Journal articles: 'Manganese TWIP'

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Moon, K. M., D. A. Kim, Y. H. Kim, and M. H. Lee. "Effect of Mn content on corrosion characteristics of lean Mn TWIP steel." International Journal of Modern Physics B 32, no. 19 (July 18, 2018): 1840083. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979218400830.

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It is important that the steel plate is manufactured with a high tensile strength to reduce the weight of the body. It is generally accepted that twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steel is a special steel with not only a high ductility but also a high-tensile strength compared to general steel. While numerous investigations have been carried out on the TWIP steel with an amount of manganese of at least 20%, the investigation of steel with manganese content of less than 20% has seldom been considered until now. In this study, the TWIP steel with manganese of less than 20% (12Mn, 15Mn and 18Mn TWIP steel) was investigated to determine the corrosion properties using electrochemical method. The 18Mn and 12Mn samples exhibited the best and worst corrosion resistance, respectively. It is suggested that the 18Mn sample forms a stable oxide film on the surface because it contains a larger amount of manganese and aluminum compared to the other samples, and their composition enables the easy formation of the oxide film.

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Razavi, Gholam Reza. "The Study of Type Twin Annealing in High Mn Steel." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 1085–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.1085.

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TWIP steels are high manganese steel (Mn: 17% - 35%) which are used for shaping car bodies. The structure of this kind of steels remains austenite even in room temperature. Due to low SFE (Stacking Fault Energy) twinning of grains is governing reformation mechanism in this kind of steels which strengthen TWIP steel. Regarding heat treatment influences on mechanical properties of TWIP steels, in this paper we discuss twinning phenomenon resulting from this kind of treatment. For this, following casting and hot rolling processes, we anneal the steel at 1100°C and different time cycles and study its microstructure using light microscope. The results showed that with decreasing grain size the number of twin annealing added And four types of annealing twin in the microstructure, in the end they all become one twin and then turn into grain.

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Tewary, Nisith Kumar, Swarup Kumar Ghosh, and Subrata Chatterjee. "Effect of Al Content in Low Carbon High Manganese TWIP Steel." Key Engineering Materials 706 (August 2016): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.706.16.

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Al addition in TWIP steel not only reduces the specific weight but also increases the stacking fault energy which strongly affects the deformation mechanisms. Hot rolled air cooled TWIP steel with low Al content (1.61 wt. %) reveals duplex microstructure comprising austenite with ferrite, whereas steel with higher content of Al (3.56 wt. %) reveals fully austenite microstructure. It is evident that nano-twins are formed within austenite grain after 50% cold deformation. TWIP steel with the duplex microstructure exhibits an excellent combination of strength and ductility. Hardness and tensile strength values of air cooled steel specimens increase with a concomitant lowering of total elongation with the application of cold deformation. However, steel with low Al content shows higher hardness and tensile strength along with lower elongation as compared to the TWIP steel having higher Al content.

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Tewary, NK, SK Ghosh, and S. Chatterjee. "Deformation behaviour of low carbon high Mn twinning-induced plasticity steel." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 3 (October 16, 2017): 763–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217730440.

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The present study deals with the deformation behaviour of low carbon and high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel (Fe–21Mn–3Si–3Al–0.06C, wt%) through microstructural investigation. Low carbon with high manganese along with the addition of aluminium in TWIP steel results in lowering of specific weight with higher strain hardening due to the formation of mechanical twins during deformation. The full austenite phase is obtained after solution treatment and deformation twins appear and austenite grains become flattened during application of 10% to 50% cold deformation. The annealing twins are relatively coarser compared to the newly formed deformation twins. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, deformation twins and dislocation density are increased. Deformation twinning can be considered to be the dominant deformation mechanism during the course of cold rolling applied in the present study. The cold deformation results in the evolution of dislocation substructure, stacking faults, deformation twins and twin–dislocation interaction, which may be correlated with the lower stacking fault energy (∼24 mJ/m2) of the investigated steel. Excellent combination of strength and ductility has been obtained in the present TWIP steel with a small rolling reduction of 10% and 30%. With the increasing amount of cold deformation, tensile strength notably increases and maximum tensile strength is obtained at 50% cold-deformed sample along with the diminutive sacrifice of the ductility.

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Ma, Peng Hui, Li He Qian, Jiang Ying Meng, Shuai Liu, and Fu Cheng Zhang. "Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of High Manganese Austenitic TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 833 (November 2015): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.833.7.

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Fatigue crack growth (FCG) behavior of three high manganese austenitic twin-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with different stacking fault energy (SFE) was investigated, aiming at studying the correlation between the FCG resistance and the SFE of the steels. FCG tests were performed using three-point bending specimens at room temperature at stress ratio of 0.1 under the control of stress intensity factor range. Test results showed that the fatigue threshold values of these steels decrease with increasing the SFE. However, in the Paris regime, the crack growth rates of the steels do not appear to correlate directly with SFE. These results are discussed according to the degree of fatigue crack closure and the deformation mode of crack tip zone.

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Wietbrock, Burkhard, M. Bambach, S. Seuren, and G. Hirt. "Homogenization Strategy and Material Characterization of High-Manganese TRIP and TWIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3134.

