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1
Saintilan, Neil, and Robert J. Williams. "Mangrove transgression into saltmarsh environments in south-east Australia." Global Ecology and Biogeography 8, no. 2 (March 1999): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00133.x.
2
Fryar, Sally C., Kevin D. Hyde, and David E. A. Catcheside. "A survey of marine fungi on wood in South Australia." Botanica Marina 63, no. 5 (October 25, 2020): 469–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bot-2020-0005.
Abstract:
AbstractA survey of driftwood and mangrove wood in South Australia revealed a high diversity of marine fungi. Across eight sites there were 43 species of marine fungi, of which 42 are new records for South Australia, 11 new records for Australia and 12 taxa currently of uncertain status likely to be new species. Sites had distinctive species compositions with the largest difference attributable to substrate type (beach driftwood vs. mangrove wood). However, even between mangrove sites, species assemblages were distinctly different with only the more common species occurring at all mangrove sites. More intensive surveys across a broader range of habitats and geographic locations should reveal significantly more species.
3
McPherson, Skye, Derek Eamus, and Brad R. Murray. "Seasonal impacts on leaf attributes of several tree species growing in three diverse ecosystems of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 3 (2004): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03104.
Abstract:
Patterns of leaf attributes were examined for six woody species growing in a eucalypt woodland, a mangrove, or a heathland in coastal New South Wales, Australia, during winter and summer. It was found that the rate of assimilation per unit leaf dry mass (Amass) of the mangrove species was largest, woodland species exhibiting an intermediate rate and heathland species the smallest values of Amass. Mean habitat Amass did not change from winter to summer in the woodland or mangrove species but increased significantly in the heathland species. Average specific leaf area (SLA) was largest for the mangrove species and smallest for the heathland species, with woodland species showing intermediate values. SLA of all species within a habitat did not change from winter to summer. Mean foliar nitrogen (Nmass) of the mangrove species was highest, intermediate for woodland species and lowest for heathland species. Nmass was significantly related to Amass in both summer and winter and the individual slopes for this relationship in the summer and winter differed. In contrast, a common slope was fitted to the relationship between SLA and Amass for the two seasons. A common slope between seasons was also shown for the relationship between SLA and Nmass. There was no significant difference in slope elevation between summer and winter for the SLA v. Nmass relationship. Trends within relationships among leaf attributes were the same as those found for a wide range of plant species worldwide, but the absolute values were lower than those found elsewhere. Therefore, the 'global relationships' in terms of trends (positive or negative) that have been determined overseas apply in Australia but the elevation of the slope and the magnitude of the slope are reduced (Amass v. Nmass) or increased (Amass v. SLA and Nmass v. SLA) compared with global trends.
4
Poch, R. M., B. P. Thomas, R. W. Fitzpatrick, and R. H. Merry. "Micromorphological evidence for mineral weathering pathways in a coastal acid sulfate soil sequence with Mediterranean-type climate, South Australia." Soil Research 47, no. 4 (2009): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr07015.
Abstract:
Soil micromorphology, using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was used to describe detailed soil morphological and compositional changes and determine mineral weathering pathways in acid sulfate soils (ASS) from the following 2 contrasting coastal environments in Barker Inlet, South Australia: (i) a tidal mangrove forest with sulfidic material at St Kilda, and (ii) a former supratidal samphire area at Gillman that was drained in 1954 causing sulfuric material to form from sulfidic material. Pyrite framboids and cubes were identified in sulfidic material from both sites and are associated with sapric and hemic materials. Gypsum crystals, interpreted as a product of sulfide oxidation, were observed to have formed in lenticular voids within organic matter in the tidal mangrove soils at St Kilda. Sulfide oxidation was extensive in the drained soil at Gillman, evidenced by the formation of iron oxyhydroxide pseudomorphs (goethite crystallites and framboids) after pyrite and jarosite, and of gypsum crystals. Gypsum crystals occur where a local source of calcium such as shells or calcareous sand is present. Sporadic oxidation episodes are indicated by the formation of iron oxide and jarosite coatings around coarse biogenic voids. These observations indicate that mineral transformation pathways are strongly influenced by soil physico-chemical characteristics (i.e. oxidation rate, Eh, pH, soil solution chemistry, mineralogy, and spatial distribution of sulfides). This information has been used to illustrate the interrelationships of pyrite, carbonate, gypsum, jarosite, and organic matter and help predict soil evolution under changing hydro-geochemical, redoximorphic, and thermal conditions in soils from coastal environments.
5
SCHMIDT, ROLF, and YVONNE BONE. "Biogeography of Eocene bryozoans from the St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Lethaia 36, no. 4 (December 2003): 345–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00241160310006394.
6
McConville, Anna, Bradley S. Law, and Michael J. Mahony. "Mangroves as maternity roosts for a colony of the rare east-coast free-tailed bat (Mormopterus norfolkensis) in south-eastern Australia." Wildlife Research 40, no. 4 (2013): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr12222.
Abstract:
Context Maternity roosts of insectivorous bats (where females raise young) are critical to the conservation of threatened species as roost quality can influence reproductive success. Additionally, threatened species may have specialised requirements or unusual behaviour, which may be overlooked without targeted investigation. Aims To explore which factors influence the roost selection of Mormopterus norfolkensis, by comparing day roosts, identified via radio-tracking, with environmental variables collected at tree, patch and landscape scales. Methods We collected a range of variables describing maternity roosts and surrounding patches, including internal measurements of hollows and microclimate. Additionally, we derived landscape-scale variables using a geographic information system. We then explored which variables best explained roost occurrence using logistic regression. Key results Nineteen lactating females and two male M. norfolkensis were tracked to 40 roost trees, mostly grey mangrove, Avicennia marina subsp. australasica. Lactating females were found to be faithful to two patches of mangrove forest close to where they were captured, regularly switched roosts and roosted in hollows singularly or in small groups. The attributes of mangrove patches, especially a high proportion of hollows, better predicted roosting by lactating females than roost-tree or landscape characteristics. Additionally, although the microclimate of roost hollows was not significantly different from ambient mangrove conditions, the mangrove forest was slightly more stable and had higher humidity than did other nearby habitats. Conclusions Contrary to predictions, maternity roosting group sizes were relatively small, indicating that bats were not deriving thermoregulatory benefits from communal living. However, we suggest that lactating females may benefit from the operation of a fission–fusion society among the colony as a whole. Additionally, the mature mangrove forest could offer unique roosting opportunities for bats because they support high densities of hollow-bearing trees, a stable microclimate and potentially low abundances of predators and competitors. Implications This is one of few international bat–mangrove studies and it illustrates that threatened species can behave unexpectedly and may be overlooked in conservation strategies that are based largely on anecdotal observations. We encourage further research into the value of mangrove forests to terrestrial fauna globally.
