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Academic literature on the topic 'Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

1

Evans, Clayton W. "THE EFFECTS AND IMPLICATIONS OF OIL POLLUTION IN MANGROVE FORESTS." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 367–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-367.

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ABSTRACT The mangrove forest is important in shoreline stabilization and as a nursery for many open ocean species. Complex adaptations of the plants for existence in anaerobic conditions and salt water make the mangrove forest highly vulnerable to oil pollution. Clearly, advance protection of mangrove forests is the optimal solution to minimize oil pollution damage. The more difficult question remains: What can be done to minimize the impact of oil that has entered fringe mangrove forests? Active flushing of mangroves and passive oil collection by absorbents are moderately successful in minimizing oil contact with mangroves.
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Peng, Dan, Yihui Zhang, Jiayu Wang, and Steven Charles Pennings. "The Opposite of Biotic Resistance: Herbivory and Competition Suppress Regeneration of Native but Not Introduced Mangroves in Southern China." Forests 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2022): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13020192.

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Mangrove forests are increasingly threatened by plant invasions worldwide, but some mangrove species are invasive and threaten salt marsh and native mangrove ecosystems. The southern coast of China is invaded by the cordgrass Spartina alterniflora, and the mangrove Sonneratia apetala, providing a model system for studying the processes and mechanisms through which non-native species establish and spread. We used a transplant experiment to test the overarching hypothesis that native herbivores and plants provided biotic resistance against invasion by S. apetala, and that the importance of these factors would vary geographically. Survival of transplanted mangrove seedlings was lower in Zhangjiang Estuary (23°55′ N) than in Leizhou Bay (20°56′ N), and varied with species and habitats. S. apetala had higher survival and growth rates than native mangroves at both sites, and S. apetala grew taller than the S. alterniflora canopy at Leizhou Bay in only two growing seasons. In contrast, native mangroves grew poorly in S. alterniflora. Grazing by rodents and insects suppressed the growth and survival of Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina in Zhangjiang Estuary and Leizhou Bay, but had little effect on S. apetala. Competition with vegetation (S. alterniflora and native mangroves) exacerbated the reduced survival of native mangroves, and these effects varied across study sites. Low survival of non-native S. apetala in vegetated habitats at Zhangjiang Estuary was likely due to a synergistic effect of low winter temperatures and low light intensity. Escape from herbivory (the opposite to biotic resistance) and fast growth may drive the quick expansion of non-native S. apetala in China. Rapid encroachment of S. apetala may transform the native mangrove forests and monospecific intertidal Spartina grasslands into non-native mangrove forests in the southern coast of China.
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Page, D. S., E. S. Gilfillan, J. C. Foster, J. R. Hotham, and L. Gonzalez. "MANGROVE LEAF TISSUE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM ION CONCENTRATIONS AS SUBLETHAL INDICATORS OF OIL STRESS IN MANGROVE TREES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1985, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 391–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1985-1-391.

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ABSTRACT As part of an ongoing study of the long-term effects of the Zoe Colocotroni oil spill of March 17, 1973, in Bahia Sucia, Puerto Rico, the effects of the remaining oil on the red mangrove trees in the impact area were investigated. This study involved four sampling trips to the spill site and a reference area outside the spill zone between April 1979 and April 1981. The present study was based on the observation that stressed mangrove trees in the heavily oil-affected areas had a similar appearance to trees exhibiting stress due to hypersalinity in unoiled areas. The working hypothesis was that petroleum hydrocarbons induce stress in salt-excluding plants such as red mangroves by disrupting the ability of the roots to exclude ions from seawater. Measurements of sodium (the principal seawater cation) and potassium (a major physiological ion) were made on leaf samples taken from trees from oil-affected areas and reference areas. Sediment core samples were taken from the root zone of the trees sampled at each site and analyzed for hydrocarbons by gravimetric and gas chromatographic methods. The results show a relationship between sediment hydrocarbon concentration and the ratio of sodium to potassium for mangrove leaves sampled at each site. The results show that for trees exposed at the root zone to the least weathered oil, the values of this ratio for the leaves had the largest values, reflecting an oil-induced impairment of the salt (Na) exclusion mechanism. This approach to measuring the physiological health of mangrove trees at an oil spill site offers a potentially useful means of documenting oil stress and recovery from oil stress in salt-excluding halophytes. Because oil stress in mangroves appears to be a root membrane-directed effect, there may be a “window in time” between initial oil impact and plant damage, as oil penetrates the sediments, during which mitigation measures could be taken.
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Basyuni, Mohammad, Santi Sari Nainggolan, Taufiq Qurrahman, Poppy Anjelisa Zaitun Hasibuan, Sumaiyah Sumaiyah, Sumardi Sumardi, Etti Sartina Siregar, and Arif Nuryawan. "Effect of Salt and Fresh Water Concentration on Polyisoprenoid Content in Bruguiera cylindrica Seedlings." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 7, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 3803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2019.508.