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In this work a hot forming strategy, consisting of forging and hot rolling, to homogenize casted blocks of high-manganese steels with 0.3 % carbon and 22 % manganese is introduced. The resulting distribution of carbon and manganese is evaluated by microprobe scans. The micro-segregation of manganese could be reduced from 7 weight percent to 2. To create the obtained hot forming strategy hot compression tests have been carried out. The deformation behavior has been characterized for two steels with 22 % manganese and between 0.3 and 0.7 % carbon content in the temperature range between 700 and 1200°C and strain rates between 0.1 and 10 s-1.

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Kang, Mihyun, Wan Chuck Woo, Vyacheslav Em, Young Kook Lee, and Baek Seok Seong. "In Situ Neutron Diffraction Measurements of the Deformation Behavior in High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 772 (November 2013): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.772.73.

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Deformation behavior of high Mn TWIP (twinning induced plasticity) steels was observed using neutron diffraction. Two kinds of specimens were prepared; 0 and 2 wt% of Al TWIP steels. The lattice strains and peak widths of hkl grains were measured under tensile loading. The results provide an insight into the influence of the Al contents on the deformation behavior associated with the microstructure changes in TWIP steels.

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Wang, Li Hui, Di Tang, Hai Tao Jiang, Ji Bin Liu, and Yu Chen. "Effects of Different Manganese Content on Microstructures and Properties of TWIP Steel." Advanced Materials Research 399-401 (November 2011): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.254.

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By analysis of TWIP Steels with different manganese content, the results showed that the microstructures and properties had been changed with different Mn content. The elongation of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn was high for 55.5 % and n value of that reached to 0.360. When Mn content of the tested steel was 17.9%, the yield and tensile strength were higher and its elongation was lower for the tested steel than that of the tested steel with 22.5% Mn. The microstructures of the tested steel with high Mn content were austenite before and after being stretched at room temperature. Mn content was decreased and the microstructure of the tested steel after being stretched had a small amount of martensite transformation at room temperature. That is to say, double effect with TWIP and TRIP had occurred, but TWIP effect was dominant. TWIP effect increased plasticity and strain hardening capacity to improve formability. TRIP effect was mainly to improve strength so as to further attain the strength of the tested steel.

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Borek, Wojciech, Małgorzata Czaja, Krzysztof Labisz, Tomasz Tański, Mariusz Krupiński, and Stanislav Rusz. "High Manganese Austenitic X6MnSiAlNbTi26-3-3 Steel - Characteristic, Structures and Properties." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.18.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel with various structures after their thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese steel provides an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) and transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) mechanisms. TWIP steels not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity TRIP steels. The microstructure evolution in successive stages of deformation was determined in metallographic investigations using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies as well as X-ray diffraction methods.

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Gutierrez-Urrutia, Ivan, and Dierk Raabe. "Study of Deformation Twinning and Planar Slip in a TWIP Steel by Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging in a SEM." Materials Science Forum 702-703 (December 2011): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.702-703.523.

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We study the dislocation and twin substructures in a high manganese twinning-induced-plasticity steel (TWIP) by means of electron channeling contrast imaging. At low strain (true strain below 0.1) the dislocation substructure shows strong orientation dependence. It consists of dislocation cells and planar dislocation arrangements. This dislocation substructure is replaced by a complex dislocation/twin substructure at high strain (true strain of 0.3-0.4). The twin substructure also shows strong orientation dependence. We identify three types of dislocation/twin substructures. Two of these substructures, those which are highly favorable or unfavorable oriented for twinning, exhibit a Schmid behavior. The other twin substructure does not fulfill Schmid’s law.

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Ye, Tie, Ping Yang, Zhi Wen Lu, and Chun Hua Ma. "Research of Deformation Law on High Manganese Steel with Different Alloy Composition." Key Engineering Materials 727 (January 2017): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.727.9.

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The organizations and phase composition after forging and heat treatment of the stacking fault energy for the three high manganese steel with 2.99 mJ/m2,7.9 mJ/m2and23 mJ/m2 were observed. It’s analysised that the microstructure and orientation change of three high manganese steel by SEM and EBSD and the effect of alloy elements and the composition of the material on microstructure of high manganese steel; Through Static compressive deformation of cylindrical specimen under different strain rates experimental, the effect of strain rate on the deformation mechanism of different components of high manganese steel was analysised. Cylindrical specimens by static compression at different strain rates, analysis of strain rate on the different components of high manganese steel impact deformation mechanism; The mechanical performance characteristics are analyzed under different strain rate of three components high-manganese steel by stress - strain curves. By Compressive Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar experiments to study the mechanism of high manganese steel deformation at high strain rates. The study found: the exclusion of the impact of the martensitic transformation can produce 18Mn high manganese TRIP or TWIP effect after deformation. Through observation and calculation, it found C, Al's content of alloying elements on the grain sizes less affected, but the starting temperature of martensitic transformation and layer greatly affects high manganese wrong size possible. Through analysis, found C, Al decides that the high content of alloying elements manganese organization original phase composition and deformation mechanism; organizations γ + ε-M + α'-M high manganese TRIP effect occurs, organizations γ + ε-M's high manganese TRIP effect occurs, tissue TWIP effect of high manganese steel γ.

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Martin, Ulises, Jacob Ress, Juan Bosch, and David M. Bastidas. "Effect of Thermo-Mechanical Processing on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C TWIP Steel." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 9104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249104.