7
Roach, A. C. "Effects of predation on the size structure of the gastropod Salinator solida (Martens) populations at Towra Point, NSW, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 8 (1998): 779. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97098.
Abstract:
The pulmonate gastropod Salinator solida inhabits intertidal mangrove and saltmarsh communities throughout New South Wales. Studies at Towra Point and elsewhere have consistently found that the mean size and range of size/age classes increases with height on shore. Afield experiment was undertaken to test the hypothesis that predation was responsible for reductions in the mean size of individuals inS. solida populations in the upper mangrove forest. Twelve months after the establishment of fenced plots, there were significantly more individuals in the fenced plots than in unfenced or partially fenced control plots; the number of snails in the 4.1–8.0 mm and > 8.1 mm size classes had increased in the fenced plots but not in the control plots. The results suggest that predation is a major factor determining variation in population size structure by acting to significantly reduce the abundance of adults in the upper mangrove forest.
8
Gwyther, J. "Nematode assemblages from Avicennia marina leaf litter in a temperate mangrove forest in south-eastern Australia." Marine Biology 142, no. 2 (February 2003): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0944-0.
9
Mazumder, Debashish, Neil Saintilan, Fatimah M. Yusoff, and Jeffrey J. Kelleway. "Equivalence of trophic structure between a tropical and temperate mangrove ecosystem in the Indo-Pacific." Marine and Freshwater Research 70, no. 10 (2019): 1436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf18072.
Abstract:
In this study we compared ecosystem trophic structure between a tropical mangrove forest at Matang, Malaysia, and a temperate mangrove forest near mangrove poleward limits at Towra Point in south-east Australia. These forests are separated by 8500km of ocean over 45° of latitude and are of contrasting size, productivity and diversity. However, we observed a marked degree of similarity in food chain length (approximately four trophic levels in both forests), the taxonomy of key intermediate members of the food chain and the isotope signature of primary carbon sources, suggesting a strong contribution of surface organic matter rather than mangrove detritus. Common families were represented among dominant grazing herbivores, zooplanktivorous fishes, decapod crustaceans and top predators. These similarities suggest that there is some consistency in trophic interactions within two mangroves on opposite sides of the Indo-Pacific, despite a degree of evolutionary divergence in the assemblage.
10
Duke, NC. "A mangrove hybrid Sonneratia xurama (Sonneratiaceae) from northern Australia and southern New Guinea." Australian Systematic Botany 7, no. 5 (1994): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9940521.
Abstract:
The putative hybrid tree taxon, Sonneratia alba x S. lanceolata, previously reported for two incomplete herbarium specimens from northern Australia and south-east West Irian, has since been observed and collected in mangrove forests of southern Papua New Guinea. It is morphologically uniform and is described as S. xurama. Notes on its floral phenology, distribution and ecology are given, including a key to all major Sonneratia taxa in this region.
11
Clarke, PJ, and CA Jacoby. "Biomass and above-ground productivity of salt-marsh plants in south-eastern Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 45, no. 8 (1994): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9941521.
Abstract:
The above-ground biomass of three dominant salt-marsh vascular plants (Juncus kraussii, Sarcocornia quinquejlora and Sporobolus virginicus) was measured to assess both spatial and temporal variation and to provide baseline data. Additionally, the culm dynamics of the rush J. kraussii were measured so that aboveground productivity could be estimated. No distinct seasonal patterns were detected in above-ground biomass in J. kraussii. Averaged over all sites and times, the above-ground biomass of J. kraussii was 1116 g dry weight m-2. Culms are replaced annually, hence standing crop approximated annual above-ground productivity. Much of the dead aboveground biomass appears to accumulate in the upper marsh, as evidenced by the elevated nutrient and organic carbon content of the soil there relative to the sediment in the mangrove zone. Above-ground biomass of the decumbent perennial grass Sporobolus virginicus and the procumbent perennial chenopod Sarcocornia quinqueflora showed no consistent spatial or temporal trends. The above-ground standing crops of these species were about one-third that of J. kraussii.
12
Boon, Paul I. "Are mangroves in Victoria (south-eastern Australia) already responding to climate change?" Marine and Freshwater Research 68, no. 12 (2017): 2366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf17015.
Abstract:
The distribution and productivity of mangroves is directly affected by a wide range of climatic drivers, including temperature, frost, rainfall, evaporation and storm activity, which, in turn, influence a suite of secondary drivers, including changes in freshwater run-off and sediment supply, groundwater dynamics and inter-species competitiveness. The highest-latitude expression of mangroves globally is at Millers Landing, Victoria (38°45′S), and because the vigour and productivity of mangroves across much of Victoria is thought to be limited by low winter temperatures and the incidence and severity of frosts, it is likely that mangroves will be among the first plant communities to be affected by climate change in coastal south-eastern Australia. An increase in plant vigour is likely, but there are almost no historical data with which to compare current rates of primary production. An extension of mangroves to higher latitudes on the mainland is impossible because of the geomorphology of the land that lies further to the south. Small-scale changes in distribution, including the progressive encroachment of mangroves into coastal saltmarsh, are likely to be among the clearest indications of the response of mangroves to a warming climate. Increased effort into tracking changes in mangrove vigour, productivity and distribution is clearly warranted.
13
Amaral, Valter, Henrique N. Cabral, and Melanie J. Bishop. "Effect of runoff from acid-sulfate soils on pneumatophores of the grey mangrove, Avicennia marina." Marine and Freshwater Research 62, no. 8 (2011): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11003.
Abstract:
Runoff from acid-sulfate soils (ASS) is increasingly threatening the structure and function of estuarine ecosystems worldwide. Along the eastern coast of Australia, sulfuric acid is known to affect the growth and survival of mangrove saplings; however, impacts of ASS runoff on the structure and function of established mangrove trees are unclear. Pneumatophores, the aerial roots produced by some species of mangrove, are critical sites of gas exchange, allowing these species to persist in waterlogged soils. They also provide physical structure in estuarine sediments, facilitating communities of algae, invertebrates and, at high tide, fish. We tested the hypotheses that Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. pneumatophores would be less abundant, shorter, thinner and weaker close to major ASS outflow drains. Sampling at sites close to and away from drains within each of two estuaries of New South Wales, Australia, showed no effect of exposure to runoff on pneumatophore density or thickness. Pneumatophores were, however, shorter (~2 cm) and weaker (up to two-fold) at ASS-affected than reference sites. Although the reduced length and strength of pneumatophores at acidified sites may limit the number of epifaunal molluscs they can support, the persistence of dense pneumatophores indicates that the capacity to benefit invertebrates and fish remains.