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BACKGROUND: Mangrove forest is a typical forest found along the coast or river mouth which is affected by tides and salinity. Although polyisoprenoid was widespread in the plant kingdom, the physiological roles of these compounds are not well understood, especially from mangrove plants. It is therefore essential to characterize the polyisoprenoid content under abiotic stress. AIM: This study aimed to determine the effect of salinity and subsequent fresh water change on polyisoprenoids concentration in Bruguiera cylindrica seedlings. METHODS: Bruguiera cylindrica planted in a greenhouse for three months under various salinity concentrations. After three months grew under variable salinity, these seedlings were then divided into two treatment groups, and grown for another three months: one continuously in a salt solution and another in fresh water to relieve salt stress. The leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings were harvested after six months of cultivation. The leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings were extracted for polyisoprenoids content and composition analyzed using two-dimensional thin layer chromatography. RESULTS: Polyisoprenoids composition under salinity and subsequent fresh water with dominating dolichols (more than 90%) were found in leaves and roots of B. cylindrica seedlings referring type I of polyisoprenoid composition. The carbon chain length of dolichols located in the leaves and roots were ranging from C75–C100 and C75–C105, respectively. CONCLUSION: Dolichol dominated over polyprenol both in B. cylindrical leaves and roots under salinity and subsequent relief supported the previous finding on the predominance dolichols over polyprenols in mangrove plants. The present study suggested the significance of dolichols in the adaptation to cope with salt stress and or water stress.
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Chen, Chung-I., Kuan-Hung Lin, Meng-Yuan Huang, Shau-Lian Wong, Tien-Szu Liao, Ming-Nan Chen, Jen-Hsien Weng, Mei-Li Hsueh, Yu-Hsiang Lai, and Ching-Wen Wang. "Photosynthesis in Response to Different Salinities and Immersions of Two Native Rhizophoraceae Mangroves." Cells 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2022): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11193054.

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Mangrove ecosystems are vulnerable to rising sea levels as the plants are exposed to high salinity and tidal submergence. The ways in which these plants respond to varying salinities, immersion depths, and levels of light irradiation are poorly studied. To understand photosynthesis in response to salinity and submergence in mangroves acclimated to different tidal elevations, two-year-old seedlings of two native mangrove species, Kandelia obovata and Rhizophora stylosa, were treated at different salinity concentrations (0, 10, and 30 part per thousand, ppt) with and without immersion conditions under fifteen photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD μmol photon·m−2·s−1). The photosynthetic capacity and the chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) parameters of both species were measured. We found that under different PPFDs, electron transport rate (ETR) induction was much faster than photosynthetic rate (Pn) induction, and Pn was restricted by stomatal conductance (Gs). The Pn of the immersed K. obovata plants increased, indicating that this species is immersed-tolerant, whereas the Pn level of the R. stylosa plants is salt-tolerant with no immersion. All of the plants treated with 30 ppt salinity exhibited lower Pn but higher non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and heat quenching (D) values, followed by increases in the excess energy and photoprotective effects. Since NPQ or D can be easily measured in the field, these values provide a useful ecological monitoring index that may provide a reference for mangrove restoration, habitat creation, and ecological monitoring.
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Zhang, Yi, Jianzi Huang, Qiongzhao Hou, Yujuan Liu, Jun Wang, and Shulin Deng. "Isolation and Functional Characterization of a Salt-Responsive Calmodulin-Like Gene MpCML40 from Semi-Mangrove Millettia pinnata." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 7 (March 27, 2021): 3475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073475.

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Salt stress is a major increasing threat to global agriculture. Pongamia (Millettia pinnata), a semi-mangrove, is a good model to study the molecular mechanism of plant adaptation to the saline environment. Calcium signaling pathways play critical roles in the model plants such as Arabidopsis in responding to salt stress, but little is known about their function in Pongamia. Here, we have isolated and characterized a salt-responsive MpCML40, a calmodulin-like (CML) gene from Pongamia. MpCML40 protein has 140 amino acids and is homologous with Arabidopsis AtCML40. MpCML40 contains four EF-hand motifs and a bipartite NLS (Nuclear Localization Signal) and localizes both at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. MpCML40 was highly induced after salt treatment, especially in Pongamia roots. Heterologous expression of MpCML40 in yeast cells improved their salt tolerance. The 35S::MpCML40 transgenic Arabidopsis highly enhanced seed germination rate and root length under salt and osmotic stresses. The transgenic plants had a higher level of proline and a lower level of MDA (malondialdehyde) under normal and stress conditions, which suggested that heterologous expression of MpCML40 contributed to proline accumulation to improve salt tolerance and protect plants from the ROS (reactive oxygen species) destructive effects. Furthermore, we did not observe any measurable discrepancies in the development and growth between the transgenic plants and wild-type plants under normal growth conditions. Our results suggest that MpCML40 is an important positive regulator in response to salt stress and of potential application in producing salt-tolerant crops.
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Alhelaify, Seham Sater, Wael N. Hozzein, and Sulaiman A. Alharbi. "Diversity and Metagenomic Sequence Analysis of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Different Mangrove Environments in Saudi Arabia." Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences 10, no. 3 (March 28, 2022): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sajb.2022.v10i03.005.

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Mangroves, which dominate tropical intertidal zones and estuaries, are salt-tolerant plants that reproduce through propagules, which are little reproductive units. Because mangroves can grow in seawater, microorganisms capable of interacting with the host and exerting beneficial effects under salt stress should be present. Three mangrove areas in Saudi Arabia yielded sixteen bacterial and actinobacterial species (Thuwal, Jazan, and Farasan islands). The microbial profile of the examined regions was analysed using a 16S rRNA-based metagenomics technique. Based on 16s rRNA and phylogenetic analysis, the selected isolates were identified. The bacterial extracts were tested for antibacterial activity and pharmacological characteristics. The 16S RNA-based metagenomics revealed that eight phyla of bacteria were found in the same region: Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes. Bacteroidetes, was the most common phyla, followed by Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The Bacillus genus was found in the majority of samples, followed by Streptomyces. The pharmacological characteristics of the bacterial extracts were assessed. Antibacterial testing revealed that 13 of 16 bacterial extracts were having antimicrobial activities against at least one of the microorganisms examined.
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Hasanuzzaman, Mirza, Masashi Inafuku, Kamrun Nahar, Masayuki Fujita, and Hirosuke Oku. "Nitric Oxide Regulates Plant Growth, Physiology, Antioxidant Defense, and Ion Homeostasis to Confer Salt Tolerance in the Mangrove Species, Kandelia obovata." Antioxidants 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 611. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040611.

