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1
Chao, Chih-Cheng T., Jinggui Fang, and Pachanoor S. Devanand. "Long Distance Pollen Flow in Mandarin Orchards Determined by AFLP Markers—Implications for Seedless Mandarin Production." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, no. 3 (May 2005): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.130.3.374.
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Production of seedless mandarins such as `Nules' clementine mandarin (Citrus clementina Hort. Ex Tan.) and `Afourer' mandarin [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × C. reticulata Blanco] is increasing in California as consumers' interest in seedless, easy peeling, and good tasting mandarins increases. The fruit would produce seeds if cross-pollination with compatible pollen source occurred. It is almost impossible to prevent cross-pollination between compatible mandarin cultivars by honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) within the multi-faceted agricultural environment in California. To produce seedless mandarin, growers either plant a single cultivar in a large solid block or try to use pollen-sterile navel oranges (C. sinensis) or satsuma mandarins (C. unshiu Marco.) as buffers to prevent cross-pollination. The question of how many rows of buffer trees or spacing can effectively prevent cross-pollination by honeybees between compatible mandarins is unclear. We initiated a study using fluorescent-labeled AFLP markers to determine the pollen parentages of `Nules' clementine seedlings and `Afourer' mandarin seedlings from two orchards in California. The longest distance of pollen flow at an orchard near Madera was 521 m. The pollen of `Minneola' tangelo (C. reticulata × C. paradisi Macf.) was able to disperse across a minimum of 92 rows of `Lane Late' navel oranges plus two rows of `Afourer' mandarins to pollinate `Afourer' mandarins. We also found that all the seedlings of `Nules' clementine mandarin at an orchard near Bakersfield had been pollinated by `Afourer' mandarin pollen. The pollen of `Afourer' mandarin was able to disperse up to distances between 837 and 960 m to pollinate `Nules' clementine. The pollen dispersal distance found in this study was at least 16 times longer than previously reported in a citrus orchard. Growers need to consider a much larger space or buffer rows to prevent cross-pollination and produce seedless mandarins in California.
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Yingzhi, Li, Cheng Yunjiang, Tao Nengguo, and Deng Xiuxin. "Phylogenetic Analysis of Mandarin Landraces, Wild Mandarins, and Related Species in China Using Nuclear LEAFY Second Intron and Plastid trnL-trnF Sequence." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 132, no. 6 (November 2007): 796–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.132.6.796.
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Nucleotide sequences of the second intron of the nuclear LEAFY gene (FLint2) and trnL-trnF region of the chloroplast genome were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships among eight wild mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco), 19 mandarin landraces, and 19 related species of Citrus L. Forty-six trnL-trnF sequences and 111 FLint2 sequences were obtained from 46 ingroup accessions, with an average length of 1059.7 and 776.7 bp respectively. Phylogeny reconstructions were conducted separately for these two data sets using maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood criteria. Monophyly of mandarins was supported by both of these data sets, and in this clade, most mandarin landraces formed an unresolved polytomy, whereas ‘Jiangyong 1’, ‘Chongyi A2’, ‘Chongyi A1’ (or ‘Jiangyong 4’ in FLint2 data), and ‘Daoxian 1’ wild mandarins formed a subclade. ‘Mangshan A1’ and ‘Daoxian 5’ wild mandarins were sisters to this mandarin clade. A hybrid origin of five mandarin landraces and several mandarin-related species was suggested as a plausible hypothesis to explain the incongruence between the FLint2 and trnL-trnF data sets.
3
Chao, Chih-Cheng T. "Pollination Study of Mandarins and the Effect on Seediness and Fruit Size: Implications for Seedless Mandarin Production." HortScience 40, no. 2 (April 2005): 362–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.2.362.
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A pollination study was conducted using `Nules', `Fina Sodea', `Marisol', `Fina' Clementine, `Afourer', `Tahoe Gold', and `Gold Nugget' mandarin. The fruit sets from selfing of `Fina', `Marisol', `Fina Sodea', `Nules' Clementines and `Afourer' mandarin were very low or near 0. The open pollinated Clementines had very low fruit set and there were very few seeds per fruit. Fruit set was highest (20% to 40%) in cross-pollination between two Clementines, `Nules' and `Fina Sodea', and `Afourer' mandarin and their reciprocal crosses. There were averaged 23 to 32 seeds per fruit in Clementines × `Afourer' mandarin crosses and averaged 5 to 12 seeds per fruit in `Afourer' mandarin × Clementines crosses. Compatibility among Clementine mandarins and `Afourer' mandarin is very high and caution should be taken to properly isolate these two types of mandarins when planting to produce seedless fruit. The diploid `Nules' Clementine × triploid `Tahoe Gold' mandarin gave 14% and 17% fruit sets in 2002 and 2003, with an average 2 seeds and 9 seeds per fruit in 2002 and 2003, respectively. Caution should also be taken when planting triploid seedless `Tahoe Gold' mandarin near diploid `Nules' Clementine to avoid seeds. The compatibilities and seediness between diploid mandarin cultivars and new seedless triploid mandarin cultivars need to be tested to ensure the pollen of the new triploid cultivars will not cause seeds in the existing diploid cultivars.
4
Montalt, Rafael, María Carmen Vives, Luis Navarro, Patrick Ollitrault, and Pablo Aleza. "Parthenocarpy and Self-Incompatibility in Mandarins." Agronomy 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2021): 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11102023.
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Citrus reproductive biology is complex. One of its characteristic features is parthenocarpy that enables seedless fruit production. Citrus parthenocarpy and self-incompatibility knowledge is only partial and sometimes discrepant. Increasing such knowledge is relevant for better managing cultivated varieties and improving the selection of parents in breeding strategies to recover seedless varieties such as mandarins. This work develops an efficient protocol to characterize self-incompatibility and different parthenocarpy types based on emasculation, hand self-pollination, and hand cross-pollination. It analyzes fruit setting and seed production coupled with histological pollen performance observations. We analyzed the reproductive behavior of nine mandarin varieties with relevant characteristics as parents for seedless mandarin breeding. ‘Clemenules’ clementine and ‘Moncada’ mandarins were strictly self-incompatible with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Imperial’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor displayed no strict self-incompatibility associated with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Fortune’ mandarin was self-incompatible with facultative and stimulative parthenocarpy; ‘Campeona’ and ‘Salteñita’ mandarins were self-compatible with vegetative parthenocarpy; ‘Serafines’ satsuma was associated with male sterility together with facultative and vegetative parthenocarpy; and ‘Monreal’ clementine was self-compatible and nonparthenocarpic. Our protocol can be applied for screening of mandarin germplasm and to characterize new parents. Reproductive behavior knowledge is important for optimizing seedless mandarin breeding programs based on diploidy, triploidy, or induced mutagenesis.
5
Beltrán, F., A. J. Perez-López, J. M. López-Nicolás, and A. A. Carbonell-Barrachina. "Effects of Mandarin Cultivar on Quality of Mandarin Juice." Food Science and Technology International 14, no. 4 (August 2008): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013208097443.
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Eight mandarin cultivars have been analyzed for their content of vitamin C, minerals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn), CIELab color coordinates (L*, a*, b*, C*, and h ab), total volatile compounds content and sensory aroma intensity of juice. Experimental results proved that no important enough differences were found in the minerals contents to decide which mandarin cultivar was of higher quality. Clemenules provided the darkest juice with the highest vitamin C content and with the most intense mandarin aroma. On the other hand, Nova and Hernandina mandarin could be considered as the worst cultivars for juice production. Finally if Clemenules mandarins were not available for juice processing, Orogrande, Clemenpons, Ellendale, and Marisol could also be good options.
6
PETEK, Marko, Morana REHAK, Tomislav KARAŽIJA, Antonio VIDUKA, Mile MARKOSKI, Szilvia VERES, and Goran FRUK. "POTASSIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT IN MANDARIN ON MARKET OF CITY OF ZAGREB." AgroLife Scientific Journal 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 170–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17930/agl2022120.
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Mandarin is a plant species which belongs to the group of winter seasonal fruit. It is highly valued for its vitamin C, potassium and magnesium content. When buying mandarins, consumers do not have the information on the exact mineral composition of mandarins so a study was conducted to determine the content of macroelements potassium and magnesium in mandarins as well as to compare the results with regards to the place of purchase of individual samples. Mandarin sampling was carried out in the city of Zagreb at 3 markets, 3 retail chains and 3 organic product stores. After digestion with concentrated HNO<sub<3</sub< and HClO<sub<4</sub< in microwave oven, potassium was determined by flame photometry and magnesium by atomic absorption spectrometry. Dry matter was determined gravimetrically by drying until constant mass. The content of dry weight in the mandarin samples ranged from 7.86% to 8.70%. The content of potassium in dry weight of mandarin ranged from 2.04% to 2.33%, and the content of magnesium from 0.101% to 0.110%. The content of potassium in the fresh weight of mandarin ranged from 235 to 297 mg K/100 g fresh weight, and the content of magnesium ranged from 11.6 to 14.0 mg Mg/100 g fresh weight.
7
Tian, Haoyu, Hong Chen, and Xiaoxian Li. "Mechanical Damage Caused by Compression and Its Effects on Storage Quality of Mandarin." Foods 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2024): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods13060892.
