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1
Srikison, Veerashnie. "Mandatory child-Inclusive mediation - a possibility in South Africa?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73253.
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South Africa is a signatory state to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which promotes child participation as an essential right. South Africa has the advantage of the Constitution of South Africa and the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 which give the child a voice but has the disadvantage of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 which is parent-centric. This research will show that a conundrum exists between realising Article 12 of the UNCRC, Section 28(2) of the Constitution, Section 10 of the Children’s Act and the Divorce Act. It will be shown that there are insufficient efforts currently practiced in dispute resolution related to parenting disputes because of the reliance placed by legal practitioners more on the Divorce Act provisions which show lack of support for child inclusion than the intent of the Children’s Act to include children.
This research focuses on the process of mediation and its benefits that make it the ideal environment to include the voice of the child in separation and divorce processes. A case will be made out as to why South African legislators should consider making child inclusive mediation a mandatory process ancillary to the dissolution of the relationship between the parents. Pathways created by the Australian and Canadian jurisdictions, as signatories to the UNCRC, in realising Article 12 of the UNCRC will be looked at. Their initiatives will provide the backdrop for consideration to improving child inclusive practices in South Africa.Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted
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Holmer, Mathilde. "Seeking asylum in the United States : Mandatory detention and international law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-244906.
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Smith, Barbara H. "Mandatory Internet filtering in public libraries the disconnect between law and technology /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021600.
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McGregor, Dale. "The Impact of mandatory audit firm rotation on the statutory duties of Directors." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30833.
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On 5 June 2017, the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors, the audit regulator in South Africa, implemented mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) with effect from 1 April 2023 in response to concerns regarding auditor independence in South Africa. The introduction of MAFR has been met with criticism from many stakeholders due to the adverse effects many believe the implementation of MAFR will have on audit quality and auditor independence. To date, there have been limited studies which focus on the impact of audit quality and auditor independence on audit practitioners in South Africa as a result of the implementation of MAFR but, to the best of my knowledge, no studies have assessed how the effects on audit quality and auditor independence will impact the ability of directors to discharge their statutory duties under section 76 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (‘the Act’ or ‘Companies Act’). This thesis first provides readers with a brief background of MAFR, followed by an overview of the statutory duties of directors as contained in the Act. I then subsequently assess how MAFR will affect audit quality and auditor independence before considering the impact this will have on the ability of directors to discharge their duties effectively. One of the duties of the directors is to produce the financial statements which are not false or misleading. Audit quality and auditor independence help directors produce financial statements which are not false or misleading, as determined under section 29 of the Act. As shown in this thesis, the enforced rotation of auditors results in situations which affect audit quality through the loss of client-specific knowledge which the outgoing auditor has developed over time. Furthermore, the enforced rotation of South African audit firms does create difficulties for multi-national entities which have their various entities audited by the same network of audit firms. These concerns, together with the concerns related to the cost of switching auditors and the threats posed to audit quality and auditor independence related to the initial discounts on audit fees offered by audit firms to new audit clients, poses serious concerns that directors will not be able to comply with section 29 of the Act. However, the introduction of a new audit team does provide instances which offer improvements to audit quality and auditor independence which may assist directors to produce financial statements which are not false or misleading. Lastly, I provide recommendations in terms of alternatives to MAFR, examining the existing measures which are already in place in South Africa to promote audit quality and auditor independence.
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Gombar, Thomas J. "An examination of the effects of Pennsylvania's mandatory recycling law on several municipalities." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.
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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2942. Abstract precedes thesis as [1] preliminary leaf. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).
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Nyamunda, James. "Mandatory Business-To-Government Data Sharing: Exploring data protection through International Investment Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443655.
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As more data is gathered, analysed and stored, private companies create new products and unlock new commercial frontiers. Simultaneously, governments are beginning to realise that the laws in place require a revamp for the good of commercial innovation and for execution of governmental prerogatives. Hence, in a bid to catch up with the data economy, governments have begun looking for new legal measures that allow them to legally access the data that is held by private companies. Amongst the existing solutions and sprouting suggestions, mandatory business-to-government data sharing often features as a measure through which obligations may be imposed upon private data holding companies to share their data with governments. Other governments have already put in place laws and adopted practices that impose mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations on private companies. Many of the countries where private enterprises carry out their businesses have entered into International Investment Agreements (IIAs) which invariably entitle investors to Fair and Equitable treatment and prohibit unlawful compensation. Against this background, this thesis discusses the subject of mandatory business-to-government data sharing by dwelling on three main issues, that is, (i) whether data is/are protected as investment, (2) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may infringe the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard and (3) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may amount to unlawful expropriation.
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Shirai, Tomoko. "The WTO and the mandatory labeling of generically modified foods /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81235.
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The manipulation of nature using modern biotechnology has resulted in the creation of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. There are states already enacting laws requiring the mandatory labeling of GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices as to what food to eat. However, on the flip side, the mandatory labeling of GM foods can also constitute non-tariff barriers as it can impose burdens on states that export GM foods. How should these two interests be balanced? This thesis takes the ambitious challenge of exploring whether the mandatory labeling of GM foods enacted under the government's protection of the consumers' right to information regarding what food to consume is consistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, particularly the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (MT Agreement). This thesis holds the view that the WTO, an international organization established to promote trade liberalization, can incorporate protection of consumers' interests by including it within to the interpretation of "legitimate objective" contained in Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Rather, the heart of problem lies in the threshold setting of exempting mandatory labeling. In particular, the dispersed threshold should be adjusted hi order to solve this issue, this thesis contends that both the TBT Committee and the dispute settlement system should be utilized.
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Luk, Joyce Si Man. "Is mandatory mediation suitable for personal injury claims in Hong Kong?" access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22052215a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution 2006-2007, LW 6409 dissertation" Includes bibliographical references.
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Cai, Wei, and 蔡伟. "The mandatory bid rule, hostile takeovers and takeover defences in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46968398.
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Maclons, Whitney. "Mandatory court based mediation as an alternative dispute resolution process in the South African civil justice system." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4407.
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Magister Legum - LLMCivil litigation is the primary method of dispute resolution in the South African civil justice system. This process is characterised by a number of shortcomings which include the adversarial nature of the process which often creates further conflict between disputing parties and often results in permanently destroyed relationships between them. Further shortcomings include the highly complex, costly and time-consuming nature of civil litigation. These shortcomings infringe on the constitutional imperative of access to justice for South Africans, particularly for the indigent members of society. In addition, court rolls have become overburdened due to the rapidly increasing volume of litigation at court. This often results in extensive waiting periods before matters are heard at court and further infringes the attainment of access to justice. While progress has been made in enhancing the civil justice system over the years, the aforementioned shortcomings prevail. In recent years the South African government has introduced the concept of mandatory court based mediation to the civil justice system with the view of promoting access to justice and enhancing the civil justice system. In a nutshell, mandatory court based mediation refers a civil dispute to mediation once an appearance to defend is entered at court, in order to attempt the settlement of the matter. In the event of the dispute not being resolved, the matter is then referred back to the conventional litigation process for resolution. Mandatory court based mediation, while controversial and bearing valid criticism; aims to promote access to justice and reconciliation between aggrieved parties and remedies a number of the shortcomings currently plaguing the South African civil justice system. In answering the research question of whether this ADR process is suitable to implement in South Africa in order to remedy the shortcomings of its civil justice system, the following aspects are considered in this thesis: the benefits, advantages, and the constitutionality of mandatory court based mediation, as well as the criticisms and challenges of the process. South Africa may have an adversarial civil justice system, but is no stranger to the practice of mediation. Within South African civil law a number of fields have mentioned mediation as the preferred method of dispute resolution over years. These areas of law will be highlighted in this thesis. Internationally, the jurisdiction of the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria will also be highlighted. This analysis is done in order to assess the implementation and function of a mediation system, as a preferred method of dispute resolution, across all areas of civil law within an adversarial civil justice system. The current civil justice system in South Africa needs to be remedied due to its negative impact on civil disputants and the nation of South Africa in a broader sense. This thesis does not suggest that mandatory court based mediation is a panacea for all ills plaguing the country’s civil justice system. However, this ADR process may suit South Africa and its implementation may make a considerable remedial contribution and possibly significantly enhance its civil justice system.
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Moberger, Elin. "Free Movement of Goods : Article 36 TFEU and Mandatory Requirements Justification under Public Policy and Public Security." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76477.
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Cushing, Karen. "An analysis of the mandatory admission criterion within youth justice diversionary processes." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622545.
