Dissertations / Theses: 'Mandatory law of forum'

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au, k. lewins@murdoch edu, and Kate Lewins. "The Trade Practices Act (Cth) 1974 and its Impact on Maritime Law in Australia." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081223.135713.

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The trade of shipping is necessarily international in nature. Courts and international bodies often express the need to ensure international consistency in matters of maritime law. However, it has been an extremely difficult goal to achieve. Many countries have refused to be party to international conventions that seek to ensure comity. Some have enacted laws that reflect part but not all of those conventions, or seek to improve the protection offered by the conventions. The domestic law of each country also adds its own flavour to shipping law as recognised and applied by the courts in that jurisdiction. In 1974 Australia enacted the Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) (TPA), heralding a new era in corporate and commercial law. However, its impact on maritime law on Australia has only been felt over the last 10 15 years. It is potentially relevant to many areas of maritime law, including carriage of goods by sea, cruise ships, and towage. This thesis explores the encroachment of the TPA on a number of different areas of shipping law, using the few case examples on offer and extrapolating the impact that the TPA may have. It also considers the extent to which the TPA is stymied by simple contractual agreements to litigate or arbitrate in a non Australian forum, despite the TPAs status as a mandatory statute within Australia. Raised at various points in the thesis is the possibility of law reform, which is a complex compendium of issues overlaid with a moral dimension does shipping, as an industry, deserve to be exempted from the operation of the Act which sets a high standard of corporate behaviour? If so, how could that reform be shaped? In the meantime, what steps can the shipping industry take to work within the legal framework of the TPA?

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Fruchtman, Joseph. "Statutory planning as a form of social control : the evolution of town planning law in mandatory Palestine and Israel 1917-1980's." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1986. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1317972/.

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This socio-legal study of town and country planning draws upon the examples of the Israeli system and its predecessor of Mandatory Palestine, and studies them in the light of the British parent system. The underlying thesis is that statutory planning functions as a special component in a complex system of social control. Beyond its immediate concern with regulating the utilisation of the physical environment, statutory planning is designed and implemented with the aim of supporting the prevailing social order. The application to statutory planning systems of the concept of social control - which elucidates the regulation of behaviour in society and the phenomenon of social order - leads to the identification of three inter-related roles. These can be classified loosely as: 1) political role, to serve as a tool for effective government; 2) economic role, to utilise scarce resources efficiently; 3) social role, to advance human welfare. Their cumulative exercise contributes to the maintenance of the prevailing social order. This analysis shows that the social order throughout the history of Palestine and Israel. 1917-1980's was in constant flux. It is claimed that the Mandatory system, motivated by colonial ideology, attached excessive importance to statutory planning's political role in order to establish the authority of the British government over Palestine's rival communities. Planning's economic and social roles were relegated to secondary importance. During the Israeli system's formative stage, this political role, which suited the prevailing perception of representative democracy, was important in establishing and legitimising the new government. However, the social and economic roles were of paramount importance due to the prevailing ideology of collectivism. This led to a unique process of social engineering through physical planning. The current Israeli system reflects some new trends towards participatory democracy in planning organisation and individualism in the planning process and provisions, and a move away from narrow physical land use perceptions towards an integrated physical-economic-social outlook. Nevertheless, the basic principles of the early 1920's can Still be seen in the system of the 1980's.

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Archinard-Greil, Bérengère. "Lois de police et conflits de juridictions. (Essai sur la coordination des systèmes à l'aide de la notion d'ordre juridique prépondérant)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3036/document.