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Mandarin is vulnerable to a range of external loads during processing and shipping, which can cause interior mechanical damage that can happen right away or over time and cause serious rotting when kept in storage. In this study, mandarin was treated to a certain quantity of compression load that did not result in a noticeable rupture of the peel. The interior pulp structure of mandarin was examined for damage prior to peel damage using CT scanning and image reconstruction. An image segmentation method based on mask processing was then used to calculate the pulp damage rate. We examined the variations in physiological activities and internal components between the test group that underwent compression load and the control group that did not undergo this type of stress during storage. The aim was to investigate the factors that contributed to the faster decay of mandarin following mechanical damage. Regression analysis was also used to establish a quantifiable relationship between the amount of compression deformation and the rates of damage and decay of mandarin during storage. The findings demonstrated that mandarin pulp exhibited visible mechanical damage when compression deformation exceeded 8 mm. This led to the disruption of physiological processes like respiration and polysaccharide breakdown, which in turn decreased the hardness of the fruit and sped up its rotting. This study identifies the critical range of compression deformation that leads to the beginning of pulp damage in mandarins. Additionally, it clarifies the quality deterioration mechanism of mandarins that have been subjected to compression damage during the storage period. Therefore, in practical production, various methods of picking, sorting, and collecting mandarins can be optimized to control the amount of compression deformation within a suitable range. This will reduce the probability of pulp damage. According to the study’s conclusions, storage conditions can be optimized to regulate the physiological activities of mandarins in a targeted manner. This can minimize the probability of fruit decay and reduce economic losses.
8
Chao*, C. Thomas, and Pachanoor S. Devanand. "Determination of Pollen Parentages of Mandarin Seedlings Using AFLP Markers and Implications for Seedless Mandarin Production in California." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 859B—859. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.859b.
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Acreages of `Nules' Clementine and `Afourer' mandarin have increased rapidly in California. One way to produce seedless mandarins is using Navel oranges or Satsuma mandarins as buffer to prevent cross-pollination. In order to determine the number of necessary buffer rows or spacing to prevent cross-pollination, we used AFLP markers to determine the pollen parentages of `Nules' and `Afourer' seedlings from two sites. The AFLP markers were able to identify Clementine as pollen parents of 26.6% (25/94) of the `Afourer' seedlings from one site. The pollen of Clementine was able to travel across minimum of 32 rows to pollinate `Afourer' mandarins. We found 12.73% (14/110) of the `Afourer' seedlings at the east side of the site were progenies of `Minneola' tangelo. Pollen of `Minneola' was able to travel across minimum 94 rows to pollinate `Afourer' mandarins. 12.73% (14/110) of the `Afourer' seedlings at the east end of the site were progenies of Clementine. Pollen of Clementine was able to travel minimum 54 rows to pollinate the `Afourer' mandarin at the east end of the site. The AFLP markers also identified `Afourer' mandarin as pollen parents of almost all `Nules' seedlings (98.63%, 72/73) at a second site. The pollen of `Afourer' was able to travel across minimum of 74 acres of empty ground from the east or minimum of 91 rows of Navel (128 acres) from the north to pollinate `Nules' Clementine. The results showed how far can compatible pollens traveled to cause seeds in mandarins in California. The implication from the results in seedless mandarin production in California is discussed.
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Chao*, C. Thomas. "Pollination Study of Clementine Mandarins, `Afourer' Mandarin, `Tahoe Gold' Mandarin and Effect on Fruit Set and Seediness in California." HortScience 39, no. 4 (July 2004): 859A—859. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.859a.
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Compatibilities among mandarin cultivars raise concern, especially related to the seediness issue in mandarin production. A hand cross-pollination study was conducted in 2002 and 2003 at the UC Lind-cove Research and Extension Center, Exeter, California. There were 0.86% (1/116) (4 seeds) and 0% (0/137) fruit set from `Fina Sodea' Clementine × `Tahoe Gold' mandarin in 2002 and 2003, respectively. There were 13.59% (14/103) (average 1.5 seeds/fruit) and 16.50% (17/103) (average 9.82 seeds/fruit) fruit set from `Nules' Clementine × `Tahoe Gold' mandarin (a triploid) in 2002 and 2003, respectively. There were 30.84% (33/107) (average 23.42 seeds/fruit) and 0% (0/110) fruit set from `Fina Sodea' Clementine × `Afourer' mandarin in 2002 and 2003, respectively. There were 39.62% (42/106) (average 25.36 seeds/fruit) and 4.92% (3/61) (average 31.66 seeds/fruit) fruit set from `Nules' Clementine × `Afourer' mandarin in 2002 and 2003, respectively. There was 28.32% (32/113) (average 12 seeds/fruit) from `Afourer' mandarin × `Fina Sodea' Clementine in 2002. There was 28.04% (30/107) (average 9.47 seeds/fruit) from `Afourer' mandarin × `Nules' Clementine in 2002. These results showed pollen of `Afourer' mandarin can cause large number of seed in both Clementine cultivars. The pollen from the triploid `Tahoe Gold' mandarin can set fruit and cause seeds in diploid `Nules' Clementine but not in diploid `Fina Sodea' Clementine. These results imply that proper buffer distance is needed between Clementines and `Afourer' mandarin in order to produce seedless mandarins in California.
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Maciá-Vázquez, Alejandro Andy, Dámaris Núñez-Gómez, Juan José Martínez-Nicolás, Pilar Legua, and Pablo Melgarejo. "Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of Late-Season Varieties of Mandarin Growing in Spain under Homogeneous Growing Conditions." Agronomy 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2023): 1825. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13071825.
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Mandarins are one of the most important citrus fruits in the world in terms of tons produced. The late-season varieties of mandarin have a great economic value due to their high production in a season with few mandarin varieties. The objective is to carry out a preliminary study of characterization and comparison of the morphological and biochemical properties of the late varieties ‘Afourer’, ‘Tango’, and ‘Orri’. The characterization consisted of physicochemical parameters related to the quality of the fruits, highlighting the total antioxidant activity using ABTS and DPPH, the organic acids and sugars using HPLC and the metabolomics of the juice by 1H-NMR. Afourer’ mandarins were heavier and larger (120.75 g, 67.60 mm) than the other two varieties studied. Mandarins of the ‘Orri’ variety showed a different organic acid profile compared to the other varieties studied, and a higher amount of sugars (13.49 g/100 mL). ‘Tango’ variety mandarins grown on the Forner-Alcaide rootstock stood out for having a larger weight (113.52 g), a more intense color, and a greater amount of phenolic compounds (966.85 mg AGE/L Forner) than the fruits grown on Citrus macrophylla. The metabolomics analysis showed that these mandarin varieties had mainly non-essential amino acids.
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Bao, Vo-Van Quoc, Le Dai Vuong, and Le Van Luan. "Biomimetic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Preparing Preservative Solutions for Mandarins (Citrus DeliciosaTenore)." Nano LIFE 08, no. 01 (March 2018): 1850003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984418500034.
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Mandarin (Citrus deliciosa Tenore) is one of the most important fruit crops grown in the Hue province, Vietnam, and has immense economic, health and cultural significance. However, mandarins are highly perishable and more susceptible to diseases compared to other citrus fruits. In the present study, biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for preparing preservative solutions for mandarins was investigated. Spherical and nanometer-sized AgNPs that were prepared with the help of ultrasound wave induced a reaction between silver nitrate solution (AgNO30.02[Formula: see text]M) and the leaf extract of Centella asiatica. Spherical AgNPs were formed easily in the extract at an ambient temperature and their average size ranged from 3[Formula: see text]nm to 30[Formula: see text]nm. These AgNPs exhibited potent antifungal activity against Macrophoma theicola B1 fungi, which were isolated from mandarin peels collected from agricultural lands of rural villages of Thua Thien-Hue province in Vietnam. Thus, we are successful in preparing an AgNPs-containing preservative solution as a mandarin fruit-coating material to inhibit the growth of M. theicola B1 fungi. The coating of mandarin fruits with this preservative solution prolonged the storage life of the fruits from 9 to 35 days. On the 35th day, the preserved fruits maintained their natural color and ripening, whereas the control sample decayed with white fungus covering its skin after 9 days of storage. Thus, coating mandarins with this solution can be proposed as an additional treatment for increasing their postharvest quality. Additionally, it can be a solution for protection against fungal infection and physiological damage and controlling the decay of mandarins, thereby prolonging their shelf life.
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Chaalal, Makhlouf, iham Ydjedd, and Sana Mansouri. "Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of different parts of three mandarin varieties extracts: A comparative study." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 8 (December 3, 2020): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.8.318-324.
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Background: Mandarin by-products, such as peels and seeds, are considered as one of the naturel source of phenolic compounds. Aim: The objective of the present study was to compare the phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant activity of different parts (pulps, seeds, juices, and peels) of three mandarins varieties extracts. Material and methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts were assessed while, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using three tests including ferric reducing power, free radical scavenging activity, and phosphomolybdate. Results: The Mediterranean Mandarin peels present a high total phenolics and flavonoids contents with values of 2445.62 mg GAE/100g FW and 609.78 mg QE/100g FW, respectively. Likewise, the clementine juice showed the highest proanthocyanins contents with value of 46.67 mg CE/100g FW. Seeds and pulps of the three varieties present the lowest phenolic compound contents. Mediterranean Mandarin juice showed a strong ferric reducing power and phosphomolybdate with values of 1270.91 and 190.19 mg AAE/100g FW, respectively, however, the peels reveled a strong free radical scavenging activity with value of 259.89 mg AAE/100 g FW. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic compounds contents of the three studied mandarins varieties extracts. Conclusion: Among the analyzed cultivars, Mediterranean mandarin variety may be considered as the most promising source of polyphenols and antioxidants, compared to the clementine and Satsuma varieties. Moreover, this study also highlights important properties of the fruit parts generally considered wastes. Keywords: Mandarins, different parts, phenolics compounds, antioxidant activity.