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‘To require old heads upon young shoulders is inconsistent with the law’s compassion to human infirmity’ (Lord Diplock in Director of Public Prosecutions v Camplin Appellant [1978] AC 717)’. For young people in England and Wales who offend, diversion from formal proceedings has historically been a principle constituent of youth justice policy and practice, and presently accounts for over a third of all outcomes for detected youth offending (Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, 2015). Although attitudes concerning diversion have often oscillated between favour and criticism, and there has rarely been a period of sustained consensus or constancy of processes (Bernard, 1992; Goldson, 2010), eligibility for an out of court disposal has traditionally been dependent on an admission of some form being made by a young person. This thesis seeks to place the evolution of diversionary measures for young people who commit low level offences or engage in nuisance behaviours into a contextual and historical context, and explore why an admission has become, in the absence of any discernible political, academic or professional considerations, a central tenet of diversionary policies in England and Wales. Potential barriers which may prevent some young people making an admission and unnecessarily losing eligibility for an out of court disposal are considered, as well as the nature and standard of admission expected from young people, and the circumstances in which admissions are usually sought from them. This thesis also explores whether the mandatory admission criterion is compatible with other statutory and international obligations to consider the welfare of a young person when determining a suitable disposal, and whether it sufficiently distinguishes between young people unwilling to make an admission and those who may feel unable to. The thesis seeks to identify the gaps in current academic and professional knowledge concerning whether some young people may unnecessarily forfeit eligibility for a diversionary outcome for the sole reason that they do not make an admission. The research undertaken with relevant professionals’ endeavours to fill these gaps by exploring the practical application of the admission criterion, as well considering any suitable alternatives within the existing statutory regime.
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Hameed, Usman. "Mandatory obligations under the international counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions to facilitate state cooperation in law enforcement." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5118/.
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The UN-sponsored international conventions on terrorism and organised crime deal with a specific type of criminality which spreads across national frontiers. The suppression of these crimes is possible through state cooperation in extradition and mutual legal assistance. Hence, the object of these conventions is to facilitate law enforcement cooperation. To achieve this aim, the conventions have established certain mandatory obligations in order to ensure harmony among the legal systems of states parties with a view to make them conducive to law enforcement cooperation. Harmony is needed to satisfy certain requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance proceedings which necessitate similarity in the legal systems of the requesting and requested states. These requirements can be classified into distinct categories of conditions and procedure. Conditions refer to conditions associated with the principle of reciprocity or exchange of comparable favours, upon which the laws and treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance are based. It demands similar legal prescriptions or equivalent conceptions of justice under the laws of the requesting and requested state with respect to the act concerning which surrender or interrogation is sought. To enable the parties to satisfy conditions, the international conventions impose mandatory obligations to implement their rules concerning jurisdiction, criminalisation and fair treatment. Procedure implies the procedure of applying or executing the enforcement devices of aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation of the proceeds of crime. The application of both these devices necessitates similarity in the laws of the requesting and requested states with respect to procedure of enforcement. Similarity is needed to ensure that a foreign request may not be refused due to the requested state lacking enabling procedural rules or the request not being consistent with its procedural law. To establish similarity, the conventions impose mandatory obligations to implement the mechanisms of aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation of the proceeds of crimes. This thesis critically examines the impact of these obligations on state cooperation in bringing to justice transnational offenders. The central argument of the thesis is that the mandatory obligations under the counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions are required to be implemented in accordance with and, to the extent permissible, under the national law of state parties. Accordingly, when they are translated domestically, they do not achieve a level of harmony, sufficient to facilitate the fulfilment of the requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance, i.e. ‘double conditions’ and procedural similarity needed to enforce aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation. Resultantly, discretion rests with the requested state to grant or refuse cooperation depending upon its political and diplomatic relations with the requesting state. This contradicts the objective of facilitating law enforcement cooperation in the specific context of borderless or transnational crimes. Following this approach, state cooperation concerning transnational crimes remains as discretionary and as unregulated as cooperation in regard to ordinary crimes. This calls into question the utility of reliance on mandatory obligations as tools to facilitate law enforcement cooperation. As an alternative, some bilateral/regional treaties and domestic laws adopt the strategy of relaxing ‘double conditions’ and simplifying the procedure of applying aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation. This strategy also aims at facilitating law enforcement cooperation; however, it takes the route of regulating the requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance rather than harmonising national justice systems to make them conducive to their demands. Given that this system carries greater potential for facilitating law enforcement cooperation, this thesis recommends that the makers of the international counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions should substitute or complement the mandatory obligations with it. Significantly, states have, by agreeing not to apply political and fiscal offence exception to extradition and interrogation proceedings involving these crimes, shown their willingness to accept this approach of facilitating law enforcement cooperation in the specific context of transnational crimes.
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Saumier, Geneviève. "Public policy, mandatory rules and uniform choice-of-law rules in contract : the impact of European harmonization on English private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627212.
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Riordan, Timothy Michael. "Professionalization, advancing morally responsible practice within the context of mandatory mediation, family law and spousal abuse." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/MQ48408.pdf.
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Riordan, Timothy Michael Carleton University Dissertation Law. "Professionalization: Advancing morally responsible practice within the context of mandatory mediation, family law and spousal abuse." Ottawa, 1999.
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Stretch, Rachael Elizabeth. "Should failing to report be a criminal offence? : a comparative analysis of mandatory reporting in English and French criminal law." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366068.
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au, k. lewins@murdoch edu, and Kate Lewins. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its Impact on Maritime Law in Australia." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081223.135713.
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The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often
express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has
been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international
conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those
conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each
country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that
jurisdiction.
In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in
corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt
over the last 10 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including
carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the
TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and
extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is
stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite
the TPAs status as a mandatory statute within Australia.
Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium
of issues overlaid with a moral dimension does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted
from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could
that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within
the legal framework of the TPA?
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Hannesson, Magnus K. "Carriage by sea : the nature of transport documents, carriers and regulation by mandatory conventions; a study in English and Scandinavian law." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280665.
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Kent, Lauren Jane. "The Consumer Protection Act (CPA) and conflict of laws: does the CPA provide mandatory minimum protection in an international commercial transaction?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12899.
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Montoya, Stahl Alfonso, and Jordán Fernando Loayza. "The mandatory determination of the Corporate Purpose: An outdated rule." IUS ET VERITAS, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122677.
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The authors discussed on the alleged utility as well as the drawbacks of the mandatory determination of corporate purpose. They analyze and criticize the required characteristics of the corporate purpose by the Peruvian corporate regulation as well as the alleged benefits of making mandatory its determination. The authors propose the elimination of the obligation to determine the corporate purpose in order to give corporations freedom to configure their economic activity without being limited by an outdated rule.En el presente artículo, los autores discuten la presunta utilidad como inconvenientes de la obligación de determinar el objeto social. En ese sentido, se analiza las características exigidas al objeto social, como los supuestos beneficios que traería su regulación. Los autores proponen la eliminación de la obligación de determinar el objeto social a fin de permitir a las sociedades configurar libremente su actividad, sin verse limitadas por una norma rígida.
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Ossio, Gargurevich Jorge. "The mandatory dividend regulated by article 231 of the Peruvian corporations act." THĒMIS-Revista de Derecho, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/107954.
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Article 231 of the Peruvian Corporations Act states that, if shareholders that have at least 20% of the voting shares of a company request a distribution of a determined amount of utilities from the previous period, if there are distributable utilities, the company is obligated to distribute them.The author of the present article analyses the convenience of this disposition, from the point of view of the actors involved and taking into account the experience in other countries regarding regulation about the mandatory dividend.Furthermore, the author explains the practical application of article 231, and he inquires and questions the interpretation that has to be given as to allow the disposition to fulfill its objectives.El artículo 231 de la Ley General de Sociedades señala que, si los accionistas que ostentan el 20% de las acciones con derecho a voto solicitan una distribución de determinado monto de las utilidades, siempre que haya utilidades distribuibles, la sociedad está obligada a repartir las mismas. El autor del presente artículo analiza la conveniencia de la mencionada norma, desde el punto de vista de los actores involucrados y teniendo en cuenta la regulación sobre el dividendo mínimo en otros países. Asimismo, el autor explica la aplicación del artículo en la práctica, y se pregunta y cuestiona sobre el sentido que se le debe dar para que no se desvirtúe su finalidad.