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Dans un contexte où le recours au mécanisme des lois de police apparaît de plus en plus fréquent et facilité sur le plan des conflits de lois, la perte d’impérativité que connaissent ces dispositions du fait des solutions libérales retenues sur le plan des conflits de juridictions, conduit à s’interroger sur la possibilité d’apporter des correctifs. En droit positif, l’admission généralisée des clauses de prorogation de for, étatique et arbitral, malgré l’applicabilité d’une loi de police, associée à un système de reconnaissance pratiquement automatique des jugements étrangers et des sentences arbitrales au stade du contentieux de l’exequatur, conduit à rendre ces dispositions globalement semi-nécessaires dans les rapports internationaux. Alors que la mise en œuvre des lois de police devant un for étatique étranger ou arbitral apparaît très incertaine et que la violation de ces dispositions ne fait pas obstacle à la reconnaissance d’un jugement ou d’une sentence qui les aurait négligées, les clauses de prorogation de for apparaissent comme des instruments à la disposition des parties pour se livrer au forum shopping et contourner les impérativités étatiques. Cette solution, paradoxale et peu satisfaisante, compte tenu de l’importance et de la nature des intérêts par principe mis en cause à travers ces dispositions, incite à envisager une solution permettant de restaurer l’impérativité des lois de police dans les conflits de juridictions. Dès lors que ce résultat apparaît comme la conséquence du maintien du principe traditionnel de l’indépendance des compétences législative et juridictionnelle malgré le lien existant entre forum et jus en matière de lois de police, ce constat conduit à s’interroger sur la possibilité de déroger exceptionnellement à ce principe pour consacrer un forum legis impératif et exclusif, fondé sur l’applicabilité d’une telle disposition. Cette solution, restaurant efficacement l’impérativité des lois de police dans leur for d’origine, devrait néanmoins être associée à la mise en place d’un mécanisme de coordination des systèmes permettant de prolonger son efficacité devant les fors étrangers. Il pourrait trouver ses fondements dans certains procédés préexistants, susceptibles d’être adaptés à la réalisation de l’objectif de protection des impérativités étatiques poursuivis. La mise en place de différents mécanismes, apparentés à celui du forum non conveniens, fondés sur un système de coopération interjuridictionnelle ou inspirés de la méthode de référence à l’ordre juridique compétent envisagée par P. Picone, pourrait permettre d’assurer, à l’étranger, le respect des lois de police du for dans des hypothèses différentes. De manière transversale, la restauration de l’impérativité des lois de police pourrait être assurée grâce à un recours à la notion d’ordre juridique prépondérant. Désignant un ordre juridique dont une loi de police mettant directement en cause un intérêt étatique réellement fondamental serait applicable au fond du litige, elle devrait pouvoir fonder la reconnaissance de la vocation plus forte de celui-ci à faire valoir ses vues pour la résolution d’un litige. Elle pourrait fonder à la fois la revendication de compétence juridictionnelle prioritaire de celui-ci pour trancher le différend et un effacement des fors étrangers pour faire prévaloir le point de vue qu’il retient. Une telle solution, étroitement délimitée et justifiée au regard de l’importance des intérêts mis en cause, assurerait une solution satisfaisante permettant à la fois d’articuler harmonieusement la poursuite de la politique libérale qui s’impose dans les conflits de juridictions avec le respect des lois de police et de réconcilier la protection des impérativités étatiques avec la coordination des systèmes
In times of mandatory provisions becoming more and more prevalent, based on conflict of law, the concept of mandatory enforcement appears to be somehow diluted regarding the liberal solutions found in conflicts of jurisdictions. In positive law, mandatory rules do not prevent the enforcement of a forum clause, no more than they are considered during the enforcement stage of decisions. While the application of these rules before foreign courts and arbitrators is very uncertain and does not raise obstacles to the recognition of foreign judgments or arbitral judgment which overlook them, choice of forum clauses has become an instrument of forum shopping in order to avoid mandatory regulations. This solution paradoxically induces a search for a solution to restore there international imperativity. This result has appeared as a consequence of the principle of separation of conflicts of law and conflicts of jurisdictions. That observation leads to ask questions about the possibility of an exemption to this general principle. Indeed, this encourages to consider the possibility to admit a correlation between forum and jus in order to establish imperative and exclusive competence, based on the applicability of such mandatory rules. This forum legis would require to maintain the litigation in its courts and could ensure their application in international relations. However, unilateralism that governs rules of judicial competence should involve the establishment of a mechanism of different legal systems coordination. Depending on the type of mandatory rules concerned, it could be based on an adapted form of forum non conveniens, on international judicial Co-operation processes, or be inspired by the method of reference to the competent legal order envisaged by P. Picone. The deployment of these solutions could be based on using preponderant state notion, that would be the one with the most widely public policy involved. It would lead to the recognition of the strong vocation of it to assert its views for the resolution of a dispute and would justify both the priority jurisdiction of its courts and circumspection of the other jurisdictional authorities to exercise their competence. Such a solution, tightly defined and justified in view of the importance of the interests involved, would provide a satisfactory solution to both harmoniously articulate the pursuit of liberal politics required in conflicts of jurisdictions with respect of public policy, and reconcile the protection of imperativities with the coordination of legal systems

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Telfer, Robert Thomas Currie. "Forum shopping and the private enforcement of EU competition law : is forum shopping a dead letter?" Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2017. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/8002/.

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This thesis examines the relationship between the private enforcement of EU competition law and forum shopping with a particular focus on cross-border collective end-consumer redress. There is no coherent framework across the EU for these types of cases. This lack of uniformity has the potential to create recourse to different national courts. Lawyers may engage in forum shopping when filing lawsuits on behalf of the victims of mass torts. Such practices can provide Member States with incentives to amend their laws to attract collective proceedings and create competition between national judicial systems. However, forum shopping is not the only concern. There appears to be a paucity of cross-border collective claims. This is coupled with an apparent lack of motivation for end-consumers to seek a remedy, particularly if the only choice is to litigate outside their own legal regime. Addressing this situation is vital given that end-consumers regularly suffer harm in the form of higher prices, lower output, reduced quality and limited innovation as a result of antitrust infringements but they are rarely compensated due to legal and practical obstacles. To each end-consumer the harm may indeed be de minimis. However, the aggregate harm can amount to a considerable sum. In the absence of effective redress procedures, infringing undertakings retain the spoils of their unlawful conduct. Against this background, this thesis examines the extent to which the conflicts-of-laws rules encourage forum shopping and considers the appropriate forum and the appropriate procedural measures that need to be adopted in order to facilitate effective and equal access to justice for end-consumer victims of EU competition law violations.

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Larpvanichar, Ratchaneekorn. "Les contrats internationaux : étude comparative franco-thaïlandaise." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00856584.

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Le droit international privé français des contrats est très avancé, la richesse de la jurisprudence et la doctrine font une bonne preuve de l'évolution du droit français en la matière. Ses conceptions sont répandues et admises par d'autres États, européens en premier lieu, puis dans le monde entier. Le système de droit français et celui de droit communautaire sont complémentaires l'un et l'autre. Pour cette raison l'étude de droit international privé français ne peut plus être restreinte uniquement dans le cadre de droit international commun. Dés lors le droit international privé communautaire devrait aussifaire l'objet de cette étude. Quant au droit international privé des contrats thaïlandais, il est en cours de développement et a besoin de grande réformation urgent pour la coopération juridique dans l'ASEAN. L'étude comparative en cette matière permettrait donc de trouver la bonne solution et d'apprendre l'application de règles conflictuelles ainsi que d'autres mécanismes du droit international privé pour régler les problèmes dans l'ordre juridique thaï. Donc les questions de la loi applicable et le règlement des différends font l'objet principal de cette étude.