14
Butler, A. J. "Recruitment of sessile invertebrates at five sites in Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 97, no. 1 (June 1986): 13–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(86)90065-1.
15
Duke, NC. "A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia*." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 2 (1991): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910299.
Abstract:
In Australasia (including Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands in the south-western Pacific) the mangrove genus Avicennia L. consists of five species: A. alba Bl., A. integra N. C. Duke, A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh., A. oficinalis L. and A. rumphiana Hallier f. Based on morphological characters and supported by allele patterns in isozyme studies (reported elsewhere), A. marina is divided into three varieties. Keys, descriptions, brief synonymy, descriptive figures and distribution maps are provided for each of the seven taxa.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 520.
16
Raw, JL, GM Rishworth, R. Perissinotto, and JB Adams. "Population fluctuations of Cerithidea decollata (Gastropoda: Potamididae) in mangrove habitats of the St Lucia Estuary, South Africa." African Journal of Marine Science 40, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 461–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/1814232x.2018.1527722.
17
Alley, Neville F., and Lyn M. Broadbridge. "Middle Eocene palynofloras from the One Tree Hill area, St Vincent Basin, South Australia." Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology 16, no. 3 (January 1992): 241–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03115519208619121.
18
Triantafillos, Lianos, Stephen Donnellan, and Alan J. Butler. "Population genetic structure of the muricid gastropodLepsiella vinosain Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Molluscan Research 19, no. 2 (January 1998): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.1998.10673716.
19
Butler, A. J. "Effect of patchsize on communities of sessile invertebrates in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 153, no. 2 (November 1991): 255–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(91)90229-p.
20
Duke, NC. "Morphological variation in the mangrove genus Avicennia in Australasia: Systematic and ecological considerations*." Australian Systematic Botany 3, no. 2 (1990): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9900221.
Abstract:
Morphological variation in flowers, fruit and leaves of five Australasian species of Avicennia was assessed using multivariate techniques. Groupings based on 184 herbarium specimens gathered throughout the region showed no intermediates or potential hybrids between species, A. alba, A. integra, A. rumphiana (= A. lanata), A. marina (= A. eucalyptifolia; = A. balanophora) and A. officinalis. The most common and systematically troublesome species, A. marina, was considered further in a regional litter fall survey of 25 Australian sites, and in a detailed field study of eight locations within one estuary. In both studies, morphological variation correlated with environmental factors including air temperature, rainfall, intertidal position and upriver location. Major differences were also observed within individuals, as shown in sun and shade leaves. These observations suggested that many attributes, especially of leaves, were influenced by environmental factors, demonstrating their unsuitability in earlier systematic treatments. Other attributes reflecting putative subspecific genetic variation, included bark character, extent of pubescence on calyx lobes, and stigma position in relation to anthers. These characterise three groupings of A. marina sites, related to major biogeographic zones within this region: southeastern Australia and New Zealand; northern and north-eastern Australia and southern Papua New Guinea; and south-western Australia.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 489.
21
Clarke, PJ, and PJ Myerscough. "Floral Biology and Reproductive Phenology of Avicennia marina in South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 39, no. 3 (1991): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9910283.
Abstract:
Flowering, pollination and reproductive phenology of the tree, Avicennia marina (Grey mangrove), were examined on the south-east coast of Australia in New South Wales. Individual flowers are protandrous and open for 2-5 days, while a flower cluster has open flowers for 2-4 weeks. About 16000 pollen grains and four ovules are produced per flower. Self-pollination of an individual flower is unlikely because of protandry, but the sequence and synchrony of flowering, together with pollinator behaviour, favour geitonogamy. Some fruit is set when cross-pollination is restricted by bagging flowers, which indicates partial self-compatibility. Subsequently, fruit abortion is higher in the bagged treatment than in those open-pollinated; this may reflect some pre-dispersal inbreeding depression. Between 4 and 41% of open-pollinated flower buds set fruit, most of which had one or rarely two seeds. Phenologically, each reproductive stage is unimodal and the whole process from bud initiation to abscission of mature fruit is completed within a year. Initiation of floral buds, flowering, growth and abscission of fruits are almost synchronous among fecund trees at a particular latitude each year. Latitudinal differences occur consistently among populations that are separated by less than 2° of latitude; those at lower latitudes flower earlier. Flowering of individual trees varies greatly between years and many trees fail to reproduce each year, although the populations remain fecund from year to year. A flexible breeding system and regular population fecundity ensure annual propagule supply in the populations studied.
22
Saintilan, Neil, and Kerrylee Rogers. "The significance and vulnerability of Australian saltmarshes: implications for management in a changing climate." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 1 (2013): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12212.
Abstract:
We review the distribution, status and ecology of Australian saltmarshes and the mechanisms whereby enhanced atmospheric carbon dioxide and associated climate change have influenced and will influence the provision of ecosystem goods and services. Research in temperate and subtropical saltmarsh has demonstrated important trophic contributions to estuarine fisheries, mediated by the synchronised mass-spawning of crabs, which feed predominantly on the C4 saltmarsh grass Sporobolus virginicus and microphytobenthos. Saltmarshes also provide unique feeding and habitat opportunities for several species of threatened microbats and birds, including migratory shorebirds. Saltmarshes increased in extent relative to mangrove in Australia in both tide- and wave-dominated geomorphic settings through the latter Holocene, although historic trends have seen a reversal of this trend. Australian saltmarshes have some capacity to maintain elevation with respect to rising sea level, although in south-eastern Australia, the encroachment of mangrove and, in Tasmania, conversion of shrubland to herbfield in the past half-century are consistent with changes in relative sea level. Modelling of the impacts of projected sea-level rise, incorporating sedimentation and other surface-elevation drivers, suggests that the survival of saltmarsh in developed estuaries will depend on the flexible management of hard structures and other impediments to wetland retreat.
23
Lovelock, Catherine E., Maria Fernanda Adame, Vicki Bennion, Matthew Hayes, Julian O’Mara, Ruth Reef, and Nadia S. Santini. "Contemporary Rates of Carbon Sequestration Through Vertical Accretion of Sediments in Mangrove Forests and Saltmarshes of South East Queensland, Australia." Estuaries and Coasts 37, no. 3 (September 6, 2013): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12237-013-9702-4.
24
Tanner, Jason E. "The influence of prawn trawling on sessile benthic assemblages in Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 517–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-044.