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Facultative halophyte Kandelia obovata plants were exposed to mild (1.5% NaCl) and severe (3% NaCl) salt stress with or without sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 100 µM; a NO donor), hemoglobin (Hb, 100 µM; a NO scavenger), or Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 µM; a NO synthase inhibitor). The plants were significantly affected by severe salt stress. They showed decreases in seedling growth, stomatal conductance, intercellular CO2 concentration, SPAD value, photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, water use efficiency, and disrupted antioxidant defense systems, overproduction of reactive oxygen species, and visible oxidative damage. Salt stress also induced ion toxicity and disrupted nutrient homeostasis, as indicated by elevated leaf and root Na+ contents, decreased K+ contents, lower K+/Na+ ratios, and decreased Ca contents while increasing osmolyte (proline) levels. Treatment of salt-stressed plants with SNP increased endogenous NO levels, reduced ion toxicity, and improved nutrient homeostasis while further increasing Pro levels to maintain osmotic balance. SNP treatment also improved gas exchange parameters and enhanced antioxidant enzymes’ activities (catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, and dehydroascorbate reductase). Treatment with Hb and l-NAME reversed these beneficial SNP effects and exacerbated salt damage, confirming that SNP promoted stress recovery and improved plant growth under salt stress.
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Liu, Yi-Ling, Zhi-Jun Shen, Martin Simon, Huan Li, Dong-Na Ma, Xue-Yi Zhu, and Hai-Lei Zheng. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Effects of H2S on Salt Tolerance of Mangrove Plant Kandelia obovata." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21010118.

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As a dominant mangrove species, Kandelia obovata is distributed in an intertidal marsh with an active H2S release. Whether H2S participates in the salt tolerance of mangrove plants is still ambiguous, although increasing evidence has demonstrated that H2S functions in plant responses to multiple abiotic stresses. In this study, NaHS was used as an H2S donor to investigate the regulatory mechanism of H2S on the salt tolerance of K. obovata seedlings by using a combined physiological and proteomic analysis. The results showed that the reduction in photosynthesis (Pn) caused by 400 mM of NaCl was recovered by the addition of NaHS (200 μM). Furthermore, the application of H2S enhanced the quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) and the membrane lipid stability, implying that H2S is beneficial to the survival of K. obovata seedlings under high salinity. We further identified 37 differentially expressed proteins by proteomic approaches under salinity and NaHS treatments. Among them, the proteins that are related to photosynthesis, primary metabolism, stress response and hormone biosynthesis were primarily enriched. The physiological and proteomic results highlighted that exogenous H2S up-regulated photosynthesis and energy metabolism to help K. obovata to cope with high salinity. Specifically, H2S increased photosynthetic electron transfer, chlorophyll biosynthesis and carbon fixation in K. obovata leaves under salt stress. Furthermore, the abundances of other proteins related to the metabolic pathway, such as antioxidation (ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (CSD2), and pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX1)), protein synthesis (heat-shock protein (HSP), chaperonin family protein (Cpn) 20), nitrogen metabolism (glutamine synthetase 1 and 2 (GS2), GS1:1), glycolysis (phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and triosephosphate isomerase (TPI)), and the ascorbate–glutathione (AsA–GSH) cycle were increased by H2S under high salinity. These findings provide new insights into the roles of H2S in the adaptations of the K. obovata mangrove plant to high salinity environments.
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Nafisaturrahmah, A., A. Susilowati, and A. Pangastuti. "Screening of L-asparaginase-producing endophytic bacteria from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 976, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/976/1/012042.

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Abstract L-asparaginase is an enzyme that converts L-asparagine to L-aspartate and ammonia. L-asparaginase is recommended as medical treatment of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and other malignant cancers. Bacteria are the most effective source of L-asparaginase as they can easily be cultured so that the enzyme can be extracted and purified. The commercial L-asparaginase is now available from bacterial but has many side effects for the patients. Therefore, the alternative source of this enzyme is highly necessary to be explored for a more effective and safer future production of L-asparaginase. For this reason, this study was carried out to investigate the endophytic bacteria producing L-asparaginase from mangrove Rhizophora mucronata. The samples of the mangrove plants, i.e., roots, stems, and leaves, were surface sterilized with alcohol and sodium hypochlorite. Endophytic bacteria were screened for L-asparaginase production using the rapid plate assay on Minimal Salt Medium with L-Asparagine as a substrate. Asparaginase-producing endophytes were detected by a pink zone formation on the agar, indicating the hydrolysis of asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia, which changed the phenol red dye indicator from yellow (acidic conditions) to pink (alkaline conditions). The results revealed that out of the mangroves taken from the seaside, i.e., between sea and land, there were six bacterial colonies from the roots, 12 bacterial colonies from the stems, and 20 bacterial colonies from the leaves, each showing positive L-asparaginase. The isolated bacteria had varied colony morphology and different ability to produce the L-asparaginase enzyme.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

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Kalifa, Ali. "Salt stress, and phosphorus absorption by potato plants cv. 'Russet Burbank'." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29727.pdf.

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Attumi, Al-Arbe. "Effect of salt stress on phosphorus and sodium absorptions by soybean plants." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20242.

