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Journal articles on the topic 'Manganese iron silicon carbides'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Shepetovskii, I. E., A. G. Shalygin, M. R. Sadradinov, R. I. Nuriev, A. S. Bliznyukov, A. R. Makavetskas, and Yu Yu Fishchenko. "Study of the scull composition in the blast furnace hearth of Kosaya Gora steel-works, producing ferromanganese with application of schungite (report 1)." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 75, no. 4 (May 18, 2019): 432–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2019-4-432-447.

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Processes of lining erosion and scull formation effect considerably the blast furnace (BF) campaign duration. Among factors, influencing the processes, impacts are distinguished, stipulated by the kind of smelted product as well as materials used for scull formation. In the BF No. 2 of Kosaya Gora steel-works within the campaign from October 1999 until November 2015, 930,000 t of high-carbon ferromanganese (mainly ФМн78 grade) and 110,000 t of foundry iron were produced. After it stoppage for overhaul, samples of the scull were picked out and studied. It was revealed, that the scull of walls of BF hearth has a laminated structure and consists of crystallization products of metal and slag melts, namely: graphite, iron carbides, manganese carbides, iron, ferromanganese, slag components. At the macro level the scull has a lamellar structure. Since during the last campaign the blast furnace apart from ferromanganese was smelting foundry iron rather long time, in the samples, picked out at the level of iron notch at some distance from the cooler, the scull metallic phase mainly consisted of iron and iron carbide. In the sample picked out at a big distance from the cooler, in the scull metallic phase the following phases were discovered by X-ray structural and Moessbauer methods: ferromanganese; complicated manganese and iron carbides, as well as α-iron. Quantity of slag components in the scull decreases in direction from iron notch level to the hearth that speaks about splitting (still in the BF hearth) slag and metallic components of the heat products. In the scull content different slag components present: silicate (38.3–47.2% SiO2) with high content of К2О + Na2O (до 32.2%), MnO (up to 7.5%) and FeO (up to 33.2%). During the quick cooling of the components on the hearth cooler, different compositions are formed: X-ray amorphous “glassy phase”, olivine composition slags of Ca(Mn,Fe,Mg)SiO4 type, wollastonite, melilite with high amount of iron and manganese. Fine inclusions of titanium nitride are presented in the scull in a small amount, as well as manganese and silicon nitrides and carbonitrides, perofskite CaTiO, the role of which is insignificant in the scull forming.

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2

Riebisch, M., B. Pustal, and A. Bührig-Polaczek. "Influence of Carbide-Promoting Elements on the Microstructure of High-Silicon Ductile Iron." International Journal of Metalcasting 14, no. 4 (March 9, 2020): 1152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40962-020-00442-1.

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Abstract Because of its low cost, steel scrap is one of the most important raw materials for the production of ductile iron (DI). The amount of carbide-promoting elements in steel scrap, such as chromium, manganese, molybdenum, niobium and vanadium, is expected to increase in the future. Most of these elements have a negative impact on the microstructure and mechanical properties of DI. The solubility of carbide-promoting elements in solid solution-strengthened DI materials, standardized in DIN EN 1563:2011, is modified by the high silicon content. For these new materials, the tolerance limits for carbide-promoting elements and their mutual influence must be known to ensure a sustainable production process. To investigate the individual and combined impact of carbide-promoting elements on the carbide content in high-silicon ductile iron EN-GJS-500-14, experimental investigations and thermodynamic–kinetic microstructure simulations were carried out. Microstructure was characterized using metallographic analysis, and quantitative relations between chemical composition and microstructure were developed by means of regression analysis. Besides this quantitative analysis, it was found that the formation of grain boundary carbides can be detected via thermal analysis. Furthermore, experiments and simulations showed that vanadium promotes the formation of chunky graphite in high-silicon DI castings.

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3

Soiński, M. S., A. Jakubus, P. Kordas, and K. Skurka. "The Effect of Aluminium on Graphitization of Cast Iron Treated with Cerium Mixture." Archives of Foundry Engineering 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afe-2014-0044.

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Abstract The work determined the influence of aluminium in the amount from about 0.6% to about 8% on graphitization of cast iron with relatively high silicon content (3.4%-3.9%) and low manganese content (about 0.1%). The cast iron was spheroidized with cerium mixture and graphitized with ferrosilicon. It was found that the degree of graphitization increases with an increase in aluminium content in cast iron up to 2.8%, then decreases. Nodular and vermicular graphite precipitates were found after the applied treatment in cast iron containing aluminium in the amount from about 1.9% to about 8%. The Fe3AlCx carbides, increasing brittleness and deteriorating the machinability of cast iron, were not found in cast iron containing up to about 6.8% Al. These carbides were revealed only in cast iron containing about 8% Al.

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4

Agarwrwal, Dhirendra, Neeraj Kumar, and A. K. Bansal. "Development of Low Cost Corrosion Resistant Fe-Cr-Mn-Mo White Cast Irons." Material Science Research India 14, no. 2 (December 25, 2017): 176–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/msri/140215.

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Cast irons are basically binary alloys of iron and carbon having carbon exceeding its maximum solid solubility in austenite but less than the carbon content of iron carbide. However, like steels, cast irons have varying quantities of silicon, manganese, phosphorus and sulphur. Silicon plays an important role in controlling the properties of cast irons and for this reason, the term cast iron is usually applied to a series of iron, carbon and silicon alloys. Special purpose cast irons include white and alloy cast irons which are mainly used for applications demanding enhanced abrasion, corrosion or heat resistance. In present study, corrosion resistant cast irons are of our interest.