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Electrochemical corrosion of thermo-mechanically processed (TMP) and recrystallized Fe−30Mn−5Al−0.5C twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels containing 30 wt.% Mn was studied in a 1.0 wt.% NaCl electrolyte solution. The alkaline nature of the corrosion products containing manganese oxide (MnO) increases the dissolution kinetics of the TWIP steel in acid media, obtaining Mn2+ cations in solution, and producing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis revealed an increased Al2O3 content of 91% in the passive layer of the recrystallized TWIP steel specimen, while in contrast only a 43% Al2O3 was found on the TMP specimen. Additionally, the chemical composition of the surface oxide layer as well as the TWIP alloy microstructure was analyzed by optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate an enhanced corrosion attack for the TMP high-Mn TWIP steel.

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Mercado, V. H., I. Mejía, Y. Salinas-Escutia, and A. Bedolla-Jacuinde. "Wear Resistance under Non-Lubricated Condition of Nb-Containing TWIP Steel." MRS Advances 2, no. 61 (2017): 3765–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.593.

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ABSTRACTTwinning induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are one of the most attractive advanced high-strength steels for structural applications due to their unique combination of strength and ductility, which is associated with so-called “mechanical twinning”, where twins act as strong obstacles to the dislocation motion. In this context, Nb addition to TWIP steel increases the strength and refines grain size by nanoscale NbC precipitates. Nowadays, high-manganese TWIP steels are extensively studied. However, information in the specialized literature about their tribological properties is limited. This research work studies the wear behavior of high-manganese austenitic Fe–20Mn–1.5Si–1.5Al–0.4C TWIP steel microalloyed with Nb. The wear behavior was evaluated under non-lubricated sliding condition using the “pin-on-ring” technique. As-solution heat treated samples were worn under loads of 53, 104 and 154 N, and at sliding speeds of 0.22, 0.60 and 0.87 m/s. The wear resistance was evaluated in terms of the loss weight. Wear debris and worn surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). In general, results show that the wear resistance significantly improves as the sliding speed increases. On the other hand, Nb addition to present TWIP steel produces a slight increase of the wear resistance. Also, it was found that the oxide layer plays a significant role in the wear resistance behavior of this kind of steel.

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Podany, Pavel, Tomas Gregor, Tomas Studecky, and Crtomir Donik. "High Manganese TWIP Steel with Increased Corrosion Resistance." Metals 12, no. 10 (October 20, 2022): 1765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12101765.

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The paper describes the development of austenitic steel with the TWIP effect, which is alloyed with chromium to increase corrosion resistance. The experimental heat of this steel was cast in an experimental melting furnace and subsequently subjected to hot and cold rolling. After cold rolling, the appropriate recrystallization annealing temperature was applied to obtain the optimal austenitic grain size. X-ray diffraction proved that the steel contains a fully austenitic structure. After recrystallization annealing, the sheets achieved a TS of more than 950 MPa with an elongation of 40%. The corrosion resistance of this steel is increased with the addition of chromium.

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Scott, Colin, Blandine Remy, Jean-Louis Collet, Aurelie Cael, Cuimin Bao, Frederic Danoix, Benoît Malard, and Caroline Curfs. "Precipitation strengthening in high manganese austenitic TWIP steels." International Journal of Materials Research 102, no. 5 (May 2011): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/146.110508.

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Hernández-Belmontes, Humberto, Ignacio Mejía, and Cuauhtémoc Maldonado. "Ab Initio Study of Weldability of a High-Manganese Austenitic Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) Steel Microalloyed with Boron." MRS Proceedings 1812 (2016): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2016.15.

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ABSTRACTHigh-Mn Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) currently under development; they are fully austenitic and characterized by twinning as the predominant strengthening mechanism. TWIP steels have high strength and formability with an elongation up to 80%, which allows reduction in automotive components weight and fuel consumption. Since the targeted application field of TWIP steels is the automotive industry, steels need high mechanical performance with good weldability and excellent corrosion resistance. However, there is lack of information about the weldability behavior of these advanced steels. This research work aims to study the weldability of a new generation of high-Mn austenitic TWIP steels microalloyed with B. Weldability was examined using spot welds produced by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding. Microstructural changes were examined using light optical metallography. Segregation of elements in the weld joint was evaluated using point and elemental mapping chemical analysis by Scanning Electron Microscopy and Electron-Dispersive Spectroscopy; while the hardness properties were examined with Vickers microhardness testing (HV25). Experimental results show that the welded joint microstructure consists of austenitic dendritic grains in the fusion zone, and equiaxed grains in the heat affected zone. Notably, the boron microalloyed TWIP steel exhibited poor weldability, showing hot cracking. Additionally, the studied TWIP steels showed a high degree of segregation in the fusion zone; Mn and Si segregated into the interdendritic regions, while Al and C preferentially segregated in dendritic areas. Finally, the welded joints of the TWIP steels showed microhardness values lower than the base material. In general, the present TWIP steels have problems of weldability, which are corroborated with microstructural changes, elements segregation and microhardness loss.

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Erhart, Andrea, André Haufe, Alexander Butz, Maksim Zapara, and Dirk Helm. "Implementation of a Constitutive Model for the Mechanical Behavior of TWIP Steels and Validation Simulations." Key Engineering Materials 651-653 (July 2015): 539–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.651-653.539.

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High manganese content TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are promising for the production of lightweight components due to their high strength combined with extreme ductility, see [1]. This paper deals with the implementation of a constitutive model for the macroscopic deformation behavior of TWIP steels under mechanical loading with the aim of simulating metal forming processes and representing the behavior of TWIP-steel components – for example under crash loading - with the Finite Element code LS-DYNA®and refers to our recently published papers: [2],[4],[5]. Within the present paper we focus on the implementation of the model formulated in [2] and its extension to stress dependent twinning effects.