Abstract:
Most experimental studies on the effects of trawling on the benthos use remote sampling techniques and are conducted in recently trawled areas. Thus it is difficult to determine the effects of trawling on previously unfished areas, and the fates of individual animals cannot be followed. In this study, I follow the fates of individuals of several sessile taxa when exposed to experimental trawling in areas that have not been trawled for some 1520 years. Although there was a significant trawling by location effect for all multivariate analyses and most individual taxa, I found that trawling had an overall negative effect on the benthos. Epifauna at trawled sites decreased in abundance by 28% within 2 weeks of trawling and by another 8% in the following 23 months (compared with control sites). Seasonal seagrasses were also less likely to colonise trawled sites than untrawled sites. The persistence of most taxa declined significantly in trawled areas compared with untrawled areas. In contrast to this, the recruitment rates of several taxa into visible size classes increased after trawling, presumably because of a reduction in competition.
25
Fukuda, Hiroshi, and Winston F. Ponder. "A revision of the Australian taxa previously attributed to Assiminea buccinoides (Quoy & Gaimard) and Assiminea tasmanica Tenison-Woods (Mollusca:Gastropoda:Caenogastropoda:Assimineidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 19, no. 4 (2005): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is04009.
Abstract:
A new genus, Cryptassiminea, is introduced for the taxon previously known as Assiminea buccinoides (Quoy & Gaimard). These small gastropods are abundant in mangrove and salt marsh habitats in south-eastern and subtropical eastern Australia. Seven species (five new) are recognised using morphological characters in the complex previously treated as a single species. Five taxa have rather narrow ranges while the other two are widespread and often sympatric. Two groups of species are recognised. One contains Cryptassiminea buccinoides, widespread in south-east and east Australia, and two closely related allopatric taxa from South Australia and south-eastern Tasmania (C. adelaidensis, sp. nov. and C. kershawi, sp. nov.). A second group of species is typified by Cryptassiminea tasmanica (Tenison-Woods), also widespread in east and south-east Australia and often sympatric with C. buccinoides. Allied to C. tasmanica, are two closely related taxa from western Victoria: C. glenelgensis, sp. nov. from the Glenelg River estuary and C. surryensis, sp. nov. from the Surry River estuary and Western Port, in the vicinity of Geelong. A distinctive species, Cryptassiminea insolata, sp. nov. from the east coast of Queensland, also has similarities with C. tasmanica. A cladistic analysis using morphological characters of the Cryptassiminea taxa and three other genera of Assimininae, with an omphalotropidine as the outgroup, resulted in a single tree. The new genus has rather poor support, possibly because many of its characters appear to be plesiomorphic within Assimineinae. Cryptassiminea is defined by a unique combination of characters but lacks any obvious synapomorphy. Two clades within Cryptassiminea are well supported, each containing the species-groups referred to above.
26
McGuinness, Keith A. "Effects of oil spills on macro-invertebrates of saltmarshes and mangrove forests in Botany Bay, New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 142, no. 1-2 (October 1990): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(90)90141-x.
27
Bryars, Simon R., and Mark Adams. "An allozyme study of the blue swimmer crab, Portunus pelagicus (Crustacea : Portunidae), in Australia: stock delineation in southern Australia and evidence for a cryptic species in northern waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 1 (1999): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98075.
Abstract:
Allozyme analysis was used to examine the species-level systematics and stock structure of the Australian blue swimmer crab Portunus pelagicus. Fifty-seven crabs from eight sites were screened in an overview study for allozyme variation at 35 loci. This overview study revealed the presence of two species, differing at a Nei D of 0.14 (2% fixed differences), in the Darwin region of northern Australia. One of these species corresponds to the common P. pelagicus found throughout Australia, whereas the other is most likely either an undescribed ‘cryptic’ species, or the east-Asian species P. trituberculatus. In total, 609 P. pelagicus from 11 sites covering three regions in South Australia and two regions in the Northern Territory were then genotyped at seven polymorphic loci and these data assessed, using goodness- of-fit and F-statistics, for the existence of subpopulations. Four discrete subpopulations could be discerned, namely West Coast, Spencer Gulf, and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, and Darwin–Gove in the Northern Territory. No evidence of population substructuring among sites within each subpopulation was evident from the allozyme data. The results support the current recognition of the three South Australian regions as separate stocks, and suggest that a taxonomic revision of Indo-Pacific Portunus is warranted.
28
Woolschot, Leisl, Jane M. Hughes, and Stuart E. Bunn. "Dispersal among populations of Caridina sp. (Decapoda : Atyidae) in coastal lowland streams, south-eastern Queensland, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 7 (1999): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99011.
Abstract:
Caridina sp. is an atyid shrimp occupying coastal streams in south-eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. Shrimps from two geographic regions in south-eastern Queensland were examined. An analysis of 7 allozyme loci showed very high levels of genetic differentiation among catchments (F ST = 0.65) with much lower levels within catchments. This indicates extremely limited dispersal among catchments with greater levels within catchments. The levels of genetic differentiation were even greater than previously reported for two other atyid shrimp species occurring in upland rainforest streams. Populations from the Noosa River were more similar to those from the Glasshouse Mountains than to those from the geographically closer Tin Can Bay streams. This pattern was remarkably similar to that of a fish species occurring in the same streams and may reflect a recent confluence of streams from the Glasshouse Mountains and the Noosa River regions.
29
COUPER, PATRICK J., LAUREN D. KEIM, and CONRAD J. HOSKIN. "A new velvet Gecko (Gekkonidae: Oedura) from south-east Queensland, Australia." Zootaxa 1587, no. 1 (September 17, 2007): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1587.1.2.
Abstract:
It has long been suggested that the populations of the Zigzag Velvet Gecko Oedura rhombifer in south-eastern Queensland represent a distinct species. Here, we provide morphological data supporting this assertion, and describe these populations as Oedura jacovae sp. nov. This species is predominately arboreal and is found in open eucalypt forests between the distributions of its two most similar congeners, O. rhombifer to the north and O. lesueurii to the south. It is morphologically distinguished from its congeners by dorsal pattern, characteristics of the 1 st and 2 nd supralabial scales, and the degree of webbing between the 3 rd and 4 th toes. Preliminary genetic data shows that Oedura jacovae sp. nov. is most closely related to O. rhombifer and O. lesueurii but is highly divergent from both. Further sampling is required to refine distributional knowledge of O. jacovae sp. nov. and to determine zones of contact between it and its closest congeners. Oedura jacovae sp. nov. is widespread in south-eastern Queensland but is likely to be threatened by the extensive clearing of lowland eucalyptus forest communities. Competition from rapidly expanding populations of the introduced Asian House Gecko Hemidactylus frenatus is also of concern. The examination of comparative material in this study allows us to highlight a number of populations of O. rhombifer that are morphologically interesting and in need of taxonomic investigation. Additionally, we confirm that the lectotypes of O. rhombifer and O. lesueurii are consistent with the currently accepted concepts of these two taxa.
