both ecologically, economically, physically, and chemically. The abundance of this potential causes pressure from anthropogenic activities, which results in the degradation of mangrove ecosystems. Several mangrove ecosystems in the Ambon City area have experienced degradation, so restoration is necessary. The Passo State area has the potential for a dense mangrove ecosystem and can be used as a nursery area to support other ecosystems. Increasing the potential of mangrove ecosystems in the Passo State area can be done through restoration using biodegradable materials (BESE-Elements). Mangrove restoration is carried out through community service activities, a collaboration between the Maritime Center and Wardeen Burg Ecology – The Netherlands. The result of the activity is that mangrove ecosystem restoration is carried out in semi-enclosed areas using 10 BESE-Element. Each BESE-Element was planted with 10 mangrove seedlings consisting of 5 seedlings and 5 propagules. The mangrove species planted were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Rhizophora apicutala, and Rhizophora stylosa. Around BESE-Elements planted seedlings and mangrove propagules as a control for mangroves in BESE-Elements.
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Mohamed, Mohamed Khalfan, Elhadi Adam, and Colbert M. Jackson. "The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mangrove Forest Cover from 1973 to 2020 in Chwaka Bay and Menai Bay, Zanzibar." Applied Sciences 13, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 7962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13137962.
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Mangroves in Zanzibar have a high value for biodiversity and scenic beauty. However, mangroves are susceptible to anthropogenic and natural environmental disturbances. Although global mangrove monitoring systems exist, it is the practitioners focused on small mangrove areas who are knowledgeable about the area in which they work. This study examined the change in mangrove cover in Chwaka Bay and Menai Bay, between 1973 and 2020, using Landsat satellite data. The transformed divergence (TD) index and Jeffries–Matusita (J-M) distance were used to calculate separability of land cover classes before classification. The overall accuracies ranged between 82.5 and 92.7% for Chwaka Bay and 85.5 and 94.5% for Menai Bay. The kappa coefficients (ĸ) were in the range of 0.72–0.90, while the producer’s and user’s accuracies were between 72 and 100%. Chwaka Bay’s annual decrease in mangrove cover between 1973 and 2020 was 48.5 ha, compared to Menai’s 6.8 ha. The loss of mangroves in Zanzibar is linked to illegal timber/pole cutting, firewood collection, charcoal burning, unsustainable aquaculture, and agricultural and urban development. Others are changes in environmental conditions that are suitable for mangroves and climate change. This study is crucial in providing a basis for the ecological restoration and management of Zanzibar’s mangrove ecosystem.
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Malik, Abdul, Muhammad Ichsan Ali, Suwardi Annas, Abdul Rasyid Jalil, Restu Utami Mulya, and Konstantina Gravani. "THE POTENTIAL SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCKS IN MANGROVE AREAS OF SINJAI DISTRICT, SOUTH SULAWESI, INDONESIA." Journal of Environmental Engineering and Landscape Management 30, no. 3 (November 9, 2022): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jeelm.2022.17638.
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The soil pool is the primary sink for carbon in mangrove wetlands and plays a major role in mitigating climate change. However, aquaculture pond expansions go further to disrupt carbon storage in mangroves. The aim of this study is to estimate the stock of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the mangrove area of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The mangroves of Sinjai District in South Sulawesi are a disturbed region with no previous study on SOC stock. We implemented a line transect method at five study sites, collected 15 soil cores at a depth of 0–15 cm, 15–30 cm, and 30–50 cm, and performed soil analysis using the Loss on Ignition method. We find that the mean value of SOC stock is 413.10±12.37 Mg C ha–1. More attention to the conservation and restoration of lost mangrove areas is a high priority. It may also increase the stock of SOC to mitigate climate change. This study will help to preserve the remaining mangroves.
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DJAMALUDDIN, RIGNOLDA, BENJAMIN BROWN, and ROY R. LEWIS III. "The practice of hydrological restoration to rehabilitate abandoned shrimp ponds in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 1 (December 4, 2018): 160–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200119.
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Djamaluddin R, Brown B, Lewis III RR. 2019. The practice of hydrological restoration to rehabilitate abandoned shrimp ponds in Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 160-170. The world has lost a large extent of mangroves, while rates of recovery of these ecosystems from natural re-growth and restoration are slow. We developed a hydrological restoration technique to investigate the importance of hydrological modification in mangrove restoration success. Ecological Mangrove Restoration was adopted to restore abandoned shrimp ponds at Tiwoho, Bunaken National Park, North Sulawesi. Hydrological modification resulted in the creation of various mangrove sub-habitat conditions. These conditions remained unstable within the first three years and became relatively stable after seven years. Tidal inundation and soil surface salinity appeared to be the major factors controlling mangrove establishment and growth. All natural recruits and planted trees grew faster and produced more propagules/fruits within a short period of time after the normal physical conditions achieved. The restored site was covered by approximately 91.3 % of vegetation with the same canopy species composition as the natural stands. The practiced hydrological restoration method was simple, cost-effective and can help other practitioners in improving their mangrove restoration techniques.
