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Journal articles on the topic 'Mandibular condylar cartilage'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Yokota, T., H. Shimokawa, S. Shibata, K. Itoh, Y. Baba, K. Ohya, K. Ohyama, and S. Suzuki. "Insulin-like Growth Factor I Regulates Apoptosis in Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 2 (February 2008): 159–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700216.

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Endogenous insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is known to affect the growth and development of condylar cartilage. However, the critical effect of IGF-I on cell survival is still unknown. We hypothesized that endogenous IGF-I could regulate the survival of cells of the mandibular condylar cartilage. Mandibular condyles dissected from 12-day-old rats were cultured for 1, 3, and 5 days in medium containing antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) for IGF-I. Real-time RT-PCR analysis showed that the levels of IGF-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP)3 mRNAs in the AS-ODN group were significantly decreased. After 3 days’ culture, the number of necrotic cells was observed in the undifferentiated mesenchymal cell layer. These cells were TUNEL-positive and confirmed to be apoptotic by electron microscopic observation. Immunoblotting revealed that expression of cleaved caspase3 was increased with AS-ODN. These results may suggest that the cells in the undifferentiated mesenchymal cell layer of the mandibular condyle require IGF-I for survival.

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2

Tang, G. H., A. B. M. Rabie, and U. Hägg. "Indian Hedgehog: A Mechanotransduction Mediator in Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 5 (May 2004): 434–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300516.

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Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is a critical mediator transducing mechanical signals to stimulate chondrocyte proliferation. To clarify the cellular signal transduction pathway that senses and converts mechanical signals into tissue growth in mandibular condyle, we evaluated Ihh expression and its relation to the kinetics of replicating mesenchymal cells in condylar cartilage during natural growth and mandibular advancement. Thirty-five-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with functional appliances. Experimental animals with matched controls were doubly labeled with iododeoxyuridine and bromodeoxyuridine so that we could evaluate the cycles of the proliferative mesenchymal cells. Mandibular advancement triggered Ihh expression in condylar cartilage. A higher level of Ihh expression coincided with the increase of the replicating mesenchymal cells’ population and the shortening of the turnover time. These findings suggested that Ihh acts as a mediator of mechanotransduction that converts mechanical signals resulting from anterior mandibular displacement to stimulate cellular proliferation in condylar cartilage.

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3

Sá, Milena Peixoto Nogueira de, Jacqueline Nelisis Zanoni, Carlos Luiz Fernandes de Salles, Fabrício Dias de Souza, Uhana Seifert Guimarães Suga, and Raquel Sano Suga Terada. "Morphometric evaluation of condylar cartilage of growing rats in response to mandibular retractive forces." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 18, no. 4 (August 2013): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2176-94512013000400016.

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INTRODUCTION: The mandibular condylar surface is made up of four layers, i.e., an external layer composed of dense connective tissue, followed by a layer of undifferentiated cells, hyaline cartilage and bone. Few studies have demonstrated the behavior of the condylar cartilage when the mandible is positioned posteriorly, as in treatments for correcting functional Class III malocclusion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the morphologic and histological aspects of rat condyles in response to posterior positioning of the mandible. METHODS: Thirty five-week-old male Wistar rats were selected and randomly divided into two groups: A control group (C) and an experimental group (E) which received devices for inducing mandibular retrusion. The animals were euthanized at time intervals of 7, 21 and 30 days after the experiment had began. For histological analysis, total condylar thickness was measured, including the proliferative, hyaline and hypertrophic layers, as well as each layer separately, totaling 30 measurements for each parameter of each animal. RESULTS: The greatest difference in cartilage thickness was observed in 21 days, although different levels were observed in the other periods. Group E showed an increase of 39.46% in the total layer, reflected by increases in the thickness of the hypertrophic (42.24%), hyaline (46.92%) and proliferative (17.70%) layers. CONCLUSIONS: Posteriorly repositioning the mandible produced a series of histological and morphological responses in the condyle, suggesting condylar and mandibular adaptation in rats.

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4

Oyonarte, Rodrigo, Mariana Zárate, and Francisco Rodriguez. "Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Stimulation of Condylar Growth in Rats." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 5 (September 1, 2009): 964–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/080708-414.1.

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Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) stimulation does not histologically affect the growth of mandibular condylar cartilage. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five 20-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to experimental and control groups. Experimental rats were stimulated with LIPUS in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) region unilaterally, for 10 or 20 minutes for 20 days. After euthanasia, histological specimens were analyzed qualitatively and histomorphometrically at the anterior and posterior aspects of the mandibular condyle, including the condylar cartilage and the area and perimeter of subchondral bony trabeculae. Results: LIPUS stimulation may alter the histological arrangement of the condylar bone and cartilage, showing qualitative differences on specimens treated for 10 or 20 minutes daily compared with controls. Cartilaginous layer thickness was not affected by LIPUS stimulation to a significant level, but was modified at the relative layer thickness within the cartilage at the anterior aspect of the condyle (P < .05). At the subchondral bone level, 20-minute stimulation significantly increases trabecular perimeter (P = .01). Conclusions: LIPUS application may affect mandibular growth pattern in rats acting at the cartilage and bone level. The effect of LIPUS on the growing condyle is expressed through a variation in trabecular shape and perimeter. A greater response is achieved when stimulated for 20 minutes instead of 10 minutes daily.