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The radiotracer methodology was combined with the Hoagland solution culture of growing soybean in a greenhouse to investigate the absorptions of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na) as a function of salinity. Salt stress was varied by using zero to 120 mM NaCl. The research was initiated because of a need to increase soybean production in the saline soils of the semi-arid regions of the world. Although P absorption increased with time at each concentration of NaCl, increasing its concentrations ([NaCl]) to 120 mM reduced P uptake considerably. The addition of inorganic P (Pi) to the salt medium improved P absorption significantly (P < 0.0001) in stem, petiole, and roots. Polynomial regressions showed the relationship between 22Na activity and [NaCl] for leaves and petiole to be cubic (R2 = 1) while in the stem a quadratic relationship prevailed. A maximum of P and Na absorption was observed at 40 mM NaCl. The relationship between 32P activity and increasing [NaCl] was linear for the roots (a positive slope) and the stem (a negative slope). 45Ca and 32P dual labelling part of the experiments failed to produce results because an unexpectedly high degree of tissue quenching which prevented from obtaining the minimum counting requirements for separation. Shoot fresh and dry weights decreased linearly with increasing [NaCl] as did the root fresh and dry weights. Leaf chlorophyll content during the last week of the final harvest showed a linear relationship with time. Chlorophyll increased with time linearly when the growth medium contained zero and 40 mM NaCl; whereas a negative slope was obtained for 80 and 120 mM NaCl. It seems that P fertilization of the soil could ameliorate the salt effect. 22 Na uptake results indicated that there is a mechanism for exclusion of Na from soybean plant parts.
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Zhou, Maoqian 1961. "Nitrogen fixation by alfalfa as affected by salt stress and nitrogen levels." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277231.

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The growth and Nitrogen fixation by one low salt tolerant alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and two germination salt tolerant selections inoculated with were investigated at two salt levels (0, -0.6 Mpa) and two N rates (1, 5ppm) using a system which automatically recirculates a nutrient solution. The high level of salinity (-0.6 Mpa osmotic potential of culture solution) resulted in substantial reduction in the N fixation percentage and total fixed N. The effect of salinity was more pronounced for later cuttings than for the earlier cutting. The N fixation percentages were substantially decreased by increasing N level and the reduction was enhanced by time. The N treatment levels did not exhibit a significant effect on total fixed N. Cultivars did not differ in either growth or N fixation. However, the interaction of N and salinity significantly decreased the percentage and amount of N fixation.
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McKimmie, Timothy Irving 1948. "CHARACTERIZATION OF SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (MEDICAGO SATIVA L.)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276348.

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El-Sheikh, Medhat. "Studies on the cellular and molecular basis of salt resistance in a halotolerant Arabidopsis thaliana cell line." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.274256.

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Alm, David Michael. "Comparison and interaction of heat and salt stress in cultured tobacco cells." Virtual Press, 1986. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/445616.

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Cultured tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L., cv Wisconsin-38) were subjected to temporary sub-lethal heat and salt shock treatments to determine the effects of these treatments on various physiological parameters after subsequent lethal heat or salt stresses. Tobacco cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive temperature stress (54C for 14 min) when pretreated with heat shock of 38C for 2h but not when pretreated at 42C for 2h. Cells pretreated at 38 (2h) exhibited less than 30% normal growth when the 54C stress came immediately after the 38C treatment. Tolerance to the 54C stress developed with increased interval between shock and stress with cells exhibiting 95% normal regrowth when the 54C stress was administered 8h after the 38C shock. The developement of heat tolerance was inhibited if heat shock was done in the presence of a non-injuring level of EGTA (.0.5mM). Cells treated with EGTA during heat shock grew normally at 23C but not after a 54C heat stress. EDTA (0.5mM) had little effect on the acquisition of tolerance to heat stress.Wisconsin-38 cells developed a tolerance to a non-permissive salt stress (2% NaCl for 16h) when pretreated at a lower salt level (1.2% NaCl) for 3h. Cells heat shocked at 38C exhibited increased tolerance of the lethal salt stress up to 8h. Conversely, cells heat shocked at 42C exhibited immediate tolerance to lethal salt stress and this tolerance decayed over eight hours. The heat shock-induced acquisition of salt tolerance was inhibited by both EGTA and EDTA.Proteins synthesized during heat and salt stress treatments were labeled with [35S]-methionine and/or [3H]-leucine and separated using Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fluorographic analysis of the gels indicate that a number of proteins are produced in response to heat shock. Similar analysis of proteins from salt shocked cells indicates that no salt shock proteins are produced in response to a brief low-level sodium chloride shock.
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LEDBETTER, CRAIG ALLEN. "HERITABILITY OF SALT TOLERANCE DURING GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE IN SHORT STAPLE COTTON (GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM L.)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183961.

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Soil salinity is a serious problem for farmers in irrigated agriculture. Soil salts cause reduced stands and yields because of toxic ion and osmotic problems for surviving seedlings. The tolerance to sodium chloride during germination and emergence was studied in three commercial cultivars of short staple cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). It is this stage of the life cycle that cotton is most sensitive to salts in the soil solution. The objectives of this study were to increase the tolerance to sodium chloride during germination and emergence and to determine the narrow sense heritability of this factor. Parental cultivars initially demonstrated 15% emergence at -1.2 MPa NaCl. Surviving salt tolerant plants were planted in the field and seeds from these plants were used as the germplasm for the next cycle of salt tolerance selection. Experiments were conducted to determine the relative salt tolerance of all plants at -1.2, -1.4, -1.6, and -1.8 MPa NaCl. Emergence of salt tolerant accessions from the first cycle of selection ranged from 3.1 to 25.8% in the first relative salt tolerance experiment. The average emergence of all accessions taken over all four salinity levels was 8.9% for first cycle plants. After a second cycle of selection for salt tolerance, the average emergence percentage increased to 13.0% over the four salinity levels. Emergence ranged from 0.7 to 32.6% in the second relative salt tolerance experiment. Narrow sense heritability of sodium chloride tolerance during germination and emergence was estimated at 0.38 using data from the first and second relative salt tolerance experiments.
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Slail, Nabeel Younis 1963. "INFLUENCE OF SODIUM-CHLORIDE ON TRANSPIRATION AND PLANT GROWTH OF TWO TOMATO CULTIVARS." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276516.