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Chaalal, Makhlouf, Siham Ydjedd, and Sana Mansouri. "Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of different parts of three mandarin varieties extracts: A comparative study." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 08 (December 3, 2020): 318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.08.318-324.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Mandarin by-products, such as peels and seeds, are considered as one of the naturel sources of phenolic compounds. Aim: The objective of the present study was to compare the phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant activity of different parts (pulps, seeds, juices, and peels) of three mandarins varieties extracts. Material and methods: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin contents of the extracts were assessed while, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using three tests including ferric reducing power, free radical scavenging activity, and phosphomolybdate. Results: The Mediterranean Mandarin peels present a high total phenolics and flavonoids contents with values of 2445.62 mg GAE/100g FW and 609.78 mg QE/100g FW, respectively. Likewise, the clementine juice showed the highest proanthocyanins contents with a value of 46.67 mg CE/100g FW. Seeds and pulps of the three varieties present the lowest phenolic compound contents. Mediterranean Mandarin juice showed a strong ferric reducing power and phosphomolybdate with values of 1270.91 and 190.19 mg AAE/100g FW, respectively, however, the peels revealed a strong free radical scavenging activity with value of 259.89 mg AAE/100 g FW. Statistical analysis showed a positive correlation between the antioxidant activity and the phenolic compounds contents of the three studied mandarins varieties extracts. Conclusion: Among the analyzed cultivars, the Mediterranean mandarin variety may be considered as the most promising source of polyphenols and antioxidants, compared to the clementine and Satsuma varieties. Moreover, this study also highlights important properties of the fruit parts generally considered wastes. Keywords: Mandarins, different parts, phenolics compounds, antioxidant activity.
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Kurzer, Amalie B., Rose Bechtel, and Jean-Xavier Guinard. "Adult and Child Focus Group Views of Oranges and Mandarins." HortTechnology 29, no. 4 (August 2019): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech04320-19.
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To identify factors that may reduce mandarin (Citrus reticulata) and orange (Citrus sinensis) consumer acceptance and to acquire information on current consumer thoughts and perceptions, a series of eight focus groups were held in a college town in northern California: four with children and four with adults. Adults mentioned cost proportionately more (P ≤ 0.05) often than children, as well as farm to fork, purchasing preferences, and seasonality. Children mentioned eating preferences, social use, and healthiness more often (P ≤ 0.05). Flavor and taste were important to both age groups, as well as ease of peeling. Both ages viewed oranges as slightly too large and messier than mandarins. Adults felt frustration that oranges and mandarins lack flavor and that quality is not consistent. Many indicated they would be willing to pay more for consistent quality. Children reported relying on availability, appearance, and the basic tastes to guide their choices and did not express a clear preference between mandarins and oranges. Development of a fruit intermediate in size between an orange and a mandarin, either a small orange or a large mandarin, would potentially satisfy an untapped area of the market. Other potential areas of consumer interest are in fruits with edible peels, like kumquats (Citrus japonica) and in more unique, identifiable varieties such as Cara Cara oranges.
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Mattia, Matthew R., Dongliang Du, Qibin Yu, Tracy Kahn, Mikeal Roose, Yoko Hiraoka, Yu Wang, Patricio Munoz, and Fred G. Gmitter. "Genome-Wide Association Study of Healthful Flavonoids among Diverse Mandarin Accessions." Plants 11, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030317.
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Mandarins have many unique flavonoids with documented health benefits and that help to prevent chronic human diseases. Flavonoids are difficult to measure and cannot be phenotyped without the use of specialized equipment; consequently, citrus breeders have not used flavonoid contents as selection criteria to develop cultivars with increased benefits for human health or increased tolerance to diseases. In this study, peel, pulp, and seed samples collected from many mandarin accessions and their hybrids were analyzed for the presence of selected flavonoids with documented human health benefits. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to identify SNPs associated with biosynthesis of flavonoids in these mandarin accessions, and there were 420 significant SNPs were found to be associated with 28 compounds in peel, pulp, or seed samples. Four candidate genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis were identified by enrichment analysis. SNPs that were found to be associated with compounds in pulp samples have the potential to be used as markers to select mandarins with improved phytonutrient content to benefit human health. Mandarin cultivars bred with increased flavonoid content may provide value to growers and consumers.
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D.C., Barsha, Monika Singh, Prakash Khanal, Madan Pandey, and Rukmagat Pathak. "Effect of Different Edible Coatings on Postharvest Quality of Mandarin Orange (Citrus reticulata Blanco)." Agro Bali : Agricultural Journal 4, no. 2 (July 10, 2021): 136–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.37637/ab.v4i2.695.
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Although Nepal produces a large amount of mandarin it faces huge postharvest losses due to improper postharvest practices. Treating fruits with different edible coatings can minimize postharvest losses. The experiment was carried out in the horticulture lab of Prithu Technical College, Dang, Nepal to evaluate the effects of different edible coating materials on the postharvest quality of mandarin. The experiment was laid in Complete Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications and seven treatments in each replication. Mandarins were coated with different edible coating materials i.e. paraffin wax (100%, 75% and 50%), mustard oil, Aloe vera, turmeric paste and control (non-coated). After coating with different edible materials, mandarins were kept at ambient room conditions (18±2℃ and 52.41±14.35%). The lowest physiological loss in weight at 7, 14and 21 days was recorded in mandarin coated with 75% paraffin wax which was 3.10%, 4.83% and 10.33%, respectively. The highest titratable acidity (0.68%), juice content (46.33%) and marketable fruit percentage (81.73%) were recorded in 75% paraffin wax. The highest total soluble solid (14.00 ˚Brix) was recorded in control. Based on the result obtained from our research, it is suggested to use 75% paraffin wax for the storage of mandarin at ambient room conditions (18±2℃ and 52.41±14.35% RH) as it gives a high percentage of marketable fruits and juice content and also minimizes the physiological loss in weight.
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Maslov Bandić, Luna, Kristina Vlahoviček-Kahlina, Marija Sigurnjak Bureš, Katarina Sopko Stracenski, Nenad Jalšenjak, Goran Fruk, Ana Marija Antolković, and Slaven Jurić. "Fruit Quality of Satsuma Mandarins from Neretva Valley and Their Flavonoid and Carotenoid Content." Horticulturae 9, no. 3 (March 15, 2023): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030383.
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Mandarins are the second most farmed citrus. Consumers demand a mandarin fruit that is both tasty and excellent in quality. The fruit quality, flavonoid profile, antioxidant capacity and total carotenoid content of five varieties (‘Zorica’, ‘Chahara’, ‘Kawano Wase’, ‘Owari’ and ‘Saigon’) of Satsuma mandarins grown in Neretva valley (Croatia) were determined. In this research, the distribution of bioactive compounds was different for mandarin juice, dry pulp residue and dry peels. Dry peels showed higher levels of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. Total carotenoids were found to be in a greater concentration in dry pulp residue than in the dry peel. The highest levels of total carotenoids (543 μg β-carotene/g) were found in the dry pulp residue of ‘Owari’ and ‘Saigon’, while the lowest levels were in ‘Chahara’ (227.87 μg β-carotene/g). In dry mandarin peels, the highest levels of total carotenoids were in ‘Kawano Wase’ (227.58 μg β-carotene/g), and the lowest levels were in ‘Chahara’ (52.24 μg β-carotene/g). The most abundant component of polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) in mandarin dry peel was nobiletin, ranging from 0.204 mg/g (‘Chahara’) to 0.608 mg/g (‘Saigon’), followed by tangeretin, ranging from 0.133 mg/g (‘Chahara’) to 0.251 mg/g (‘Saigon’), and sinesestin (‘Zorica’), ranging from 0.091 mg/g to 0.353 mg/g (‘Saigon’).
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Grosser, Jude W., Hyun Joo An, Milica Calovic, Dong H. Lee, Chunxian Chen, Monica Vasconcellos, and Frederick G. Gmitter. "Production of New Allotetraploid and Autotetraploid Citrus Breeding Parents: Focus on Zipperskin Mandarins." HortScience 45, no. 8 (August 2010): 1160–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.8.1160.
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Somatic hybridization through protoplast fusion has proven to be a valuable technique in citrus for producing unique allotetraploid breeding parents that combine elite diploid selections. Many citrus somatic hybrids are now flowering and being used in interploid crosses to generate triploid hybrids that produce seedless fruit, a primary objective of citrus breeding programs. Most of the early somatic hybrids produced for mandarin improvement combined sweet oranges with mandarins, because the performance of sweet oranges in tissue/protoplast culture generally exceeds that of most mandarin selections. However, a high percentage of triploid progeny from interploid crosses using sweet orange + mandarin somatic hybrids as the tetraploid parent produce fruit that are difficult to peel. We report nine new allotetraploid somatic hybrids and five new autotetraploids from somatic fusion experiments involving easy-peel mandarin parents. These tetraploids can be used in interploid crosses to increase the percentage of seedless triploid progeny producing easy-to-peel fruit. Ploidy level of the new tetraploids was determined by flow cytometry and their genetic origin by expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat marker analysis.