30
Staples, DJ, and DJ Vance. "Comparative recruitment of the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, in five estuaries of the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 1 (1987): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870029.
Abstract:
Recruitment patterns of postlarvae immigrating into mangrove nursery areas of five major estuaries around the south-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, as well as juveniles emigrating offshore into coastal waters, were compared for the banana prawn, Penaeus merguiensis, from September 1978 to March 1979.. Although considerable variability was observed among rivers, some basic recruitment patterns were discernible. Recruitment of postlarvae tended to follow a 28-day cycle with increased immigration on alternate spring tides. Variability between rivers in the number of resident juvenile prawns at any one sampling time resulted mainly from differences in the relative magnitude of postlarval settlement from these monthly cohorts. After the first heavy rainfall of the monsoon season, the lower reaches of rivers with !xger catchment areas a!! ran fresh, setthg up a physica! barrier to further past larval immigration. In contrast, post larval immigration continued throughout the study period in the river with the smallest catchment. There was a trend for more successful immigration earlier in the more northern rivers. Offshore emigration was influenced by rainfall, tide height and number of resident juvenile prawns at the time of emigration. The relative importance of these three factors differed among rivers, depending on the timing of rainfall in relation to the timing of juvenile population changes and the degree of flooding. These local differences in the timing of emigration of juveniles could be detected in the abundance and size of adolescent prawns in the offshore coastal area of the south-eastern Gulf which in turn influenced the size composition of prawns available to the commercial fishery.
31
Delroy, LB, J. Earl, I. Radbone, AC Robinson, and M. Hewett. "The Breeding and Reestablishment of the Brush-Tailed Bettong, Bettongia-Penicillata, in South-Australia." Wildlife Research 13, no. 3 (1986): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9860387.
Abstract:
The brush-tailed bettong formerly ranged over much of southern Australia, but is now extinct except in the south-west of Western Australia and northern Queensland. A small colony was obtained from the Perth Zoo in 1975 and these were bred successfully at the Para Wirra Recreation Park near Adelaide and provided stock for a re-establishment program in South Australia. Details of the breeding program are given. Bettongs were kept in small colonies, usually one male and two or three females; the young were removed when they reached 550 g, or, with very intensive breeding, at a lower weight. The animals were fed principally on commercial kangaroo pellets with a range of supplements. Usually two offspring per year were produced although up to three were produced with intensive breeding. Females commenced breeding when approximately 4 months old. Techniques for re-establishment were tested on small islands. One island, Island A in Venus Bay, provided apparently ideal habitat and the captive-bred stock released there established quickly. Bettongs bred in the wild on two small and two large islands. However, the introduction to St Francis I., their last stronghold before extinction in South Australia, was least successful. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
32
Mackenzie, Lydia, Patrick Moss, and Sean Ulm. "A late-Holocene record of coastal wetland development and fire regimes in tropical northern Australia." Holocene 30, no. 10 (June 16, 2020): 1379–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683620932970.
Abstract:
This study presents three records of environmental change during the late-Holocene from wetlands across Bentinck Island in the South Wellesley Islands, northern Australia. Radiometric dating provided ages for sediment cores with the longest chronology spanning the last 1250 cal. yr BP. Palynological results show the diverse mangrove community transitioned to woodland- and wetland-dominated vegetation over the last 850 years on the southeast coast. The key driver of this landscape change was likely late-Holocene sea level regression and coastal progradation in the Gulf of Carpentaria. This study found freshwater wetlands expanded across Bentick Island over the last 500 years, with sedges and rushes peaking in the last 350 years. Macroscopic and microscopic charcoal records, coupled with archaeological evidence, highlights the spatial and temporal variation in fire regimes across the island, reflecting the traditional fire management practices of the Kaiadilt people during the late-Holocene. This study finds a significant increase in charcoal accumulation in the 1900s when Kaiadilt fire practices were disrupted and the South Wellesley Islands were abandoned. The pollen record reflects little change in the vegetation despite the shifting fire regime, highlighting the importance of multi-proxy approaches to reconstructing past environments in tropical northern Australia where vegetation is adapted to fire.
33
Cann, John H., Colin V. Murray-Wallace, Naomi J. Riggs, and Antonio P. Belperio. "Successive foraminiferal faunas and inferred palaeoenvironments associated with the postglacial (Holocene) marine transgression, Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Holocene 16, no. 2 (February 2006): 224–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0959683606hl907rp.
34
Fowler, A. J., G. K. Jones, and R. McGarvey. "Characteristics and consequences of movement patterns of King George whiting (Perciformes : Sillaginodes punctata) in South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 7 (2002): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02023.
Abstract:
The characteristics of movement of the South Australian population of King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctata) were determined through analysis of tag and recapture records collected from three tagging periods: (i) 1968–1969; (ii) 1978–1985; and (iii) 1986–1987. The characteristics were compared between the northern and southern parts of two large fishery regions, and determined for fish tagged at different sizes and ages. Fish tagged in the northern Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf moved southwards up to several hundred kilometres, but those tagged in the southern areas showed no systematic directional displacement. Most fish tagged were subadults or young, immature adults at 2–4 years of age. Small, young fish did not move far until a considerable period after tagging, whereas some fish >300 mm total length (TL) at tagging moved substantial distances within only a few weeks. Fish movement resulted in a significant ontogenetic habitat shift, from relatively protected shallow waters that support extensive meadows of seagrass, to southern, exposed, deeper waters and rocky reef. As a result of this systematic, directional displacement the age structures of the fishery catches also varied systematically throughout the two regions. In the northern areas these were simple and dominated by the 3+ age class, whereas in the south they were complex and consisted of the 2+ to 17+ age classes. Because the latter were the spawning populations, fish movement is an obligate step in the life history that ultimately results in supplementation of numbers on the spawning grounds. The consequences for fishery management are discussed.
35
Katrak, G., S. Dittmann, and L. Seuront. "Spatial variation in burrow morphology of the mud shore crab Helograpsus haswellianus (Brachyura, Grapsidae) in South Australian saltmarshes." Marine and Freshwater Research 59, no. 10 (2008): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08044.