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Seedlings were grown at five salinity levels in Hoagland's solution for 4 weeks. Transpiration, leaf diffusive resistance, leaf temperature and plant growth of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars 'VF 145B' and 'VF 10' were examined at different levels of NaCl ranging from 0 to -12 bars. Salinity-reduced transpiration increased leaf diffusive resistance and increased leaf temperature for both cultivars. Shoot length, root length, shoot and root weight and leaf area were all lower for the two cultivars at increasing salinity levels. However, the two cultivars responded differently to salinity, with VF 10 showing better growth at the control and the -4 bar treatment than VF 145 B. At -9 and -12 bar treatment, the reverse was true. Selection of tomato for salt resistance should not be based on vigorous growth at non-saline conditions because different genes may control the salt tolerance ability of the plants at high salinity levels.
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Robinson, David Lowell 1955. "RECURRENT SELECTION FOR GERMINATION SALT TOLERANCE IN ALFALFA (SALINITY, FORAGES, BREEDING)." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277015.

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Andrade, Maria Isabel. "PHYSIOLOGY OF SALT TOLERANCE IN GUAR, CYAMOPSIS TETRAGONOLOBA (L.) TAUB." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275416.

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Books on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

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Imbert, Daniel. Les Milieux humides du littoral guadeloupéen. Basse Terre: Office national des forêts, Direction régionale de la Guadeloupe, 1988.

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MacLean, Jayne T. Salt tolerance in plants, 1983-85: 137 citations. Beltsville, Md: U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library, 1986.

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Ke, Lin. Phytoremediation using constructed mangrove wetlands: Mechanisms and application potential. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2010.

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K, Garg B. Salinity tolerance in plants: Methods, mechanisms, and management. Jodhpur: Scientific Publishers (India), 2011.

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Francois, L. E. Plant responses to salinity: A supplement to an indexed bibliography. Edited by Maas E. V. 1936-. [Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service], 1985.

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International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes (5th 1991 Hotel Titikaka, Bolivia). Saline lakes V: Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes, held in Bolivia, 22-29 March 1991. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1993.

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Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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Shabala, Sergey. Potassium transporters and plant salt tolerance. York: International Fertiliser Society, 2007.

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Branson, Farrel Allen. Tolerances of plants to drought and salinity in the western United States. Sacramento, Calif: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

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Agate, A. D. "Salt tolerant bacteria from the rhizosphere of mangrove plants." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 163–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_17.

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Wong, Y. S., C. Y. Lan, G. Z. Chen, S. H. Li, X. R. Chen, Z. P. Liu, and N. F. Y. Tam. "Effect of wastewater discharge on nutrient contamination of mangrove soils and plants." In Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems, 243–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0289-6_28.

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Chen, G. Z., S. Y. Miao, N. F. Y. Tam, Y. S. Wong, S. H. Li, and C. Y. Lan. "Effect of synthetic wastewater on young Kandelia candel plants growing under greenhouse conditions." In Asia-Pacific Symposium on Mangrove Ecosystems, 263–73. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0289-6_30.

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Karim, Jashimuddin, and Ansarul Karim. "Effect of salinity on the growth of some mangrove plants in Bangladesh." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 187–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_20.

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Saito, Takeshi, and Chiaki Matsukura. "Effect of Salt Stress on the Growth and Fruit Quality of Tomato Plants." In Abiotic Stress Biology in Horticultural Plants, 3–16. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55251-2_1.

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Papadimitropoulos, Matthaios-Emmanouil P., and Maria I. Klapa. "Investigating the Effect of Elevated CO2 in the Growth Environment of Salt-Stressed Plants Using Integrated Omic Analyses." In Combined Stresses in Plants, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07899-1_3.

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Narsing Rao, Manik Prabhu, Zhou-Yan Dong, Min Xiao, and Wen-Jun Li. "Effect of Salt Stress on Plants and Role of Microbes in Promoting Plant Growth Under Salt Stress." In Soil Biology, 423–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18975-4_18.

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Hamid, M. Wagdi Abdel, A. A. Shiha, E. E. Kaoud, and S. M. Metwally. "Effect of soil management on some physical and chemical properties of salt-affected soil." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 399–405. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1860-6_46.

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Ghowail, S. I., A. M. Abdel-Monem, W. M. El-Ghamry, and N. E. Saber. "Preliminary studies on the effect of different salinity levels on germination, growth and anatomy of mangrove (Avicennia marina)." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 237–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_25.

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Salama, Abd El-Aziz T. "The effect of soil salt content on the internal structure of Zygophyllum spp. in U.A.E." In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 435–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_44.

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Conference papers on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

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Al-qahtani, Noora Saad, and Talaat Ahmed. "Effect of Seagrass Liquid Extracts on Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum) Under Salt stress Conditions." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0104.