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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Mechanical Properties of High-Manganese Austenitic TWIP-Type Steel." Materials Science Forum 783-786 (May 2014): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.783-786.27.

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Taking into consideration increased quantity of accessories used in modern cars, decreasing car’s weight can be achieved solely by optimization of sections of sheets used for bearing and reinforcing elements as well as for body panelling parts of a car. Application of sheets with lower thickness requires using sheets with higher mechanical properties, however keeping adequate formability. The goal of structural elements such as frontal frame side members, bumpers and the others is to take over the energy of an impact. Therefore, steels that are used for these parts should be characterized by high value of UTS and UEl, proving the ability of energy absorption. Among the wide variety of recently developed steels, high-manganese austenitic steels with low stacking faulty energy are particularly promising, especially when mechanical twinning occurs. Beneficial combination of high strength and ductile properties of these steels depends on structural processes taking place during cold plastic deformation, which are a derivative of SFE of austenite, dependent, in turn on the chemical composition of steel and deformation temperature. High-manganese austenitic steels in effect of application of proper heat treatment or thermo-mechanical treatment can be characterized by different structure assuring the advantageous connection of strength and plasticity properties. Proper determinant of these properties can be plastic deformation energy supply determined by integral over surface of cold plastic deformation curve. Obtaining of high strength properties with retaining the high plasticity has significant influence for the development of high-manganese steel groups and their significance for the development of materials engineering.

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Dobrzański, Leszek Adam, Wojciech Borek, and Janusz Mazurkiewicz. "Influence of Thermo-Mechanical Treatments on Structure and Mechanical Properties of High-Mn Steel." Advanced Materials Research 1127 (October 2015): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1127.113.

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The aim of this paper is to determine the high-manganese austenite propensity to twinning induced by the cold working and its effect on structure and mechanical properties, and especially the strain energy per unit volume of new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) investigated steel, containing about 24,5 % of manganese, 1% of silicon, 3 % of aluminium and microadditions Nb and Ti with various structures after their heat- and thermo-mechanical treatments. The new-developed high-manganese Fe – Mn – (Al, Si) steel provide an extensive potential for automotive industries through exhibiting the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) mechanisms. TWIP steel not only show excellent strength, but also have excellent formability due to twinning, thereby leading to excellent combination of strength, ductility, and formability over conventional dual phase steels or transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Results obtained for high-manganese austenitic steel with the properly formed structure and properties in the thermo-mechanical processes indicate the possibility and purposefulness of their employment for constructional elements of vehicles, especially of the passenger cars to take advantage of the significant growth of their strain energy per unit volume which guarantee reserve of plasticity in the zones of controlled energy absorption during possible collision resulting from activation of twinning induced by the cold working as the fracture counteraction factor, which may result in significant growth of the passive safety of these vehicles' passengers.

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Daamen, Markus, Wiebke Nessen, Philipp T. Pinard, Silvia Richter, Alexander Schwedt, and Gerhard Hirt. "Deformation Behavior of High-manganese TWIP Steels Produced by Twin-roll Strip Casting." Procedia Engineering 81 (2014): 1535–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.186.

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Olugbade, Temitope Olumide. "Stress corrosion cracking and precipitation strengthening mechanism in TWIP steels: progress and prospects." Corrosion Reviews 38, no. 6 (November 18, 2020): 473–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2020-0052.

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AbstractTwinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels are increasingly receiving wide attention for automotive applications due to their outstanding combination of ductility and strength, which can largely be attributed to the strain hardening effect, formation of mechanical twins during straining, and the presence of manganese (Mn) as an alloying element. However, the premature cracking and sudden failure frequently experienced by the TWIP steels under the combined action of tensile stress and corrosion environment remain a challenge for many material scientists and experts up till now. Driven by this challenge, an overview of the stress corrosion cracking (SCC) susceptibility of high-Mn TWIP steels (under the action of both mechanical loading and corrosion reaction) is presented. The SCC susceptibility of the high-Mn TWIP steels is specifically sensitive to hydrogen embrittlement, which is a major factor influencing the SCC behavior, and is a function of the hydrogen content, lattice-defect density and strength level. Besides, the corrosion susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement may be reduced by suppressing the martensite in the TWIP steels by carbon additions. This review further discusses in detail the precipitation strengthening mechanisms as well as the corrosion behavior of TWIP steel by mechanism.

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Jabłońska, Magdalena, Grzegorz Niewielski, and Rudolf Kawalla. "High Manganese TWIP Steel - Technological Plasticity and Selected Properties." Solid State Phenomena 212 (December 2013): 87–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.212.87.

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Over the last few years national as well as international research centres conducting research on the development of high-manganese steels. Some of these materials belong to the group of AHS steels, are characterized by the twinning induced plasticity (TWIP) effect which is a new type of steel possessing together with high strength a great plastic elongation, and an ideal uniform work hardening behavior. It is therefore a good candidate for deep drawing applications in the automobile and railway industry. The article presents the results of researches of TWIP-type austenitic steel in case of determination some of the more important parameters for continuous casting simulation process and the results of tests regarding the influence of strain parameters on sensitivity to plastic forming and deformation strengthening. It has been shown that the researched steel reaches a zero plasticity temperature at 1250°C. The deformation tests indicate its good workability of hot processing within the temperature range of 1100 ÷ 800°C. The relation between yield stress and strain during the hot deformation is typical for the presence of dynamic recrystallization processes. The tested steel has good formability and high mechanical properties, especially when being deformed at a high strain rate. Analysis of the substructure of researched steel was indicate presence of mechanical twinning.