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Srikison, Veerashnie. "Mandatory child-Inclusive mediation - a possibility in South Africa?" Diss., University of Pretoria, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/73253.

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South Africa is a signatory state to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) which promotes child participation as an essential right. South Africa has the advantage of the Constitution of South Africa and the Children’s Act 38 of 2005 which give the child a voice but has the disadvantage of the Divorce Act 70 of 1979 which is parent-centric. This research will show that a conundrum exists between realising Article 12 of the UNCRC, Section 28(2) of the Constitution, Section 10 of the Children’s Act and the Divorce Act. It will be shown that there are insufficient efforts currently practiced in dispute resolution related to parenting disputes because of the reliance placed by legal practitioners more on the Divorce Act provisions which show lack of support for child inclusion than the intent of the Children’s Act to include children. This research focuses on the process of mediation and its benefits that make it the ideal environment to include the voice of the child in separation and divorce processes. A case will be made out as to why South African legislators should consider making child inclusive mediation a mandatory process ancillary to the dissolution of the relationship between the parents. Pathways created by the Australian and Canadian jurisdictions, as signatories to the UNCRC, in realising Article 12 of the UNCRC will be looked at. Their initiatives will provide the backdrop for consideration to improving child inclusive practices in South Africa.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019.
Private Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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Sasamori, Norman Cousins. "Forum non conveniens : foreign plaintiffs and U.S. aviation litigation." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59926.

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This thesis examines the doctrine of forum non conveniens as follows. First, the preliminary factors for foreign aircraft accident plaintiffs to consider, such as the diminishing deterrents to aircraft accident litigation and requirements for bringing a suit to a U.S. forum, are set forth. Second, the development of the doctrine of forum non conveniens is traced from its origins to the landmark case of Piper Aircraft Co. v. Reyno, 454 U.S. 235 (1981) to present. Finally, after examining various model solutions to the problems raised by the doctrine of forum non conveniens, a new solution is proposed.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 1, No. 4 (April 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610911.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 1 (August 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610919.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 4 (February 1997)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610923.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 1, No. 3 (March 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610927.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 6 (April 1997)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610934.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 5 (April 1997)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610935.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 2 (September 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610936.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1995)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610939.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 1, No. 2 (February 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610942.

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Holmer, Mathilde. "Seeking asylum in the United States : Mandatory detention and international law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-244906.

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Kaspers, Birte, and Inken Baumgartner. "18. Migrationspolitischen Forum „Der Familiennachzug im Ausländerrecht" <2003, Berlin> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5532/.

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Tagungsbericht: Kaspers, Birte ; Baumgartner, Inken: 18. Migrationspolitischen Forum „Der Familiennachzug im Ausländerrecht" <2003, Berlin> / veranstaltet vom Forschungszentrum für internationales und europäisches Ausländer- und Asylrecht der Universität Konstanz am 27. Mai 2003

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Mutter, Julia. "17. Migrationspolitisches Forum „Die Zukunft des Zuwanderungsgesetzes" <2003, Berlin> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5539/.

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Tagungsbericht: Mutter, Julia: 17. Migrationspolitisches Forum „Die Zukunft des Zuwanderungsgesetzes" <2003, Berlin> / veranstaltet vom Forschungszentrum für internationales und europäisches Ausländer- und Asylrecht der Universität Konstanz am 17. März 2003

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 1, No. 5 (April-May 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610917.

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College, of Law University of Arizona. "Forum Conveniens, Vol. 2, No. 2-2 (October 1996)." College of Law, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/610922.

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McGregor, Dale. "The Impact of mandatory audit firm rotation on the statutory duties of Directors." Master's thesis, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/30833.

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On 5 June 2017, the Independent Regulatory Board for Auditors, the audit regulator in South Africa, implemented mandatory audit firm rotation (MAFR) with effect from 1 April 2023 in response to concerns regarding auditor independence in South Africa. The introduction of MAFR has been met with criticism from many stakeholders due to the adverse effects many believe the implementation of MAFR will have on audit quality and auditor independence. To date, there have been limited studies which focus on the impact of audit quality and auditor independence on audit practitioners in South Africa as a result of the implementation of MAFR but, to the best of my knowledge, no studies have assessed how the effects on audit quality and auditor independence will impact the ability of directors to discharge their statutory duties under section 76 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 (‘the Act’ or ‘Companies Act’). This thesis first provides readers with a brief background of MAFR, followed by an overview of the statutory duties of directors as contained in the Act. I then subsequently assess how MAFR will affect audit quality and auditor independence before considering the impact this will have on the ability of directors to discharge their duties effectively. One of the duties of the directors is to produce the financial statements which are not false or misleading. Audit quality and auditor independence help directors produce financial statements which are not false or misleading, as determined under section 29 of the Act. As shown in this thesis, the enforced rotation of auditors results in situations which affect audit quality through the loss of client-specific knowledge which the outgoing auditor has developed over time. Furthermore, the enforced rotation of South African audit firms does create difficulties for multi-national entities which have their various entities audited by the same network of audit firms. These concerns, together with the concerns related to the cost of switching auditors and the threats posed to audit quality and auditor independence related to the initial discounts on audit fees offered by audit firms to new audit clients, poses serious concerns that directors will not be able to comply with section 29 of the Act. However, the introduction of a new audit team does provide instances which offer improvements to audit quality and auditor independence which may assist directors to produce financial statements which are not false or misleading. Lastly, I provide recommendations in terms of alternatives to MAFR, examining the existing measures which are already in place in South Africa to promote audit quality and auditor independence.