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Isaacs, Alfred Eugene. "The challenges posed by mandatory minimum sentence legislation in South Africa and recommendations for improved implementation." University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
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Generally the Courts have a discretion to impose sentence. Violent crime was rampant in South Africa. The response of the legislature in dealing with crime was to enact legislation in 1997 like sections 51 to 53 of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 which prescribe severe mandatory sentences for a large number of serious offences like murder, rape and armed robbery. This legislation come into effect on 1 May 1998 and was to have effect for two years. The President could with the concurrence of Parliament by proclamation extend its operation for one year, that was in fact done. The latest extension of the Criminal Law Amendment Act 105 of 1997 was for a further two years making the minimum sentence provisions valid until 30 April 2005. The Courts did not like these mandatory sentences because of the limitation it places on judicial discretion and dealt with this legislation that limited their judicial discretion restrictively in order to defend their sentencing discretion. Although the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 105 of 1997 was held not to be unconstitutional the Courts stll sought to give it a narrow interpretation. This research paper include an outline of the Criminal Law Amendment Actthe Constitutional challenges that were brought against the Criminal Law Amendment Act
the judicial interpretation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act as well as the applicability of the Criminal Law Amendment Act to District Courts and juvenile ovenders
the procedural requirements that must be complied with in the Criminal Law Amendment Act and its consequences if not complied with. This paper examined how the Courts defined substantial and compelling circumstances, the approaches adopted by the Courts and when deviation from the Criminal Law Amendment Act can take place. It also include the challenges posed by mandatory minimum sentence legislation as well as recommendations for the improved implementation of the Criminal Law Amendment Act.
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Schafer, Kerstin Ann-Susann. "Application of mandatory rules in the private international law of contracts : a critical analysis of approaches in selected continental and common law jurisdictions, with a view to the development of South African law." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11036.
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Includes bibliographical referencesThis thesis is a comparative examination of the application of mandatory rules in the area of the private international law of contracts.] As will be seen during the course of this study, and as will be briefly noted in the following introductory remarks, this question arises in a number of situations. It prompts fundamental issues that have been debated for many years by academics all over the world. Some of the problems are still not fully settled.
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Crosbie, Kimberley A. (Kimberley Ann) Carleton University Dissertation Law. "Re-thinking mandatory charging policies in cases of wife battering; a critical look at a (white) feminist law reform strategy." Ottawa, 1995.
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Faulkner, Amanda Ellen. "Do Variations in State Mandatory Child Abuse and Neglect Report Laws affect Report Rates among Medical Personnel?" Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/58.
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Each state and territory within the United States is required by the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act [42 U.S.C. 5101 et seq.] to maintain a mandatory suspected child abuse and neglect reporting law, requiring certain professionals who regularly see children to report any suspicions of child maltreatment to child protective services. It is well documented that mandatory reporters fail to report each case of suspected child maltreatment they witness. This study sought to determine whether differences in three specific variables within the mandatory report laws had an effect on the frequency with which medical personnel report suspected child abuse and neglect. The three variables analyzed were: definitional scope of emotional abuse; standard of knowledge required for a report; and severity of penalty imposed on those who knowingly fail to report cases of child abuse and neglect. Data was obtained from the Child Maltreatment 2006 annual report printed by the Health and Human Services Administration of Children, Youth and Families. Of the three variables assessed, only severity of penalty yielded a significant association with report rate. States with lower report rates were significantly more likely to have lenient penalties for failure to report compared with those who had report rates above the national average (O.R. = 5.0, 95% C.I. = 1.165-21.465). It is recommended that states consider increasing the severity of the sanctions enforced for failure to report suspected child abuse and neglect. Although standard of knowledge requirements were not significantly associated with report rates, the literature suggests that standardization of this portion of the mandatory report laws could improve report rates, particularly among physicians.
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Saplytė, Aistė. "Imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms prieštaraujančių sandorių negaliojimas Lietuvoje ir tendencijos Europoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2013. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2013~D_20130626_183836-73839.
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Sandorio, prieštaraujančio imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, negaliojimas įtvirtinamas tiek Lietuvos, tiek užsienio valstybių nacionalinėje teisėje. Šis negaliojimo pagrindas valstybių nacionaliniuose teisės aktuose, o taip pat ir Europos sutarčių teisėje siejamas su itin svarbių teisės normų pažeidimu, kurių tikslas apsaugoti visos visuomenės mastu reikšmingas vertybes. Sandorio, prieštaraujančio imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, negaliojimo pagrindas Lietuvos nacionalinėje teisėje įtvirtinamas CK 1.80 straipsnio 1 dalyje. Tai viena iš sutarties laisvės išimčių, nustatytų, siekiant užtikrinti teisėtumą civiliniuose santykiuose, apginti asmens teises ir teisėtus interesus. Sandorio negaliojimas minėtu pagrindu dažniausiai konstatuojamas, esant suinteresuoto asmens prašymui. Be teisės, suteikiamos suinteresuotiems asmenims, teisė ex officio konstatuoti sandorio negaliojimą įtvirtinama teismui, tačiau svarbu, tačiau turi būti nustatyta šio pagrindo taikymui būtina aplinkybių visuma: aplinkybė, kad teisės norma yra imperatyvi, kad ši teisės norma yra pažeista ir, kad pažeidimas lemia sandorio negaliojimą. Europos sutarčių teisėje taip pat atsižvelgiama į pažeidimo pasekmes, sandorio šalių tyčią, pažeidimo rimtumą ir kitas reikšmingas aplinkybes. Teismas, nustatęs šią aplinkybių visumą, t.y., kad sandoris prieštarauja imperatyvioms įstatymo normoms, gali ji pripažinti negaliojančiu ab initio, arba ex nunc, jeigu pagal bylos aplinkybes ab initio sandorio pripažinti negalima. Teismo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Invalidity of transactions contrary to mandatory rules is recognized in European Contract Law, also in national legal systems. Ground of invalidity of the contract contrary to the imperative rules is introduced at Civil code of the Republic of Lithuania paragraph 1.80. This is one of exceptions of contracts freedom set out in order to ensure the legitimacy of civil relations, to protect individual rights and legitimate interests. The mostly transactions contrary mandatory rules are invalidated as a consequence of being concerned person request. In addition despite of the rights granted to persons, the right to invalidate transaction ex officio is provided to court at paragraph 1.78. The using of the right ex-officio invalidate the transaction is based on the obvious invalidity of the transaction. Therefore, the court decision by its own initiative to invalidated contact contrary to the imperative norms can be made only when all the circumstances by which is based the invalidity of the transaction are investigated and determined. When the court finds existing all the circumstances that the transaction infringes the mandatory rules of the law, it may be declared that transaction is void ab initio or ex nunc. Application of court right ex officio invalidate transaction is especially needed when the transaction violated mandatory rules ensuring the needs of society and protecting the public interest. A lot of such rules regulate state-owned land purchase agreements. Infringement... [to full text]
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Johnsson, Christian. "Revidering av dispensregeln från budplikt?" Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Commercial Law, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12263.
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When anyone acquires control over a listed company the mandatory bid rule is triggered. This means that the person who acquires the control has to make an offer to buy the remaining shares in the company. The purpose of the rule is to protect the minority shareholders from the buyers. This rule has been considered to be burdensome and thus it is followed by an exemption rule which under some special circumstances may make the mandatory bid rule void. The purpose of this thesis is to analyze if the exemptions given by the Swedish securities council (in Swedish Aktiemarknadsnämnden) are in accordance with the purpose of the mandatory bid rule and if a review of these rules are needed.
To answer the purpose, the Swedish securities councils statements has been analyzed, to determinate if the exemptions are in accordance with the purpose of the mandatory bid rule. The result of the analysis is that the rules need to be changed because exemptions from the mandatory bid rule are given to arbitrary in Sweden.
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Leymon, Mark Gregory Hannon 1979. ""Fixed" sentencing: The effects on imprisonment rates over time." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10906.
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xvii, 232 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Beginning in the 1970s, states adopted sentencing reforms as a response to a growing number of concerns in the criminal justice system. These reforms included sentencing guidelines, statutory presumptive sentencing, determinate sentencing, truth in sentencing, and three strikes laws. Each reform has become an important part of the judicial system. These "fixed" reforms shifted sentencing from the indeterminate-rehabilitation sentencing model to a more predetermined-deterrence model. The reforms' main purpose is to limit judicial discretion by insuring convicted felons receive a reasonably standard sentence depending on the crime they committed. Few studies have attempted to systematically answer the question of whether these reforms produced the outcomes stated by their supporters. This analysis utilizes a social chain theory, which suggests the socio-political context of the law and order movement interacted with structural-procedural changes in the justice system that led to unintended consequences. The study assesses the effects of sentencing reforms on shifts in year-to-year changes in general incarceration rates, changes in the racial/ethnic composition of imprisonment, and changes in the gender composition of imprisonment. It also assesses the social, political, and demographic characteristics of states that change the rate of adoption of sentencing reforms across all 50 states from the years 1965 to 2008 on the aggregate state level. This study finds, counter to most previous findings, that sentencing reforms are associated with higher rates of imprisonment. The results further suggest mechanisms are at work that unintentionally "target" historically disadvantaged groups, perpetuating inequalities within the criminal justice system instead of easing them. This result is counter to some of the policies' stated goals. Conversely, the results suggest that drug arrest rates and not sentencing reforms are associated with the narrowing gender gap in imprisonment. Finally, the results indicate that state-level characteristics are important in predicting which states will adopt sentencing reforms. From a policy perspective, rapid changes in the composition of imprisonment can be a logistical and financial burden, and these results shed light onto the specific mechanisms causing a portion of the change. This dissertation includes previously unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Robert O Brien, Chairperson, Sociology; Jean Stockard, Member, Planning Public Policy & Mgmt; James Elliott, Member, Sociology; Hill Walker, Outside Member, Special Education and Clinical Sciences
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Drouillard, Peter Noel Vincent. "Factors associated with state-mandated dental screening compliance." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6938.