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Ding, Hao, Hua Ding, Chun-lin Qiu, Zheng-you Tang, Jian-min Zeng, and Ping Yang. "Formability of TRIP/TWIP Steel Containing Manganese of 18.8%." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 18, no. 1 (January 2011): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(11)60008-3.

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Beal, Coline, Xavier Kleber, Damien Fabregue, and Mohamed Bouzekri. "Embrittlement of a zinc coated high manganese TWIP steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 543 (May 2012): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.02.049.

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Liu, F., W. J. Dan, and W. G. Zhang. "Strain hardening model of TWIP steels with manganese content." Materials Science and Engineering: A 674 (September 2016): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2016.07.115.

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Iker, Mathieu, D. Gaude-Fugarolas, Pascal J. Jacques, and Francis Delannay. "Improvement of the Mechanical Properties of High Manganese Steels by Combination of Precipitation Hardening and Mechanical Twinning." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 852–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.852.

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Twinning-Induced Plasticity steels (TWIP steels) are extensively studied due to their ultra-high strain-hardening rate, that brings about a remarkable combination of ductility and strength. Twinning can be observed in high manganese-carbon steels. This paper considers hardening by combination of mechanical twinning with carbide precipitation. The kinetics of precipitation and the morphological evolution of carbides with annealing time were studied for two different TWIP steels with high manganese and carbon contents. The steels are first cold-rolled and then annealed at 800°C for recrystallization and carbide precipitation. Depending on the steel composition, the kinetics of precipitation and the morphology of the carbides are quite different. The influence of the annealing cycle on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. The results are used to discuss the influence of composition, stacking fault energy (SFE) and carbide precipitation on twinning. We show that the usual criteria based on the SFE only are not sufficient to characterize the twinning ability of a steel.

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García-García, V., I. Mejía, and F. Reyes-Calderón. "Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Autogenous GTAW Weld in High-Manganese Austenitic Steel Ti-Containing with Thermal Analysis." MRS Advances 3, no. 64 (2018): 3963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2019.10.

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ABSTRACTThe welding heat input has been pointed out as a main limiting factor for TWinnig Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steel weldability. Scarce research works have been focused on the study of application and effects of the Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) process in the TWIP steel, especially in higher thickness plate. In this research work was conducted a detailed analysis of a butt weld joint performed in plates of TWIP steel microalloyed with titanium (TWIP-Ti) of 6.3 mm thickness. The autogenous GTAW process with low heat input was applied. The analysis considered grain size measurements, second phases identification, post-weld mechanical properties (microhardness) and the welding thermal field. A Finite Element Model (FEM), validated through experimental results, allowed correlating metallurgical results with the thermal field. Likewise, the phases prediction carried out by means of JMatPro 9.0 software during solidification process as well as the estimation of particle precipitation were in good agreement with the experimental results. These predictive diagrams were calculated taking into account the TWIP-Ti steel chemical composition, the grain size measured in critical weld regions and experimental cooling rates. The low heat input improved the microstructural conditions in the heat affected zone (HAZ) whose average grain size and precipitate particles, like (C, N)Ti, promoted good mechanical properties as compared to the base material (as-solution condition). Some particles like Al2O3 y MnS produced microporosities in the HAZ. Despite this, the weld joint did not present hot cracking in the FZ-HAZ interface.

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Rüsing, Christian Johannes, Thomas Niendorf, Andreas Frehn, and Hans Jurgen Maier. "Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior of TWIP Steel - Effect of Grain Size." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 1603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.1603.

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The effect of different grain sizes on the fatigue performance of high manganese TWIP steel (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) in the low-cycle fatigue regime was investigated. The average grain sizes in the fine grained condition were 2 5 μm and after heat treatment in the coarse grained condition about 80 μm were obtained. Pronounced twin-dislocation interactions especially in small grains strengthen the steel during monotonic deformation. Twin boundaries act as obstacles for dislocation slip, and thus, further reduce the effective grain size, which affects the fatigue response as well. The samples were monotonically and cyclically deformed at room temperature. The results reveal that the grain size has a significant influence on the mechanical as well as on the cyclic performance. Especially under cyclic loading differences in the resulting stress levels and cyclic stability can be observed. To clarify the microstructure evolution before and after fatigue with different constant strain amplitudes the samples were analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

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29

Daamen, Markus, Silvia Richter, and Gerhard Hirt. "Microstructure Analysis of High-Manganese TWIP Steels Produced via Strip Casting." Key Engineering Materials 554-557 (June 2013): 553–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.554-557.553.