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Smith, Barbara H. "Mandatory Internet filtering in public libraries the disconnect between law and technology /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0021600.

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Melo, Fernando. "Enforceability of foreign forum selection clauses in maritime bills of lading under American law." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27460.

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Traditionally, American courts refused to enforce foreign forum selection clauses as against public policy.
This doctrine was abandoned in 1972 in the Bremen, where the United States Supreme Court established the presumption of validity of foreign forum selection clauses. However, the enforceability of such clauses is subject to certain exceptions which relate to particular applications of the general principles of contract law.
The Bremen analysis was modified in 1991, when the Supreme Court decided Carnival Cruise, which limited the scope of such exceptions and strengthened the presumption of validity of forum selection clauses.
In 1995, the Supreme Court decided Sky Reefer, overruling the lower court decision in Indussa, and extending the presumption of validity of foreign forum selection clauses to maritime bills of lading subject to the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act (COGSA).

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Gombar, Thomas J. "An examination of the effects of Pennsylvania's mandatory recycling law on several municipalities." Instructions for remote access. Click here to access this electronic resource. Access available to Kutztown University faculty, staff, and students only, 1993. http://www.kutztown.edu/library/services/remote_access.asp.

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Thesis (M.P.A.)--Kutztown University of Pennsylvania, 1993.
Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2942. Abstract precedes thesis as [1] preliminary leaf. Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107).

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Nyamunda, James. "Mandatory Business-To-Government Data Sharing: Exploring data protection through International Investment Law." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-443655.

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As more data is gathered, analysed and stored, private companies create new products and unlock new commercial frontiers. Simultaneously, governments are beginning to realise that the laws in place require a revamp for the good of commercial innovation and for execution of governmental prerogatives. Hence, in a bid to catch up with the data economy, governments have begun looking for new legal measures that allow them to legally access the data that is held by private companies. Amongst the existing solutions and sprouting suggestions, mandatory business-to-government data sharing often features as a measure through which obligations may be imposed upon private data holding companies to share their data with governments. Other governments have already put in place laws and adopted practices that impose mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations on private companies. Many of the countries where private enterprises carry out their businesses have entered into International Investment Agreements (IIAs) which invariably entitle investors to Fair and Equitable treatment and prohibit unlawful compensation. Against this background, this thesis discusses the subject of mandatory business-to-government data sharing by dwelling on three main issues, that is, (i) whether data is/are protected as investment, (2) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may infringe the Fair and Equitable Treatment standard and (3) whether mandatory business-to-government data sharing obligations may amount to unlawful expropriation.

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Shirai, Tomoko. "The WTO and the mandatory labeling of generically modified foods /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81235.

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The manipulation of nature using modern biotechnology has resulted in the creation of Genetically Modified (GM) foods. There are states already enacting laws requiring the mandatory labeling of GM foods so that consumers can make informed choices as to what food to eat. However, on the flip side, the mandatory labeling of GM foods can also constitute non-tariff barriers as it can impose burdens on states that export GM foods. How should these two interests be balanced? This thesis takes the ambitious challenge of exploring whether the mandatory labeling of GM foods enacted under the government's protection of the consumers' right to information regarding what food to consume is consistent with the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, particularly the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (MT Agreement). This thesis holds the view that the WTO, an international organization established to promote trade liberalization, can incorporate protection of consumers' interests by including it within to the interpretation of "legitimate objective" contained in Article 2.2 of the TBT Agreement. Rather, the heart of problem lies in the threshold setting of exempting mandatory labeling. In particular, the dispersed threshold should be adjusted hi order to solve this issue, this thesis contends that both the TBT Committee and the dispute settlement system should be utilized.

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Luk, Joyce Si Man. "Is mandatory mediation suitable for personal injury claims in Hong Kong?" access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?ma-slw-b22052215a.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution 2006-2007, LW 6409 dissertation" Includes bibliographical references.

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Cai, Wei, and 蔡伟. "The mandatory bid rule, hostile takeovers and takeover defences in China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46968398.

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Brinkmeier, Friederike. "3. Forum zum Thema Gleichstellung in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft <2000, Berlin>: Tagungsbericht / Drittes Forum des Arbeitsstabes Globale Fragen des Auswärtigen Amtes zum Thema Gleichstellung in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft am 8., 9. Mai 2000." Universität Potsdam, 2000. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5474/.

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Tagungsbericht: Brinkmeier, Friederike: 3. Forum zum Thema Gleichstellung in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft <2000, Berlin> / Drittes Forum des Arbeitsstabes Globale Fragen des Auswärtigen Amtes zum Thema Gleichstellung in Politik, Gesellschaft und Wirtschaft am 8., 9. Mai 2000

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Carrick, Ross Dale. "Court of Justice of the European Union as a democratic forum." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7797.