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Simons, Tyler J., Christopher J. McNeil, Aubrey D. Pham, Carolyn M. Slupsky, Mikeal L. Roose, and Jean-Xavier Guinard. "Chemical, Sensory, and Consumer Evaluations of ‘DaisySL’ Mandarins Grafted onto Three Different Rootstocks." HortScience 54, no. 7 (July 2019): 1217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14023-19.
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‘DaisySL’ mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) grafted to Schaub Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush; SHRL) Carrizo citrange (Citrus sinensis Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf.; CARR), and Rubidoux Trifoliate [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.; RUBT] rootstocks were measured to determine their liking by adults and children, sensory properties, and targeted metabolomics over the course of 2 consecutive years. Chemical measurements showed differences in sugars, acids, and ethanol content, whereas a descriptive analysis found variations in sweetness, mandarin flavor, juiciness, and peelability. During both years, adults significantly preferred ‘DaisySL’ mandarins grafted to CARR and RUBT over those grafted to SHRL (P ≤ 0.05). Children liked the fruit grafted to CARR and RUBT rootstocks significantly more than fruit grafted to SHRL during the first year, but they did not prefer fruit grafted to any rootstock during the second year. This research found that ‘DaisySL’ mandarins are a well-liked variety of mid-to-late season mandarin capable of filling the seasonal gap between clementine and W. Murcott varieties. We concluded that the rootstock can affect the chemical composition, sensory profile, and consumer preferences for ‘DaisySL’ mandarins.
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Poudel, Sudip. "EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST TREATMENTS ON QUALITY ATTRIBUTES AND SHELF LIFE OF MANDARIN (Citrus reticulata BLANCO)." Plant Physiology and Soil Chemistry 1, no. 2 (September 13, 2021): 70–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/ppsc.02.2021.70.74.
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Healthy, mature, and fairly even-sized mandarins were harvested from a typical mandarin orchard to examine various storage techniques and discover an efficacious method to downsize the postharvest loss of mandarin fruits under ambient storage conditions. The allotted number of harvested mandarins were separately dipped in bavistin (0.1%), calcium chloride (1%), and clove oil (1%) individual solutions. A set of the collected mandarins was packaged in polythene; an assigned number of them was packaged in polythene only after immersing in bavistin solution, and the rest were neither treated nor packaged. All those mandarins were stored at ambient room conditions in a Completely Randomized Design (six treatments and four replications, each unit had fifteen samples); they were analyzed at an interval of every four days. A combination of bavistin dip and polythene packaging, and polythene packaging alone, drastically reduced the weight loss of mandarins. Similarly, juice content and titratable acidity were retained maximum in those cases, but TSS was found lowest in them. The fruits that were treated with bavistin and later packaged in polythene thrived up to seventy-eight days from the day of harvest.
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Tiring, Gülsevim, Serdar Satar, Turgut Yeşiloğlu, and Berken Çimen. "Bazı Mandarin Çeşitlerinin Adana Ekolojik Koşullarında Meyve Kalite Özelliklerinin Saptanması." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, no. 3 (March 27, 2017): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i3.251-255.1026.
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In this study, the fruit quality traits of varietys of Klemantin, Fremont, Nova and Robinson was determined at Centre Application and Research Subtropical Fruit of Çukurova University in three different periods. The width (mm), length (mm), weight (g), rind thickness, number of carpel, numbers of seed, total soluble solid (TSS, %), titretable acidity (TA, %), TSS/TA ratio, fruit weight, fruit index and amount of fruit juice content (%) were measured. In addition, in this study, information about maturation period of these cultivars was obtained. Regarding to the results, Nova was determined to be the biggest fruit size, Fremont was determined to be the smallest fruit size and the most flattened fruit among the mandarins. It was determined that Klemantin mandarin was matured between September and November, Nova and Robinson mandarin species were matured in November, and Fremont mandarin species was found to matures in December
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Stenzel, Neusa Maria Colauto, Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves, Celso Jamil Marur, Maria Brígida dos Santos Scholz, and José Carlos Gomes. "Maturation curves and degree-days accumulation for fruits of 'Folha Murcha' orange trees." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 3 (June 2006): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000300002.
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The effect of thermal summation on orange fruit growth on different rootstocks has not been studied for the State of Paraná, Brazil. This research evaluated the growth of fruits by means of maturation curves, and quantified the growing degree-days (GDD) accumulation required for fruit maturation in 'Folha Murcha' orange trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime, 'Volkamer' lemon, 'Sunki' mandarin, and 'Cleopatra' mandarin, in Paranavaí and Londrina, PR. In both locations and all rootstocks, the fruits showed evolution in total soluble solids (TSS) content in relation to GDD accumulation, with a quadratic tendency of curve fitting; total titratable acidity (TTA) had an inverse quadratic fitting, and the (TSS/TTA) ratio showed a positive linear regression. Fruits in Paranavaí presented a higher development rate towards maturity than those in Londrina, for all rootstocks. The advancing of the initial maturation stage of fruits in Paranavaí in relation to those in Londrina occurred in the following descending order: 'Volkamer' lemon (92 days), 'Cleopatra' mandarin (81 days), 'Sunki' mandarin (79 days), 'Rangpur' lime (77 days). In Londrina, trees on 'Rangpur' lime and 'Volkamer' lemon were ready for harvest 8 and 15 days before those on the 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins, respectively. In Paranavaí, the beginning of fruit maturation in trees on 'Volkamer' lemon occurred 15, 19, and 28 days earlier than on 'Rangpur' lime, 'Cleopatra' mandarin, and 'Sunki' mandarin, respectively. Considering 12.8ºC as the lower base temperature, the thermal sum for fruit growth and maturation of 'Folha Murcha' orange ranged from 4,462 to 5,090 GDD.
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Chen, Peng, Jingbo Liu, Qi Tang, Tie Zhou, Lingxia Guo, Yuanyuan Xu, Lijun Chai, Qiang Xu, Ziniu Deng, and Xianxin Li. "Genetic Identification of Medicinal Citrus Cultivar ‘Local Juhong’ Using Molecular Markers and Genomics." Genes 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2024): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15060719.
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The citrus cultivar ‘Local Juhong’, which has historically been used as a traditional Chinese medicinal material, originated in Yuanjiang County, Hunan Province.Its parental type and genetic background are indistinct as of yet. Morphological observation shows that ‘Local Juhong’ has a slight oblateness in fruit shape, a relatively smooth pericarp, a fine and slightly raised oil vacuole, and an inward concave at the blossom end. The tree form and fruit and leaf morphology of ‘Local Juhong’ are similar to those of ‘Huangpi’ sour orange. To reveal the genetic background of ‘Local Juhong’, 21 citrus accessions were evaluated using nuclear and chloroplast SSR markers and whole-genome SNP information. ‘Local Juhong’ was grouped with mandarins and sub-grouped with ‘Miyagawa Wase’ and ‘Yanxi Wanlu’ in a nuclear SSR analysis, which indicated that its pollen parent might be mandarins. It was closely clustered with orange and pummelo in the chloroplast SSR analysis. The genomic sequence similarity rate of ‘Local Juhong’ with mandarin and pummelo heterozygosity was 70.88%; the main part was the heterozygosity, except for the unknown (19.66%), mandarin (8.73%), and pummelo (3.9%) parts. Thus, ‘Local Juhong’ may be an F1 hybrid with pummelo as the female parent and mandarin as the male parent, sharing sisterhood with ‘Huangpi’ sour orange.
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HAMID BENYAHIA, HANDAJI NAJAT,, and NAJAT ARSALANE, HASSAN BENAOUDA. "SELECTION OF NEW PROMISING SEEDLESS MANDARINS TRIPLOID HYBRIDS FROM CROSSES BETWEEN MONOEMBRYONIC DIPLOID FEMALE AND DIPLOID MALE PARENTS." Research in Biotechnology 8 (March 31, 2017): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25081/rib.2017.v8.3598.
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Morocco is one of the major exporters of small citrus fruits, such as mandarin and Clementine. Seedlessness is a major criterion for this horticultural group. The present study focused on the selection of the best triploid mandarin hybrids (2n=3x=27) characterized by seedless fruits. A series of crosses between ‘Sidi Aissa’ clementine (female parent) and seven mandarin varieties (‘Lee’, ‘Wilking’, ‘Osceola’, ‘Carvalhal’, ‘Satsuma Frost’, ‘Satsuma Owari’ and ‘Chienka’) was performed by the National Institute for Agricultural Research. Forty triploid mandarins were obtained and planted since 2002 in an experimental field at El Menzeh. Varietal evaluation was focusing on fruit quality traits during seven years. Statistical analyzes showed that there is a significant difference for all studied characters and between hybrids. The number of seeds per fruit is the main criterion which differentiates between triploids mandarin’s hybrids and their diploid parent “clementine Sidi Aissa”. The best hybrids selected were: HT11, HT13, HT27, HT43, HT44, and HT49. The best crosses are C1 (‘Sidi Aissa’ × ‘Wilking’) andC2 (‘Sidi Aissa’ בOsceola’). These promising triploid hybrids of mandarin have been multiplied on several rootstock trials and are in the process of quantitative evaluation and multi-site testing.