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Steels with manganese contents of more than 20% offer a new and favourable combination of material properties like high strength and high ductility. These extraordinary mechanical properties are based on the TWIP effect, which depends on the Stacking Fault Energy (SFE). But there are still problems in the conventional production of high-manganese steels, which prevents their widespread use. Both in casting and subsequent hot rolling difficulties occur, with the consequence that the production is very expensive. One alternative production process of high-manganese steels is strip casting, which basic feasibility was shown in earlier work. Strip casting allows the casting and rolling of hot strip in one combined process. In this way hot strip with a thickness of less than 3 mm could be produced. Characteristic for the strip cast material is the as-cast structure with a fine dendritic structure, which shows pronounced microsegregations with a short wavelength. The pronounced microsegregations can have an impact on the local chemical composition and thus on the dominating forming mechanisms that occur. In this work therefore the microsegregations of strip cast material are investigated by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) measurement. Besides the local element distribution, also the presence and composition of non-metallic inclusions are analysed. Especially oxides from the casting process and sulfides from the raw material are expected. Furthermore, different annealing processes for the elimination of the dendritic as-cast structure are examined. In these experiments the temperatures were varied in the range from 900 to 1150°C at annealing times from several minutes to a few hours.

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30

Jabłońska, Magdalena, Dariusz Kuc, Karina Horzelska, and Anna Śmiglewicz. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of High Manganese TWIP Steel after Thermo-Forming Processes." Solid State Phenomena 226 (January 2015): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.226.99.

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In recent years, the leading scientific centres focus their research on improvement of mechanical properties of steels used for car manufacturing. These steels belong to a so-called 2nd generation of steels showing above-the-average plasticity while maintaining high strength. Thanks to these properties, they may be used successfully in automotive, armaments or railway industries for elements absorbing energy of a collision and ensuring high rigidity of a structure owing to their resistance to breaking. These steels are called TWIP (Twinning Induced Plasticity) steels based on their hardening mechanism. In this paper, results of studies on the influence of parameters of thermo-plastic deformation on selected properties and structure of an X45MnAl20-3V austenitic steel showing the TWIP effect are presented. Moreover, an analysis of influence of the deformation on the structure of the studied steel in tensile tests has been carried out. The studied steel was manufactured by classic casting to a concast mould, obtaining ingots with dimensions of 100×100 mm, then subjected to rolling in 4 roll passes to a final thickness of 12 mm and 3 mm. The finish-rolling temperature was 950°C and the sheets were cooled in 2 media, i.e. in air and in water. It was confirmed that the studied steel belongs to the TWIP group of steels, with mechanical twinning being the prevailing process of hardening during deformation.

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31

GRAJCAR, A., and W. BOREK. "Thermo-mechanical processing of high-manganese austenitic TWIP-type steels." Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering 8, no. 4 (January 2008): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1644-9665(12)60119-8.

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32

Beal, Coline, Xavier Kleber, Damien Fabregue, and Mohamed Bouzekri. "Liquid zinc embrittlement of a high-manganese-content TWIP steel." Philosophical Magazine Letters 91, no. 4 (April 2011): 297–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09500839.2011.559177.

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33

Niendorf, Thomas, Peter Klimala, Hans J. Maier, and Andreas Frehn. "The Role of Notches on Fatigue Life of TWIP Steel in the HCF Regime." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2205.

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The present paper reports on the fatigue response of a commercial high manganese steel that features the twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) effect in the high-cycle fatigue (HCF) regime. Specifically, attention was paid to the influence of the degree of pre-deformation and notches on the damage initiation and propagation in the TWIP steel studied. As monotonic pre-deformation significantly increases the fraction of twins and concomitant the strength of the steel, the fatigue properties and notch sensitivity are altered drastically. A thorough experimental approach including mechanical testing and microstructural characterization was employed to shed light on the microstructure-mechanical properties-relationships in order to deepen the understanding of the critical damage mechanisms. The current study clearly lays out that competing mechanisms effect the fatigue response of the TWIP steel,i.e.pre-deformation leads to strengthening but also induces damage. Since both effects evolve differently upon pre-deformation, fatigue performance can be optimized by appropriate amounts of pre-deformation.

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34

Shterner, Vadim, Ilana Timokhina, Hossein Beladi, and Peter D. Hodgson. "Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Behaviour of High Manganese TWIP Steel." Materials Science Forum 773-774 (November 2013): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.773-774.257.

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The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of deformation temperature on the active deformation mechanisms in a 0.6C-18Mn-1.5Al (wt%) TWIP steel. The tensile testing was performed at different temperatures, ranging from ambient to 400°C at a constant strain rate of 10-3s-1. The microstructure characterization was carried out using a scanning electron microscopy. The deformation temperature revealed a significant effect on the active deformation mechanisms (i.e. slip versus twinning), resulting in different microstructure evolution and mechanical properties. At the room temperature, the mechanical twinning was the dominant deformation mechanism, enhancing both the strength and ductility. Dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect was observed at different deformation temperatures, though it was more pronounced at higher temperatures. The volume fraction of deformation twins significantly reduced with an increase in the deformation temperature, deteriorating the mechanical behavior. There was a transition temperature (~300°C), above which the mechanical twinning was hardly observed in the microstructure even at fracture, resulting in low ductility and strength. The current observation can be explained through the change in the stacking fault energy with the deformation temperature.

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35

Dobrzański, L. A., and W. Borek. "Structure and Properties of High-Manganese TWIP, TRIP and TRIPLEX Steels." Australian Journal of Multi-Disciplinary Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 2013): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.7158/14488388.2013.11464849.

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36

Muskalski, Zbigniew, Sylwia Wiewiórowska, and Marcin Pełka. "The Mechanical Properties and Structure Evolution for High-Manganese TWIP Steel Wires." Solid State Phenomena 199 (March 2013): 524–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.199.524.