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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the procedural democratic legitimacy of the Court of Justice of the European Union. The Court of Justice has been instrumental in the construction of the European Union. Through its interpretation of the Treaty of Rome since the 1960s, it has constituted a legal system distinctive in kind. In contrast to orthodox instances of the political community – international organisations and the nation-state – the EU exemplifies no general type. Its legal, constitutional, political, economic and social infrastructures are part of a complex and pervasive web of overlapping jurisdictions that goes some way beyond the ordinary international organisation (by virtue of constitutional principles such as direct effect and citizenship), but not quite as far as the nation-state (e.g. sovereignty contestation). This being the case, its interlocutors have long since understood that the EU is in a state of transformation – it is itself a project and a process, the end result of which (finalité) is unknown. As such, many questions have been asked about the legitimacy of this process; and, given the Court of Justice’s (in)famous generative role within this process, the Court also finds itself the subject of such scrutiny. The legitimacy of the Court of Justice has been the focus of attention from both academics and practitioners. Most of that attention has been on the Court’s jurisprudence and jurisdiction – scrutinising the legal reasoning of cases; or questioning the limits of its constitutional functions according to axiomatic conceptions of, for example, the separation of powers doctrine. By contrast, less attention has been paid to the democratic legitimacy of the Court of Justice, and much less in relation to the Court’s institutional design. The subject-matter of the analysis in this thesis is the Court’s structures and processes, such as: the composition and appointments processes for members of the Court; the mechanisms that give access to various kinds of participants (such as locus standi and third-party intervention); and the use of judicial chambers. Procedural democratic legitimacy, moreover, has two dimensions: intrinsic and instrumental. The intrinsic is a measure of the democratic credentials of the Court as a discrete decision-making authority (such as representativeness and democratic participation); whereas the instrumental is concerned with the ways in which the Court contributes to the overall democratic legitimacy of the EU. In this thesis, the structures and processes of the Court of Justice are examined in light of both of those criteria. In contrast to prevailing approaches of constitutional theorists – who tend to treat these criteria as functions that are quite discrete, and their performance as mutually exclusive – an important theoretical contribution of this thesis is to develop an analytical framework that allows for the inherent synergies and tensions that exist between intrinsic and instrumental criteria to be factored into analyses of the democratic legitimacy of constitutional courts.

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Mebarek, Charlotte. "Le droit international privé à l'épreuve du forum shopping et du law shopping." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR069.

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La division du monde en États souverains favorise les stratégies des justiciables souhaitant bénéficier d’une législation conforme à leurs aspirations. Ces pratiques sont qualifiées de forum shopping et de law shopping. Les sujets de droit sont alors assimilés à des consommateurs, et le droit est alors réduit à un simple produit « commercialisé » par les différents ordres juridiques. Ces pratiques reposent sur la place grandissante accordée à la personne qui, compte tenu de la mondialisation, devient de plus en plus mobile. Les ordres juridiques nationaux sont alors placés en concurrence et encourent le risque de voir leurs législations les plus impératives évincées. En outre, le marché global de la justice favorise les manoeuvres les plus déloyales.Pour autant, ces pratiques ne font l’objet d’aucune réglementation spécifique. Le droit international privé doit donc trouver les remèdes permettant de contrôler l’exercice du forum shopping et du law shopping pour moraliser le contentieux international et préserver les intérêts étatiques
The world division into sovereign states encourages persons answerable to the law to usestrategies as they seek to benefit from legislations consistent with their aspirations. These practices are called forum shopping and law shopping. Subjects of law are therefore compared to consumers when the law is reduced to a simple product « marketed » by different national legal orders. These practices take root in the ever growing space the subject of law is given, considering how much mobile they are becoming along with globalization. Consequently,national legal orders are competing against each other with the risk of seeing their most imperative legislation being ousted. Furthermore, world trade of justice fosters the most dishonest maneuvers. Meanwhile, these practices aren’t subjected to any specific regulation. Private international law must find the solutions that would allow control over exercising forum shopping and law shopping in order to reform international litigation and preserve state interests

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Maclons, Whitney. "Mandatory court based mediation as an alternative dispute resolution process in the South African civil justice system." University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4407.

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Magister Legum - LLM
Civil litigation is the primary method of dispute resolution in the South African civil justice system. This process is characterised by a number of shortcomings which include the adversarial nature of the process which often creates further conflict between disputing parties and often results in permanently destroyed relationships between them. Further shortcomings include the highly complex, costly and time-consuming nature of civil litigation. These shortcomings infringe on the constitutional imperative of access to justice for South Africans, particularly for the indigent members of society. In addition, court rolls have become overburdened due to the rapidly increasing volume of litigation at court. This often results in extensive waiting periods before matters are heard at court and further infringes the attainment of access to justice. While progress has been made in enhancing the civil justice system over the years, the aforementioned shortcomings prevail. In recent years the South African government has introduced the concept of mandatory court based mediation to the civil justice system with the view of promoting access to justice and enhancing the civil justice system. In a nutshell, mandatory court based mediation refers a civil dispute to mediation once an appearance to defend is entered at court, in order to attempt the settlement of the matter. In the event of the dispute not being resolved, the matter is then referred back to the conventional litigation process for resolution. Mandatory court based mediation, while controversial and bearing valid criticism; aims to promote access to justice and reconciliation between aggrieved parties and remedies a number of the shortcomings currently plaguing the South African civil justice system. In answering the research question of whether this ADR process is suitable to implement in South Africa in order to remedy the shortcomings of its civil justice system, the following aspects are considered in this thesis: the benefits, advantages, and the constitutionality of mandatory court based mediation, as well as the criticisms and challenges of the process. South Africa may have an adversarial civil justice system, but is no stranger to the practice of mediation. Within South African civil law a number of fields have mentioned mediation as the preferred method of dispute resolution over years. These areas of law will be highlighted in this thesis. Internationally, the jurisdiction of the Australian states of New South Wales and Victoria will also be highlighted. This analysis is done in order to assess the implementation and function of a mediation system, as a preferred method of dispute resolution, across all areas of civil law within an adversarial civil justice system. The current civil justice system in South Africa needs to be remedied due to its negative impact on civil disputants and the nation of South Africa in a broader sense. This thesis does not suggest that mandatory court based mediation is a panacea for all ills plaguing the country’s civil justice system. However, this ADR process may suit South Africa and its implementation may make a considerable remedial contribution and possibly significantly enhance its civil justice system.