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5

Lyros, Ioannis, Despoina Perrea, Konstantinos Tosios, Nikolaos Nikitakis, Ioannis A. Tsolakis, Efstratios Ferdianakis, Eleni Fora, et al. "Histological and Biochemical Analysis after Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 11 (November 10, 2022): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9110625.

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The present study aimed to investigate any biochemical and histological changes of the rat condyle and mandible in animals that had sustained mandibular growth restriction. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental and control. Each group consisted of three equal subgroups. The animals were sacrificed 30, 60, and 90 days after the start of the experiment. Blood samples were collected from the eye, and the osteoprotegerin (OPG), Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL), and Macrophage Colony-Stimulating factor (MCSF)concentrations were measured by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. A histological analysis was performed on the mandibular condyles. The blood serum values of OPG, RANKL, and MCSF did not exhibit any statistically significant difference between groups or subgroups. However, significant histological changes became evident after a histomorphometric condylar examination was performed. The Bone Surface/Total Surface ratio appeared reduced in the anterior and posterior regions of the condyle. In addition, the Posterior Condylar Cartilage Thickness was measured and determined to be significantly diminished. The present intervention that employed orthodontic/orthopedic devices did not prove to have any significant effect on the circulating proteins under study. Posterior displacement of the mandible may culminate only in local histological alterations in condylar cartilage thickness and its osseous microarchitecture.

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6

Tang, G. H., and A. B. M. Rabie. "Runx2 Regulates Endochondral Ossification in Condyle during Mandibular Advancement." Journal of Dental Research 84, no. 2 (February 2005): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400211.

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Runx2 is a transcription factor prerequisite for chondrocyte maturation and osteoblast differentiation. We tested the hypothesis that Runx2 is responsible for signaling chondrocyte maturation and endochondral ossification in the condyle during mandibular advancement. Fifty 35-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were fitted with functional appliances for 3, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days. Experimental animals with 50 matched controls were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine for evaluation of the invasion of chondroclasts and osteoblasts into condylar cartilage. Mandibular advancement elicited Runx2 expression in condylar cartilage, and subsequently led to an expansion of type X collagen domain in the hypertrophic layer. Stronger Runx2 mRNA signals in subchondral bone corresponded with the increase in the recruitment of osteoblasts and chondroclasts, which preceded the increase of new bone formation in the condyle. Thus, Runx2 mediates chondrocyte terminal maturation and endochondral ossification in the mandibular condyle in response to mandibular advancement.

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7

Xiao, Fang, Hidetaka Hayashi, Tadashi Fujita, Maya Shirakura, Yuji Tsuka, Eri Fujii, Kazuo Tanne, and Kotaro Tanimoto. "Role of articular disc in cartilaginous growth of the mandible in rats." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 7 (February 1, 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.199176.

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Displacement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc causes a lateral shift of the mandible and less-developed and/or distally located mandible unilaterally and bilaterally, respectively, if occurred in growing individuals. The purpose of this study was to evaluate mandibular condylar growth in growing rats after TMJ discectomy and to explore a certain significant role of articular disc in the TMJ in mandibular or cartilaginous growth. Eighteen 4-week-old Wistar strain male rats were divided into two groups with nine in each group, i.e., rats with TMJ discectomy (discectomy group) and only sham operation (control group). Four weeks after initiating the experiment, morphometric analyses of the mandible were performed using a rat and mouse cephalometer and micro-computed tomography. Then, the mandibular condyles were subjected to histomorphometric analyses. Condylar and mandibular growth was reduced significantly in the discectomy group than in the control group. In the discectomy group, the condyle also became flatter and smaller. In addition, the 4-layer structure of condylar cartilage was unclear with thicker fibrous and thinner lower hypertrophic layers in the discectomy group when compared to the controls. It is shown that resection of the articular disc substantially affects condylar and mandibular growth in terms of the cartilaginous growth, suggesting that TMJ disc is indispensable for maintaining normal growth of the condyle and mandible, leading to optimal development of the TMJ and the entire mandible.

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8

Shen, G., and M. Ali Darendeliler. "The Adaptive Remodeling of Condylar Cartilage— A Transition from Chondrogenesis to Osteogenesis." Journal of Dental Research 84, no. 8 (August 2005): 691–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400802.

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Mandibular condylar cartilage is categorized as articular cartilage but markedly distinguishes itself in many biological aspects, such as its embryonic origin, ontogenetic development, post-natal growth mode, and histological structures. The most marked uniqueness of condylar cartilage lies in its capability of adaptive remodeling in response to external stimuli during or after natural growth. The adaptation of condylar cartilage to mandibular forward positioning constitutes the fundamental rationale for orthodontic functional therapy, which partially contributes to the correction of jaw discrepancies by achieving mandibular growth modification. The adaptive remodeling of condylar cartilage proceeds with the biomolecular pathway initiating from chondrogenesis and finalizing with osteogenesis. During condylar adaptation, chondrogenesis is activated when the external stimuli, e.g., condylar repositioning, generate the differentiation of mesenchymal cells in the articular layer of cartilage into chondrocytes, which proliferate and then progressively mature into hypertrophic cells. The expression of regulatory growth factors, which govern and control phenotypic conversions of chondrocytes during chondrogenesis, increases during adaptive remodeling to enhance the transition from chondrogenesis into osteogenesis, a process in which hypertrophic chondrocytes and matrices degrade and are replaced by bone. The transition is also sustained by increased neovascularization, which brings in osteoblasts that finally result in new bone formation beneath the degraded cartilage.