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The increasing demand by the automotive industry has resulted in a search for materials of increasingly high mechanical properties and, at the same time, plastic deformability. These requirements are met by AHSS (Advanced High-Strength Steels) multiphase steels. The group of AHSS type steels may include: diphase (DP), TRIP-effect, hot formed (HF) martensitic, plastic formed heat treated (PFHT), and TWIP-effect steels.

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37

Beal, Coline, Xavier Kleber, Damien Fabrègue, and Mohamed Bouzekri. "Embrittlement of a High Manganese TWIP Steel in the Presence of Liquid Zinc." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2041.

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In the past decade, new steels have been developed for the automotive industry in the framework of environmental requirements. Among them, high manganese austenitic steels combining exceptional properties of strength and ductility are particularly promising. These exceptional properties stem from a fully austenitic structure at room temperature and a twinning deformation mode in addition to the classical mechanism of dislocation gliding, known as the TWinning Induced Plasticity (TWIP) effect. In this study, the cracking resistance of the Fe22Mn0.6C TWIP steel was investigated in relation to the liquid metal embrittlement (LME) phenomenon. Indeed, liquid zinc has been found to have an embrittling effect on such steels. Electro-galvanized specimens were subjected to hot tensile tests using Gleeble® thermo-mechanical simulator. The influence of different parameters such as temperature and strain rate on embrittlement was studied. The results show that this steel can be embrittled by liquid zinc within a limited range of temperature depending on strain rate. A critical stress for cracking has been defined for each embrittlement condition.

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38

Hamada, Atef S., David A. Porter, Jarkko Puustinen, and L. Pentti Karjalainen. "Study on Cyclic Strain Localization and Fatigue Fracture Mechanism in High Manganese Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steels." Materials Science Forum 762 (July 2013): 411–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.762.411.

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The fatigue cracking mechanisms of two high Mn TWinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP) steels are investigated in detail using electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Furthermore, the fracture surfaces of the fatigued steels have been studied by employing a field emission gun scanning electron microscope (FEG-SEM). The fine details of the fatigued surface topography are verified using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The results indicate that the fatigue crack embryos nucleate at an early stage of the fatigue life as a result of local straining at grain and annealing twin boundaries at sites, where persistent slip bands create dislocation piled-ups that impinge on boundaries. The EBSD measurements showed that unlike in monotonic straining, the formation of deformation twins is not observed under cyclic straining.

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39

Russo Spena, Pasquale, Manuela De Maddis, Franco Lombardi, and Fabio D’Aiuto. "Resistance Spot Welding of Advanced High Strength TWIP Steels." Applied Mechanics and Materials 423-426 (September 2013): 876–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.423-426.876.

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In this study, advanced high manganese austenitic steel sheets were welded by resistance spot welding at different welding parameters. The effects of welding current, clamping force, number of the current impulse, and duration of each current impulse were examined. Based on Taguchis method, an L-27(313) orthogonal array was employed for carrying out resistance spot welding tests. The welded sheets were subjected to tensile-shear tests in order to determine the strength of the welded joints. Basically, the results showed that tensile-shear strength increase with clamping force at the medium and high effective welding time (>400 ms). However, the occurrence of micro cracks within the welded joints may justify the scattering of tensile-shear strength values.

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40

Kozłowska, Aleksandra, Barbara Grzegorczyk, Mateusz Morawiec, and Adam Grajcar. "Explanation of the PLC Effect in Advanced High-Strength Medium-Mn Steels. A Review." Materials 12, no. 24 (December 12, 2019): 4175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12244175.

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The paper reviews the recent works concerning the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect in Advanced High-Strength Steels (AHSSs) with a special attention to high-strength medium-manganese steels. Theories explaining the mechanism of the plastic instability phenomenon in steels with medium- and high-Mn contents were discussed. The relationships between microstructural effects such as TRIP (Transformation-Induced Plasticity), TWIP (Twinning-Induced Plasticity) and the PLC effect were characterized. The effects of processing conditions including a deformation state (hot-rolled and cold-rolled) and strain parameters (deformation temperature, strain rate) were addressed. Factors affecting the value of critical strain for the activation of serrated flow behavior in particular in medium-manganese steels were described.

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41

Liang, Zhi Yuan, Ying Zhuang Liu, Xu Wang, Ren Dong Liu, and Ming Xin Huang. "Revealing the Individual Hardening Effects of Twins, Dislocations, Grain Boundaries and Solid Solution in a Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 2489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.2489.

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Manganese-rich austenitic twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels with high strength and superior ductility have received much attention in the past two decades. Tremendous efforts have been made to explore their unusual hardening behaviour which includes contributions from twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution. Nevertheless, the individual hardening effects of twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution on the high strength of TWIP steels are still unclear. In the present work, the flow stress of a TWIP steel was experimentally decomposed into the respective contributions of twins, dislocations, grain boundaries and solid solution. For the forest hardening, synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments with line profile analysis were carried out to measure the dislocation density. It is found that the yield stress of the present TWIP steel is controlled by solid solution and grain boundary hardening, which contribute to 238.3 and 238.5 MPa, respectively. After yielding, the work-hardening rate is dominated by dislocation multiplication which accounts for up to 922 MPa at a true strain of 0.4, equal to about 60% of the flow stress. In comparison, twins contribute to only 118 MPa at the same true strain, equal to about 8% of the flow stress. In other words, twins have minor effect on the flow stress, in contrast to the current understandings in the literature.