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Objective: To determine the demographic, economic, geographic, and health infrastructure factors related to the percentage of students by school who comply with state-mandated dental screenings in Iowa.
Methods: An exploratory, cross-sectional study was conducted, utilizing secondary data sources from the Iowa Department of Public Health, the Iowa Department of Education, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, to examine factors related to dental screening compliance rates for public school kindergarteners in Iowa (AY year 2014-15). Both school-level and county-level factors were considered. A ninety percent student compliance rate was established as the criteria for a school to satisfy the threshold for being compliant with screening requirement. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship of the independent variables on whether the schools satisfactorily met the criteria for compliance.
Results: Fifty-six percent of the 504 schools included in the study satisfactorily met the established criteria. Schools located in dental health professional shortage areas or in urban adjacent areas were more likely to have a greater percentage of kindergarten students exceed the 90% compliance threshold (p<0.05). Schools where a greater percentage of students were screened by a dentist or where larger populations of children were eligible for free or reduced price lunch (FRPL) (≥40%) were less likely to meet the compliance threshold.
Conclusions: Schools with more lower income students, those in metro areas, and those with a higher reliance on dentists performing the oral health screenings could benefit from targeted efforts to improve compliance with mandated dental screenings.
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Fruchtman, Joseph. "Statutory planning as a form of social control : the evolution of town planning law in mandatory Palestine and Israel 1917-1980's." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317972/.
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This socio-legal study of town and country planning draws upon the examples of the Israeli system and its predecessor of Mandatory Palestine, and studies them in the light of the British parent system. The underlying thesis is that statutory planning functions as a special component in a complex system of social control. Beyond its immediate concern with regulating the utilisation of the physical environment, statutory planning is designed and implemented with the aim of supporting the prevailing social order. The application to statutory planning systems of the concept of social control - which elucidates the regulation of behaviour in society and the phenomenon of social order - leads to the identification of three inter-related roles. These can be classified loosely as: 1) political role, to serve as a tool for effective government; 2) economic role, to utilise scarce resources efficiently; 3) social role, to advance human welfare. Their cumulative exercise contributes to the maintenance of the prevailing social order. This analysis shows that the social order throughout the history of Palestine and Israel. 1917-1980's was in constant flux. It is claimed that the Mandatory system, motivated by colonial ideology, attached excessive importance to statutory planning's political role in order to establish the authority of the British government over Palestine's rival communities. Planning's economic and social roles were relegated to secondary importance. During the Israeli system's formative stage, this political role, which suited the prevailing perception of representative democracy, was important in establishing and legitimising the new government. However, the social and economic roles were of paramount importance due to the prevailing ideology of collectivism. This led to a unique process of social engineering through physical planning. The current Israeli system reflects some new trends towards participatory democracy in planning organisation and individualism in the planning process and provisions, and a move away from narrow physical land use perceptions towards an integrated physical-economic-social outlook. Nevertheless, the basic principles of the early 1920's can Still be seen in the system of the 1980's.
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Brown, Albert E. "Particularism in Justice." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1204652909.
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Thomas, Claire H. "An evaluation of North Carolina's mandatory oceanfront setback policy : a case study of Nags Head /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07102009-040453/.
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Vitkus, Donatas. "Privalomo skaitmeninės televizijos retransliavimo elektroninių ryšių tinklais teisinis reguliavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20120124_143130-17800.
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Naujųjų technologijų teisės magistro baigiamojo darbo temos aktualumas ir naujumas susijęs su besikeičiančiomis televizijos transliavimo technologijomis ir visuotiniu analoginės antžeminės televizijos išjungimu Lietuvoje ir Europos Sąjungoje. Privalomo televizijos retransliavimo elektroniniais ryšių tinklais, kitaip vadinamu „must carry“, modelis įvestas esant analoginei televizijai. Besikeičiančios technologijos verčia analizuoti teisinį reguliavimą ir ieškoti galimų geresnio ir efektyvesnio reguliavimo modelio.
Skaitmeninės televizijos privalomo retransliavimo instituto svarba atskleidžiama nagrinėjant technologinę skaitmeninės televizijos pusę, pasitelkiant technologinių mokslų žinias. Išryškinami skirtumai nuo analoginės televizijos. Analizuojama privalomo retransliavimo instituto atsiradimo priežastys, aplinka, atskleidžiami instituto tikslai. Taip pat identifikuojamos transliavimo, retransliavimo, signalų siuntimo sąvokos.
Analizuojant privalomo skaitmeninės televizijos retransliavimo elektroniniais ryšių tinklais teisinį reguliavimą Europos Sąjungoje pasitelkiamas loginis bei teleologinis metodai. Analizuojama Universaliųjų paslaugų direktyva, kurios 31 straipsnyje įtvirtintas privalomo televizijos retransliavimo principas. Detaliau nagrinėjama Austrijos, Vokietijos, Didžiosios Britanijos privalomo televizijos retransliavimo teisinis reguliavimas.
Privalomo televizijos retransliavimo teisinis reguliavimas Lietuvoje analizuojamas nuo jo ištakų – Konstitucijoje saugomų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]The relevance and the novelty of the Master’s Work in New Technologies Law related to changing technology of television broadcasting and to universal analogue television turn-off in Lithuania and European Union. Television mandatory retransmission in electronic communications networks model, also called “must carry”, was created to analogue television. Changing technologies cause to analyze legal regulation and seek to create better and effective model of “must carry” regulation. Importance of the institute of digital television mandatory retransmission disclosed the analysis of digital television technology, using the knowledge of technologies science. There are highlighted differences between digital and analogue televisions. There are made analyzes of digital television mandatory retransmission establishing reasons and environment, made disclosure of the objectives of the “must carry” institute. There are also identified terms of broadcasting, retransmission, signal transporting. There are using logical ant theological methods to analyze digital television mandatory retransmission in European Union and Lithuania. In this work there is analyzed Universal Service Directive, which have “must carry” rule in 31 article. Detailed analyze made for Austrian, German, Great Britain legal regulation of digital television mandatory retransmission. Legal regulation of television mandatory retransmission in Lithuania is analyzed from the first source – from the Constitution. Comparative... [to full text]
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Adel, Zaher Mina. "L'ordre public dans les relations privées internationales : l'exemple des contrats internationaux devant le juge étatique." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE3057.
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L’autonomie de la volonté est un principe relatif à la liberté des parties quant au choix de la loi applicable au contrat international. Cependant, ce principe est limité par les règles d’ordre public, et plus généralement les dispositions impératives, réduisant l’étendue de cette autonomie. Afin de perfectionner la mise en application de ces règles tout en garantissant une certaine prévisibilité, il s’avère important d’étudier en détail l’origine et la nature des règles d’ordre public. Une étude comparée avec le droit international privé égyptien s’avère nécessaire pour perfectionner les mécanismes actuels. Le débat conceptuel actuel met en évidence le rôle de la coopération internationale, outre les intérêts purement étatiques, ce qui suscitera un nouvel ordre public transnational, voire supranationalThe freedom of choice is a principle referring to the freedom of the parties concerning the choice of the law ruling the international contract. However, this principle is limited by public policy, which reduce the extent of this freedom. In order to improve the application of these rules with a minimum of predictability, it is important to study in detail the origin and nature of the rules of public policy. A comparative study with Egyptian private international law is needed to take advantage from all current mechanisms. The current conceptual debate highlights the role of international cooperation, in addition to purely State interests, which will tend to create a new transnational, or even supranational, public policy
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Dalmazir, Pauline. "Les lois de police protectrices dans les contrats internationaux." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30087.