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Salinity is considered as major environmental challenge that affects crop growth and productivity. This study investigated the application of Haodule univervis seagrass liquid extract on bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under salt stress conditions. The salinity treatments were applied by irrigating bell pepper plants with 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mM/l of NaCl with four replications. The bell pepper plants were divided into two groups: one group was sprayed with seagrass extract, and the other group was sprayed with distilled water. The salt treatment was applied at every 10 days interval for only three treatments, and the bell pepper leaves were sprayed about seven days after the salt treatment. The results showed an increase in relative water content (RWC) of salt stressed bell pepper plants sprayed with seagrass extract from 0- 100 mM of NaCl treatment, while RWC decreased at 150 and 200 mM NaCl treatments compared to the control. This indicates stressed bell pepper plants sprayed with seagrass extract had higher RWC than plants sprayed with water at 0-100 mM NaCl treatments. Chlorophyll concentration was decreased dramatically in plants sprayed with water at 50mM of NaCl level. However, chlorophyll concentration increased slightly in plants sprayed with water at 100 mM NaCl level then start declined gradually at 150 mM and 200mM NaCl level. The plants sprayed with seagrass extract showed an increase in chlorophyll concentration at 100 and 150 mM NaCl treatment compared to the control. Fresh weights of plants sprayed with seagrass extract were declined at 50-150 mM NaCl compared to the control. However, the highest dry weights of plants sprayed with seagrass at 100 mM NaCl treatment. In addition, plants sprayed with water did not show variations in fresh and dry weights.
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Pérez, F. J., M. I. Lasanta, M. T. de Miguel, G. García-Martín, and V. Encinas-Sánchez. "Effect of NaOH addition on a ternary carbonate salt to be used as storage medium for CSP plants." In SOLARPACES 2015: International Conference on Concentrating Solar Power and Chemical Energy Systems. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949136.

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Tiznobaik, Hani, and Donghyun Shin. "Experimental Study of the Effect of Nanoparticle Concentration on Thermo-Physical Properties of Molten Salt Nanofluids." In ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-12166.

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Abstract Increased in thermo-physical properties of molten salt nanofluids have been reported. These findings makes molten salts nanofluids one of the most promising thermal energy storage media. One of the main application of these types of materials are in concentrated solar power plants. In this study, an investigation is performed on nanofluids specific heat capacity mechanisms in order to provide a reasonable description of the specific heat capacity enhancement of nanofluids. Then, a comprehensive experiments are performed on the effects of nanoparticles concentration on the specific heat capacity and materials characterization of molten salt nanofluids. This study is performed to analyze the optimum amount of nanoparticle and find the way to maximize the effects of nanoparticle on thermophysical properties of molten slat. Different molten salts nanofluids with varying nanoparticles concentration were synthesized. The specific heat capacities of mixtures were measured by a modulated scanning calorimeter. Moreover, the material characterization analyses were performed using scanning electron microscopy to investigate the micro-structural characterization of different nanofluids.
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Mostafavi, Amirhossein, Vamsi Kiran Eruvaram, and Donghyun Shin. "Experimental Study of Thermal Performance Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials." In ASME 2018 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2018 12th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2018 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2018-7516.

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Concentrating solar power (CSP) plants are one of the main technologies harvesting solar energy indirectly. In CSP systems, solar radiant light is concentrated into a focal receiver, where heat transfer fluid (HTF) as the energy carrier absorbs solar radiation. Thermal energy storage (TES) is the key method to expand operational time of CSP plants. Consequently, thermo-physical properties of the HTF is an important factor in transferring thermal energy. One of the promising chemicals for this purpose is a mixture of molten salts with stable properties at elevated temperatures. However, low thermal properties of molten salts, such as specific heat capacity (cp) around 1.5 kJ/kg°C, constrain thermal performance of CSP systems. Recently, many studies have been conducted to overcome this shortcoming, by adding minute concentration of nanoparticles. In this work, the selected molten salt eutectic is a mixture of LiNO3–NaNO3 by composition of 54:46 mol. % plus dispersing Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles with 10nm particle size. The results from the measured specific heat capacity by modulated differential scanning calorimeter (MDSC) shows a 9% cp enhancement. Moreover, the viscosity of the mixture is measured by a rheometer and the results show that the viscosity of molten salt samples increases by 27% and this may result in increasing the pumping energy of the HTF. Consequently, overall thermal performance of the selected mixture is investigated by figure of merit (FOM) analysis. The interesting results show an enhancement of the thermal storage of this mixture disregard with the viscosity increase effect.
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Ilham, Muhammad, Indarta Kuncoro Aji, and Tomio Okawa. "Numerical Investigation of Safety System Parameters in Molten Salt Reactor: Wall Effect on Freeze Valve Opening Time." In 2021 28th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone28-64134.

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Abstract Molten Salt Reactor (MSRs) is one of the fourth generation Nuclear Power Plants with better capabilities and potentialities compared to previous generation, the enthusiasm for molten fuel reactor has been increasing around the world. MSRs has passive safety where if the core is overheating cause by accident event, the liquid salt fuel was required to be moved to the safety drain tank underneath the core vessel by gravity force. During this occasion, the freeze valve (FV) that formed in the pipe located between the core and drain tank must be melt out promptly to prevent the vessel to reach it is melting point. In this paper, we conduct on thermal analysis of the freeze valve at the solidification and melting process based on finite elements methods. The enthalpy-porosity method adopted by ANSYS Fluent was used to simulated the designed system at specified condition. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory of Molten Salt Reactor Experiment Freeze valve system was used as a references for parameters investigation. Using pipe wall thickness of 5 mm, 10 mm, and 15 mm to examined the wall effect to thermal properties of the designed freeze valve. The wall pipe for FV systems material was also investigate in order to examine its effect to the opening time. Further, the temperature distributions of the valve system were obtained and analyzed. It was found that the wall effect has significant impact to the solidification and melting process.
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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Chlorine Sources, Sinks, and Impacts in WTE Power Plants." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3577.