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5

Yang, Ping, Chuan Qi Fu, and Zhou Wang. "Effect of Aluminum on Mechanical and Frictional Properties of Copper Cladding Iron-Based Braking Material." Advanced Materials Research 904 (March 2014): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.904.103.

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Fe-20wt%Cu-Al braking materials were prepared by induction heating sintering method combined with the Copper cladding iron matrix with various aluminum elements. Effects of Aluminum on surface morphology, Mechanical and frictional properties of Cu-Fe-based Braking Material were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), machine test and friction-wear test. Lastly suitable parameters of the process are decided. Meanwhile, wear mechanisms were discussed. The results showed that the prepared shaking materials with aluminum content of 3wt%, silicon carbide content of 5wt%, manganese and chromium content of 5wt% and copper cladding iron power content of 87wt% had excellent performance.

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6

Machado, W. V. M., J. F. Justo, and L. V. C. Assali. "Iron and manganese-related magnetic centers in hexagonal silicon carbide: A possible roadmap for spintronic devices." Journal of Applied Physics 118, no. 4 (July 28, 2015): 045704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4927293.

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7

Dmitriev, A. N., G. Yu Vit’kina, and R. V. Alektorov. "Pyrometallurgical processing of high-titaniferous ores." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information 76, no. 12 (December 23, 2020): 1219–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2020-12-1219-1229.

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The future development of Ural mineral and raw materials base of steel industry is considerably stipulated by the development of deposits of titanium-magnetite ores, the reserves of which are accounted for near 77% of iron ores of Urals. It was shown, that the content of titanium dioxide as well as harmful impurities in the titanium-magnetite have the decisive meaning for selection of processing technology of them for extraction out of them vanadium and other useful components. Technological schemes of the titanium-magnetite enrichment and industrial methods of titanium-magnetite concentrates processing considered. Examples of titanium-magnetite processing by coke-BF and coke-less schemes given. The problems of blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite ores highlighted. Main problems relate to formation of refractory compounds in a form of carbo-nitrides during reduction of titanium and infusible masses in blast furnace hearth. It was shown, that intensification if carbides precipitation is stipulated by increase of intensity of titanium reduction at increased temperatures of a heat products and requires the BF heat to be run at minimal acceptable temperature mode. Technological solutions, necessary to implement in blast furnace for iron ore raw materials with increased content of titanium processing were presented, including increase of basicity of slag from 1.2 to 1.25-1.30, increase of pressure at the blast furnace top from 1.8 to 2.2 atm, decrease of silicon content in hot metal from 0.1 to 0.05%, application of manganese-containing additives. It was noted, that theoretically the blast furnace melting of titanium-magnetite is possible at titanium dioxide content in slag up to 40% when application of the abovementioned technological solutions, silicon content in hot metal to 0.01% and very stable heat conditions of a blast furnace. The actuality of titanium and its pigmental dioxide production increase was noted. Possibilities of development of Medvedevskoje and Kopanskoje deposits of high-titaniferous ores in Chelyabinsk region with extraction not only iron and vanadium but also titanium considered.

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8

Koverzin, A. M., V. G. Schipizyn, A. V. Vaschenko, A. S. Bliznyukov, M. R. Sadradinov, A. R. Makavetskas, and Yu A. Fischenko. "Study of scull and lining in the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK (Report 1)." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 8 (September 1, 2018): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-8-17-29.

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Results of study of lining and scull of the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVEAZ ZSMK presented, done after BF stop for major overhaul. It was determined, that the scull has a zonal structure, due to different conditions of the forming of it during the furnace running and blowing-down. The scull consists of isolations of graphite, metal and slag inclusions having distinctly lamellar structure. Number of slag inclusions in the scull of the hearth walls lower the hot metal tap hole is not big and sharply arises in samples at levels above the tap hole. In metal structure within the scull ferrite (a-Fe) prevails, also there are some lamellar graphite isolations and perlite. Quantity and thickness of metal isolations in the samples increases from the scull periphery to the center of blast furnace (from 20–30% and tens of microns to 70–90% (mass) and 30–50 microns correspondently) and decreases from the lower part of the hearth wall to the upper one. Titanium nitride (osbornite) TiN and titanium oxide (rutile) TiO2, sulfides of calcium, iron, manganese, silicon carbide SiC present in the scull in a small quantity (less 2%). In samples taken higher the hot metal tap hole, in the scull slag isolations there are a considerable amount of alkali metals oxides and sulfides, and phosphide and iron sulfides were exhibited in the metal phase. It speaks about considerable evaporation/sublimation of compositions of potassium, sodium, Sulphur and phosphorus in the blast furnace hearth following by their condensation/crystallization at the cooled lining of hearth walls.

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9

Bayniyazova, Akmaral T., Marat M. Abzhaev, Elizaveta Yu Kudryashova, Ildar A. Fayzrakhmanov, and Said N. Sharifullin. "Vibroplasma hardening of the working bodies of agricultural machines." Tekhnicheskiy servis mashin, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2618-8287-2020-58-1-132-142.