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42

Yang, Ping, Fa Yun Lu, Tong Yan Liu, Li Meng, and Wei Min Mao. "Crystallographic Behaviors of Uni-Axial Deformed High Manganese Steels." Materials Science Forum 706-709 (January 2012): 2668–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.706-709.2668.

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High manganese TRIP/TWIP steels with different Mn contents were subjected to uniaxial deformation. The textures, misorientations and orientation relationships were determined in austenite, HCP/BCC martensites and ferrite. It is observed that the mechanically stabilized austenite possesses mainly stable deformation texture, the intermediate HCP martensite possesses mainly unstable tilted basal texture and the BCC martensite possesses stable deformation texture which was actually mixed with transformation texture. Special misorientations due to either the inherence from austenite or due to twins or variant selection were main components in each phase. K-S relationship became much scattered due to slip-induced misorientations both in martensite and in parent austenite.

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43

Abramova, Marina, Arseniy Raab, Ruslan Z. Valiev, Anna Khannanova, Chong Soo Lee, Jae Nam Kim, Gyeong Hyeon Jang, et al. "Tailoring Extra-Strength of a TWIP Steel by Combination of Multi-Pass Equal-Channel Angular Pressing and Warm Rolling." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 22, 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030518.

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Increasing the yield stress of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels is a demanding task for modern materials science. This aim can be achieved by microstructure refinement induced by heavy straining. We feature the microstructural evolution and mechanical performance of a high-manganese TWIP steel subjected to deformation treatment by different combinations of equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and rolling at different temperatures. The effect of microstructure on the tensile properties of the steel subjected to the multi-pass ECAP process and to subsequent rolling is reported as well. We show that the combined deformation procedure allows us to further increase the strength of the processed workpieces due to a gradual transition from a banded structure to a heterogeneous hierarchical microstructure consisting of fragments, dislocation configurations and nano- and micro-twins colonies. Rolling of multi-pass ECAP specimens at 375 °C allowed us to achieve an extraordinary strength, the highest among all the investigated cases, while the best trade-off between yield strength and elongation to failure was reached using multi-pass ECAP followed by rolling at 500 °C. This study shows a great potential of using combined deformation techniques to enhance the mechanical performance of TWIP steels.

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44

Suh, Dong-Woo. "Critical Assessment 2: Hydrogen induced fracture in austenitic, high-manganese TWIP steel." Materials Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (April 29, 2014): 1131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743284714y.0000000566.

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45

Krüger, L., L. W. Meyer, U. Brûx, G. Frommeyer, and O. Grässel. "Stress-deformation behaviour of high manganese (AI, Si) TRIP and TWIP steels." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 110 (September 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:20020692.

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46

Khosravifard, A., A. S. Hamada, M. M. Moshksar, R. Ebrahimi, D. A. Porter, and L. P. Karjalainen. "High temperature deformation behavior of two as-cast high-manganese TWIP steels." Materials Science and Engineering: A 582 (October 2013): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2013.06.014.

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47

Niendorf, T., F. Rubitschek, H. J. Maier, J. Niendorf, H. A. Richard, and A. Frehn. "Fatigue crack growth—Microstructure relationships in a high-manganese austenitic TWIP steel." Materials Science and Engineering: A 527, no. 9 (April 2010): 2412–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2009.12.012.

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48

Busch, Christian, Ansgar Hatscher, Manuel Otto, Stefan Huinink, Milan Vucetic, Christian Bonk, Anas Bouguecha, and Bernd-Arno Behrens. "Properties and Application of High-manganese TWIP-steels in Sheet Metal Forming." Procedia Engineering 81 (2014): 939–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.121.

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49

Chen, Liqing, Yang Zhao, and Xiaomei Qin. "Some aspects of high manganese twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel, a review." Acta Metallurgica Sinica (English Letters) 26, no. 1 (January 5, 2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40195-012-0501-x.

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50

Yan, Jingru, Muyuan Zhou, Hui Wu, Xiaojun Liang, Zhao Xing, Hongbin Li, Liang Zhao, Sihai Jiao, and Zhengyi Jiang. "A Review of Key Factors Affecting the Wear Performance of Medium Manganese Steels." Metals 13, no. 7 (June 21, 2023): 1152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13071152.

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In recent years, medium manganese steels (MMSs) have garnered increased attention and interest due to their relatively low cost and superior combination properties compared to other steels. In particular, MMSs have been recognised as ideal wear-resistant materials employed in the mining industry. However, the studies on their wear performance have a lack of systematic documentation. This review provides an extensive overview of recent advances in the wear performance of MMSs, starting from discussions on applicable wear testing methods and typical wear testing results, followed by a further discussion on the wear mechanisms of MMSs based on five wear characteristics, including abrasive wear, adhesive wear, corrosive wear, fatigue wear and impact wear. The effects of hardness and hardened layers on the wear mechanisms are also discussed. Finally, the influence of phase constitution and microstructure on the wear performance of MMSs are comprehensively elaborated in terms of transformation induced plasticity (TRIP), twinning induced plasticity (TWIP), alloy elements and heat treatment. The key factors that affect the wear performance of MMSs include the elemental composition in MMSs and the phase transformation occurred during TRIP and TWIP as well as various heat treatment processes. The current review of key factors affecting the wear performance of MMSs sheds some light on new strategies to enhance the service performance and longevity of wear resistant steels in various engineering applications.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Manganese TWIP'

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