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9

Tanaka, E., E. Yamano, D. A. Dalla-Bona, M. Watanabe, T. Inubushi, M. Shirakura, R. Sano, K. Takahashi, T. van Eijden, and K. Tanne. "Dynamic Compressive Properties of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 85, no. 6 (June 2006): 571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910608500618.

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The mandibular condylar cartilage plays an important role as a stress absorber during function. However, relatively little information is available on its dynamic properties under compression. We hypothesized that these properties are region-specific and depend on loading frequency. To characterize the viscoelastic properties of the condylar cartilage, we performed dynamic indentation tests over a wide range of loading frequencies. Ten porcine mandibular condyles were used; the articular surface was divided into 4 regions, anteromedial, anterolateral, posteromedial, and posterolateral. The dynamic complex, storage, and loss moduli increased with frequency, and these values were the highest in the anteromedial region. Loss tangent decreased with frequency from 0.68 to 0.17, but a regional difference was not found. The present results suggest that the dynamic compressive modulus is region-specific and is dependent on the loading frequency, which might have important implications for the transmission of load in the temporomandibular joint.

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10

Rabie, A. B. M., G. H. Tang, H. Xiong, and U. Hägg. "PTHrP Regulates Chondrocyte Maturation in Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 82, no. 8 (August 2003): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910308200811.

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PTHrP is a key factor regulating the pace of endochondral ossification during skeletal development. Mandibular advancement solicits a cascade of molecular responses in condylar cartilage. However, the pace of cellular maturation and its effects on condylar growth are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the pattern of expression of PTHrP and correlate it to cellular dynamics of chondrocytes in condylar cartilage during natural growth and mandibular advancement. We fitted 35-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats with functional appliances. Experimental animals with matched controls were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine 3 days before their death, so that mesenchymal cell differentiation could be traced. Mandibular advancement increased the number of differentiated chondroblasts and subsequently increased the cartilage volume. Higher levels of PTHrP expression in experimental animals coincided with the slowing of chondrocyte hypertrophy. Thus, mandibular advancement promoted mesenchymal cell differentiation and triggered PTHrP expression, which retarded their further maturation to allow for more growth.

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11

Tang, Y., C. Hong, Y. Cai, J. Zhu, X. Hu, Y. Tian, X. Song, Z. Song, R. Jiang, and F. Kang. "HIF-1α Mediates Osteoclast-Induced Mandibular Condyle Growth via AMPK Signaling." Journal of Dental Research 99, no. 12 (June 29, 2020): 1377–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034520935788.

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During the mandibular condylar growth, the absorption of calcified cartilage matrix induced by osteoclasts is crucial for the continuous endochondral osteogenesis. Meanwhile, recent studies showed that subchondral bone resided within the low-oxygen microenvironment, and our previous study revealed that hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α) promoted osteoclastogenesis under hypoxia. However, whether HIF-1α regulates the function of osteoclasts in the mandibular condyle cartilage remains elusive. Our study indicated that severe deformity of the mandibular condyle was displayed in 10-wk-old osteoclast-specific HIF-1α conditional knockout (CKO) mice, accompanied by shortened length of condylar process and disorganized fibrocartilage. In 1-, 2-, and 4-wk-old CKO mice, the size of the hypertrophic layer and chondrocytic layer was significantly thickened. In the chondrocytic layer, chondrocytes were atrophied, showing a form of apoptosis in 4-wk-old CKO mice. Furthermore, an increase in the thickness of the fibrous and proliferating layer was observed in 10-wk-old CKO mice, as well as a significant decrease in that of the chondrocytic and hypertrophic chondrocyte layers. Interestingly, the articular surface of the condylar process abnormally presented a horizontal concave shape, and a disk-like acellular connective tissue appeared. In addition, genetic ablation of HIF-1α blunted cartilage matrix loss by subchondral osteoclast deficiency, resulting in a high subchondral bone mass phenotype, accompanied with a decreased number of blood vessels, alkaline phosphatase staining, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. Mechanistically, the number of osteoclasts in the center of the condyle in CKO mice was significantly reduced by attenuated expression of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. These findings reveal a novel influence of HIF-1α function in osteoclasts on maintenance of osteoclast-induced resorption of calcified cartilage matrix via AMPK signaling, as well as subchondral bone formation through VEGF-dependent angiogenesis in bone marrow.

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12

Marques, M. Rubia, D. Hajjar, K. Gomes Franchini, A. Sigari Moriscot, and M. Fagundes Santos. "Mandibular Appliance Modulates Condylar Growth through Integrins." Journal of Dental Research 87, no. 2 (February 2008): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910808700210.