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Tarancón, Paula, Amparo Tárrega, Mónica González, and Cristina Besada. "External Quality of Mandarins: Influence of Fruit Appearance Characteristics on Consumer Choice." Foods 10, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 2188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10092188.
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In a pre-purchase situation, consumer perception of mandarin quality is almost exclusively based on fruit appearance. Determination of consumer requirements in this regard is needed to preserve the current success of this crop in markets worldwide. In this study, the effect on consumer choice of different appearance characteristics that can occur mainly in early-season mandarins was quantified. Two independent Choice-Based Conjoint Analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of different external mandarin factors: (1) two factors linked mainly with harvesting practices: ‘Leaf’ (no leaves but sound calyx/fresh leaf/dehydrated leaf) and ‘Rind Colour’ (orange colour/rind with slightly greenish areas); (2) three factors related to postharvest handling: ‘Calyx Condition’ (sound/blackening/detached),’Waxing’ (absence/presence of wax), and ‘Rind Condition’ (dehydrated/turgid). A total of 280 consumers participated in each study. The evaluation of the factors linked with harvesting revealed four different choice patterns. Leaf presence was appreciated only by a small group of consumers (20%), and the presence of greenish areas on the rind was perceived mostly as a negative characteristic. Among the evaluated postharvest-related factors, ‘Waxing’ and ‘Calyx condition’ had the strongest effect on consumer choice. Consumers showed marked preferences for mandarins that had been waxed and presented shine and gloss. Calyx blackening and detachment had a negative effect mainly on waxed fruit, while rind dehydration more negatively affected the fruit that had not been waxed. Consumer perception of mandarin quality is importantly affected by external mandarin characteristics. The information herein reported can be very useful for the citrus industry for adapting quality control criteria that respond to consumer demands.
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Cass, Bodil N., Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell, and Jay A. Rosenheim. "Resistance of Fruits From a Mandarin Cultivar to Feeding by Fork-Tailed Bush Katydids." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (October 6, 2019): 2861–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz241.
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Abstract Plants use a variety of mechanisms to defend against herbivore damage, each with different consequences for agricultural production. Crops relying on tolerance strategies may need different pest management approaches versus those relying on resistance strategies. Previous work suggested that densities of fork-tailed bush katydids (Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl [Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae]) that generated substantial scarring on cultivars of sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, (L.) Osbeck [Sapindales: Rutaceae]) produced only low levels of scarring on cultivars of Citrus reticulata Blanco mandarins. We used field experiments in representative cultivars of these species to test non-mutually exclusive hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying this observation: 1) katydids are averse to feeding on mandarin fruits, 2) damaged mandarin fruits preferentially abscise, 3) damaged mandarin fruit tissue recovers during development, and 4) katydid scars on mandarins have a different morphology that may result in misclassification. We found strong support for the first hypothesis, demonstrating that katydids reject opportunities to feed on C. reticulata fruit. Instead of chewing deep holes in the fruit, as was commonly observed for C. sinensis, the katydids only scratched the surface of the C. reticulata fruits. The hypotheses of preferential abscission of damaged fruits and of recovery of damaged tissue were not supported. The low incidence of damage to the mandarins prevented a comprehensive assessment of the scar morphology; however, at harvest, the superficial cuts in C. reticulata were not easily distinguishable from background damage. This indicates that in contrast to C. sinensis, C. reticulata has substantial natural resistance to fork-tailed bush katydids making them a non-pest in this crop.
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Navarro, P., A. J. Pérez-López, M. T. Mercader, A. A. Carbonell-Barrachina, and J. A. Gabaldon. "Antioxidant Activity, Color, Carotenoids Composition, Minerals, Vitamin C and Sensory Quality of Organic and Conventional Mandarin Juice, cv. Orogrande." Food Science and Technology International 17, no. 3 (June 2011): 241–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1082013210382334.
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The effects of organic farming on antioxidant activity, CIE L*a*b* color, carotenoids composition, minerals contents, vitamin C and sensory quality of Orogrande mandarin juices were studied. Independent of the farming type, mandarin juices can be considered as good source of some important nutrients, such as potassium and antioxidant chemicals, for example, β-cryptoxanthin. Organic farming of mandarins resulted in juices with higher antioxidant activity, total carotenoids concentrations, minerals (Ca, K and Fe) contents, vitamin C content, more appealing and intense orange color and better sensory quality. For instance, organic Orogrande juice contained significantly (p < 0.001) higher total carotenoids content (22.7 ± 0.3 mg/L) than conventional juice (15.7 ± 0.4 mg/L); a similar pattern was observed for the antioxidant activity, with values being 0.076±0.004 and 0.053 ± 0.003 mM Trolox m/L in organic and convectional juices, respectively. A trained panel stated that organic Orogrande juices had higher intensities of orange color, fresh mandarin and floral aromas than conventional juices.
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Coblin, W. South. "Robert Morrison and the Phonology of Mid-Qīng Mandarin." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 13, no. 3 (November 2003): 339–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186303003134.
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AbstractRobert Morrison (1782–1834; Chinese name: Maˇ Liˇxùn) was the London Missionary Society's first representative in China and is generally viewed as the father of Protestant missionary work there. Modern scholarly interest in him has in the main focused on his role as a Bible translator (see, for example, Zetzsche 1999, especially Chapter 2). As part of his missionary activities, Morrison studied both written and spoken Chinese; and these researches yielded grammars of both Mandarin (i.e. Guānhuà “the language of the mandarins or officials”; Morrison, 1815) and Cantonese (1815: appendix, pp. 259–280), plus a major dictionary of written Chinese (1815–1823) and a smaller lexicon of Cantonese (1828). In order to transcribe spoken Chinese, Morrison developed romanisations for both Mandarin and Cantonese. These orthographic systems shed light on the pronunciation of the underlying languages as they were spoken two hundred years ago. The purpose of the present paper is to examine Morrison's romanisation of Mandarin for clues about the pronunciation of early nineteenth-century standard Chinese.
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Gutiérrez-Villamil, Diego Alejandro, Helber Enrique Balaguera-López, and Javier Giovanni Álvarez-Herrera. "Brassinosteroids Improve Postharvest Quality, Antioxidant Compounds, and Reduce Chilling Injury in ‘Arrayana’ Mandarin Fruits under Cold Storage." Horticulturae 9, no. 6 (May 26, 2023): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9060622.
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‘Arrayana’ mandarin is one of the most cultivated citrus species in Colombia, but this fruit has a short postharvest life and is sensitive to chilling injury (CI) during cold storage. Generating strategies that decrease CI to mandarin can reduce quantitative and qualitative losses postharvest. Brassinosteroids (BR) have been used as a sustainable technology to alleviate CI in fruits and improve postharvest quality. This study evaluated the effect of applying the 24-epibrasinolide analogue (EBR), at doses of 5 mg L−1; DI-31 analogue, at 5 and 10 mg L−1; and control, on the main physical and biochemical characteristics of ‘Arrayana’ mandarin stored at 4 °C for 40 days and, subsequently, 7 days at room temperature (shelf life). The application of EBR and DI-31 analogues reduced the appearance of CI in the exocarp of ‘Arrayana’ mandarin fruits by reducing electrolyte leakage, maintaining membrane integrity, and increasing antioxidant activity and phenol content at the end of cold storage and shelf life. This was especially pronounced with 5 mg L−1 of EBR. Similarly, the BR maintained the postharvest quality of mandarins by reducing weight loss, respiratory intensity, and chlorophyll degradation; increasing β-carotene; and maintaining titratable acidity and soluble solids. Our research reports, for the first time, CI tolerance in Arrayana mandarin using natural (EBR) and spirostanic (DI-31) analogues and illustrates the tolerance functionality of the DI-31 analogue on CI in the fruit postharvest.
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Stenzel, Neusa Maria Colauto, and Carmen Silvia Vieira Janeiro Neves. "Rootstocks for 'Tahiti' lime." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 2 (April 2004): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000200005.
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The 'Tahiti' lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) is an important commercial citrus cultivar in Brazil. 'Rangpur' lime has being used as its main rootstock, but it is susceptible to root rot caused by Phytophthora, reducing tree longevity. An experiment was set up in a randomized block design, with three trees per plot of each rootstock and four replicates, and run for 12 years, aiming to compare the performance of 'IAC-5 Tahiti' lime, budded on 'Rangpur' lime (Citrus limonia Osb.); 'C-13' citrange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'African' rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.); 'Volkamer' lemon (Citrus volkameriana Ten. & Pasq.); trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.); 'Sunki' mandarin (Citrus sunki Hort. ex Tan.) and 'Cleopatra' mandarin (Citrus reshni Hort. ex Tan.). Eleven years after the establishment of the orchard, trees with the greatest canopy development were budded on 'C-13' citrange and 'African' rough lemon, and both differed significantly from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Sunki' and 'Cleopatra' mandarins, which presented the smallest canopy development. Trees budded on 'Rangpur' lime and 'C-13' citrange had the highest cumulative yields, and were different from trees budded on trifoliate orange, 'Cleopatra' and 'Sunki' mandarins. There was no rootstock effect on mean fruit weight and on the total soluble solid/acid ratio in the juice. The 'Rangpur' lime and the 'Cleopatra' mandarin rootstocks reduced longevity of plants.