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The article describes the technology of hardening the working bodies of agricultural machines based on the use of the electric spark energy and vibration arc discharges or the energy of vibroplasma. (Research purpose). The research purpose is studying of the influence of vibroplasma treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of 65G steel, which is the main material of many working bodies of agricultural machinery. (Materials and methods). The studies were carried out on samples from a coulter disk of 30x30 mm with a thickness of 2 mm. The processing was carried out at VDGU-2 technological installations of electric spark alloying in accordance with the patent of the Russian Federation No. 2655420 and vibration arc hardening. Tungsten-cobalt and copper-graphite rods with diameters of 4 and 8 mm were used as electrodes. (Results and discussion). In contrast to the initial sample, the spectrum of the relatively large area of the 65G steel sample hardened by electrospark treatment showed that cobalt (4.92 percents) and tungsten (16.83 percents) are present in the treated layer in appreciable amounts. Measurements of the elemental composition of the local processing zone showed that the main components of this region are tungsten (64.20 percents) and cobalt (7.55 percent). Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, iron, manganese, calcium, silicon, aluminum, and a number of other elements are present in the surface layer of the sample with a vibratory arc treatment, but at lower concentrations in comparison with the listed elements for the sample with electric spark treatment. It has been found that the main phases are carbide and iron oxide, as well as metallic iron. After treatment with vibroplasma, there is a so-called zone of thermal influence near the treated zone. (Conclusions). The surface layer formed by processing parts by vibroplasma represents a new composite structure consisting of three layers. The hardening of the base material in the depth of the part during electrospark machining occurs at 0.5-1.0 millimeter, with vibroplasma machining it is up to 3-4 millimeter. The microhardness of the surface layer of products increased by more than three times.

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10

Raghavan, V. "Fe-Mn-Si (Iron-Manganese-Silicon)." Journal of Phase Equilibria 15, no. 6 (December 1994): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02647625.

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11

Owhadi, A., J. Hedjazi, P. Davami, M. Fazli, and J. M. Shabestari. "Microsegregation of manganese and silicon in high manganese ductile iron." Materials Science and Technology 13, no. 10 (October 1997): 813–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1997.13.10.813.

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12

Vanden Eynde, X., J. P. Servais, and M. Lamberigts. "Thermochemical surface treatment of iron-silicon and iron-manganese alloys." Surface and Interface Analysis 33, no. 4 (2002): 322–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.1198.

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13

Li, An Min, Qi Feng Zheng, Zheng Yong Yu, Ruo Huai Chen, and Yu Wei Huang. "Occurrence and Control of Crack on Counterweight of Forklift Cast with High Manganese Pig Iron." Advanced Materials Research 1078 (December 2014): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1078.12.

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Cracks easily generate in counterweight of forklift cast with high manganese pig iron which is by-product of smelters or low-grade manganese pig iron of Guangxi province of China. The causes of cracks formation and the solutions of cracks elimination are discussed. A large amount of carbides, phosphorus eutectic, inclusions, and arsenic element distribute on grain boundary of counterweight that causes crack. The measures to solve the cracks are as following: casting process would be improved, carbides and inclusions would be refined by adding rare earth, and arsenic would be eliminated by adding dearsenic catalyst which is composed of Ca-Fe alloy and the strong reducibility based additives. The distribution of phosphorus would be improved and phosphorus eutectic would be eliminated by adding 0.08%~0.15 %( wt %) Al or 1%~2 %( wt %) Mo.

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14

Soivio, Kaisu. "Austempering Experiments of Production Grade Silicon Solution Strengthened Ductile Iron." Materials Science Forum 925 (June 2018): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.925.239.

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Austempered ductile iron provides a feasible way to produce high strength components. However, in heat treatments resulting in highest strengths some of the ductility is lost due to formation of bainitic carbides. The role of silicon in inhibiting the formation of iron carbides in as-cast ductile irons as well as its solution strengthening effect is well known and acknowledged in industry. The effect of silicon on austemperability, resulting microstructures, and mechanical properties of austempered ductile irons with silicon contents with 3.4-3.8 w-% was researched. Quenching and austempering heat treatments were carried out for production grade silicon solution strengthened ductile irons EN GJS 500-14. Results indicate, that it is possible to manufacture a fully ausferritic structure into a silicon solution strengthened matrix and indeed good ductility can be achieved in combination with ultimate tensile strength of 1600 MPa. Segregation of silicon reduces the solubility of carbon into the matrix especially close to the graphite nodules which reduce the stability of carbon stabilized austenite and leads into compromised machinability.

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15

Reislöhner, U., S. Schwarz, and W. Witthuhn. "Iron-, Manganese- and Chromium-Indium Pairs in Silicon." Materials Science Forum 117-118 (January 1993): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.117-118.147.

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16

Raghavan, V. "Al-Fe-Mn-Si (Aluminum-Iron-Manganese-Silicon)." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 28, no. 2 (May 8, 2007): 215–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-007-9034-9.

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17

Raghavan, V. "Al-Fe-Mn-Si (Aluminum-Iron-Manganese-Silicon)." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 32, no. 3 (February 23, 2011): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-011-9866-1.

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18

Yip, Mum Wai, Stuart Barnes, and Ahmed A. D. Sarhan. "Effects of Laser Cladding of Silicon Carbides Particles and Iron Based Powder." Applied Mechanics and Materials 548-549 (April 2014): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.548-549.289.

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The objective of this study was to develop clad layer by producing a Silicon Carbide (SiC) particle reinforced Metal Matrix Composite (MMC) using the iron based alloys (P25) as the matrix material. Direct laser cladding was carried out by melting the clad materials and depositing them onto a mild steel substrate. A two gravity feed system was used in this study which contained of SiC particles and iron based powder as separate powders. The intention was to melt the iron based powder and incorporate the SiC particles. Decomposition of SiC particles was observed and only a few SiC particles were found in the clad matrix. Microhardness results showed that laser clad layer had higher hardness which more than 1000 HV and hence potentially better wear resistance that base material. However, most of the SiC had evaporated which created porosity in the melt pool due to the decomposition of SiC and the resultant gas which was trapped in clad layer did not have enough time to escape from the melt pool due to the rapid solidification. Therefore, a blown powder technique is recommended for overcome this problem.