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Moberger, Elin. "Free Movement of Goods : Article 36 TFEU and Mandatory Requirements Justification under Public Policy and Public Security." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-76477.

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Brinkmeier, Friederike. "4. Forum Globale Fragen „Die UNO stärken - neue Impulse nach dem Millenniums-Gipfel" <2000, Berlin>: Tagungsbericht / Die UNO stärken - neue Impulse nach dem Millenniums-Gipfel, Viertes Forum GlobaleFragen im Auswärtigen Amt am 24., 25. Oktober 2000." Universität Potsdam, 2000. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5479/.

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Tagungsbericht: Brinkmeier, Friederike: 4. Forum Globale Fragen „Die UNO stärken - neue Impulse nach dem Millenniums-Gipfel" <2000, Berlin>: Tagungsbericht / Die UNO stärken - neue Impulse nach dem Millenniums-Gipfel, Viertes Forum Globale Fragen im Auswärtigen Amt am 24., 25. Oktober 2000

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Breuer, Marten. "Einstein Forum Potsdam: The Internationalization of Public Law ("Blickwechsel - Perspektiven der Wissenschaft") <2005, Berlin> / [Tagungsbericht]." Universität Potsdam, 2005. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5633/.

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Tagungsbericht: Breuer, Marten: "The Internationalization of Public Law" <2005, Berlin> / Diskussion im Rahmen der Vortragsreihe „Blickwechsel - Perspektiven der Wissenschaft", veranst. vom Einstein Forum Potsdam mit Unterstützung der DFG am 26. Oktober 2005.

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Camargo, Solano de. "Forum shopping: modo lícito de escolha de jurisdição?" Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-21122015-193317/.

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A doutrina internacional costuma conceituar o \"forum shopping\" como a escolha da jurisdição mais favorável ao demandante, nas hipóteses em que haja competências internacionais concorrentes. Toda uma série de fenômenos trazidos com a globalização (sejam eles políticos, sociais ou econômicos) repercute concretamente no direito internacional privado, ampliando as possibilidades de litígios em escala mundial, e trazendo consigo diversas inquietações. O exercício dessa mesma opção em jurisdições estrangeiras, ao longo do tempo, tem levado a doutrina e a jurisprudência internacional a qualificar o forum shopping quer como um abuso do direito processual quer como um direito potestativo legítimo do demandante. A proposta deste trabalho é a análise do fenômeno no âmbito do direito internacional privado, com enfoque nos efeitos de ordem material e processual que refletem nos conflitos instaurados no Brasil e no estrangeiro, analisando-se casos de repercussão internacional.
The international doctrine usually conceptualizes forum shopping as the choice of jurisdiction more favorable to the plaintiff, in the hypothesis where there is international concurrent jurisdictions. A whole series of phenomena brought with the globalization (whether political, social or economic) reverberate concretely in the private international law, expanding the possibilities of disputes in a worldwide scale, bringing with itself several concerns. The exercise of such option in foreign jurisdictions, through out the time, has led the international doctrine and jurisprudence to qualify the forum shopping either as an abuse of procedural right either as a legitimate potestative right of the plaintiff. The purpose of this work is the analysis of the phenomenon in the context of private international law, focusing on the effects of substantive and procedural order that reflect in the conflicts filed in Brazil and in abroad, analyzing the cases of international repercussions.

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au, Jeremy@malcolm id, and Jeremy Mark Malcolm. "Multi-Stakeholder Public Policy Governance and its Application to the Internet Governance Forum." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20080416.94945.