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Scott, Mandy, and Hak-khiam Tiun. "Mandarin-Only to Mandarin-Plus: Taiwan." Language Policy 6, no. 1 (January 23, 2007): 53–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10993-006-9040-5.
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Oliveira, Roberto Pedroso de, and Elizete Beatriz Radmann. "Genetic similarity of citrus fresh fruit market cultivars." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 27, no. 2 (August 2005): 332–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-29452005000200037.
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The objective of this work was to assess the genetic similarity of the following citrus fresh fruit market seedless cultivars: Lane Late, Navelate, Navelina and Salustiana sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), Clemenules and Marisol mandarins (C. reticulata Blanco) and Okitsu satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marcovitch), and the hybrids Nova [C. clementina x (C. paradisi x C. tangerina)] and Ortanique (tangor probably derived from C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck x C. reticulata Blanco), utilizing isoenzymatic markers. Electrophoresis analysis of proteins extracted from leaf tissues was utilized to detect polymorphisms at ten isoenzymatic systems. Out of 30 alleles, 16 were polymorphic. The Jaccard coefficient was utilized to estimate the genetic similarity between the cultivars and the unweigthed pair-group method using an arithmetic average (UPGMA) was used to obtain the phenogram (NTSYS 1.7). The cultivars showed high genetic similarity (>72.5%), and were classified in five main groups: sweet oranges, 'Clemenules' and 'Marisol' mandarins, 'Nova', 'Ortanique', and 'Okitsu' satsuma mandarin.
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Çimen, Berken, Turgut Yesiloglu, Bilge Yılmaz, Meral İncesu, Müge Uysal Kamiloglu, and Hüseyin Karanfiloglu. "KKTC Ekolojik Koşullarında Bazı Erkenci Mandarin ve Portakal Çeşitlerinin Derim Dönemi ve Meyve Kalite Kriterlerinin Belirlenmesi." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i5.809-815.2502.
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The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal time to harvest and length of the harvesting period in two early-maturing Okitsu and Clausellina mandarins and two early-maturing Navelina and Newhall oranges under Güzelyurt-Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) ecological conditions. Fruit weight, fruit length, rind thickness, fruit juice, brix, acid and brix/acid ratio were determined. Fruit were harvested at three different times. Okitsu and Clausellina mandarins were harvested in September, October and November; Navelina and Newhall oranges were harvested in October, November and December. Harvest date x variety interaction effect was significantly important on fruit weight, fruit height and maturity index in mandarins whereas interaction effect of harvest date and variety was significantly important on fruit weight, citric acid concentration and maturity index in orange varieties. Maturity indexes were found 4.22, 7.26 and 10.34 on September, October and December, respectively in mandarins whereas maturity indexes were determined as 6.47, 9.47 and 13.42 in oranges. Additionally, fruit size were positively affected by the increasing harvest date in mandarin and orange varieties. As a result of the findings obtained from this study, the optimum harvest date for mandarin varieties and Newhall navel as october and it was determined that the optimum harvest date Navelina navel was November under Güzelyurt ecological conditions
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Adhikari, Prakash, Zora Singh, Vijay Yadav Tokala, Poe Nandar Kyaw, and Bronwyn Walsh. "Fruit canopy position and harvest date influence on colour and quality of Imperial mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco)." April 2020, no. 14(04):2020 (April 20, 2020): 660–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2304.
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Rind colour and taste are important factors influencing consumer acceptance of mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) fruit. In this experiment, the influence of fruit canopy position and harvest date on the fruit rind colour and other quality parameters of Imperial mandarins was investigated. The mandarin fruit were harvested from four different positions in the tree canopy i.e., upper-inner, upper-outer, lower-inner and lower-outer and at three different harvest dates (H1 (five days before commercial harvest date); H2 (commercial harvest date) and H3 (five days after commercial harvest date). The experiment was conducted using a two factors (fruit position and harvest time) factorial randomised block design with four replicates and fifteen fruit per replicate. Rind colour and the quality of Imperial mandarins were significantly affected by the fruit position in the tree canopy, with the fruit harvested from the upper canopy having better rind colour and higher levels of organic acids and sugars compared to other positions. The late harvested (H3) mandarins exhibited the best fruit colour. In conclusion, the Imperial mandarin fruit had better fruit colour as well as quality when harvested from the upper canopy and by delaying the fruit harvest date by five days from the original commercial harvest date.
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Ying, Yi. "Perbandingan Karakteristik dan Fungsi Kata Keterangan Bahasa Mandarin dan Bahasa Indonesia." Humaniora 2, no. 2 (October 31, 2011): 944. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i2.3141.
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Indonesian is an inflective language or functional language. It is a synthetic language, which is differentiated with agglutinative languages based on the inclination of morphemic formation of words. As a result, segmenting the elements is hard to be done. Mandarin as an isolative language is formed by singular morpheme. Synthetic language as the contrary consists of words of many morphemes. Mandarins’ and Indonesian’s grammatical function is as adverbs in most of the language occurrences. The difference between two adverbs is that in Mandarin, nouns and numbers cannot receive prefixes and suffixes. Mandarin’s adverbs in general are put in the beginning and middle of the words, which is different with Indonesian adverbs that can be placed in the end of the words.
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Doe, Doe, Namgay Om, Chencho Dorji, Thinlay Dorji, M. Garnier, S. Jagoueix-Eveillard, and J. M. Bové. "First Report of “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus”, the Agent of Citrus Huanglongbing (Ex-greening) in Bhutan." Plant Disease 87, no. 4 (April 2003): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.4.448a.
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Mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is the most important cash crop in Bhutan and plantations total approximately 1.8 million trees (Ministry of Agriculture, Thimphu, Bhutan, 2000). Most trees are a local mandarin variety. Seedlings trees are produced by local farmers or supplied by Druk Seed Nursery. Mandarin seedlings have also been introduced from India. In the mid-1990s, mandarin trees growing in Punakha Valley and Wangdue districts began showing symptoms of decline that included sparse yellow foliage and shoot die-back. After initial surveys in 2000, huanglongbing (HLB) was suspected as the cause of declining trees based on symptomatology and presence of the psyllid vector Diaphorina citri, but no confirmatory tests were carried out. In August 2002, we surveyed eight locations in the valley from Rimchu (North) to Kamichu (South). HLB-like leaf mottle symptoms were observed on declining mandarin trees at all locations at altitudes ranging from 700 to 1,450 m. Orchards around Punakha (1,350m) in the center of the valley were more severely affected. Symptoms were also observed on Mexican lime (Citrus aurantifolia), citron (Citrus medica), and on tangelo trees (Minneola, Seminola, and Iyo) introduced originally as certified HLB-free budwoods from Corsica, France and grafted onto Rangpur lime at the Wangdue Research Center (1,300m). Leaves were collected from symptomatic trees and three declining mandarin trees without characteristic leaf mottle symptoms. Two specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests for the detection of HLB Liberibacter species (1,2) were carried out on 16 DNA samples extracted from leaf mid-veins of 10 mandarins, two Mexican limes, three tangelos, and one citron tree. “Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus” was readily detected by both PCR assays in all but two samples (one mandarin with noncharacteristic symptoms and citron) and all sampled orchards. The presence in the Wangdue Research Center of liberibacter infected trees, propagated from certified HLB-free budwoods, suggests that natural spread of the HLB by D. citri is occuring, as the psyllid had been identified previously in the Punakha area by Bhutanese Entomologists. It is likely that the disease was originally introduced as infected planting material although its source has not been determined. References: (1) A. Hocquellet et al. Mol. Cell. Probes 13:373, 1999. (2) S. Jagoueix et al. Mol. Cell.Probes 10:43,1996.
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Forner-Giner, María Ángeles, Paola Sánchez-Bravo, Francisca Hernández, Amparo Primo-Capella, Marina Cano-Lamadrid, and Pilar Legua. "Effect of Rootstock on the Volatile Profile of Mandarins." Foods 12, no. 8 (April 10, 2023): 1599. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12081599.
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Mandarin production has increased in recent years, especially for fresh consumption, due to its ease of peeling, its aroma, and its content of bioactive compounds. In this sense, aromas play a fundamental role in the sensory quality of this fruit. The selection of the appropriate rootstock is crucial for the success of the crop and its quality. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify the influence of 9 rootstocks (“Carrizo citrange”, “Swingle citrumelo CPB 4475”, “Macrophylla”, “Volkameriana”, “Forner-Alcaide 5”, “Forner-Alcaide V17”, “C-35”, “Forner-Alcaide 418”, and “Forner-Alcaide 517”) on the volatile composition of “Clemenules” mandarin. For this, the volatile compounds of mandarin juice were measured using headspace solid-phase micro-extraction in a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Seventy-one volatile compounds were identified in the analyzed samples, with limonene being the main compound. The results obtained showed that the rootstock used in the cultivation of mandarins affects the volatile content of the juice, with “Carrizo citrange”, “Forner-Alcaide 5”, “Forner-Alcaide 418”, and “Forner-Alcaide 517” being those that presented the highest concentration.
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Kyle, Keith. "The Mandarins’ Mandarin: Sir Norman Brook, secretary of the cabinet." Contemporary British History 13, no. 2 (June 1999): 64–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13619469908581529.