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Functional orthopedic therapy corrects growth discrepancies between the maxilla and mandible, possibly through postural changes in the musculature and modulation of the mandibular condylar cartilage growth. Using Wistar rats, we tested the hypothesis that chondrocytes respond to forces generated by a mandibular propulsor appliance by changes in gene expression, and that integrins are important mediators in this response. Immunohistochemical analyses demonstrated that the use of the appliance for different periods of time modulated the expression of fibronectin, α5 and αv integrin subunits, as well as cell proliferation in the cartilage. In vitro, cyclic distension of condylar cartilage-derived cells increased fibronectin mRNA, as well as Insulin-like Growth Factor-I and II mRNA and cell proliferation. A peptide containing the Arginine-Glycine-Asparagine sequence (RGD), the main cell-binding sequence in fibronectin, blocked almost all these effects, confirming that force itself modulates the growth of the rat condylar cartilage, and that RGD-binding integrins participate in mechanotransduction.

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13

Habib, H., T. Hatta, J. Udagawa, L. Zhang, Y. Yoshimura, and H. Otani. "Fetal Jaw Movement Affects Condylar Cartilage Development." Journal of Dental Research 84, no. 5 (May 2005): 474–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910508400514.

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Using a mouse exo utero system to examine the effects of fetal jaw movement on the development of condylar cartilage, we assessed the effects of restraint of the animals’ mouths from opening, by suture, at embryonic day (E)15.5. We hypothesized that pre-natal jaw movement is an important mechanical factor in endochondral bone formation of the mandibular condyle. Condylar cartilage was reduced in size, and the bone-cartilage margin was ill-defined in the sutured group at E18.5. Volume, total number of cells, and number of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine-positive cells in the mesenchymal zone were lower in the sutured group than in the non-sutured group at E16.5 and E18.5. Hypertrophic chondrocytes were larger, whereas fewer apoptotic chondrocytes and osteoclasts were observed in the hypertrophic zone in the sutured group at E18.5. Analysis of our data revealed that restricted fetal TMJ movement influences the process of endochondral bone formation of condylar cartilage.

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14

Liaquat, Ahmad, Moghees Ahmad Baig, and Saqib Mehmood Khan. "OSTEOMA OF MANDIBULAR CONDYLE: A CASE REPORT." Journal of Chitwan Medical College 10, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54530/jcmc.210.

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Condylar osteoma is a benign tumor involving the condyle of the mandible. It is a rare pathology of unknown etiology. It is thought that it may originate from either cartilage or embryonal periosteum. It is also possible that it may be a reactionary lesion triggered by trauma or infection. Here, we present a case report of a female patient aged 60 years with osteoma on the right condyle with trismus and facial deformity. We surgically removed the tumor using a pre-auricular approach.

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15

Elgazzar, Reda F., Tarek H. El-Bialy, and Eman Megahed. "Effect of Bilateral Mandibular Osteodistration on the Condylar Cartilage: An Experimental Study on Rabbits." Open Dentistry Journal 2, no. 1 (October 20, 2008): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874210600802010103.

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Although various aspects of bone formation during distraction osteogenesis have been studied extensively, there are only limited experimental data concerning the influence of hyper-physiologic mandibular distraction rate on structural alterations in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) condylar cartilage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of bilateral distraction osteogenesis of the mandibular body, at a hyper-physiologic rate and length, on the integrity of the condylar cartilage in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen healthy adult male rabbits weighing 2 to 3 kg were assigned to 1 of 2 groups: the control group (n = 2 rabbits, 4 joints) or the study group (n = 16 rabbits, 32 joints) four rabbits (8 joints) in each subgroup according to the post-distraction period (1,2,3 or 4 weeks). In the control group, rabbits received sham surgery (Osteotomy without distraction) and then left to live for 4 weeks under the same condition of the study group then euthanized using intravenous overdose of pentobarbital sodium. In the study group, an extra oral custom-made distracter was employed to achieve bilateral mandibular hyper physiologic distraction (1.5 mm twice daily for 5 days) distraction. All animals were evaluated clinically and histomorphometrically and results analyzed by MINITABE 13.1 statistical package using ANOVA test. RESULTS: Animals underwent distraction showed obvious changes in condylar surface contour related to length of the follow up period, compared to the control; these changes seemed to be partly reversible. The most pronounced observation was the irregularities and resorption in the anterior part of the condylar cartilage and the subcondylar bone. Moreover, at the first two weeks, the area of resorption was invaded by large number of osteoclasts and chronic inflammatory cells which declined later in the 3rd and 4th weeks and replaced with osteoblastic activities. CONSLUSION: These experimental data showed that distraction rate of 3 mm per day may lead to degenerative or even early arthritic changes in the TMJ condylar cartilage in the 1st and 2nd post-distraction weeks. However, all condyles showed adaptive and remodeling sings in the following 3rd and 4th weeks.

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16

Pirttiniemi, P., T. Peltomaki, L. Muller, and Hans U. Luder. "Abnormal mandibular growth and the condylar cartilage." European Journal of Orthodontics 31, no. 1 (January 22, 2009): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjn117.

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17

Hinton, Robert J., and David S. Carlson. "Regulation of Growth in Mandibular Condylar Cartilage." Seminars in Orthodontics 11, no. 4 (December 2005): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2005.07.005.

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18

Robinson, Jennifer, Alina O’Brien, Jing Chen, and Sunil Wadhwa. "Progenitor Cells of the Mandibular Condylar Cartilage." Current Molecular Biology Reports 1, no. 3 (July 10, 2015): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40610-015-0019-x.