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19

Panteleeva, Viktoria V., Ilya S. Votinov, Igor S. Polkovnikov, and Anatoliy В. Shein. "КИНЕТИКА КАТОДНОГО ВЫДЕЛЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА НА МОНОСИЛИЦИДЕ МАРГАНЦА В СЕРНОКИСЛОМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТЕ." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 21, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/1153.

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Методами поляризационных и импедансных измерений изучена кинетика реакции выделения водорода на MnSi-электроде в сернокислых растворах с различной концентрацией ионов водорода. Сделано предположение о механизме выделения водорода на силициде. Отмечено влияние тонкой оксидной пленки на кинетику выделения водорода на MnSi при невысоких катодных поляризациях. REFERENCES Rotinyan A. L., Tikhonov K. I., Shoshina I. A. Teoreticheskaya elektrokhimiya [Theoretical Electrochemistry]. Leningrad, Khimiya Publ., 1981, 424 p. (in Russ.) Antropov L. I. Teoreticheskaya elektrokhimiya [Theoretical Electrochemistry]. Мoscow, Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1984, 519 p. (in Russ.) Shamsul Huq A. K. M., Rosenberg A. J. J. Electrochemical behavior of nickel compounds. Electrochem. Soc. , 1964, v. 111(3), p. 270. https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2426107 Vijh A. K., Belanger G., Jacques R. Electrochemical reactions oh iron silicide surfaces in sulphuric acid. Materials Chemistry and Physics, 1988, v. 20(6), pp. 529–538. https://doi.org/10.1016/0254-0584(88)90086-7 Vijh A. K., Belanger G., Jacques R. Electrochemical activity of silicides of some transition metals for the hydrogen evolution reaction in acidic solutions. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 1990, v. 15(11), pp. 789–794. DOI: 10.1016/0360-3199(90)90014-P Shein A. B. Elektrokhimiya silitsidov i germanidov perekhodnykh metallov [Electrochemistry of silicides and germanides of transition metals]. Perm‘, Perm. gos. un-t Publ., 2009, 269 p. (in Russ.) Vigdorovich V. I., Tsygankova L. E., Gladysheva I. E., Kichigin V. I. Kinetics of hydrogen evolution from acidic solutions on pressed micro graphite electrodes modifi ed with carbon nanotubes. II. Impedance studies. Protection of Metals and Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, 2012, v. 48(4), pp. 438–443. https://doi.org/10.1134/S2070205112040181 Meyer S., Nikiforov A. V., Petrushina I. M., Kohler K., Christensen E., Jensen J. O., Bjerrum N. J. Transition metal carbides (WC, Mo2C, TaC, NbC) as potential electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at medium temperatures. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2015, v. 40(7), pp. 2905–2911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.12.076 Kichigin V. I., Shein A. B., Shamsutdinov A. Sh. The kinetics of cathodic hydrogen evolution on iron monosilicide in acid and alkaline solutions. Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy [Condensed Matter and Interphases], 2016, v. 18(3), pp. 326–337. URL: https://journals.vsu.ru/kcmf/article/view/140/98 (in Russ.) Eftekhari A. Electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2017, v. 42(16), pp. 11053–11077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.02.125 Schalenbach M., Speck F. D., Ledendecker M., Kasian O., Goehl D., Mingers A. M., Breitbach B., Springer H., Cherevko S., Mayrhofer K. J. J. Nickelmolybdenum alloy catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction: Activity and stability revised. Electrochimica Acta, 2018, v. 259, pp. 1154–1161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.069 Kuz’minykh M. M., Panteleeva V. V., Shein A. B. Cathodic hydrogen evolution on iron disilicide. II. Acidic solution. Izvestiya vuzov. Khimiya i khim. tekhnologiya, 2019, v. 62(2), pp. 59–64. https://doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt. 20196202.5750 (in Russ.) Samsonov G. V., Dvorina L. A., Rud’ B.M. Silitsidy [Silicides]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1979, 272 p. (in Russ.) Samsonov G. V., Vinitskii I. M. Tugoplavkie soedineniya [Refractory compounds]. Moscow, Metallurgiya Publ., 1976, 560 p. (in Russ.) Yamasaki T., Okada S., Kamamoto K., Kudou K. Crystal Growth and properties of manganese-silicon system compounds by high-temperature tin solution method. Pacific Science Review, 2012, v. 14(3), pp. 275. Lee M., Onose Y., Tokura Y., Ong N. P. Hidden constant in the anomalous Hall effect of high-purity magnet MnSi. Phys. Rev. B., 2007, v. 75(17), p. 172403. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.75.172403 Neubauer A., Pfl eiderer C., Binz B., Rosch A., Ritz R., Niklowitz P. G., Boni P. Topological Hall effect in the a phase of MnSi. Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, v. 102(18), pp. 186602. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.186602 Sukhotin A. M. Spravochnik po elektrokhimii [Handbook of electrochemistry]. Leningrad, Khimiya Publ., 1981, 488 p. (in Russ.) Zhang X. G. Electrochemistry of silicon and its oxide. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 2001. 510 p. Xu X., Bojkov H., Goodman D. W. Electrochemical study of ultrathin silica fi lms supported on a platinum substrate. J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1994, v. A12(4), pp. 1882–1885. https://doi.org/10.1116/1.579022 Harrington D. A., Conway B. E. ac Impedance of Faradaic reactions involving electrosorbed intermediates — I. Kinetic theory. Electrochim. Acta, v. 32(12), pp. 1703–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4686(87)80005-1 Orazem M. E., Tribollet B. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. J. Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, New York, 2008, 533 p. Kichigin V. I., Sherstobitova I. N., Shein A. B. Impedans elektrokhimicheskikh i korrozionnykh sistem: ucheb. posobie po spetskursu [The impedance of electrochemical and corrosion systems: textbook. special course allowance]. Perm’, Perm. gos. un-t Publ., 2009, 239 p. (in Russ.) Kichigin V. I., Shein A. B. Diagnostic criteria for hydrogen evolution mechanisms in electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochemica Acta, 2014, v. 138, pp. 325–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.114 Kichigin V. I., Shein A. B. Additional criteria for the mechanism of hydrogen evolution reaction in the impedance spectroscopy method. Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta. Ser. Khimiya, 2018, v. 8, iss. 3, pp. 316–324. https://doi.org/10.17072/2223-1838-2018-3-316-324 (in Russ.) Kichigin V. I., Shein A. B. Infl uence of hydrogen absorption on the potential dependence of the Faradaic impedance parameters of hydrogen evolution reaction. Electrochemica Acta, 2016, v. 201, pp. 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.03.194