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Giménez-Sanchis, Adrián, Ana Pons-Gómez, Vittorio Farina, and Cristina Besada. "Effect of Pulp Pigmentation Intensity on Consumer Acceptance of New Blood Mandarins: A Cross-Cultural Study in Spain and Italy." Agronomy 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 3058. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123058.
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One of the current objectives of different citrus breeding programmes is obtaining new pigmented mandarins. This study investigates to what extent consumer preferences, expectations and purchase intention are affected by the appearance of new mandarins, specifically pulp pigmentation intensity. Four hundred consumers from both Italy and Spain (800 in all) participated in the study. In each country, half were informed about the healthy properties of the anthocyanins responsible for red pulp colouration, while the other half were not. Italians more readily accepted new mandarin varieties than Spaniards, which was linked to them being more familiar with blood oranges. In Italy, both slight- and medium-pigmented mandarins were well-accepted. Spanish consumers preferred the slight-pigmented variety. The most intense pigmented varieties were not well-accepted in either country. Health-related information positively affected Spaniards’ consumer response but did not modify that of Italians. A halo effect was detected in Spain, where health-related information positively affected mandarin appearance liking and its expected taste liking. Consumer perception that new varieties were unnatural was identified as a consumption barrier, mainly in Spain. Blood orange familiarity and health claims are revealed as conditioning factors for consumer response to pigmented mandarins. Interventions should be made to inform consumers that these varieties are obtained by conventional breeding and not by transgenic technology. Future studies should evaluate consumer response to other sensory characteristics, such as odour, taste and texture.
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Thamrin, Lily, Suhardi ,, Lusi ,, and Tjen Veronica. "Workshop Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Tingkat Dasar di GKKB Pontianak." Jurnal Pengabdi 3, no. 2 (October 29, 2020): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.26418/jplp2km.v3i2.42301.
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Dalam dunia modern seperti sekarang, belajar bahasa merupakan salah satu hal yang sangat penting dalam hal berkomunikasi. Dengan menguasai bahasa asing maka dapat diartikan menguasai dunia. Salah satu bahasa yang sangat banyak diminati oleh kalangan orang adalah Bahasa Mandarin. Untuk mendorong perkembangan pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin bagi masyarakat pontianak, maka dilakukan Workshop Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin Tingkat Dasar di GKKB Pontianak. Adapun materi pelatihan workshop yang diberikan mencakup pengenalan dasar mengenai Hanyu Pinyin（汉语拼音）, huruf Mandarin（汉字），tata bahasa Mandarin (汉语语法），Kalimat Sederhana（简单的句子）dan Percakapan Bahasa Mandarin （汉语会话）. Pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin ini dilakukan dengan metode sosialisasi melalui workshop dengan pemberian materi dasar-dasar bahasa Mandarin dan melakukan praktek berbahasa lisan ( conversation ) yang dilaksanakan setiap hari senin pada bulan September-Oktober 2019. Hasil yang diperoleh dari Workshop Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin ini adalah meningkatkan pengetahuan peserta tentang materi dasar bahasa mandarin dan minat pembelajaran bahasa mandarin, serta pengenalan terhadap Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Mandarin FKIP UNTAN.
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Selfya, Selfya, Lily Thamrin, and Suhardi Suhardi. "Pengaruh Bahasa Khek terhadap Pembelajaran Bahasa Mandarin." JIIP - Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan 7, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 635–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.54371/jiip.v7i1.3064.
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Bahasa Khek merupakan salah satu dialek Tiongkok. Kosakata, pelafalan, dan tata bahasa Khek berasal dari bahasa Mandarin kuno, sehingga banyak kosakata dan pelafalannya yang mirip dengan bahasa Mandarin. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh bahasa Khek terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin. Peneliti menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif. Objek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa Hakka Prodi Pendidikan bahasa Mandarin FKIP Universitas Tanjungpura sebanyak 37 orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa Khek berpengaruh terhadap pembelajaran bahasa Mandarin terutama dalam penguasaan kosakata dan pelafalan Bahasa Mandarin. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan, dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahasa Khek memiliki pengaruh dalam mempelajari bahasa Mandarin, yaitu 90,32% mahasiswa setuju bahwa kosakata bahasa Khek sangat berpengaruh dalam pembelajaran kosakata bahasa Mandarin dikarenakan kosakata bahasa Khek dan kosakata bahasa Mandarin memiliki kesamaan, dan terdapat 88,52% mahasiswa yang setuju pelafalan bahasa Khek sangat berpengaruh dalam mempelajari pelafalan bahasa Mandarin, hal ini dikarenakan pelafalan bahasa Khek dan bahasa Mandarin juga memiliki kemiripan.
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Fu, Haoyue. "A Novel Approach to the Syntax of Chinese Adjectival Predicates: Differences between Standard Mandarin and Sichuanese Mandarin." International Journal of Languages, Literature and Linguistics 7, no. 3 (September 2021): 122–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijlll.2021.7.3.298.
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In Mandarin Chinese, bare adjectives can only function as predicates when they co-occur with some other elements in certain contexts, most typically the degree adverb hen ‘very’. This phenomenon cannot be found in other languages like English. To explain this crosslinguistic variation, researchers have developed different theories, among them the most developed theory regards hen ‘very’ as an overt positive morpheme. Previous studies have all focused on just one Mandarin variety, namely Standard Mandarin (STM). However, the present theory cannot apply to other Mandarin varieties like Sichuanese Mandarin which, as this paper demonstrates, does not have an overt positive morpheme. This paper provides new data from Sichuanese Mandarin and proposes that register grammar should be taken into consideration. A novel, hybrid approach to explain this crossdialectal variation is given in this paper.
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Putri, Amira Eza Febrian. "Intensitas Komunikasi Berbahasa Mandarin Mahasiswa dengan Dosen Lokal dan Native." JoLLA: Journal of Language, Literature, and Arts 1, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 462–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um064v1i42021p462-473.
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Abstract: The ability to communicate in Mandarin Chinese is one of the important indicators of learning outcomes. Therefore, in addition to the learning process, communication outside the classroom should ideally also use Mandarin Chinese. This study aims to find out the intensity of speaking in Mandarin among students of Mandarin Language Education study program of Universitas Negeri Malang with local and native lecturers as well as its challenges and underlying factors. This research is descriptive quantitative with the subject of students of Mandarin Language Education study program class of 2018 offfering A and B. The Data collection is done using questionnaires. The results showed that 72.1% of students rarely use Mandarin in communicating with local lecturers. 76.7% of students prefer to ask local lecturers rather than natives. A total of 66.8% of students still use Indonesian when communicating with local lecturers, and 44.2% use mixed Indonesian and Mandarin none of whom speak Mandarin in its entirety. The results of the survey showed that this was because students found it difficult to communicate using Mandarin, students felt afraid or hesitant in using Mandarin, and students felt less confident in their Chinese language skills.
Keywords: intensity, communication, Mandarin
Abstrak: Kemampuan berkomunikasi dalam bahasa Mandarin menjadi salah satu indikator penting ketercapaian hasil belajar. Untuk itu, selain pada saat proses pembelajaran, komunikasi di luar kelas idealnya juga harus menggunakan bahasa Mandarin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui intensitas komunikasi berbahasa Mandarin mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa Mandarin Universitas Negeri Malang dengan dosen lokal dan native serta faktor hambatan yang mempengaruhinya. Penelitian ini termasuk penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan subjek mahasiswa program studi pendidikan bahasa Mandarin angkatan 2018 offering A dan B. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan angket. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 72,1% mahasiswa jarang menggunakan bahasa Mandarin dalam berkomunikasi dengan dosen lokal. 76,7% mahasiswa lebih memilih bertanya pada dosen lokal daripada native. Sebanyak 66,8% mahasiswa masih menggunakan bahasa Indonesia saat berkomunikasi dengan dosen lokal, dan 44,2% menggunakan bahasa campuran Indonesia dan Mandarin, tidak ada yang menggunakan bahasa Mandarin secara utuh. Hasil angket menunjukkan hal ini disebabkan mahasiswa merasa kesulitan dalam berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa Mandarin, mahasiswa merasa takut atau ragu dalam menggunakan bahasa Mandarin, dan mahasiswa merasa kurang yakin dengan kemampuan berbahasa Mandarin yang dimiliki.
Kata kunci: intensitas, komunikasi, bahasa Mandarin
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Mendes-da-Glória, Fernanda Januzzi, Francisco de Assis Alves Mourão Filho, Clarice Garcia Borges Demétrio, and Beatriz Madalena Januzzi Mendes. "Embryogenic calli induction from nucellar tissue of Citrus cultivars." Scientia Agricola 56, no. 4 suppl (1999): 111–1115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161999000500012.