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There are many networks of transport and communication that cross national borders, but the Internets infrastructure has been designed to do so with unusual subtlety. As a result, public policy issues raised in governance of the Internet tend to be inherently transnational in nature. This makes the legitimacy of a purely domestic legal approach to Internet governance questionable. The fact that conflicting domestic regimes may interfere with each other, and may clash with the transnational cultural and technical architecture of the Internet, further complicates an approach to governance based around legal rules. But on the other hand more traditional and decentralised mechanisms of Internet governance such as norms, markets and architecture suffer their own deficits of both legitimacy and effectiveness. Governance by multi-stakeholder network conceptually provides a solution in that it brings together each of the other mechanisms of governance and the stakeholders by whom they are commonly employed. Such a multi-stakeholder approach has begun to permeate (and in some issue areas even to supersede) the existing international system, as partially evidenced in the Internet governance regime by reforms that took root at the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) and have begun to find expression in its product, the Internet Governance Forum (IGF). Governance by network does not however emerge spontaneously, but requires supportive institutional structures and processes. To maximise the legitimacy and effectiveness of these, and to ensure their interoperability both with the international system and with the architecture of the Internet, requires a balance to be struck between the anarchistic and consensual organisational models typified by native Internet governance institutions such as the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), and hierarchical and democratic models drawn from governmental and private sector examples and from the study of deliberative democracy. As an early experiment in multi-stakeholder governance by network, the Internet Governance Forum does not quite strike the correct balance: its hierarchical structure under the leadership of the United Nations is incompatible with its multi-stakeholder democratic ambitions, and more importantly it lacks the institutional capacity to fulfil its mandate to contribute to public policy development. This can largely be redressed by reforming the IGFs plenary body, and its online analogue, as venues for democratic deliberation, subject to the oversight of an executive body or bureau to which each stakeholder group appoints its own representatives, and which is responsible for ratifying any decisions of the larger group by consensus. In particular, requiring this bureau to broker consensus between stakeholder groups (as in a consociation), rather than just amongst its members at large, can assist to diminish the power games that have limited the IGF to date.

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Svensson, Pializ. "En studie av begreppet uppfyllelseort i artikel 5 (1) b i Bryssel I-förordningen." Thesis, Jönköping University, Jönköping International Business School, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-12191.

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The courts international juristiction within the European union is regulated by the Brussels I Regulation. Article 2.1 of the Brussels I Regulation contains the fundamental provision. According to this Article the plaintiff shall submit an action where the defandent is domiciled. The Regulation provides exemptions to the this provision in Article 2.1.

The court of the international case can also be determined according to Article 5 (1) of the Brussels I Regulation. This Article contains an alternative to the general provision within Article 2.1. Article 5 (1) is applicable when the dispute is based on an agreement between the parties. The Article is justified because of the close link between the contract and the court of the place where the contract was, or is to be, performed. Article 5 (1) b of the Brussels I Regulation contains a uniform definition of the place of performance, if the agreement consists of contracts for the sale of goods and the provisions of services.

The European Court of Justice in the cases Color Drack, Peter Rehder, Car Trim and Wood Floor interprets the place of performance. In paragraph 18 of the Color Drack-case the ECJ establish that the place of performance shall be “interpreted in the light of the origins, objectives and scheme of that regulation”. The ECJ follows these principles in the interpreting of the cases Peter Rehder, Car Trim and Wood Floor. This essay analyzes the above-mentioned rulings in order to investigate the impact of The ECJ rulings in Car Trim and Wood Floor for the application of Article 5 (1) b of the Brussels I Regulation.

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Cushing, Karen. "An analysis of the mandatory admission criterion within youth justice diversionary processes." Thesis, University of Bedfordshire, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10547/622545.

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‘To require old heads upon young shoulders is inconsistent with the law’s compassion to human infirmity’ (Lord Diplock in Director of Public Prosecutions v Camplin Appellant [1978] AC 717)’. For young people in England and Wales who offend, diversion from formal proceedings has historically been a principle constituent of youth justice policy and practice, and presently accounts for over a third of all outcomes for detected youth offending (Youth Justice Board for England and Wales, 2015). Although attitudes concerning diversion have often oscillated between favour and criticism, and there has rarely been a period of sustained consensus or constancy of processes (Bernard, 1992; Goldson, 2010), eligibility for an out of court disposal has traditionally been dependent on an admission of some form being made by a young person. This thesis seeks to place the evolution of diversionary measures for young people who commit low level offences or engage in nuisance behaviours into a contextual and historical context, and explore why an admission has become, in the absence of any discernible political, academic or professional considerations, a central tenet of diversionary policies in England and Wales. Potential barriers which may prevent some young people making an admission and unnecessarily losing eligibility for an out of court disposal are considered, as well as the nature and standard of admission expected from young people, and the circumstances in which admissions are usually sought from them. This thesis also explores whether the mandatory admission criterion is compatible with other statutory and international obligations to consider the welfare of a young person when determining a suitable disposal, and whether it sufficiently distinguishes between young people unwilling to make an admission and those who may feel unable to. The thesis seeks to identify the gaps in current academic and professional knowledge concerning whether some young people may unnecessarily forfeit eligibility for a diversionary outcome for the sole reason that they do not make an admission. The research undertaken with relevant professionals’ endeavours to fill these gaps by exploring the practical application of the admission criterion, as well considering any suitable alternatives within the existing statutory regime.

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Alsaidi, Abdullah Mohammed. "Petroleum arbitration : applicable law and appropriate arbitral forum (a study of petroleum disputes in Arab countries)." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2004. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1844.