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Tęcza, G., and J. Głownia. "Resistance to Abrasive Wear and Volume Fraction of Carbides in Cast High-manganese Austenitic Steel with Composite Structure." Archives of Foundry Engineering 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/afe-2015-0092.

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Abstract Cast Hadfield steel is characterised by high abrasion resistance, provided, however, that it is exposed to the effect of dynamic loads. During abrasion without loading, e.g. under the impact of loose sand jet, its wear resistance drops very drastically. To increase the abrasion resistance of this alloy under the conditions where no pressure is acting, primary vanadium carbides are formed in the metallurgical process, to obtain a composite structure after the melt solidification. The primary, very hard, carbides uniformly distributed in the austenitic matrix are reported to double the wear resistance of samples subjected to the effect of a silicon carbide-water mixture.

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21

Raghavan, V. "Al-Fe-Mg-Mn-Si (Aluminum-Iron-Magnesium-Manganese-Silicon)." Journal of Phase Equilibria and Diffusion 28, no. 2 (May 8, 2007): 221–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11669-007-9036-7.

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22

Källén, Malin, Magnus Rydén, Anders Lyngfelt, and Tobias Mattisson. "Chemical-looping combustion using combined iron/manganese/silicon oxygen carriers." Applied Energy 157 (November 2015): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.03.136.

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Filonenko, N. Y., O. I. Babachenko, G. A. Kononenko, and K. G. Domina. "Solubility of carbon, manganese and silicon in γ-iron of Fe-Mn-Si-C alloys." Physics and Chemistry of Solid State 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 525–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15330/pcss.21.3.525-529.

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The study was performed on alloys with a carbon content of 0,37-0,57 % (wt.), silicon 0,23-0,29 % (wt.), manganese 0,7-0,86 % (wt.), the rest– iron. To determine the phase composition of alloys used microstructural, microanalysis and X-ray analysis. In addition, the physical characteristics of the alloys studied in this paper were determined, such as alloy chemical dependence of extension and contraction ratio, impact toughness and hardness. The results obtained in this paper showed that the iron-based alloy with the content of carbon of 0.57 % (wt.), silicon of 0.28 % (wt.) and manganese of 0.86 % (wt.)) had the superior microstructure and physical properties. It was determined that after a number of crystallization and phase transformation the alloy phase structure includes two phases: a-iron and cement magnesium doping Fe2.7Mn0,3C.. For the first time using the method quasichemistry received an expression of the free energy of a γ-iron alloyed with silicon and magnesium, and determined the solubility limit of carbon, manganese and silicon. The maximum content in γ-iron can reach: carbon 6,8 % (at.), manganese – 67,5 % (at.), silicon – 2,3 % (at.).

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Darvishi, Alireza, Ali Maleki, Mehdi Mazar Atabaki, and Mohammad Zargami. "The mutual effect of iron and manganese on microstructure and mechanical properties of aluminium –silicon alloy." Metalurgija-Journal of Metallurgy 16, no. 1 (March 31, 2010): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30544/383.

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The effect of iron and manganese concentration on the morphology of complex intermetallics and their influence on the mechanical properties and microstructure has been studied in an Al-16.67 wt. % Si alloy with three content of iron (0.4, 1.2, 1.8 wt.%), and two different content of manganese, i.e. 0.6 and 0.9 wt.%. The intermetallic compounds are formed at high iron contents or at high concentrations of manganese with low iron. The microstructural investigation by Clemex software showed that the biggest intermetallic size reached the surface area of 12750 μm2, when the amount of iron was increased from 1.2% to 1.8% wt.%. It was also showed that the volume fraction of intermetallic compounds increases as the iron and manganese content increases. Formation of complex intermetallic phases with iron adversely affects tensile strength decreasing from 229MPa with 0.4 wt.% of iron to 187MPa when iron content was increased to 1.8 wt.%.

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Коverzin, A. M., V. G. Schipizyn, A. V. Vaschenko, A. S. Bliznyukov, M. R. Sadradinov, А. R. Makavetskas, and Yu A. Fischenko. "Study of scull and lining in the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK (Report 2)." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 9 (September 25, 2018): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-9-9-24.