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The principal sources of chlorine in the MSW feed to WTE power plants are food wastes (e.g., wheat, green vegetables, melon, pineapple), yard wastes (leaves, grass, etc.), salt (NaCl), and chlorinated plastics (mostly polyvinyl chloride). Chlorine has important impacts on the WTE operation in terms of higher corrosion rate than in coal-fired power plants, formation of hydrochloric gas that must be controlled in the stack gas to less than the U.S. EPA standard (29 ppm by volume), and potential for formation of dioxins and furans. Past Columbia studies have shown that the chlorine content in MSW is in the order of 0.5%. In comparison, chlorine concentration in coal is about 0.1%; this results in much lower HCl concentration in the combustion gases and allows coal-fired power plants to be operated at higher superheater tube temperatures and thus higher thermal efficiencies. Most of the chlorine output from a WTE is in the fly ash collected in the fabric filter baghouse of the Air Pollution Control system. This study examined in detail the sources and sinks of chlorine in a WTE unit. It is concluded that on the average MSW contains about 0.5% chlorine, which results in hydrogen chloride concentration in the WTE combustion gases of up to 600 parts per million by volume. About 45% of the chlorine content in MSW derives from chlorinated plastics, mainly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and 55% from salt (NaCl) and chlorine-containing food and yard wastes. An estimated 97–98% of the chlorine input is converted to calcium chloride in the dry scrubber of the Air Pollution Control (APC) system and captured in the fly ash collected in the baghouse; the remainder is in the stack gas at a concentration that is one half of the U.S. EPA standard. Reducing the input of PVC in the MSW stream would have no effect on dioxin formation but would reduce the corrosion rate in the WTE boiler.
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Belverato, Davide, Emanuele Martelli, Marco Binotti, Lorenzo Pilotti, and Alberto Giaconia. "Part-Load of Steam Rankine Cycles for Solar Salts-Based Concentrating Solar Power Plants." In ASME Turbo Expo 2022: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2022-79378.

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Abstract This work proposes two ad hoc part-load control strategies for steam cycles adopted in concentrated solar power plants. The control strategies are designed to keep the molten salt temperature above the minimum allowed value set by solidification issues in the 30–100 % load range. Particularly critical is the temperature of molten salts in contact with the heat exchanger tubes, the so called skin temperature. The first control strategy adopts a turbine with controlled extraction and readmission valve while the second strategy employs a throttling valve and a feedwater preheating loop. Off-design simulations show that both strategies are capable of avoiding the molten salts solidification issue but at the cost of a non negligible penalty (up to −1.9 percentage points) in power block efficiency at low loads (30–50%). The off-design analysis considers also the effect of ambient temperature variations and the optimization of the cooling fan rotational speed. The results are used to derive best-fit polymonials relating the power block efficiency to the ambient temperature and load.
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Alashkar, Adnan, and Mohamed Gadalla. "Evaluation of Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Systems on Thermo-Economic Characteristics of PTSC Solar-Based Power Generation Plants." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-88477.

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In this study, the effect of adding a Thermal Energy Storage (TES) system on the performance and financial parametric of a solar-based power generation plant is investigated. The effect of the storage period of the TES on the annual energy output, storage volume, net savings, and Levelized Cost of Electricity (LEC) of the plant is studied. The analysis is done for two different Heat Transfer Fluids (HTF) (Therminol VP-1, Hitec Solar Salt) inside the Parabolic Trough Solar Collector (PTSC), and for different storage fluids (Molten Salts, Oils) in an attempt to study its effect on the performance of the TES system and the solar-based power generation plant. In addition, a comparison between passive and active TES systems is conducted. Moreover, a complete thermo-economic analysis based on the Typical Meteorological Year (TMY) values of the city of Abu Dhabi is provided with regards to the operation of the plant with and without a TES system. Further, a study is conducted to investigate the effect of reducing the storage volume of the TES by utilizing parallel TES tanks arrangement. The simulation results suggest that direct-active TES systems are the most efficient. For instance, when Therminol VP-1 is used as an HTF and a storage fluid, the annual energy increased by 77% and reduced LEC from 6.03 c/kWh to 4.09 c/kWh. In addition, the use of parallel arrangement TES tanks increased the net saving of the system from $ 4,757,483 to $ 4,891,279.
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Yan, Kai, Xiaojiang Wu, and Jianbin Liu. "Thermal Performance of Steam Receiver in Tower-Type Solar Power Plants." In ASME 2017 Power Conference Joint With ICOPE-17 collocated with the ASME 2017 11th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, the ASME 2017 15th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2017 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power-icope2017-3482.

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In this paper, the thermal performance of steam receiver in tower-type solar power plants has been performed using the tower-type solar receiver design program developed by Shanghai boiler works Co Ltd. In the program, the integrated effect of three types of heat transfer, i.e. heat conduction, convection and radiation, in the process of heat transfer of receivers has been considered. With integrating the characteristics and the working conditions of receivers of both steam and molten salt, the developed program can be used to perform the thermal performance calculations for the receivers of both working fluids. The proposed program was validated through Solar Two project and the satisfactory results achieve. A steam receiver in a tower-type solar power plant with double superheats is selected as an example for thermal performance calculation. In view of the receiver operating in subcritical status, the thermal performance calculation is carried out for two sections, the one for evaporation and that for superheat. In evaporation section, the working fluid is circulated with a circulating pump at a very high circulating ratio. At the outlet of panels, the qualities of working fluid can reach to maximum about 0.35. Besides, the great difference of qualities of working fluid at the outlet of panels is observed. Even for some pipes of some panels, the working fluid at the outlet is in liquid phase. The distribution of metal temperature at fin end of panels in the evaporation region varies dramatically from place to place and reaches to over 520 °C. In superheat region, the temperature of the outer front crown of tubes is concerned. The highest front point temperature of pipe, which reaches to maximum over 660 °C, is in the middle region of the last parts of the primary superheat pass. The thermal efficiency distribution of the receiver, including the evaporation and the superheat regions, are also performed. The results show that the averaged efficiency is about 86%. Besides, the phenomenon of negative thermal efficiency happens in both two regions. That is because the solar incidence cannot compensate the natural heat loss due to incident radiation reflection, the pipe wall infrared radiation and convective heat loss.
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Yang, Hongjoo, and Debjyoti Banerjee. "Study of Specific Heat Capacity Enhancement of Molten Salt Nanomaterials for Solar Thermal Energy Storage (TES)." In ASME 2012 Third International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2012-75338.