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L’émergence depuis quelques années de nouvelles lois de police pour protéger certaines parties faibles au sein des contrats internationaux a été identifiée sous l’appellation de lois de police protectrices. En tant que renouvellement du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, cette émergence interroge, notamment quant à son bien-fondé. Cela suppose d’envisager les lois de police protectrices à la fois en tant que nouveau concept, et en tant qu’objet s’intégrant dans un environnement plus général. Ces nouvelles lois de police se sont imposées pour répondre à un besoin de protection sur la scène internationale. Cependant, la philosophie des lois de police apparaît difficilement conciliable avec l’objectif de protection d’une partie faible. Dès lors, il conviendrait de modifier certaines caractéristiques du mécanisme afin qu’il soit en mesure d’atteindre cet objectif de protection. Mais alors, se crée une déformation du concept initial de l’outil des lois de police. En outre, envisagées au sein de leur environnement, à savoir le droit européen des contrats, les lois de police protectrices sont susceptibles d’être limitées par des concepts propres au droit de l’Union. Elles peuvent aussi être dépassées par des outils d’inspiration européenne qui mettent en œuvre un autre lien entre l’impérativité d’une norme et l’exigence de protection de la partie faibleThese past few years, the advent of new mandatory provisions to protect certain weaker parties within the realm of international contracts have been identified as protective mandatory provisions. As a renewal of the traditional mandatory provisions mechanism, it raises several questions with regards to its merits. This requires to consider protective mandatory provisions as a concept in itself, as well as an object integrated in a more global legal environment. These new mandatory provisions have appeared as an answer to a need for protection on the international level. However, the philosophy of mandatory provisions can be considered to be incompatible with the objective of the protecting the weaker party. Therefore, it is necessary to change certain characteristics of the mechanism in order for it to effectively attain its protection objective. It would then, however, amount to a deformation of the initial concept of mandatory provisions. Finally, considered within their environment, i.e. European contract law, protective mandatory provisions can be limited by EU-specific law concepts. They can also be surpassed by other tools, of European inspiration, putting into effect another link between the imperative character of the norm and the protection requirement of the weaker party
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Klason, Tanja, and Camilla Tisäter. "Oro för barn som far illa : förskolechefers tillämpning av anmälningsskyldigheten." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6956.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate how directors of preschool apply the mandatory reporting and what information they say is important in the decision to report child maltreat-ment. The study was built on five semi-structure interviews with five directors of preschool working in Greater Stockholm. The perspective of this paper is sociology of law theory. This means to study how out of law information makes sense when director of preschool applies the mandatory reporting. The result was analysed with three different analytic tools: action plan, consulting social services and the considerations of the directors of preschool them-selves. The result showed that the information from the preschool teachers is very important the decision to report child maltreatment. None of the directors referred to an action plan that was written down. Clear signs of maltreatment, as physical and psychological signs, were information that directly was reported. When anxiety was explained to lack clear physical and psychological signs the directors were left alone with their own subjective feelings. The pos-sibility to consult with social services was told to be a very important support.
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Farina, Fernanda Mercier Querido. "Técnicas de agregação de demandas repetitivas: uma análise comparativa da experiência norte-americana em busca da eficiência processual." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2137/tde-12122014-093904/.
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Essa pesquisa se destina a discutir a crise de eficiência por qual passa o Poder Judiciário brasileiro, decorrente dos processos repetitivos, e as soluções processuais para buscar amenizá-la. Primeiramente far-se-á uma análise da situação atual dos tribunais nacionais, da carga de trabalho e dos efeitos da crise de eficiência na demora da prestação jurisdicional, bem como na sua influência maléfica nos direitos e garantias fundamentais ao acesso à justiça plena. Posteriormente, em busca de soluções, far-se-á uma análise comparada de instrumentos de agregação de demandas repetitivas dos Estados Unidos com os instrumentos correlatos do Brasil. Os institutos escolhidos para análise, diga-se, aqueles que se compreende serem os mais adequados no intento de solucionar as demandas repetitivas, subdividem-se em dois grupos: aqueles destinados a resolver processos oriundos da mesma questão de fato a coletivização e aqueles destinados a resolver processos envolvendo exclusivamente a mesma questão de direito vinculação de precedentes. Dessa maneira, de um lado estudar-se-á a class action, de modo a extrair dela os instrumentos necessários a fim de conferir aos institutos brasileiros de coletivização, particularmente à ação civil pública para tutela de direitos individuais homogêneos, maior eficiência para solução de conflitos repetitivos. Objetivando-se, sempre, imprimir eficácia, segurança jurídica e celeridade ao processo. De outro lado analisar-se-á o stare decisis, fazendo-se um paralelo com a jurisprudência vinculante e a experiência brasileira no manuseio da jurisprudência súmula vinculante, súmula persuasiva etc. A conclusão buscará encontrar na experiência dos institutos de agregação norteamericanos ensinamentos que possam contribuir de forma positiva com os institutos brasileiros de modo a conferir eficiência no manuseio das causas repetitivos, reduzindo, assim, o congestionamento do Poder Judiciário.This research aims to discuss the efficiency crisis that affects the Judiciary Power in Brazil due to repetitive litigation and the procedural solutions thought to solve it. First of all, it will be analyzed the actual situation of Brazilian Courts: workloads delay in the jurisdictional answer, as well as the direct consequences of delay on the due process and right to one day in court. Secondly, in search of solutions, this research will do a compared analysis of the aggregation techniques for solving repetitive litigation in the United States and in Brazil. The techniques chosen for study, those that are thought to be the best ones in the aim of bringing efficiency to civil procedure, are subdivided into two groups: the ones destined to solving procedures born from the same transaction or occurrence preclusion mechanisms and secondly, the ones destined to solving procedures uniquely discussing the same question of law stare decisis. Therefore, the study shall be divided into three chapters: one for problematic, one for studding the class action and one for stare decisis. The class action will be compared with the Brazilian technique for solving mass tort cases (ação civil pública para tutela de interesses individuais homogêneos), suggesting modifications and improvements in the Brazilian legislation starting by the American class action study. Finally, stare decisis will be compared with the Brazilian experience with dealing with jurisprudence and mandatory case law. All of it in the aim of finding the best technique for solving repetitive litigation and improving the Brazilian procedural system, with efficiency and fairness
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Mikutytė, Lyra. "Kiekybinių apribojimų ir jiems lygiaverčio poveikio priemonių draudimas, užtikrinantis laisvą prekių judėjimą EB." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070104_144837-36676.
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The aim of this work is to identify and analyze the legal problems arising from applying the articles of the EC Treaty on the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having equivalent effect. The author, referring to evolution of the case law of European Court of Justice, reveals problem aspects of the prohibition of quantitative restrictions on import and measures having equivalent effect, ensuring the free movement of goods in EC. The author analyzes the link between the list of mandatory requirements, introduced in Cassis, and the article 30 of the Treaty, looking for bonds between them and providing possible solutions of the problem. The author also presents the probable reasons of the large-scale criticism towards European Court of Justice due to its ambivalent decision in Keck, examines the arguments rehabilitating Keck and estimates the influence of Keck towards free movement of goods in EC. The author aims to reveal the tendencies of European Court of Justice in the context of market access and discrimination, comparing both tests and considering whether it is possible to apply one of them alternatively or use a synergy of both tests. The basics of this work are focused on legal doctrine given in monographs, articles and publications of various foreign legal authors.
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Robert, Bruno. "Apuração, declaração e pagamento do dividendo mínimo obrigatório nas companhias brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-03052010-110333/.