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Petroleum maintains a primary role in the world energy market as well as in the daily life and livelihood of Arab petroleum countries, since these countries are highly dependent upon revenues from the exploitation and export of this resource. Therefore, the petroleum industry is fraught with conflicts of interests, primarily between developing petroleum exporting countries and petroleum companies sustained by their home states, most of which are developed countries. The majority of disputes have been settled by arbitration, most of which have been controversial. The question of the applicable law to the merits of a dispute is intimately related to the controversies surrounding arbitral tribunals. The prevailing perspective of western scholars during the 20`h century, and still to an extent today, was that host state law was inadequate, and host state courts were partial. Therefore, these scholars held any dispute arising between a host state and a petroleum company should be dealt with as an international dispute and should be settled far away from the host state's court and governed by laws or rules other than that of the host state. This thesis examines the past and present of petroleum arbitration, the perceptions and the practice, and aims to suggest a modified method of determining the applicable law to petroleum disputes. It argues that contrary to the previous allegations, the legal infrastructure of host states has developed over the years and today offers an adequate law to govern the merits of petroleum disputes. It further suggests a semi-localisation approach. The thesis focuses only on arbitration as a method of resolving such disputes, and limits itself to Arab petroleum countries. The thesis argues that petroleum contracts have their own characteristics and therefore should not automatically be subject to the ICSID Convention or to other principles of investment arbitration. The time is ripe for the establishment of a specialised institution to undertake the settlement of disputes arising out of petroleum transactions.

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Hameed, Usman. "Mandatory obligations under the international counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions to facilitate state cooperation in law enforcement." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5118/.

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The UN-sponsored international conventions on terrorism and organised crime deal with a specific type of criminality which spreads across national frontiers. The suppression of these crimes is possible through state cooperation in extradition and mutual legal assistance. Hence, the object of these conventions is to facilitate law enforcement cooperation. To achieve this aim, the conventions have established certain mandatory obligations in order to ensure harmony among the legal systems of states parties with a view to make them conducive to law enforcement cooperation. Harmony is needed to satisfy certain requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance proceedings which necessitate similarity in the legal systems of the requesting and requested states. These requirements can be classified into distinct categories of conditions and procedure. Conditions refer to conditions associated with the principle of reciprocity or exchange of comparable favours, upon which the laws and treaties on extradition and mutual legal assistance are based. It demands similar legal prescriptions or equivalent conceptions of justice under the laws of the requesting and requested state with respect to the act concerning which surrender or interrogation is sought. To enable the parties to satisfy conditions, the international conventions impose mandatory obligations to implement their rules concerning jurisdiction, criminalisation and fair treatment. Procedure implies the procedure of applying or executing the enforcement devices of aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation of the proceeds of crime. The application of both these devices necessitates similarity in the laws of the requesting and requested states with respect to procedure of enforcement. Similarity is needed to ensure that a foreign request may not be refused due to the requested state lacking enabling procedural rules or the request not being consistent with its procedural law. To establish similarity, the conventions impose mandatory obligations to implement the mechanisms of aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation of the proceeds of crimes. This thesis critically examines the impact of these obligations on state cooperation in bringing to justice transnational offenders. The central argument of the thesis is that the mandatory obligations under the counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions are required to be implemented in accordance with and, to the extent permissible, under the national law of state parties. Accordingly, when they are translated domestically, they do not achieve a level of harmony, sufficient to facilitate the fulfilment of the requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance, i.e. ‘double conditions’ and procedural similarity needed to enforce aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation. Resultantly, discretion rests with the requested state to grant or refuse cooperation depending upon its political and diplomatic relations with the requesting state. This contradicts the objective of facilitating law enforcement cooperation in the specific context of borderless or transnational crimes. Following this approach, state cooperation concerning transnational crimes remains as discretionary and as unregulated as cooperation in regard to ordinary crimes. This calls into question the utility of reliance on mandatory obligations as tools to facilitate law enforcement cooperation. As an alternative, some bilateral/regional treaties and domestic laws adopt the strategy of relaxing ‘double conditions’ and simplifying the procedure of applying aut dedere aut judicare and confiscation. This strategy also aims at facilitating law enforcement cooperation; however, it takes the route of regulating the requirements of extradition and mutual legal assistance rather than harmonising national justice systems to make them conducive to their demands. Given that this system carries greater potential for facilitating law enforcement cooperation, this thesis recommends that the makers of the international counter-terrorism and organised crime conventions should substitute or complement the mandatory obligations with it. Significantly, states have, by agreeing not to apply political and fiscal offence exception to extradition and interrogation proceedings involving these crimes, shown their willingness to accept this approach of facilitating law enforcement cooperation in the specific context of transnational crimes.

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Weiß, Norman. "„Alternativen zur Abschiebungshaft" <2000, Berlin>: Tagungsbericht / „Alternativen zur Abschiebungshaft", 8. Migrationspolitische Forum am 3. Mai 2000." Universität Potsdam, 2000. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5472/.

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Melo, Fernando. "Enforceability of foreign forum selection clauses in maritime bills of lading under American law." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq29835.pdf.

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Markgren, Karolina. "The doctrine of forum non conveniens and its suitability within the application of the Brussels I instruments." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-247944.

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Stretch, Rachael Elizabeth. "Should failing to report be a criminal offence? : a comparative analysis of mandatory reporting in English and French criminal law." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366068.

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Bell, Andrew S. "Venue in transnational litigation : a study of the conditions for, motivations behind and defences against forum shopping." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240245.

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Riordan, Timothy Michael. "Professionalization, advancing morally responsible practice within the context of mandatory mediation, family law and spousal abuse." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0020/MQ48408.pdf.

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Riordan, Timothy Michael Carleton University Dissertation Law. "Professionalization: Advancing morally responsible practice within the context of mandatory mediation, family law and spousal abuse." Ottawa, 1999.

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Saumier, Geneviève. "Public policy, mandatory rules and uniform choice-of-law rules in contract : the impact of European harmonization on English private international law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.627212.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Mandatory law of forum'

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