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The overall thermal efficiency of solar power plants is highly sensitive to the operating characteristics of the Thermal Energy Storage (TES) devices. Enhancing the operating temperature of TES is imperative for enhancing the thermal efficacy of solar power plants. However, material property limitations for high temperature operation severely limit the choice of materials for TES. Molten salts and their eutectics are promising candidates for high temperature operation of TES. To enhance the thermal and operational efficiency of TES, the thermo-physical properties such as the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the materials need to be maximized. The specific heat capacity (Cp) of molten salt is relatively smaller than other conventional TES materials. Recent studies have shown that addition of nanoparticles to molten salts can significantly enhance their specific heat capacity. Several transport and energy storage mechanisms have been proposed to account for these enhancements. Primarily, the layering of solvent molecules due to inter-molecular forces (due to competition between adhesive and cohesive forces) is observed at solid-liquid interface, leading to the formation of a more dense or “compressed layer” of solvent molecules on the dispersed nanoparticles. The formation and existence of the compressed layer has been demonstrated experimentally and from numerical predictions (e.g., Molecular Dynamics/ MD models). To verify the enhancement of specific heat capacity of molten salt nanofluids, the influence of compressed layer has been explored in this study. This implies that for the same amount (or concentration) of nanoparticle, the ratio of surface/volume of the individual nanoparticles can change significantly depending on the nanoparticles size and shape — which in turn can affect the mass fraction of the compressed layer formed on the surface of the nanoparticles. In this study, the specific heat capacity of the molten salt nanomaterials was investigated for: (a) silica nanoparticles in eutectic mixture of alkali chloride salt eutectics, and (b) silica nanoparticles in an eutectic mixture of alkali carbonate salts eutectics. The effect of the particle size distribution was considered in this study and it was observed that smaller nanoparticles contribute a larger proportion to the observed specific heat capacity enhancements. The size of distribution of the nanoparticles in the molten salt mixture/ nanomaterial (nanocomposites and nanofluids) was measured by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and subsequently the actual number of nanoparticles (as a function of size) that were dispersed in molten salt fluid was calculated. The specific heat capacity of molten salt nanomaterial was calculated using a classical mixing model and by accounting for the contribution from the compressed layer in the mixture.
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Reports on the topic "Mangrove plants, Effect of salt on"

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Kirova, Elisaveta. Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition Source on Antioxidant Defense System of Soybean Plants Subjected to Salt Stress. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, February 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.02.09.

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Miyamoto, Seiichi, and Rami Keren. Improving Efficiency of Reclamation of Sodium-Affected Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570569.bard.

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Sodium affected soils, along with salt-affected soils, are distributed widely in irrigated areas of the arid and semi-arid region of the world. Some of these soils can and must be reclaimed to meet the increasing demand for food, and existing irrigated lands must be managed to reduce salinization and alkalization associated with deteriorating irrigation water quality. This project was conducted for examining ways to reduce the use of chemical amendments and large quantities of leaching water for reclaiming sodic soils or for preventing soil sodification, We hypothesized that sodicity of calcareous soils irrigated with moderately sodic irrigation water can be controlled by maximizing dissolution of soil CaCO3. The work performed in Israel has shown that dissolution of CaCO3 can be enhanced by elevating the CO2 partial pressure in soils, and by increasing pore water velocity. The concentration of Ca in pore water was at an order of 1.5 mmolc L-1 at a CO2 partial pressure of 5 kPa, which is sufficient to maintain SAR below 4 at salinity of irrigation water of 0.5 dS m-1 or less. Incorporation of crop residue at a flesh weight of 100 Mg ha-1 reduced the exchangeable Na percentage from 19 to 5%, while it remained 14% without crop residue application These findings indicate a possibility of preventing soil sodification with appropriate crop rotation and residue management without chemical amendments, provided that soils remain permeable. In the case of highly sodic soils, dissolution of CaCO3 alone is usually insufficient to maintain soil permeability during initial leaching. We examined the effect of salinity and sodicity on water infiltration, then developed a way to estimate the amendments required on the basis of water infiltration and drainage characteristics, rather than the traditional idea of reducing the exchangeable Na percentage to a pre-fixed value. Initial indications from soil column and lysimeter study are that the proposed method provides realistic estimates of amendment requirements. We further hypothesized that cultivation of salt-tolerant plants with water of elevated salinity can enhance reclamation of severely Na-affected soils primarily through improved water infiltration and increased dissolution of CaCO3 through respiration. An outdoor lysimeter experiment using two saline sodic Entisols sodded with saltgrass for two seasons did not necessarily support this hypothesis. While there was an evidence of increased removal of the exchangeable Na originally present in the soils, the final salinity and sodicity measured were lowest without sod, and highest when sodded. High transpiration rates, coupled with low permeability and/or inadequate leaching seemed to have offset the potential benefits of increased CaCO3 dissolution and subsequent removal of exchangeable Na. Although vegetative means of reclaiming sodic soils had been reported to be effective in sandy soils with sufficient permeability, additional study is needed for its use in saline sodic soils under the high evaporative demand. The use of cool season grass after initial salt leaching with CaCl2 should be explored. Results obtained from this project have several potential applications, which include the use of crop residues for maintaining sodium balance, the use of CaCl2 for initial leaching of poorly permeable clayey sodic soils, and appraisal of sodicity effects, and appropriate rates and types of amendments required for reclamation
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