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19

Weinreb, M., E. Gazit, and M. M. Weinreb. "Mandibular Growth and Histologic Changes in Condylar Cartilage of Rats Intoxicated with Vitamin D3 or 1,25(OH)2D3 and Pair-fed (Undernourished) Rats." Journal of Dental Research 65, no. 12 (December 1986): 1449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345860650121501.

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The mandibular condyles of 1,25(OH)2D3 or Vitamin D3 intoxicated rats were studied and compared with those of normal as well as pair-fed controls. Experimental animals were injected with either Vitamin D3 (2 mg/kg/day ) or 1,25(OH)2D3 (400 ngl/kg/day) for 19 days. Controls were given the solvent only, while pair-fed animals were restricted in their food intake for the same period of time, so that they exhibited a weight-curve similar to that of the experimental rats. The length of the mandibular ramus was measured in lateral radiographs of all mandibles. Demineralized coronal sections were obtained from all mandibular condyles and were stained with Mallory's connective tissue stain. The width of each zone within the condylar cartilage was measured. Experimental animals showed significant reduction in width of all layers within the condylar cartilage, with total lack of distinction between the maturation and hypertrophic zones. They also exhibited a significant retardation in growth of the mandible. Pair-fed animals had a normal width of the chondroprogenitor layer but significantly smaller maturation + hypertrophic zones (vs. controls). They also exhibited a significant retardation in mandibular growth but not to the same degree as did the intoxicated animals. Reduction in growth attributed to 1,25(OH)2D3 or Vitamin D3 intoxication is partly caused by undernutrition, which is a by-product of this condition. A further kinetic study is indicated to elucidate the mechanism of growth retardation and the differential effect on the various cartilage layers.

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20

Zhang, Min, Takahiro Ono, Yongjin Chen, Xin Lv, Shun Wu, Hong Song, Ruini Zhao, and Yibing Wang. "Effects of Condylar Elastic Properties to Temporomandibular Joint Stress." Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology 2009 (2009): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/509848.

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Mandibular condyle plays an important role in the growth and reconstruction of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). We aimed to obtain orthotropic elastic parameters of the condyle using a continuous-wave ultrasonic technique and to observe the effects of condylar elastic parameters on stress distribution of the TMJ using finite element analysis (FEA). Using the ultrasonic technique, all nine elastic parameters were obtained, which showed that the mandibular condyle was orthotropic. With the condyle defined as orthotropic, the occlusal stress was transferred fluently and uniformly from the mandible to the TMJ. The stress distribution in the isotropic model showed stepped variation among different anatomical structures with higher stress values in the cartilage and condyle than in the orthotropic model. We conclude that anisotropy has subtle yet significant effects on stress distribution of the TMJ and could improve the reality of simulations.

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21

Watahiki, J., T. Yamaguchi, T. Irie, H. Nakano, K. Maki, and T. Tachikawa. "Gene Expression Profiling of Mouse Condylar Cartilage during Mastication by Means of Laser Microdissection and cDNA Array." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 3 (March 2004): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300312.

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Little is known about the mechanisms of mandibular condylar growth. In this study, gene expression in the mandibular condylar cartilage of young post-natal mice was monitored by means of a cDNA microarray, real-time PCR, and laser microdissection before and after the initiation of mastication (newborn, 7 days, 21 days, initiation of mastication, and 35 days). Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I), transforming-growth-factor-beta-2 (TGFbeta2), and aggrecan mRNAs were clearly expressed at 21 days, while the expression of osteopontin mRNAs was most clear at 35 days. Parathyroid-hormone-related protein (PTHrP), Indian-hedgehog (Ihh), and insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2) mRNAs were clearly expressed during lactation (newborn and 7 days). Heat-shock-protein 84 (HSP-84) and heat-shock-protein 86 (HSP-86) were clearly expressed at 35 days. These results revealed that gene expression changed during mandibular condylar cartilage growth, and that, interestingly, these changes coincided with the initiation of mastication.

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22

Berraquero, Rosario, José Palacios, Carlos Gamallo, Pilar de la Rosa, and José Ignacio Rodriguez. "Prenatal growth of the human mandibular condylar cartilage." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 108, no. 2 (August 1995): 194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(95)70083-8.

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23

Vincentlus Maria Copray, Joseph Christfoor. "Growth regulation of mandibular condylar cartilage in vitro." American Journal of Orthodontics 88, no. 3 (September 1985): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9416(85)90226-x.

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24

INOUE, Akihiro, Noboru SASAKI, Kenji KAKUDO, Aiko KAMADA, Koji YAMADA, Takashi IKEO, KOZO MUSHIMOTO, and Shosuke MORITA. "Detection of proteoglycans in human mandibular condylar cartilage." Japanese Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery 50, no. 2 (2004): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5794/jjoms.50.57.

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25

Serrano, Maria J., Sarah So, and Robert J. Hinton. "Roles of notch signalling in mandibular condylar cartilage." Archives of Oral Biology 59, no. 7 (July 2014): 735–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2014.04.003.