Abstract:
Burrowing by crabs is an important component of their functional role in mangrove and saltmarsh habitats. The grapsid crab Helograpsus haswellianus (Whitelegge, 1889) is one of the more conspicuous burrowing organisms in the saltmarshes of southern Australia. To evaluate intraspecific differences in burrowing behaviour among saltmarshes on a regional scale, we compared vegetation cover, sediment composition and burrow morphology at four sites using resin casts. Six burrow morphology characters were measured (burrow depth, number, lengths and diameter of the shafts, ratio of the shafts, number and diameter of the burrow openings), and the overall 3D burrow complexity was described using a single parameter, the fractal dimension D. Apart from the number of shafts, all morphological characters of the burrows differed significantly among sites. Analyses of the fractal dimensions lead to the identification of three groups of burrows based on D: a group of highly complex burrows (one site), a group of burrows of intermediate complexity (two sites) and a group of less complex burrows (one site). Burrow morphology variation was correlated with non-dominant vegetation, plant matter in the soil and very coarse sand in the sediment. Site-specific differences in burrows caution against generalising the functional role of crabs across sites.
36
Styan, C. A., and A. J. Butler. "Asynchronous patterns of reproduction for the sympatric scallops Chlamys bifrons and Chlamys asperrima (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 54, no. 1 (2003): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02019.
Abstract:
Patterns of spawning activity were assessed by monitoring gonad states over 2.5 years for Chlamys asperrima and Chlamys bifrons at two sites in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia. Chlamys asperrima appeared to have a minor spawning in June, followed by a major spawning starting in late August. In contrast, the gonads of C. bifrons were regressed only during winter and it appeared that C. bifrons spawned for a long period, from late spring (September) until early autumn (March). At one site where sampling was frequent, there was evidence of three series of C. bifrons spawning events during the summer of 1994/95 and at least two series of events during 1995/96. Build-up and decrease in gonad weight was quick, but there was strong evidence of serial spawning for both species. Subsequently, we once observed C. asperrima spawning in situ at Edithburgh Jetty, at a time when gonad weights had been decreasing in previous years, but also long after the time when peak gonad weights had usually occurred. Only patches within the population were seen spawning, with scallops not spawning observed less than 100 m away from those that were. Indirect sampling of gonad condition also suggested that spawning in C. bifrons at Largs Bay was not always synchronous among patches of scallops within a population, nor always between sexes within patches.
37
Bishop, Melanie J., Fredrick R. Krassoi, Ross G. McPherson, Kenneth R. Brown, Stephen A. Summerhayes, Emma M. Wilkie, and Wayne A. O'Connor. "Change in wild-oyster assemblages of Port Stephens, NSW, Australia, since commencement of non-native Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) aquaculture." Marine and Freshwater Research 61, no. 6 (2010): 714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf09177.
Abstract:
Proliferation of species introduced for aquaculture can threaten the ecological and economic integrity of ecosystems. We assessed whether the non-native Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, has proliferated, spread and overgrown native Sydney rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerata, in Port Stephens, New South Wales (NSW), Australia, following the 1991 decision to permit its aquaculture within this estuary. Sampling of seven rocky-shore and four mangrove sites immediately before (1990), immediately after (1991–1992) and nearly two decades after (2008) the commencement of C. gigas aquaculture did not support the hypotheses of C. gigas proliferation, spread or overgrowth of S. glomerata. The non-native oyster, uncommon immediately before the commencement of aquaculture, remained confined to the inner port and its percentage contribution to oyster assemblages generally declined over the two decades. C. gigas populations were dominated by individuals of <40-mm shell height, with established adults being rare. Only at one site was there an increase in C. gigas abundance that was accompanied by S. glomerata decline. The failure of C. gigas in Port Stephens to cause the catastrophic changes in fouling assemblages seen elsewhere in the world is likely to reflect estuarine circulation patterns that restrict larval transport and susceptibility of the oysters to native predators.
38
Butler, AJ. "Ecology of Pinna bicolor gmelin (Mollusca : Bivalvia) in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia: density, reproductive cycle, recruitment, growth and mortality at three sites." Marine and Freshwater Research 38, no. 6 (1987): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9870743.
Abstract:
Random samples of P. bicolor were taken from one intertidal and two subtidal sites over 3 years and tagged individuals of P. bicolor were followed for up to 6 years at two other sites. P. bicolor is dioecious. Mature gonads were observed in early summer (November-January) with a peak in December each year. The pattern appeared to differ little between years or sites but the period of maximum gonad activity was shorter at the intertidal site. Growth was slower at the intertidal site and animals reached a smaller maximum size there than at the subtidal sites, which differed slightly. It is concluded that P. bicolor can reach reproductive size (15 cm shell length) in little more than a year but, at least subtidally, have a low mortality rate (less than 0.1 year-1) thereafter. Recruitment is variable and it is argued that at some sites superficially 'stable' densities of P. bicolor are maintained by occasional strong recruitments, which are 'stored' in the population because of low adult mortality. The implications of this for management and for the use of P. bicolor as a biological monitor are discussed.
39
Dayrat, Benoît, Tricia C. Goulding, Munawar Khalil, Joseph Comendador, Quảng Ngô Xuân, Siong Kiat Tan, and Shau Hwai Tan. "A new genus of air-breathing marine slugs from South-East Asia (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Onchidiidae)." ZooKeys 877 (September 2, 2019): 31–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.877.36698.
Abstract:
As part of an ongoing effort to revise the taxonomy of air-breathing, marine, onchidiid slugs, a new genus, Laspionchis Dayrat & Goulding, gen. nov., is described from the mangroves of South-East Asia. It includes two new species, Laspionchis boucheti Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., and Laspionchis bourkei Dayrat & Goulding, sp. nov., both distributed from the Malacca Strait to the Philippines and Australia. This study is based on extensive field work in South-East Asia, comparative anatomy, and both mitochondrial (COI and 16S) and nuclear (ITS2 and 28S) DNA sequences. The two new species are found in the same habitat (mud surface in mangrove forests) and are externally cryptic but are distinct anatomically. Both species are also strongly supported by DNA sequences. Three cryptic, least-inclusive, reciprocally-monophyletic units within Laspionchis bourkei are regarded as subspecies: L. bourkei bourkei Dayrat & Goulding, ssp. nov., L. bourkei lateriensis Dayrat & Goulding, ssp. nov., and L. bourkei matangensis Dayrat & Goulding, ssp. nov. The present contribution shows again that species delineation is greatly enhanced by considering comparative anatomy and nuclear DNA sequences in addition to mitochondrial DNA sequences, and that thorough taxonomic revisions are the best and most efficient path to accurate biodiversity knowledge.
40
Underwood, A. J., and G. Barrett. "Experiments on the influence of oysters on the distribution, abundance and sizes of the gastropod Bembicium auratum in a mangrove swamp in New South Wales, Australia." Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 137, no. 1 (May 1990): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(90)90058-k.