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Este trabalho examina a disciplina legal do dividendo mínimo obrigatório, a partir da compreensão de suas funções dentro da organização societária e das implicações práticas de sua existência, manifestáveis ao longo do procedimento de formação e partilha do lucro social. Trata-se de estudo que, embora gravite em torno do art. 202 da Lei das Sociedades por Ações, estende-se para os fundamentos do direito societário, excursionando por temas que vão desde as razões da celebração do contrato de sociedade e da função empresarial do lucro até as mais modernas reflexões a respeito do conflito de interesses e do papel dos administradores e dos controladores na sociedade. Além de uma análise detalhada das etapas de apuração, declaração e pagamento do dividendo mínimo obrigatório, o estudo oferece as seguintes principais proposições: (i) a de que o dividendo mínimo obrigatório consiste em solução contratual, estimulada pela lei, para redução dos custos da decisão de partilha do lucro social; (ii) a de que o direito ao dividendo é diverso do direito de participação nos lucros sociais e de que aquele, ao contrário deste último, é tanto derrogável, quanto renunciável; e (iii) a de que o dividendo mínimo obrigatório possui natureza substancialmente específica, reclamando análise autônoma de seu funcionamento. Entre as contribuições esperadas, estão o aperfeiçoamento da aplicação da disciplina legal do dividendo mínimo obrigatório e a retomada da investigação científica da matéria, inexplicavelmente negligenciada pela doutrina brasileira. Estruturalmente, o texto encontra-se dividido em oito capítulos, além da introdução e das considerações finais. O primeiro apresenta o papel do lucro e do dividendo na sociedade. O segundo reproduz o raciocínio doutrinário que conforma o direito do acionista ao dividendo mínino obrigatório, examina as justificativas para sua tutela jurídica e analisa a necessidade contemporânea da manutenção dessa tutela. No terceiro capítulo são discutidas as questões relacionadas à titularidade do dividendo mínimo obrigatório. Os capítulos quarto e quinto tratam, respectivamente, da apuração e da declaração do dividendo mínimo obrigatório. As hipóteses de retenção regular e irregular de lucros sociais são tratadas nos capítulos sexto e sétimo. Do capítulo oitavo constam explicações sobre o pagamento do dividendo mínimo obrigatório. As considerações finais retomam as principais conclusões obtidas ao longo dos capítulos e arrematam o trabalho.This thesis examines the legal discipline of the minimum mandatory corporate dividend, based on an analysis of its functions within organizations and on the practical implications of its existence, reflected in the procedures for social profits formation and distribution. Although this study centers on article 202 of the Brazilian Corporations Law, it also touches on corporate laws foundations, covering subjects ranging from the reasons for settling a corporate contract and the corporate functions of profits to modern thinking on conflicts of interest and the roles of managers and controlling shareholders. Besides a detailed analysis of the steps in accounting for, declaring, and paying the minimum mandatory dividend, this study also suggests these main propositions: (i) that the minimum mandatory dividend consists of a contractual solution, stimulated by law, that aims to reduce the costs related to the decision to share social profits; (ii) that the right to the minimum mandatory dividend and the right to participate in social profits are not equivalent and that the former, as distinct from the latter, is as revocable as it is renounceable; and (iii) that the minimum mandatory dividend has a substantially singular nature, which requires an independent analysis of its mechanisms. The expected contribution of this study is twofold: to improve the application of the minimum mandatory dividends legal discipline, and to bring to light the scientific investigation of dividend subjects, which inexplicably has been neglected by Brazilian legal doctrine in recent decades. The text is divided into eight chapters, besides the introduction and the final remarks. The first chapter presents the role of profits and dividends in companies. The second explains the doctrinal rationality that sustains the right of shareholders to the minimum mandatory dividend, examines the justifications for its jurisdictional protection, and analyzes the contemporary necessity for this protection. In the third chapter, issues related 181 to the minimum mandatory dividends ownership are debated. The fourth and fifth chapters concern, respectively, accounting for and declaring minimum mandatory dividends. The hypotheses of regular and irregular retention of social profits are discussed in the sixth and seventh chapters. Explanations of the rules for paying the minimum mandatory dividend are given in the eighth chapter. The final remarks section distills the main conclusions from the eight chapters.
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Dahlin, Kalle. "Anmälningsskyldigheten inom skolan : sex rektorers förhållningssätt till anmälningsskyldigheten inom skolan." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete - Socialhögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-63505.
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The purpose of the study is to examine what effects the law has on principals’ approaches to mandatory reporting of child maltreatment (Social Services Act 14:1§). Moreover, the aim is to study if the regulation gets the impact intended. To respond to the purpose, legal science methods in the form of sociology of law were employed aided by qualitative semi-structured research interviews. The interviews comprised six principals in six different schools in the Stockholm area. The interviews were analyzed based on sociology of law theory, earlier research and relevant regulations in social law. The outcome indicates that principals’ understanding of the intentions behind mandatory reporting of child maltreatment is limited in some aspects. There is a difference between the interviewed principals’ official approaches and how they answer that they apply mandatory reporting in practice. When deciding how to apply the mandatory reporting, the child’s best interest is weighed against the parents’ right not to be reported to the authorities unless there is a real concern in the child. The principals suggest that in situations when a report does not lead to action, the reporting creates a bad relationship between the parents and the school. According to the principals, these situations affect the children and their wellbeing
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Teixeira, Denilson Victor Machado. "Teoria do reexame compulsório do provimento jurisdicional sob o viés de uma Filosofia do Direito Processual e à égide do Estado de Direito Democrático." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2014. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6370.
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Previous issue date: 2014-02-21The mandatory degree of jurisdiction, derived from the Lusitanian right (mid-fourteenth century), under the influence of the inquisitorial process, emerged as a Brazilian legal institute of the Civil Procedure, within the article 90 of the Law of October 4, 1831, establishing it as an appeal (ex officio appeal), so that the magistrate interposed it from his own judgment against the National Treasury. So, ontologically, the mandatory double degree of jurisdiction must exist due to the Public Administration, despite the purpose is the collective defense of the public interest (not state). Currently, due to changes determined by the Federal Statutory Law n. 10.352, of December 26, 2001, the current article 475 of the Code of Civil Procedure provides the submission to the double jurisdiction, producing no effect until confirmed by the court after the judgment against the Union, Member States, the Federal District, the Municipalities, and respective agencies and foundations governed by the Public Law. Moreover, it is conceptualized as a condition of providing compulsory rejudgement to the the first instance by the higher order to produce its legal and juridical effects definitively as soon occurs the res judicata of decisum. In foreign legislation such institute is applied in few countries of Hispanic America, under the name of consultation. Under the aspect of Legal Sociology, the mandatory double degree of jurisdiction is effective, because the rule of law (art. 475 of the Code of Civil Procedure) is being fulfilled by their recipients. However, the necessary remittance is characterized as a procedural privilege, and analyzed from the standpoint of constitutional equality (art. 5, caput, first part, and inc. XXXVII, CRFB/1988) generates an apparent antinomy of legal norms, in such a way that applied hierarchical criterion, and, consequently, it turns invalid alluded art. 475 of the Code of Civil Procedure, well known as an unconstitutional Democratic Rule of Law. Concerning Legal Philosophy, adding up the value of justice to the equality, by the way, in obedience to the constitutional preamble parental 1988, it is clear that the mandatory jurisdiction is unfair because, in strictly procedural context, the parts must obtain isonomic treatment by State Judge, by impartial nature. Therefore, it becomes stale that the State Administration may not enjoy such a privileged position in the procedural field, even as it is properly harnessed legal and institutionally, and on the other hand, the born defender of the collective interest is the Prosecutor, as it is adduced in the art. 127, caput, CRFB/1988, where it is pondered the Ministerial participation to resolve the dispute. Anyway, in our times, the Civil Procedure must be grounded in effectiveness (art. 5, inc . LXXVIII, CRFB/1988) and equality, while this as instrumental justice (value), and in order to congratulate the procedural good faith
O duplo grau de jurisdição obrigatório, oriundo do direito lusitano (meados do século XIV), sob a influência do processo inquisitório, surgiu no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro como instituto do processo civil, por força do art. 90, de Lei de 4 de outubro de 1831, instituindo-o como recurso (apelação ex officio), de tal modo que o magistrado interpunha-o de sua própria sentença proferida contra a Fazenda Nacional. Então, ontologicamente, o duplo grau de jurisdição obrigatório existe em razão da Administração Pública, não obstante a finalidade ser a defesa do interesse público coletivo (e não estatal). Atualmente, em alteração determinada pela Lei Ordinária Federal n. 10.352, de 26 de dezembro de 2001, o vigente art. 475 do Código de Processo Civil, por regra, prevê a sujeição ao duplo grau de jurisdição, não produzindo efeito senão depois de confirmada pelo tribunal, a sentença proferida contra a União, os Estados-Membros, o Distrito Federal, os Municípios, e as respectivas autarquias e fundações de direito público. Ademais, conceitua-se o duplo grau de jurisdição obrigatório como sendo a condição de rejulgamento compulsório do provimento jurisdicional prolatado em primeira instância pela superior, visando à produção de seus jurídicos e legais efeitos em caráter definitivo, tão logo ocorra o trânsito em julgado do decisum. Na legislação estrangeira, tal instituto é aplicável em poucos países da América hispânica, sob a denominação de consulta. Sob o viés da Sociologia Jurídica, o duplo grau de jurisdição obrigatório é eficaz, porquanto a norma jurídica (art. 475 do Código de Processo Civil) está sendo cumprida por seus destinatários. Entretanto, a remessa necessária caracteriza-se como privilégio processual, e, analisada sob o enfoque constitucional da isonomia (art. 5º, caput, primeira parte, e inc. XXXVII, da CRFB/1988), gera uma antinomia aparente de normas jurídicas, de tal sorte que aplicável o critério hierárquico, e, por via de consequência, torna-se inválido o aludido art. 475 do Código de Processo Civil, sabidamente inconstitucional no Estado de Direito Democrático. Concernente à Filosofia Jurídica, agregando-se o valor justiça ao da igualdade, aliás, em obediência ao preâmbulo constitucional pátrio de 1988, percebe-se que o duplo grau de jurisdição obrigatório é injusto, porquanto, estritamente no contexto processual, as partes devem obter tratamento isonômico pelo Estado-Juiz, por natureza imparcial. Logo, torna-se cediço que o Estado-Administração não pode usufruir de tal condição privilegiada no campo processual, até mesmo porque está adequadamente aparelhado jurídico-institucionalmente, e, por outro lado, o defensor nato do interesse coletivo é o Ministério Público, conforme aduz o art. 127, caput, da CRFB/1988, caso em que se pondera a participação ministerial para solucionar a controvérsia. Enfim, hodiernamente, o processo civil deve estar pautado na efetividade (art. 5º, inc. LXXVIII, da CRFB/1988) e na igualdade, esta enquanto instrumental da justiça (valor), e de modo a congratular a boa-fé processual
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Receveur, Bee. "La Force obligatoire du contrat de société : contribution à l'étude des relations entre droit des contrats et droit des sociétes." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00949391.