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Nucellar tissues of seven Citrus varieties were introduced onto three growth media to produce embryogenic callus. The media tested were: EME [MT, modified, with the addition of malt extract (500 mg.L-1)]; 1/2-EME [half concentration of MT macronutrients + half concentration of BH3 macronutrients + 500 mg.L-1 malt extract + 1.55 g.L-1 of glutamine]; and EBA [EME + 0.44 muM 6-benzyladenine + 0.04 muM 2,4 D]. Soft friable calli were obtained from 'Cravo' and 'Ponkan' mandarins (Citrus reticulata, Blanco), 'Murcott' tangor (Citrus reticulata Blanco x Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck), 'Serra d'água' and 'Valencia' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) 120 days after callus induction. 'Natal' and 'Pera' sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis, L. Osbeck) produced hard non-friable calli in this period. EME and 1/2-EME media had the best results for 'Cravo' mandarin, 'Ponkan' mandarin and 'Serra d'água' sweet orange, whereas EBA was the best media composition to induce soft friable calli on 'Murcott' tangor and 'Valencia' sweet orange. Friable callus cultures of 'Cravo' and 'Ponkan' mandarins, and 'Murcott' tangor yielded high quality protoplasts after isolation. Abbreviations: a.c. - activated charcoal; BA - 6-benzyladenine; IAA - indole-acetic acid; 2,4-D - 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid; MT - Murashige & Tucker basal medium.
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Saito, S., F. Wang, and C. L. Xiao. "Efficacy of Natamycin Against Gray Mold of Stored Mandarin Fruit Caused by Isolates of Botrytis cinerea With Multiple Fungicide Resistance." Plant Disease 104, no. 3 (March 2020): 787–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-19-0844-re.
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Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is an emerging postharvest disease of mandarin fruit in California. Management of postharvest diseases of mandarins relies on postharvest fungicides; however, multiple resistance to fungicides of different modes of action is common in B. cinerea populations from mandarin, leading to their failure to control decay. Natamycin is commonly used in the food industry as an additive, and it has been registered as a biofungicide for postharvest use on citrus and some other fruits. Sensitivity to natamycin of 64 isolates of B. cinerea from decayed mandarin fruit with known resistance phenotypes to other citrus postharvest fungicides (azoxystrobin, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole) was tested. Effective concentrations of natamycin to cause a 50% reduction relative to the control for conidial germination were from 0.324 to 0.567 µg/ml (mean of 0.444 µg/ml), and those for mycelial growth were 1.021 to 2.007 µg/ml (mean of 1.578 µg/ml). Minimum inhibitory concentrations where no fungal growth was present were 0.7 to 1.0 µg/ml for conidial germination and 5.0 to 10.0 µg/ml for mycelial growth. No cross-resistance between natamycin and other citrus postharvest fungicides was detected. Decay control efficacy tests with natamycin were conducted on mandarin fruit inoculated with B. cinerea isolates exhibiting five different fungicide resistance phenotypes, and natamycin significantly reduced incidence and lesion size of gray mold on fruit, regardless of fungicide resistance phenotypes. Natamycin has the potential to be an effective tool for integration into postharvest fungicide programs to control gray mold and manage B. cinerea isolates resistant to fungicides with other modes of action.
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Chao, ChihCheng T. "(459) Preliminary Evaluation of 17 Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marco.) Cultivars in the Coastal Region of California." HortScience 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 1047A—1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1047a.
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The citrus industry in California is changing, and growers are planting more easy-peeling, seedless, and nice-tasting mandarins. Our industry tries to develop new early- and late-season mandarin cultivars to be competitive in the global mandarin market. Seventeen satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marco.) cultivars were top-worked onto 4–6 Valencia orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] as interstocks and Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] as rootstocks in 30 May 2001 near Santa Paula, Calif. All trees set the first crop in Fall 2003. Fruit maturity of all cultivars was measured based on °Brix level, percent acid, and S:A ratio on a weekly basis since the first week of Sept. 2004. Five cultivars, `Armstrong', `Kuno Wase', `Miyagawa', `S9' and `Xie-Shan' (`Wakiyama'), are very early- or early-season cultivars. A small-scale degreening experiment with 72 h treatment of 0.5 mg·L–1 ethylene with fruit harvested on 6 Oct. 2004 also showed the rind color of all five cultivars could be enhanced nicely. `Miyagawa' had very intense internal orange flesh color visible in the second week of Sept. 2004, comparing with other cultivars. All these five cultivars could potentially become early-season, completely seedless, and easy-peeling satsuma cultivars in California. `Miyagawa' and `Xis-Shan' could potentially be harvested as early as from late September to early October in the central coastal region and from late August to mid-September in the San Joaquin Valley. Both cultivars should command a high price when there is no seedless mandarin in the market.
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Zhang, Qing. "Cosmopolitan Mandarin." Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 16, no. 2 (October 12, 2006): 215–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/japc.16.2.05zha.
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China’s participation in the global economy has brought about a new professional group — Chinese professionals working for foreign businesses (waiqi). Focusing on the linguistic practice of a group of waiqi professionals in Beijing, this study compares their speech with that of professionals working for state-owned enterprises. Both groups are natives of Beijing. Based on quantitative analysis of three Beijing Mandarin features and a tone feature revealing an influence from non-Mainland Mandarin varieties, the study shows that the waiqi group overwhelmingly used the non-local features much more frequently than the state professionals. It is argued that the waiqi professionals’ speech cannot be described simply as speaking a more standard variety of Putonghua. They are constructing a cosmopolitan Mandarin style through selectively combining features from both regional and global sources. This non-local style of Mandarin does not strictly conform to the standard of Putonghua. Explanations for the differential practice of the two groups are sought through differences in the linguistic markets in which they participate. This study demonstrates that the traditional territorially-based approach to sociolinguistic variation on a local–standard dimension is inadequate in examining practices that employ linguistic resources from both local and supra-local sources.
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Li, Qian, Yiya Chen, and Ziyu Xiong. "Tianjin Mandarin." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49, no. 1 (July 12, 2017): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000287.
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Tianjin Mandarin is a member of the northern Mandarin Chinese family (ISO 693-3: [cmn]). It is spoken in the urban areas of the Tianjin Municipality (CN-12) in the People's Republic of China, which is about 120 kilometers to the southeast of Beijing. Existing studies on Tianjin Mandarin have focused mainly on its tonal aspects, especially its intriguing tone sandhi system, with few studies examining the segmental aspects (on tone, see e.g. Li & Liu 1985, Shi 1986, Liu 1993, Lu 1997, Wang & Jiang 1997, Chen 2000, Liu & Gao 2003, Ma 2005, Ma & Jia 2006, Zhang & Liu 2011, Li & Chen 2016; on segmental aspects, see e.g. Han 1993a, b; Wee, Yan & Chen 2005). As also noted in Wee et al. (2005), this is probably due to the similarity in segmental structures between Tianjin Mandarin and Standard Chinese, especially among speakers of the younger generation, and what differentiates the two Mandarin varieties is most notably their tonal systems. The aim of the present description is therefore to provide a systematic phonetic description of both segmental and tonal aspects of Tianjin Mandarin, with main focus on the tonal aspects.
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Ribeiro, Lucas de Oliveira, Eduardo Augusto Girardi, Hélio Wilson Lemos de Carvalho, Debora Costa Bastos, Walter dos Santos Soares Filho, and Orlando Sampaio Passos. "Evaluation of mandarin hybrids grafted on 'Rangpur' lime in the Coastal Tablelands, Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura 42, no. 6 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452020008.
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Abstract The production of mandarins is incipient in Northeastern Brazil in spite of the large regional market. Few studies have reported the performance of mandarins under the tropical conditions in Brazil, considering that, in general, the quality and yield of these fruits are more expressive in regions of subtropical and Mediterranean climates. In this work, tree size, fruit production and quality of four mandarin hybrids (‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor, ‘Murcott’ tangor and ‘Page’ and ‘Nova’ tangelo-mandarin) grafted on ‘Rangpur’ lime rootstock in Umbaúba, State of Sergipe, Brazil, were evaluated. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates and three trees per plot. Planting was carried out in 2008 at tree spacing of 6.0 x 3.0 m in rainfed cultivation system. ‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor was more productive than ‘Murcott’ tangor and ‘Nova’ and ‘Page’ tangelo-mandarin, under the conditions evaluated in Umbaúba up to the eleventh year after planting. Regarding fruit quality, ‘Piemonte’ mandarin-tangor and ‘Page’ tangelo-mandarin can be indicated both for fresh consumption and for processing due to their higher total soluble solids, ratio and vitamin C content in relation to ‘Murcott’ tangor.
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Wu, Guohong Albert, Chikatoshi Sugimoto, Hideyasu Kinjo, Chika Azama, Fumimasa Mitsube, Manuel Talon, Frederick G. Gmitter, and Daniel S. Rokhsar. "Diversification of mandarin citrus by hybrid speciation and apomixis." Nature Communications 12, no. 1 (July 26, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-24653-0.
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AbstractThe origin and dispersal of cultivated and wild mandarin and related citrus are poorly understood. Here, comparative genome analysis of 69 new east Asian genomes and other mainland Asian citrus reveals a previously unrecognized wild sexual species native to the Ryukyu Islands: C. ryukyuensis sp. nov. The taxonomic complexity of east Asian mandarins then collapses to a satisfying simplicity, accounting for tachibana, shiikuwasha, and other traditional Ryukyuan mandarin types as homoploid hybrid species formed by combining C. ryukyuensis with various mainland mandarins. These hybrid species reproduce clonally by apomictic seed, a trait shared with oranges, grapefruits, lemons and many cultivated mandarins. We trace the origin of apomixis alleles in citrus to mangshanyeju wild mandarins, which played a central role in citrus domestication via adaptive wild introgression. Our results provide a coherent biogeographic framework for understanding the diversity and domestication of mandarin-type citrus through speciation, admixture, and rapid diffusion of apomictic reproduction.