41
Taylor, Matthew D., Alistair Becker, Jane Quinn, Michael B. Lowry, Stewart Fielder, and Wayne Knibb. "Stock structure of dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus) to inform stocking management." Marine and Freshwater Research 71, no. 10 (2020): 1378. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf19364.
Abstract:
Delineating stocks and quantifying population structure are critical for the management of exploited populations, but the stock structure of many species remains unclear. In New South Wales (NSW), Australia, a marine stock enhancement program for dusky flathead (Platycephalus fuscus) is developing, and knowledge of stock structure is required to inform enhancement strategies, as well as to support broader fisheries management. A combination of mitochondrial and microsatellite markers was used in this study to evaluate structuring among fish from eight estuaries, spanning the majority of the NSW coast. Pairwise comparisons of mitochondrial haplotypes revealed that seven of the eight estuaries were genetically homogeneous (St Georges Basin was distinct). Moreover, analysis of molecular variance showed that 97% of sequence diversity occurred within estuaries. The results from microsatellite markers were almost identical to those for mitochondrial DNA, with St George’s Basin having the only distinct genotype, and within estuary variation accounting for 99% of the genotype variation. Isolation by distance analysis showed that <5% of genetic variation was due to distance. These results indicate that dusky flathead forms a single stock across NSW, where mixing most likely occurs during early life phases and through limited adult migration. The outlying estuary, St Georges Basin, likely suffers from limited connectivity due to a constricted entrance, and it is possible that stocking may improve local genetic diversity.
42
Kangas, M. I., and W. B. Jackson. "Sampling juvenile Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye with a water-jet net compared with a beam-trawl: spatial and temporal variation and nursery areas in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 6 (1998): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98038.
Abstract:
This study demonstrates that the water-jet net is more effective than a beam trawl in capturing juvenile Penaeus latisulcatus. In contrast with the beam trawl, which is maximally effective only at night when prawns are active, the jet net captures high numbers of prawns in daylight. This, combined with its ability to minimize catchability effects, makes the jet net very suitable for sampling juvenile P. latisulcatus. For sampling prawns of widely varying size, perpendicular trawls were more effective than parallel trawls because larger individuals are distributed in deeper waters. Nursery areas for P. latisulcatus are intertidal sand/mudflats and there is little daily variation of prawn abundance and distribution within one site. Large differences in abundance of juvenile prawns were observed throughout Gulf St Vincent with highest concentrations in the northern part of the gulf.
43
Bryars, Simon R. "Can regional nutrient status be used to predict plant biomass, canopy structure and epiphyte biomass in the temperate seagrass Amphibolis antarctica?" Marine and Freshwater Research 60, no. 10 (2009): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf08194.
Abstract:
The seagrass Amphibolis antarctica is an important component of coastal soft-sediment ecosystems across southern Australia. Large-scale losses of A. antarctica at several locations have been linked to anthropogenic nutrient inputs. The present study comprised a field survey to test whether the spatial patterns of plant biomass, canopy structure and epiphyte biomass in A. antarctica could be predicted based on expectations related to nutrient status across two regions within Gulf St Vincent, South Australia. Specific predictions were that: (1) plant biomass, plant density, plant height, leaf cluster frequency and leaf frequency are all lower in the east (higher nutrient) region than in the west region; and (2) epiphyte biomass and epiphyte load are higher in the east than in the west. Regional nutrient status was a poor predictor of most of the parameters measured, with the opposite trends to those predicted often occurring. Plant biomass, canopy structure and epiphyte biomass appear to be a result of several site-specific factors that are not fully understood at this time. The results of the present study have significant implications for making generalised predictions and for monitoring A. antarctica on urbanised coasts, and will also be useful for informing ecological studies on plant–epiphyte and plant–animal interactions in A. antarctica ecosystems.
44
Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03050.
Abstract:
A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.
45
Ponder, WF, DJ Colgan, GA Clark, AC Miller, and T. Terzis. "Microgeographic, Genetic and Morphological-Differentiation of Fresh-Water Snails - the Hydrobiidae of Wilson Promontory, Victoria, South-Eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 42, no. 5 (1994): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9940557.
Abstract:
Population differentiation and speciation in freshwater snails in a small geographic area were investigated in a study of the morphology and genetics of 75 populations of hydrobiid snails from streams on Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, Australia. At least four genetically definable species occur in sympatry. One (Fluvidona recta sp. nov.) is genetically isolated from the others and the other three (of which only F: turbata sp. nov. is named) appear to be closely related and distinguished by a nearly fixed allozyme (MPI) difference. Heterozygote frequencies for the diagnostic Mpi locus fall well below Hardy-Weinberg expectations in zones of sympatry. There is significant population subdivision within at least two of the genetic species, but as the partitions are allopatric they are not categorised taxonomically. The situation may be explained by the divergence of upland and lowland populations when sea levels fell during the Pleistocene with subsequent secondary contact and low levels of hybridisation in the contact zones. Generally, there is very low gene flow between even closely adjacent populations and extremely low flow between different catchments, F-ST between populations within the same tributary ranging from 0.02 to 0.14 and within adjacent tributaries of the same catchment ranging from 0.03 to 0.59. Some correlations between allozyme data and measured environmental variables were observed but none of these were consistent over all taxa. Size (shell length) appears to be influenced by environment, but shell shape and the length of the opercular smear are more correlated with genetic patterns. A notable lack of correlation between anatomy and genetic groupings was found, although there was some with shell and opercular morphology. Two additional species (F: gippslandica, sp. nov. and F: foris, sp. nov.) from areas adjacent to the Promontory are used as outgroups.
46
Fowler, A. J., L. McLeay, and D. A. Short. "Spatial variation in size and age structures and reproductive characteristics of the King George whiting (Percoidei : Sillaginidae) in South Australian waters." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 1 (2000): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99032.
Abstract:
Adult King George whiting were sampled at 12 localities representing a range of habitat types across South Australia. Sampling was undertaken between March and May for a minimum of 2 years between 1995 and 1998. Fish were aged by otolith interpretation, and reproductive maturity was determined by gonad analysis using macroscopic and histological techniques. In total, 6961 fish comprising 3678 females and 3283 males were considered from four localities in each of three geographic regions. In both Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf, age structures became more complex from north to south, associated with a shift in size towards larger fish. In the simplest age structures, >90% of fish were from the 3-year age class, whereas the age range of the most complex was 3–17 years, with the 3–5 age classes most numerous. Males were more abundant in smaller size classes and females in the larger. Although some fish from each locality showed some gonad development, only at three localities did spawning occur. At these places, populations had the broadest age and size distributions and were in deep water that experienced medium to high wave energy. Since spawning grounds and nursery areas are up to several hundred kilometres apart, the processes of larval advection and adult movement are implicated as obligate processes of the life history.