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La rumeur s'est répandue depuis plus d'un siècle dans le monde juridique que la société aurait quitté la sphère contractuelle provoquant ainsi la rupture du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés. Et les auteurs, qui n'en sont pas convaincus, pensent néanmoins que la société se serait recluse dans une catégorie contractuelle singulière, celle des contrats-organisation au régime bien spécifique. Une des principales raisons de la remise en cause de la nature de la société réside dans l'avènement de la loi de la majorité jugée incompatible avec la conception volontariste de la force obligatoire du contrat forgée par le droit commun.Une étude approfondie de la force obligatoire du contrat de société révèle cependant que la société souffre d'une marginalisation excessive. Ses particularités ne l'empêchent pas en effet d'appliquer le principe de la force obligatoire : la société est soumise au principe d'intangibilité contractuelle et toute atteinte se résout par une sanction effective, exécution forcée ou résiliation.Mieux encore, à l'analyse, on constate qu'un certain nombre des spécificités dénoncées de la société, en particulier la durée, l'intérêt commun et l'intérêt social, se retrouvent en réalité à des degrés différents dans les autres contrats. Aussi, cette nouvelle perception du contrat à l'image de la société incite à une appréhension moins rigoureuse de la force obligatoire et de ses corollaires que sont l'immutabilité et l'irrévocabilité contractuelles. L'alliance du droit des contrats et du droit des sociétés favorise, ce faisant, l'élaboration d'une force obligatoire renouvelée plus adaptée à la réalité contractuelle.
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Shafiani, Shahriar. "Visibility, Allegiance, Dissent: Mandatory Hijab Laws and Contemporary Iranian Cinema." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627930372378197.
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Shafiani, Shahriar. "Visibility, Allegiance, Dissent: Mandatory Hijab Laws and Contemporary Iranian Cinema." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1627930372378197.
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Morbach, Rüdiger. "Der kartellrechtliche ordre public in der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit." Thesis, Paris 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021PA020034.
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Au carrefour des domaines juridiques du droit de la concurrence et du droit de l’arbitrage se situe la liberté contractuelle. Elle est garantie par les règles du droit de la concurrence et en même temps la raison d'être de l’arbitrage. La liberté contractuelle est également à la base d'un conflit qui se présente dans les deux domaines : Le conflit entre la liberté individuelle et les intérêts régulateurs de l’État. Omniprésent dans le droit de la concurrence, ce conflit se manifeste dans le droit de l'arbitrage chaque fois que le droit d'arbitrage rencontre une loi étatique de caractère impératif. Il est particulièrement pertinent lorsque la juridiction de l'État est impliquée dans le cadre d'une procédure d'exécution d'une sentence arbitrale ou d'un recours en annulation. Dans ce cas, s'ajoute également le conflit entre l'arbitrage et le système judiciaire étatique. Étant donné que ces deux systèmes sont jugés équivalents, le juge étatique doit s'abstenir de juger à nouveau le fond du litige tranché par le tribunal arbitral (principe de non-révision au fond). Il peut seulement vérifier que l'exequatur de la sentence arbitrale ne heurte pas un principe essentiel du droit étatique, son ordre public. Les règles du droit de la concurrence qui font partie de l'ordre public, leur application par l’arbitre et leur contrôle par le juge étatique font l’objet de la thèseAt the intersection between arbitration and competition law lies private autonomy. The provisions of competition law safeguard what is at the same time the legal foundation of arbitration. In both areas of law, private autonomy enters into conflict with the state's regulatory interest. While this conflict is omnipresent in competition law, it manifests itself in arbitration only when the arbitral proceedings come into contact with mandatory state law, most notably when a state court has to decide on the enforceability of an arbitral award. If this is the case, not only private autonomy and mandatory state law collide, but also arbitration and state court jurisdiction. As far as arbitration and litigation are considered to be equivalent, a state court may not review the substance of an arbitral award on the merits (principle of non-révision au fond). It may only consider whether the enforcement of the arbitral award would violate an essential principle of the law of the state that the state court is supposed to protect, i.e. its public policy (ordre public). Some of these essential principles derive from a state’s competition law and form the state’s public competition policy. Public competition policy, it’s implications for the arbitral tribunal and its protection by state courts form the subject of doctoral thesis
An der Schnittstelle zwischen der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und dem Kartellrecht liegt die Privatautonomie. Sie wird durch die Regeln des Kartellrechts gewährleistet und stellt zugleich die Legitimationsgrundlage der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit dar. Dabei steht sie in beiden Rechtsgebieten im Konflikt mit dem staatlichen Ordnungsinteresse. Während dieser Konflikt im Kartellrecht allgegenwärtig ist, manifestiert er sich in der Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit, sobald das Schiedsverfahren mit zwingendem staatlichen Recht in Berührung kommt, insbesondere wenn ein staatliches Gericht über die Vollstreckbarerklärung oder Aufhebung eines Schiedsspruchs entscheiden muss. In diesem Fall treffen nicht nur Privatautonomie und staatlicher Zwang aufeinander, sondern auch Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit und staatliche Gerichtsbarkeit. Werden beide als gleichwertig angesehen, darf das staatliche Gerichte einen Schiedsspruch grundsätzlich nicht in der Sache überprüfen (Prinzip der non-révision au fond). Es darf nur prüfen, ob die Vollstreckung des Schiedsspruchs einen wesentlichen Grundsatz des von ihm zu schützenden staatlichen Rechts verletzen würde, seinen ordre public. Enthalten diese wesentlichen Grundsätze Regeln des Kartellrechts, handelt es sich um den kartellrechtlichen ordre public. Der kartellrechtliche ordre public, seine Bedeutung für das Schiedsgericht und seine Überprüfung durch das staatliche Gericht werden in dieser Dissertation untersucht. Dazu bedarf es eingangs einer allgemeinen Betrachtung der Schnittstellen zwischen Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit (1. Kapitel). Diese widmet sich einerseits den theoretischen Grundlagen der Beziehung beider Rechtsgebiete, andererseits den vielen praktischen Formen des Aufeinandertreffens von Kartellrecht und Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit. Davon ausgehend soll sich dem kartellrechtlichen ordre public genähert werden, indem dieser in allen seinen Erscheinungsformen dargestellt wird, die anhand ihrer Wirkungen in gängige ordre-public-Kategorisierungen eingeordnet werden und miteinander so ins Verhältnis gesetzt werden, dass Konflikte und ein möglicher Umgang mit ihnen erkennbar werden (2. Kapitel). Im Anschluss soll aufgezeigt werden, wie staatliche Gerichte Schiedssprüche auf eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public überprüfen, welche Kontrollparameter ihre Untersuchung beeinflussen, wie sich Parallelverfahren vor Wettbewerbsbehörden darauf auswirken und welche Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten ein staatliches Gericht hat, das eine Verletzung des kartellrechtlichen ordre public feststellt (3. Kapitel). Im Anschluss sollen Möglichkeiten für das Schiedsgericht und die Schiedsparteien ergründet werden, einen Verstoß gegen den kartellrechtlichen ordre public zu vermeiden (4. Kapitel). Mit den hierbei gewonnenen Ergebnissen soll zuletzt versucht werden, eine Antwort auf die Frage zu finden, ob der kartellrechtliche ordre public einen wirksamen Sicherungs¬mechanismus darstellt, mit dem eine sich eine Rechtsordnung gegen gravierende Verletzungen ihres Kartellrechts durch Schiedssprüche schützen kann
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Cacho, Manoela Andrade. "Colaboração premiada e o princípio da obrigatoriedade." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2015. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/6959.