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WALTON, MARK E. M., GISELLE P. B. SAMONTE-TAN, JURGENNE H. PRIMAVERA, GARETH EDWARDS-JONES, and LEWIS LE VAY. "Are mangroves worth replanting? The direct economic benefits of a community-based reforestation project." Environmental Conservation 33, no. 4 (October 12, 2006): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892906003341.
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Competition for coastal land use and overexploitation have reduced or degraded mangrove coverage throughout much of their distribution, especially in South-east Asia. Timber production was the initial motivation for early mangrove reforestation projects. More recently, benefits from protection against erosion and extreme weather events and direct improvements in livelihoods and food security are perceived as justifications for such restoration efforts. This study examines the socioeconomic impacts of a community-led reforestation project in the Philippines through a survey of the local fishers. Revenues from mangrove fisheries, tourism and timber result in an annual benefit to the community of US$ 315 ha−1 yr−1. This figure is likely to be considerably more if the contribution of the mangrove to the coastal catch of mangrove-associated species is included. This estimate only includes direct benefits to the community from mangroves, and not intangible benefits such as coastal protection, which paradoxically is perceived by the community as one of the most important functions. More than 90% of all fishers, regardless of where they fished, thought the mangrove provided protection from storms and typhoons and acted as a nursery site and should be protected. Those fishing only in the mangrove perceived more benefits from the mangrove and were prepared to pay more to protect it than those fishing outside. This study concludes that replanting mangroves can have a significant economic impact on the lives of coastal communities. Acknowledgement of the value of replanted mangroves compared with other coastal activities and the benefits they bring to the more economically-vulnerable coastal dwellers should support better informed policy and decision-making with regard to coastal habitat restoration.
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Lim, Kah Kheng, João Neiva, M. Nazre, and Ester A. Serrão. "GENETIC DIVERSITY OF NATURAL AND RESTORED API-API PUTIH (AVICENNIA ALBA) POPULATIONS IN THE WEST COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA." Environment & Ecosystem Science 6, no. 1 (2022): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ees.01.2022.29.33.
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A large tract of mangrove forest in Malaysia has been lost due to increased anthropogenic activities. Restorative practices of mangrove forest have been adopted nationwide to re-establish ecosystem services in combating coastal erosion. However, genetic considerations in local mangrove restoration practices are still far lacking despite the vast literature on their genetic diversity. To understand whether the restored mangroves can impact the genetic diversity distribution among natural populations, we used eight microsatellite markers to assess the genetic diversity of the Api-api putih (Avicennia alba) between the natural and restored populations along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. We found no difference in terms of genetic diversity between these populations. Two genetic clusters were detected among A. alba along the west coast based on Bayesian clustering and discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC). The southwest monsoon current circulation that coincides the timing of seed dispersal of A. alba may explain such pattern of genetic differentiation. Despite the minimal genetic structure, our results suggest that seed sourcing from either population is viable for the local mangrove restoration programs in the future.
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Kusumadewi, S. D., H. Purnomo, S. Nadhira, and R. Putrizulfan. "Systematic review on the implementation of mangrove community-based restoration in Indonesia and beyond." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1315, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 012052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012052.
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Abstract World’s mangroves are decreasing, and the remaining are continuously at risk, so restoration seen as one of key strategies in the mangrove management. Mangrove ecosystems are ecologically important for coastal life, as well as play a key role for the livelihood and food security that put coastal community as important actor in the mangrove restoration efforts, including in Indonesia. This study aims to understand the current practices and lesson learned from the implementation of community-based mangrove restoration (CBMR). We used a combination of systematic review and co-learning workshops to identify relevant case studies, interventions, and outcomes from the implementation CBMR. We selected 71 relevant case studies from nine countries and ran a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). We identified four group of intervention implemented in the case studies, those are active restoration (include replanting), passive restoration (focus on protection and depend on natural regeneration), model business development and strengthening the community institution. Case studies analysis suggested that combination of four type of interventions helps to achieve both aims of CBMR which are restored mangrove and improved livelihood.
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Cesar Ferreira, Alexander, and Luiz Drude de Lacerda. "MANGROVE RESTORATION IN NE BRAZIL: A UNIFIED CONTRIBUTION TO ADAPTING TO GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE." Arquivos de Ciências do Mar 55, Especial (March 18, 2022): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.32360/acmar.v55iespecial.78185.
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The decade 2021-2030 was defined by the UN as the decade of ‘Ecosystem Restoration’ and of ‘Ocean Science for Sustainable Development’, aiming to restore ecosystems and protect the Oceans. Among target ecosystems, mangroves are fundamental wetlands, since they support a lively, biologically dynamic frontier between land and sea, furnishing many goods and services in relation to their extension, like fisheries, timber, biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation, among others. Regarding climate change, mangrove restoration helps mitigate GHG emissions, by sequestering carbon in biomass and sediments for long periods of time and increases shore protection facing sea level rise and extreme climate events. The possibilities and conditions for mangrove restoration are many, and their rehabilitation/restoration is possible as provided by evidence form many experiments worldwide. Notwithstanding, there are still many steps in methodology and governance decisions to place mangrove restoration as a globally effective mitigation and adaptation measure to climate change.
Keywords: global changes, ecosystem services, ecological rehabilitation, mitigation.