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Results of study of scull and lining composition from the hearth of blast furnace No. 2 of JSC EVRAZ ZSMK after stop for capital overhaul quoted. It was determined, that due to microprobe chemical analysis data, considerable quantity different minerals and metals can be discovered in the scull and in the lining. But chemical analysis of averaged samples and their X-ray structure analysis allows to state, that the scull is formed during crystallization of heat products – cast iron and slag. Therefore the scull base is the following:– metal, in the content of which α-Fe prevails with iron carbides (Fe3C) inclusions, complicated carbides of variable composition (FeхSiyCz), iron and graphite sulfides and phosphides, as a rule, of laminar structure;– graphite in the form of separate phase;– slag components, melilite and anorthite being the base of them (minerals, formed during crystallization of slag of blast furnace heat).At the level of hot metal tap hole and higher the scull and lining are saturated by alkaline metals accompanied by forming leucite, caliofilite, calcilite, zinc (zinc oxide, ganit, willemite in samples), sulphur with forming of sulphides, phosphor (iron phosphides in metal, apatite in slag). Lower the level of tap hole the number of slag inclusions in the scull is not considerable, zinc and alkaline metals were not discovered.In all the samples content of silicon, silicon carbide, carbides, nitrides, titanium carbonitrides in total does not reach level of 5%.

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26

VERMA, T. S., and R. S. MINHAS. "EFFECT OF IRON AND MANGANESE INTERACTION ON PADDY YIELD AND IRON AND MANGANESE NUTRITION IN SILICON-TREATED AND UNTREATED SOILS." Soil Science 147, no. 2 (February 1989): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198902000-00006.

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27

Dashevskii, V. Ya, A. M. Katsnelson, N. N. Makarova, K. V. Grigorovitch, and V. I. Kashin. "Deoxidation Equilibrium of Manganese and Silicon in Liquid Iron-Nickel Alloys." ISIJ International 43, no. 10 (2003): 1487–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.43.1487.

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28

Oh, J. M., and M. J. McNallan. "Kinetics of Oxidation Induced Transformations in Iron‐Manganese‐Nickel‐Silicon Alloys." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 134, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): 1010–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2100557.

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29

Cho, Yong S., and Vasantha R. W. Amarakoon. "Nanoscale Coating of Silicon and Manganese on Ferrimagnetic Yttrium Iron Garnets." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 79, no. 10 (August 9, 2005): 2755–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1996.tb09044.x.

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30

Jang, Jung-Mock, June-Yong Eom, Min Jiang, Min-Kyu Paek, and Jong-Jin Pak. "Nitrogen Solubility in Liquid Manganese Alloys Containing Silicon, Iron and Carbon." ISIJ International 53, no. 5 (2013): 768–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.53.768.

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31

Shulman, Alexander, Erik Cleverstam, Tobias Mattisson, and Anders Lyngfelt. "Manganese/Iron, Manganese/Nickel, and Manganese/Silicon Oxides Used in Chemical-Looping With Oxygen Uncoupling (CLOU) for Combustion of Methane." Energy & Fuels 23, no. 10 (October 15, 2009): 5269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef9005466.

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32

Hasenclever, Jochen. "The Important Role of Dissolved Elements (Mn, Fe) in the Process of Rolled Products and Their Effects on Final Properties." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 1447–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.1447.

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The important role of dissolved elements, such as manganese or iron, in the production process of rolled material was in the focus of this investigation. In the AlMn-alloys the content of manganese in solid solution is first controlled by other alloying elements such as silicon and iron. The addition of silicon or / and iron reduces the level of manganese in solid solution in the as-cast condition as well as in the following preheating process step. Another major parameter is the final annealing treatment of the rolled products. The preheating treatment and the final annealing are the key parameters to control the level of manganese in solid solution and the size and distribution of the fine dispersoids. In the AlFe-series alloys the iron content in solid solution is first controlled by the casting process DC or CC and the amount of iron in the alloy composition. In the as-cast condition the dissolved iron level is normally higher in the CC-material than in the DC-material. The intermediate annealing treatment also has a great influence on the content of iron in solid solution. They recovery and recrystallisation behaviour is controlled by the content of manganese or iron in solid solution. The precipitation of manganese or iron during thermal treatment leads to optimum dislocation pinning and results in a high thermal stability. On the other hand, if the precipitation of manganese or iron interacts with the occurence of recrystallisation, the resulting grain structure can show coarse grain.

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33

Oliveira, Ralph Werner Heringer, Gilberto Fernandes, Fabiano Carvalho Sousa, and Rairane Aparecida Barreto. "Chemical and mineralogical characterization of silicon manganese iron slag as railway ballast." REM - International Engineering Journal 70, no. 4 (December 2017): 385–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672017700019.

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34

Paek, Min-Kyu, Won-Kyu Lee, Jinan Jin, Jung-Mock Jang, and Jong-Jin Pak. "Thermodynamic Interactions Among Carbon, Silicon and Iron in Carbon Saturated Manganese Melts." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 50, no. 1 (January 25, 2012): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2012.50.1.045.

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35

Arutyunyan, N. A., A. I. Zaitsev, N. G. Shaposhnikov, and S. F. Dunaev. "The thermodynamic properties of solid solutions of manganese and iron in silicon." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 84, no. 9 (January 2010): 1498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024410090086.

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36

Dashevskii, Viktor, Aleksandr Aleksandrov, Akim Kanevskii, and Leopold Leont’ev. "Deoxidation Equilibria of Manganese, Silicon, and Aluminum in Iron-Nickel-Chromium Melts." Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B 47, no. 3 (March 3, 2016): 1839–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0609-x.

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37

Bai, Shansong, Guangyan Tian, Linlin Gong, Qingguo Tang, Junping Meng, Xinhui Duan, and Jinsheng Liang. "Mesoporous manganese silicate composite adsorbents synthesized from high-silicon iron ore tailing." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 159 (July 2020): 543–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2020.04.038.