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26

Wang, Shuai, Lu Ye, Mei Li, Han Zhan, Rui Ye, Yu Li, and Zhihe Zhao. "Effects of growth hormone and functional appliance on mandibular growth in an adolescent rat model." Angle Orthodontist 88, no. 5 (April 30, 2018): 624–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/120417-829.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To investigate the individual and synergistic effects of growth hormone (GH) and functional appliance (FA) on mandibular growth in an adolescent rat model. Materials and Methods: Forty adolescent (6-week-old) female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups (10 rats in each group). The control group received a sham treatment (intra-abdominal injection of phosphate-buffered saline), the GH group received an intra-abdominal injection of recombinant human growth hormone, the FA group was treated with a mandibular advancement device, and the GH+FA group received both the GH and FA treatments. The amount of mandibular growth in each group was measured quantitatively using cone-bean computed tomography. The growth of condylar cartilage and expression of matrix metalloproteinases–1 and –13 (MMP-1 and MMP-13) and type II and X collagen (Col II and Col X) were assessed using histological staining and immunostaining techniques. Results: After 4 weeks, there was significant mandibular growth in the FA group compared with the control group (P < .05). The GH+FA group had significantly greater mandibular length, thickness of condylar cartilage, and expression of MMP-1, MMP-13, Col II, and Col X in the cartilage than the other groups (P < .05). The GH+FA group and GH group had significantly greater weight than the FA and control groups (P < .05). Conclusions: The FA as well as GH+FA stimulated mandibular growth in adolescent rats.

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Umeda, M., F. Terao, K. Miyazaki, K. Yoshizaki, and I. Takahashi. "MicroRNA-200a Regulates the Development of Mandibular Condylar Cartilage." Journal of Dental Research 94, no. 6 (March 17, 2015): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034515577411.

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Kaul, Raman, Mara H. O’Brien, Eliane Dutra, Alexandro Lima, Achint Utreja, and Sumit Yadav. "The Effect of Altered Loading on Mandibular Condylar Cartilage." PLOS ONE 11, no. 7 (July 29, 2016): e0160121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160121.

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29

Girdler, N. M. "The behaviour of mandibular condylar cartilage in cell culture." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 22, no. 3 (June 1993): 178–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(05)80248-6.

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30

LIVNE, E. "Matrix synthesis in mandibular condylar cartilage of aging mice." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 2, no. 3 (September 1994): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1063-4584(05)80068-8.

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31

Kuroda, S., K. Tanimoto, T. Izawa, S. Fujihara, J. H. Koolstra, and E. Tanaka. "Biomechanical and biochemical characteristics of the mandibular condylar cartilage." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 17, no. 11 (November 2009): 1408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2009.04.025.

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32

Girdler, NM. "Repair of articular defects with autologous mandibular condylar cartilage." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 75-B, no. 5 (September 1993): 710–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.75b5.8376425.

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33

Chen, R., S. Chen, X. M. Chen, and X. Long. "Study of the tidemark in human mandibular condylar cartilage." Archives of Oral Biology 56, no. 11 (November 2011): 1390–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.04.007.

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34

Martins, Wilson Denis, Marina de Oliveira Ribas, Maria Helena de Sousa, Fernando Luiz Zanferrari, and Thais Lanzoni. "Osteochondroma of the Mandibular Condyle: Literature Review and Report of a Case." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 8, no. 4 (2007): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-8-4-52.

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Abstract Aim The intent of this report is to present a brief review of the literature on osteochondroma and to present a case involving the surgical removal and replacement of a major portion of the condyle and angle of the mandible using free autogenous mandibular bone. Background While osteochondroma is the most common tumor of skeletal bones, it is relatively uncommon in the jaws occuring at the condyle or the tip of the coronoid process. This benign cartilage-capped growth is usually discovered incidentally on radiographic examination or on palpation of a protruding mass in the affected area. Malocclusion and progressive facial asymmetry are common findings in most cases of condylar osteochondroma. Report A case of a 29-year-old woman with an osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is presented. Surgical treatment was tumor resection, grafting, and reshaping of the mandibular angle and ramus. As this lesion is usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally on radiographic examination, the general practitioner usually is the first professional to make the diagnosis. Summary Condylectomy cannot be recommended as routine in all cases.37 Common surgical treatments include condylectomy and reconstruction.24 If the tumor involves only a limited area of the condylar surface, then preservation of the remaining portion of the condyle and reshaping should be done. Reasons for not taking such a conservative approach are the possibilities of malignancy and the risk of recurrence. In this case report the extraoral vertical ramus osteotomy, associated with free autogenous mandibular bone, presented several advantages. Citation de Oliveira Ribas M, Martins WD, de Sousa MH, Zanferrari FL, Lanzoni T. Osteochondroma of the Mandibular Condyle: Literature Review and Report of a Case. J Contemp Dent Pract 2007 May;(8)4:052-059.

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35

Engel, F. E., A. G. Khare, and B. D. Boyan. "Phenotypic Changes of Rabbit Mandibular Condylar Cartilage Cells in Culture." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 11 (November 1990): 1753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690110801.