47
Tixier, Paul, Mary-Anne Lea, Mark A. Hindell, Christophe Guinet, Nicolas Gasco, Guy Duhamel, and John P. Y. Arnould. "Killer whale (Orcinus orca) interactions with blue-eye trevalla (Hyperoglyphe antarctica) longline fisheries." PeerJ 6 (August 8, 2018): e5306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5306.
Abstract:
Over the past five decades, marine mammal interactions with fisheries have become a major human-wildlife conflict globally. The emergence of longline fishing is concomitant with the development of depredation-type interactions i.e., marine mammals feeding on fish caught on hooks. The killer whale (Orcinus orca) is one of the species most involved in depredation on longline fisheries. The issue was first reported in high latitudes but, with increasing expansion of this fishing method, other fisheries have begun to experience interactions. The present study investigated killer whale interactions with two geographically isolated blue-eye trevalla (Hyperoglyphe antarctica) fisheries operating in temperate waters off Amsterdam/St. Paul Islands (Indian Ocean) and south-eastern Australia. These two fisheries differ in the fishing technique used (vertical vs. demersal longlines), effort, catch, fleet size and fishing area size. Using 7-year (2010–16) long fishing and observation datasets, this study estimated the levels of killer whale interactions and examined the influence of spatio-temporal and operational variables on the probability of vessels to experience interactions. Killer whales interactions occurred during 58.4% and 21.2% of all fishing days, and over 94% and 47.4% of the fishing area for both fisheries, respectively. In south-eastern Australia, the probability of occurrence of killer whale interactions during fishing days varied seasonally with a decrease in spring, increased with the daily fishing effort and decreased with the distance travelled by the vessel between fishing days. In Amsterdam/St. Paul, this probability was only influenced by latitude, with an increase in the southern part of the area. Together, these findings document two previously unreported cases of high killer whale depredation, and provide insights on ways to avoid the issue. The study also emphasizes the need to further examine the local characteristics of fisheries and the ecology of local depredating killer whale populations in as important drivers of depredation.
48
Stevenson, Jonathon, and Andrew Melville. "Settlement and recruitment of the abalone Haliotis cyclobates Péron, 1816." Marine and Freshwater Research 50, no. 3 (1999): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf98086.
Abstract:
The settlement preference, distribution and juvenile recruitment distribution of Haliotis cyclobates were investigated in a seagrass meadow in Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, in 1993 and 1994. Samples of hard substratum and seagrass were collected from seagrass patches and open areas and examined for newly settled and 0+ recruits. Hard substrata consisted of small rocks, large bivalve shells and bottles. Twelve newly settled recruits (<3 mm) were found: 11 on seagrass and one on hard substratum. Settlement onto seagrass blades is the first field example of an abalone species settling naturally onto soft substratum. 0+ recruits (4–9 mm) were found from March to October, indicating a single spawning and settlement season. 0+ recruits were found on small isolated patches of hard substratum in open and seagrass areas, suggesting that post-settlement migration may have some influence on recruitment patterns. The results indicate that the early life history of Haliotis cyclobates is adapted for enhancing recruitment into seagrass areas. Settlement onto seagrass blades is different from that observed for other species of abalone, and clarification of the specific settlement cue may contribute to the understanding of abalone settlement behaviour.
49
Bryars, Simon R., and Jon N. Havenhand. "Temporal and spatial distribution and abundance of blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) larvae in a temperate gulf." Marine and Freshwater Research 55, no. 8 (2004): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf04045.
Abstract:
A plankton-sampling programme for blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus) larvae was conducted in the temperate waters of Gulf St Vincent, South Australia, to investigate: (1) if larval hatching is seasonal; (2) if larvae are restricted to surface waters; (3) if larvae are hatched offshore; and (4) if larval development occurs offshore. The temporal and spatial distribution and abundance of larvae indicated that hatching and zoeal development occur mainly in deeper offshore waters during the warmer months of November to March, and that zoeal development occurs in a range of depths from the neuston to at least 14 m. Although peaks in abundance usually occurred in the upper 3 m, zoeae were distributed throughout the water column, with the majority occurring in sub-surface waters below 1 m depth. There was no evidence for a daylight ontogenetic or tidal vertical migration in the four zoeal stages. Limited sampling revealed no evidence for a diurnal vertical migration in stage-1 zoea. Although the seasonal and inshore-offshore patterns of hatching observed in the study were typical for a portunid species, the broad vertical distribution differed from that observed for P. pelagicus in previous studies.
50
Eyre, Teresa J., and Ross L. Goldingay. "Use of sap trees by the yellow-bellied glider near Maryborough in south-east Queensland." Wildlife Research 30, no. 3 (2003): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr02020.
Abstract:
Identifying the tree species used in sap feeding by the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis) and describing the pattern of use of these trees is fundamental to forest management in eastern and southern Australia. We conducted surveys at 74 sites across 17�000 ha in St Mary State Forest near Maryborough in south-east Queensland, during five visits over a 2-year period. We identified sap-feeding incisions of gliders on 194 trees (2% of all trees) at 47 of our survey sites, including five trees recruited as sap trees during our monitoring period. Five tree species were involved: Corymbia citriodora (100 trees at 26 sites), Eucalyptus longirostrata (73 trees at 19 sites), Eucalyptus moluccana (17 trees at 6 sites), Eucalyptus tereticornis (3 trees at 3 sites), and Angophora leiocarpa (1 tree). Of these trees, E. longirostrata was used much more than expected on the basis of its abundance in the forest. Active glider incisions were observed on 95 of the sap trees (49% of total) during the monitoring period. During our first visit, 66 sap trees showed no evidence of current or recent use (within the previous month). By the fifth visit, there were still 44 sap trees (23% of all sap trees) that showed no evidence of recent use during any visit. Approximately 40% of sap tree observations were of trees with fewer than five recently active incisions, which is currently the threshold number of incisions for tree retention during logging operations in Queensland. We used Poisson regression to assess the influence of climatic and habitat variables on the abundance of active incisions at sites with sap trees. Three variables had a significant influence on the abundance of active incisions at a site: flowering, site index (a measure of productivity) and density of ringbarked trees. Our results confirm the importance of a small number of forest trees in sap feeding and recommendations are provided to enhance prescriptions for effective management of sap food resources of yellow-bellied gliders in south-east Queensland.