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38

Faria, Jorge M. S., Dora Martins Teixeira, Ana Paula Pinto, Isabel Brito, Pedro Barrulas, and Mário Carvalho. "Aluminium, Iron and Silicon Subcellular Redistribution in Wheat Induced by Manganese Toxicity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 19, 2021): 8745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188745.

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Acidic soils can promote the bioavailability of Al, Mn, and Fe to toxic levels, reducing crop growth and productivity. Symptoms of metal excess/deficit are dependent on the chemical composition of the soil solution and of plant tissues. In the present study, the concentration and subcellular distribution of Al, Mn, Fe, and Si (known to alleviate metal stress) were quantified through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) in roots and shoots of wheat grown in acidic soils with rising levels of Mn. In control acidic soil, wheat showed high concentrations of Al, Mn, and Fe. After Mn supplementation, bioavailable Al, Fe, and Si levels increased in the soil solution, but plant uptake ratio decreased. Root Mn levels increased, while those of Al, Fe, and Si decreased. Although elements were increasingly translocated to the shoot, root Al and Fe concentrations were 10-fold higher than those in the shoot. At the highest Mn concentration supplied, Al, Fe, and Si proportions increased in the organelles, while Mn proportion increased in the vacuole. High bioavailable Mn levels disrupt metal homeostasis in wheat grown in acidic soils, influencing element subcellular distribution. Symptoms of metal toxicity result from interactions between several elements, and therefore a comprehensive chemical analysis of soil solution and plant tissues contributes to a more accurate understanding of their uptake dynamics and their agronomic implications.

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39

Yang, Yun Long, Zhan Yi Cao, Zhen Song Lian, and Hai Xia Yu. "A Study on Microstructure of Ductile Ni-Resist Cast Iron for Exhaust Manifolds and Mechanical Property at the Condition of Altermative Thermal Cycles." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.95.

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The kind of ductile Ni-resist cast iron which will be used to exploit the exhaust manifold in First Automotive Works mainly contains up to 29 wt% Nickel, 4.9 wt% silicon and 1.7 wt% chromium. The main part of this study focused on the microstructure characterization of the as-cast condition and mechanical property at the condition of alternative thermal cycles. In the cast state, the alloy consists of the austentic matrix and carbides. The carbides contain M6C and M7C3. And FeNi3phase is found in the austentic matrix. After alternative thermal cycles at 900 , the hardness value gradually descends from 203 HV to 170 HV.

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40

Efremenko, Vasily, Roman Kussa, Ivan PETRYSHYNETS, Kazumichi SHIMIZU, František KROMKA, Vadym ZURNADZHY, and Victoria GAVRILOVA. "Element partitioning in low-carbon Si2Mn2CrMoVNb TRIP-assisted steel in intercritical temperature range." Acta Metallurgica Slovaca 26, no. 3 (September 3, 2020): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36547/ams.26.3.554.

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The present paper is aimed at the study of the kinetics of Mn, Si, Cr partitioning in 0.2wt%C-Si2Mn2CrMoVNb TRIP-assisted steel under the annealing at 770 oC and 830 oC to be within the intercritical temperature range. The work was fulfilled using SEM, EDX, dilatometry, and hardness measurements. It was found that under heating a redistribution of the alloying elements between ferrite and austenite took place. Specifically, silicon partitioned to ferrite while chromium diffused to austenite with distribution coefficient values of 1.12-1.21 (KSi) and 0.75-0.86 (KCr). Manganese was found to partition to a much greater extent resulting in a distribution coefficient of KMn=0.38-0.50 and 2.6 times higher concentration in austenite as compared to ferrite. As annealing temperature raised from 770 oC to 830 oC the elemental partitioning was accelerated, followed by the decrease in manganese content in austenite (by 1.44 time) and ferrite (by 1.34 time) caused by an increase in austenite volume fraction. Silicon featured uneven distribution within ferrite to be accumulated at the “martensite/ferrite” interface and near ferrite grain boundaries, while manganese was concentrated in MC carbides. The recommendation for annealing holding was formulated based on elemental partitioning kinetics.

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41

Schaaf, P., S. Wiesen, and U. Gonser. "Mössbauer study of iron carbides: Cementite (Fe, M)3C (M = Cr, Mn) with various manganese and chromium contents." Acta Metallurgica et Materialia 40, no. 2 (February 1992): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-7151(92)90311-2.

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42

Kosdauletov, N., and V. E. Roshchin. "Definition of conditions of selective iron reduction from iron-manganese ore." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-952-959.

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The article presents thermodynamic modeling results of reduction roasting of ferromanganese ore with a high phosphorus content in the presence of solid carbon. The modeling was carried out using TERRA software package. Influence of the process temperature in the range 950 – 1300 K and carbon content in the amount of 8.50 – 8.85 g per 100 g of ore on reduction of iron, manganese and phosphorus was investigated. With these parameters of the system, iron is reduced by both solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO to the metallic state, and manganese is reduced only to MnO oxide. The degree of phosphorus reduction depends on the amount of reducing agent. With an excess of carbon relative to the reduction of iron, all phosphorus is converted into metal at a temperature of 1150 K. Phosphorus is not reduced at temperatures below 1150 K and such amount of carbon. The process of solid-phase reduction of iron from manganese ore with the preservation of manganese in the oxide phase was researched in laboratory conditions. Experimental results of direct reduction of these elements with carbon and indirect reduction with carbon monoxide CO are presented. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory Tamman furnace at a temperature of 1000 – 1300 °C and holding time of 1 and 3 hours. Results of the research of phase composition of the reduction products, as well as chemical composition of the phases are considered. The possibility of selective solid-phase reduction of iron with solid carbon to the metallic state was confirmed. Iron in the studied conditions is reduced by carbon monoxide CO and passes into magnetic part. During the magnetic separation of the products of ore reduction roasting with solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO, the non-magnetic part contains oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium. The work results can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of ferromanganese ores, which are not processed by existing technologies.