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The present study describes the behavior of mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) cells as a function of time in primary culture, since it is not yet clear whether these cells maintain their phenotype in culture. MCC cells from New Zealand white rabbits were seeded at high density and cultured in DMEM containing 50 μg/mL ascorbic acid and 10% fetal bovine serum. These cells appeared as a heterogeneous population and changed their shape, size, and refractivity as cultures aged. Cartilage-like cells, which always dominated the culture, were infiltrated with a minority of fibroblast-like cells. Cell number increased progressively, and cultures reached confluence at nine days. Antibody activity for cartilage-specific glycosaminoglycan was determined by ELISA assay. This reaction reached a maximum at six days and decreased thereafter. Cultures stained with Alcian blue (pH 1.0) supported these results. Cytoplasmic mRNA analysis indicated that the transcription of type II collagen gene was present at all time points. Type I collagen and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels showed progressive increases from 12 h to nine days, with significantly higher values in cells cultured for six, nine, and 12 days than in cells collected from earlier time points. These results suggest that in our present culture system, MCC cells undergo phenotypic changes that resemble their maturation processes in vivo.

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Goil, Pradeep, Manojit Midya, Pankaj Sharma, and Gautam Prakash. "Chondroma of the mandibular condyle- rare location of a common benign cartilage tumour: case report and review of literature." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 4, no. 5 (August 25, 2018): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20183708.

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<p>Chondroma is a benign tumour of mature hyaline cartilage.It is common in the tubular bones the hands and feetand conspicuous by its rarity in the mandible. We hereby present an interesting case of chondroma of the mandibular condyle that was managed in our department. The antecedent radiological findings and postoperative histopathological peculiarities of the case are discussed. This case also focuses the negligent attitude of our society towards one’s health problems until they are fraught with beliefs of cancer. Chondroma of the mandibular is a rare, benign slow growing tumour. Condylectomy is considered adequate treatment for all condylar masses. Surrounding margins of healthy soft tissue is also excised to prevent recurrences. </p>

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Song, Yang. "Identification of the chondrogenic pathway in the mandibular condylar cartilage." Frontiers in Bioscience Volume, no. 14 (2009): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/3352.

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Del Santo, Marinho, Florentina Marches, May Ng, and Robert J. Hinton. "Age-associated changes in decorin in rat mandibular condylar cartilage." Archives of Oral Biology 45, no. 6 (June 2000): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(00)00013-3.

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39

Chen, J., A. Utreja, Z. Kalajzic, T. Sobue, D. Rowe, and S. Wadhwa. "Isolation and Characterization of Murine Mandibular Condylar Cartilage Cell Populations." Cells Tissues Organs 195, no. 3 (2012): 232–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000325148.

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40

Jiao, Kai, Mei-Qing Wang, Li-Na Niu, Juan Dai, Shi-Bin Yu, and Xiao-Dong Liu. "Mandibular condylar cartilage response to moving 2 molars in rats." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 137, no. 4 (April 2010): 460.e1–460.e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.09.018.

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Bechtold, Till E., Naito Kurio, Hyun-Duck Nah, Cheri Saunders, Paul C. Billings, and Eiki Koyama. "The Roles of Indian Hedgehog Signaling in TMJ Formation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 24 (December 13, 2019): 6300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246300.

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The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is an intricate structure composed of the mandibular condyle, articular disc, and glenoid fossa in the temporal bone. Apical condylar cartilage is classified as a secondary cartilage, is fibrocartilaginous in nature, and is structurally distinct from growth plate and articular cartilage in long bones. Condylar cartilage is organized in distinct cellular layers that include a superficial layer that produces lubricants, a polymorphic/progenitor layer that contains stem/progenitor cells, and underlying layers of flattened and hypertrophic chondrocytes. Uniquely, progenitor cells reside near the articular surface, proliferate, undergo chondrogenesis, and mature into hypertrophic chondrocytes. During the past decades, there has been a growing interest in the molecular mechanisms by which the TMJ develops and acquires its unique structural and functional features. Indian hedgehog (Ihh), which regulates skeletal development including synovial joint formation, also plays pivotal roles in TMJ development and postnatal maintenance. This review provides a description of the many important recent advances in Hedgehog (Hh) signaling in TMJ biology. These include studies that used conventional approaches and those that analyzed the phenotype of tissue-specific mouse mutants lacking Ihh or associated molecules. The recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanism regulating TMJ development are impressive and these findings will have major implications for future translational medicine tools to repair and regenerate TMJ congenital anomalies and acquired diseases, such as degenerative damage in TMJ osteoarthritic conditions.

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Chen, Zheng, Zhihui Mai, Shaoqin Tu, Hongfei Lu, Lin Chen, and Hong Ai. "Expression of lubricin in rat posterior mandibular condylar cartilage following functional mandibular forward repositioning." Journal of Orofacial Orthopedics / Fortschritte der Kieferorthopädie 80, no. 3 (April 5, 2019): 128–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00056-019-00173-x.

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43

Ochiai, T., Y. Shibukawa, M. Nagayama, C. Mundy, T. Yasuda, T. Okabe, K. Shimono, et al. "Indian Hedgehog Roles in Post-natal TMJ Development and Organization." Journal of Dental Research 89, no. 4 (March 3, 2010): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510363078.