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Previous issue date: 2015-12-18The procedure of the award-winning collaboration was regulated by the new Criminal Organization law (Lei n. 12.850/2013), from when has been considerably debated among society and been absorbed by our legal culture. Therefore, it is necessary to correct some controversial topics of the law to avoid the disrespect of the fundamental rights of the defendant in criminal proceedings. The rules of award-winning collaboration has to respect the constitucional principles of the criminal proceedings and the principles in the criminal procedure code. The most important one is the principle of mandatory prosecution, which concerns to the Public Ministry work, and have not been observed by the Law n. 12.850/2013, what has been criticized by some authors. They present many diferente solutions for the problem, wich will be analyzed to find the best way to avoid the disrespect of the law and the Constitution. Therebay, the goal is to prioritize the solutions that honors the Democratic Rule of Law and the Dignity of the Human Person, wich are those ones that respect the limits of the judge, of the district attorney, of the police chief and of the lawyer, as well as the rights of the defendant in criminal proceedings, even the one who makes the deal of award-winning collaboration or the one who is charged based on this deal
A colaboração premiada teve o seu procedimento regulamentado pela nova Lei de Organização Criminosa (Lei n. 12.850/2013) e, desde então, tem sido amplamente debatida no mundo jurídico e fora dele, sendo cada vez mais absorvida pela nossa cultura jurídica. Por isso, faz-se necessária a pacificação dos pontos controversos da referida lei, a fim de evitar a sua realização de forma irregular e o desrespeito aos direitos e às garantias fundamentais dos acusados na persecução penal. É imperioso, portanto, que o estudo das regras relativas à colaboração premiada seja realizado em conformidade com os princípios constitucionais de processo penal, bem como com aqueles constantes do código de processo penal. Nessa ordem de ideias, destaca-se o Princípio da Ação Penal Pública da Obrigatoriedade, o qual orienta a atuação do Ministério Público e foi inobservado em algumas disposições da Lei n. 12.850/2013 que geraram críticas por parte de alguns autores. Estes apresentam diferentes caminhos para a melhor adequação aos princípios do processo penal brasileiro, os quais serão analisados com a finalidade de se construir a melhor leitura e evitar inconstitucionalidades e ilegalidades. Pretende-se, assim, priorizar as constatações e soluções que melhor se coadunem com as normas principiológicas postas que prestigiem os fins do Estado Democrático de Direito e da proteção da dignidade da pessoa humana, que entendemos ser aquelas que respeitam tanto os limites de atuação do juiz, do órgão acusatório, do delegado de polícia e do defensor quanto os direitos do acusado no processo penal brasileiro, seja o colaborador ou aqueles apontados por ele
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Gustafsson, Ida, and Kajsa Gustafsson. "Hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck av barn och unga : Socialtjänstens och förvaltningsrättens föreställningar om hedersproblematik i LVU mål." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för socialt arbete (SA), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-60344.
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The United Nation’s definition of honour based violence (HRV) in 1999 defines women’s exposure of violence related to honour. In Sweden, HRV was regarded as a social problem in the 1990’s, when women were murdered by their close family members. Loss of honour was explained as a reason for the killings. Ever since the beginning of debate in Swedish media, science has noticed the complexity of HRV. The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish social services and administrative courts constructed honour based violence (HRV) when law of mandatory care of minors is used in court cases. The lawsuits regarded both females and males, in the ages of 10-17 years old. We used a document analysis of thirteen court cases from 2016 regarding 2§ Law of mandatory care of minors (LVU), which is a paragraph of deficiencies in care of youths. We used the keyword Honour related violence when searching for court cases. We could determine that physical violence is constructed as legal issues when it’s explained in detail, fragmented and when the minor was regarded as believable to the administrative court. Psychological violence included the involvement of threats, threats of physical violence and threats of forced marriages, and was all seen as an integrated view on violence. Honour was constructed as an isolation of the youths, limiting their social and leisure time and the children were controlled by their guardians. According to social services and administrative courts, the control was not seen as age appropriate.
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Oprea, Elena-Alina. "Droit de l'Union européenne et lois de police." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020028.
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L’interaction du droit de l’Union européenne avec le droit international privé se manifeste avec une acuité particulière en matière de lois de police, continuant et renouvelant les discussions suscitées par celles-ci. La promotion des intérêts de l’Union européenne par ce mécanisme de DIP peut être facilement observée. Il reste que des questions peuvent surgir quant à l’aménagement, dans les systèmes juridiques nationaux, de l’articulation des lois de police de source nationale et européenne. Le transfert de certaines compétences des Etats membres vers l’Union, le rapprochement des législations des Etats membres ou le poids plus important accordé aux raisonnements et aux intérêts européens au moment de la qualification mettent en lumière une catégorie « lois de police » avec des contours nouveaux. La mise en oeuvre des lois de police porte, elle aussi, l’empreinte de l’influence du droit de l’Union européenne. L’intégration des données liées à la réalisation du marché intérieur entraîne une perturbation significative du mécanisme traditionnel des lois de police, accompagnée d’une diminution de l’efficacité de ces normes dans les relations entre les Etats membres. L’objectif de création, au sein de l’Union, d’un espace de liberté, de sécurité et de justice s’est matérialisé par la mise en place de corps de règles européennes de DIP dans diverses matières. La méthode des lois de police en ressort transformée, suite tant à la prise de position directe du législateur européen sur les conditions de son intervention, qu’en raison des évolutions enregistrées par d’autres méthodes concurrentes de droit international privéThe interaction between the European Union law and the private international law is particularly acute in the field of internationally mandatory rules, maintaining and renewing the debate which always accompanied this kind of norms. If the internationally mandatory rules occupy a special place in the European legislation, being an extremely effective tool of European policy, some difficulties arise as to the articulation, in the Member States’ legal systems, of the both national and European different sources of lois de police. The transfer of powers from Member States to the European Union, the harmonization of national legislations and the greater weight given to European reasoning and interests at the time of qualification highlight a new dimension of the internationally mandatory rules concept. Also the implementation of internationally mandatory rules is highly influenced by the European Union Law. The Member States’ obligations concerning the completing of the internal market and the removal of restrictions to changes involve a significant disturbance to this traditional PIL mechanism; a decrease in the effectiveness of internationally mandatory rules in relations between Member States may be observed. The purpose of establishing an area of freedom, security and justice within the European Union was materialized in the establishment of European private international law rules in various fields; the internationally mandatory rules method is transformed as a result of the European legislator direct intervention on his definition and regime, but also as a result of the evolution that affects other concurring private international law methods
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Mühlbauer, Kristina. "Berücksichtigung der ausländischen Eingriffsnormen im Art. 9 Rom I-VO." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22884.
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Die Arbeit setzt sich mit dem neuen europäischen Anknüpfungskonzept für ausländisches Eingriffsrecht in der Rom I-VO auseinander. Im Fokus der Untersuchung steht die politisch motivierte und restriktiv ausgefallene Regelung des Art. 9 Abs. 3 Rom I-VO. Zudem widmet sich ein Teil der Untersuchung allgemein der hinter dem Eingriffsrecht – insbesondere dem Konzept des ausländischen Eingriffsrechts im IPR – stehenden Dogmatik, die aus einer dogmatisch-historischen Perspektive beleuchtet wird.
Schwerpunktmäßig gilt es der Frage nachzugehen, welche Überlegungen hinter der neuen Kollisionsnorm stehen und ob die Sonderanknüpfung des Art. 9 Abs. 3 Rom I-VO einen dogmatisch geeigneten, mit der Zielsetzung der Rom I-VO vereinbaren rechtlichen Rahmen für die einheitliche kollisionsrechtliche Berufung der berücksichtigungswürdigen ausländischen Eingriffsnormen in den Mitgliedstaaten schafft.The thesis examines the European concept of the newly defined connecting factor for foreign overriding mandatory rules in the Rome I Regulation. The central attention of the study is the analysis of the politically motivated and restrictive regulation of Art. 9 (3) of the Rome I Regulation. In addition, the first part of the study is dedicated to the examination of the general approach behind the application of foreign overriding mandatory rules in private international law from a dogmatic-historical perspective. The main focus of the thesis, however, is on the research of the considerations behind the new conflict of laws rule. The author specifically questions whether the new connecting factor defined in the Art. 9 (3) Rome I Regulation provides a worthy and sufficient legal framework for the application of foreign overriding mandatory rules.