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43

Kosdauletov, N., and V. E. Roshchin. "Definition of conditions of selective iron reduction from iron-manganese ore." Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 63, no. 11-12 (January 3, 2021): 952–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2020-11-12-952-959.

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The article presents thermodynamic modeling results of reduction roasting of ferromanganese ore with a high phosphorus content in the presence of solid carbon. The modeling was carried out using TERRA software package. Influence of the process temperature in the range 950 – 1300 K and carbon content in the amount of 8.50 – 8.85 g per 100 g of ore on reduction of iron, manganese and phosphorus was investigated. With these parameters of the system, iron is reduced by both solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO to the metallic state, and manganese is reduced only to MnO oxide. The degree of phosphorus reduction depends on the amount of reducing agent. With an excess of carbon relative to the reduction of iron, all phosphorus is converted into metal at a temperature of 1150 K. Phosphorus is not reduced at temperatures below 1150 K and such amount of carbon. The process of solid-phase reduction of iron from manganese ore with the preservation of manganese in the oxide phase was researched in laboratory conditions. Experimental results of direct reduction of these elements with carbon and indirect reduction with carbon monoxide CO are presented. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory Tamman furnace at a temperature of 1000 – 1300 °C and holding time of 1 and 3 hours. Results of the research of phase composition of the reduction products, as well as chemical composition of the phases are considered. The possibility of selective solid-phase reduction of iron with solid carbon to the metallic state was confirmed. Iron in the studied conditions is reduced by carbon monoxide CO and passes into magnetic part. During the magnetic separation of the products of ore reduction roasting with solid carbon and carbon monoxide CO, the non-magnetic part contains oxides of manganese, silicon and calcium. The work results can be used in development of theoretical and technological foundations for the processing of ferromanganese ores, which are not processed by existing technologies.

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44

Oki, Takeo, Takao Choh, and Atsushi Hibino. "Wettability of Aluminium against SiC and Effects of Silicon, Manganese, Iron and Copper." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 49, no. 12 (1985): 1131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet1952.49.12_1131.

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45

Xie, Hui, and Franz Oeters. "Kinetics of mass transfer of manganese and silicon between liquid iron and slags." Steel Research 66, no. 12 (December 1995): 501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/srin.199501162.

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46

van Steenberg, Michael E., and J. Michael Shull. "Galactic interstellar abundance surveys with IUE. III - Silicon, manganese, iron, sulfur, and zinc." Astrophysical Journal 330 (July 1988): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/166525.

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47

Zhang, Xue, Cauê Corrêa da Silva, Siyuan Zhang, Manoj Prabhakar, Wenjun Lu, Alexandra Vogel, and Michael Rohwerder. "Investigation of selective oxidation during cooling of hot-rolled iron-manganese-silicon alloys." Corrosion Science 186 (July 2021): 109466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2021.109466.

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48

Stoian, Elena Valentina, Vasile Bratu, Cristiana Maria Enescu, and Dan Nicolae Ungureanu. "Researches Regarding the Influence of Alloying Elements on the Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Graphite Cast Iron." Scientific Bulletin of Valahia University - Materials and Mechanics 16, no. 15 (October 1, 2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bsmm-2018-0012.

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Abstract Aim of the study is to present the technological process of obtaining cast iron with lamellar graphite for use in the manufacture of cylinder liners, and to identify the main alloying elements and track their influence on the mechanical properties of cast iron with lamellar graphite. Also paper presents analysis of 20 batches of cast iron with lamellar graphite, which are made of cylinder liners, in terms of chemical composition and the mechanical properties. After the analysis of the 20 castings of cast iron Fc 250 it is observed that: the increase in the carbon content shows a decrease of the tensile strength and hardness of the gray cast iron; the increase in silicon content shows a decrease in hardness and tensile strength. Decreasing the amount of graphite and especially the alloy of silicon iron lead to hardness increase 1% Si increases hardness by 50 HB). A statistical analysis has been performed on the data obtained that accounts for changes in alloying additions. A modeling and optimization of mechanical properties (tensile strength and hardness) was performed according to the percentages of carbon, silicon and manganese. Mathematical modeling found that the hardness and traction resistance of the cast iron decreased with the increase in carbon, silicon and manganese content.

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49

Miller, P. M. "Physiological responses of Vaccinium vitis-idaea to high tissue concentrations of manganese." Canadian Journal of Botany 65, no. 8 (August 1, 1987): 1643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b87-225.

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Photosynthetic rates, dry moss accumulation, leaf number per shoot, stem length, and tissue element concentrations were measured in Vaccinium vitis-idaea growing in tussock tundra at Toolik Lake, Alaska. Manganese concentrations of 6 800 – 12 300 μg/g dry mass in leaf tissue of V. vitis-idaea did not affect photosynthetic rates, dry mass, or leaf number when compared with plants containing 18–1500 μg manganese/g dry mass. Tissue analysis indicated possible substitution of manganese for magnesium and inhibition of uptake and (or) translocation of calcium, iron, manganese, silicon, and aluminum. High concentrations of calcium and the high correlation between manganese and silicon concentrations suggest that these elements may play a role in manganese tolerance observed in V. vitis-idaea.

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50

Dangi, Bhupinder, Tyson W. Brown, and Kaustubh N. Kulkarni. "Effect of silicon, manganese and nickel present in iron on the intermetallic growth at iron - aluminum alloy interface." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 769 (November 2018): 777–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2018.07.364.

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