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Indian hedgehog (Ihh) is essential for embryonic mandibular condylar growth and disc primordium formation. To determine whether it regulates those processes during post-natal life, we ablated Ihh in cartilage of neonatal mice and assessed the consequences on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) growth and organization over age. Ihh deficiency caused condylar disorganization and growth retardation and reduced polymorphic cell layer proliferation. Expression of Sox9, Runx2, and Osterix was low, as was that of collagen II, collagen I, and aggrecan, thus altering the fibrocartilaginous nature of the condyle. Though a disc formed, it exhibited morphological defects, partial fusion with the glenoid bone surface, reduced synovial cavity space, and, unexpectedly, higher lubricin expression. Analysis of the data shows, for the first time, that continuous Ihh action is required for completion of post-natal TMJ growth and organization. Lubricin overexpression in mutants may represent a compensatory response to sustain TMJ movement and function.

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Tanne, Kazuo, Yuki Okamoto, Shao-Ching Su, Tomomi Mitsuyoshi, Yuki Asakawa-Tanne, and Kotaro Tanimoto. "Current status of temporomandibular joint disorders and the therapeutic system derived from a series of biomechanical, histological, and biochemical studies." APOS Trends in Orthodontics 5 (December 29, 2014): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2321-1407.148014.

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This article was designed to report the current status of temporomandibular joint disorders (TMDs) and the therapeutic system on the basis of a series of clinical, biomechanical, histological and biochemical studies in our research groups. In particular, we have focused on the association of degenerative changes of articular cartilage in the mandibular condyle and the resultant progressive condylar resorption with mechanical stimuli acting on the condyle during the stomatognathic function. In a clinical aspect, the nature and prevalence of TMDs, association of malocclusion with TMDs, association of condylar position with TMDs, association of craniofacial morphology with TMDs, and influences of TMDs, TMJ-osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) in particular, were examined. In a biomechanical aspect, the nature of stress distribution in the TMJ from maximum clenching was analyzed with finite element method. In addition, the pattern of stress distribution was examined in association with varying vertical discrepancies of the craniofacial skeleton and friction between the articular disk and condyle. The results demonstrated an induction of large compressive stresses in the anterior and lateral areas on the condyle by the maximum clenching and the subsequent prominent increases in the same areas of the mandibular condyle as the vertical skeletal discrepancy became more prominent. Increase of friction at the articular surface was also indicated as a cause of larger stresses and the relevant disk displacement, which further induced an increase in stresses in the tissues posterior to the disks, indicating an important role of TMJ disks as a stress absorber. In a histological or biological aspect, increase in TMJ loading simulated by vertical skeletal discrepancy, which has already been revealed by the preceding finite element analysis or represented by excessive mouth opening, produced a decrease in the thickness of cartilage layers, an increase in the numbers of chondroblasts and osteoclasts and the subsequent degenerative changes in the condylar cartilage associated with the expression of bone resorption-related factors. In a biochemical or molecular and cellular aspect, excessive mechanical stimuli, irrespective of compressive or tensile stress, induced HA fragmentation, expression of proinflammatory cytokines, an imbalance between matrix metalloproteinases and the tissue inhibitors, all of which are assumed to induce lower resistance to external stimuli and degenerative changes leading to bone and cartilage resorption. Excessive mechanical stimuli also reduced the synthesis of superficial zone protein in chondrocytes, which exerts an important role in the protection of cartilage and bone layers from the degenerative changes. It is also revealed that various cytoskeletal changes induced by mechanical stimuli are transmitted through a stretch-activated or Ca2+ channel. Finally, on the basis of the results from a series of studies, it is demonstrated that optimal intra-articular environment can be achieved by splint therapy, if indicated, followed by occlusal reconstruction with orthodontic approach in patients with myalgia of the masticatory muscles, and TMJ internal derangement or anterior disk displacement with or without reduction. It is thus shown that orthodontic treatment is available for the treatment of TMDs and the long-term stability after treatment.

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Robinson, J. L., V. Gupta, P. Soria, E. Clanaman, S. Gurbarg, M. Xu, J. Chen, and S. Wadhwa. "Estrogen receptor alpha mediates mandibular condylar cartilage growth in male mice." Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 20 (June 2017): 167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12155.

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Banks, P., and S. M. Haider. "Surgical treatment of mandibular retrusion by a post-condylar cartilage graft." British Dental Journal 166, no. 12 (June 1989): 443–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4806882.

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Inoue, Hiroyuki, Yuji Hiraki, Tokio Nawa, and Kiyoto Ishizeki. "Phenotypic switching of in vitro mandibular condylar cartilage during matrix mineralization." Anatomical Science International 77, no. 4 (December 2002): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0022-7722.2002.00031.x.

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Nieh, S., E. Fu, Y.-D. Hsieh, U. M. E. Wikesjö, and E.-C. Shen. "Effects of cyclosporin A on the mandibular condylar cartilage in rats." Archives of Oral Biology 44, no. 8 (August 1999): 693–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00036-9.

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Chen, J., Y. Kamiya, I. Polur, M. Xu, T. Choi, Z. Kalajzic, H. Drissi, and S. Wadhwa. "Estrogen via estrogen receptor beta partially inhibits mandibular condylar cartilage growth." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 22, no. 11 (November 2014): 1861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.07.003.

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Tajima, Y., S. Yokose, M. Takenoya, K. Kanda, and N. Utsumi. "Immunocytochemical detection of S-100 protein in rat mandibular condylar cartilage." Archives of Oral Biology 36, no. 12 (1991): 875–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9969(91)90117-d.

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