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Academic literature on the topic 'Manchots (oiseaux) – Alimentation – Adaptation'
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Manchots (oiseaux) – Alimentation – Adaptation"
Sutton, Grace. "Fine-scale foraging movements and energetics in penguins." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS031.
Full textQuantifying predator-prey interactions can be logistically difficult, especially in marine environments. However, it is essential to predict how individuals respond to changes in prey availability, an important factor in assessing the impact of climate change. In comparison to flying seabirds, penguins (Family: Spheniscidae) experience greater constraints when breeding due to restrictions in foraging range. As such, this group of seabirds are considered good indicators of local ecosystem health. Animal-borne video cameras have made it possible to observe behaviour in response to prey field. In the present study, a combination of animal-borne video cameras, accelerometers, dive recorders and GPS were used to determine the factors influencing foraging effort and efficiency in penguins. These were investigated in 3 species: 1) little penguin, Eudyptula minor; 2) African penguin, Spheniscus demersus, 3) Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus. In each species, the immediate prey field dictated the 3-dimensional movement in the water column. Foraging effort in little penguins was influenced by the abundance of prey, not prey type. The mean body acceleration of little penguins was examined as an index of effort and was found to be highly correlated to energy expenditure rates determined from doubly-labelled water. Machine learning was used to detect prey captures which were validated using video cameras in African and Macaroni penguins. It was found that African penguins exhibited pelagic dives and a large proportion of successful benthic dives. Benthic dives were costlier but more successful than pelagic ones, indicating a trade-off between effort and success. Macaroni penguins displayed prey-specific behaviour, diving deep when foraging on subantarctic krill (Euphausia vallentini) and completing shallow dives when targeting juvenile fish.This body of work highlights the effect of prey field and the drivers of variability in foraging behaviour
Enstipp, Manfred. "Diving energetics and fine scale foraging behaviour of avian divers and their capacity to buffer environmental change." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2005/ENSTIPP_Manfred_2005.pdf.
Full textAvian divers are confronted with a number of physiological challenges when foraging in cold water, especially at depth. Diving is believed to be particularly costly in cormorants (Phalacrocoracidae) because of their poor insulation and less efficient foot-propulsion. I used open-circuit respirometry to study the energetic requirements of two Phalacrocorax species, the European shag (P. Aristotelis) and the double-crested cormorant (P. Auritus) when diving in a shallow (1 m) and deep (10 m) dive tank. I also investigated the modifying effects of water temperature and feeding status on dive costs. My results indicate that the energetic costs during shallow diving in European shags and double-crested cormorants are comparable to other foot-propelled divers. Metabolic rate was significantly increased when diving to greater depth and at lower water temperatures, while feeding before diving increased metabolic rate, albeit not significantly. The strong effects of depth and water temperature on cormorant diving metabolic rate are most likely a consequence of their partially wettable plumage and their reduced plumage air volume, which makes them prone to heat loss and, hence, increases thermoregulatory costs. The energetic requirements of animals have to be satisfied by intake of resources from the environment. Hence, the quest for food is a central aspect of animal behavior. Although the study of seabird foraging behaviour has greatly profited from recent technological developments, we still know little about predator-prey interactions on a fine scale. I used an underwater video array to investigate the prey-capture behaviour of double-crested cormorants foraging on live rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). I tested the effects of a variety of factors on the underwater foraging behaviour of cormorants and established a functional link between prey density and cormorant prey capture rate. Prey density and behaviour both significantly affected predator performance. At prey densities below 2-3 g fish m-3 birds increased their search time during a trial drastically, while prey-encounter rate was greatly decreased. When cormorants attacked shoaling rather than solitary trout, their capture success was significantly reduced, while pursuit duration was significantly increased. Seabird energetics and behaviour are typically studied on the individual or species level. However, if we want to understand how seabirds react to environmental changes, we have to consider entire communities. In the western North Sea, a large seabird assemblage critically depends on a single fish species, the lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus), which is also exploited by an industrial fishery. I developed an algorithm to test for the capacity of four seabird species during chick-rearing in Scotland to buffer a potential decline in sandeel abundance by increasing their foraging effort in various ways. My results show that under the conditions currently operating in this region shags and guillemots (Uria aalge) may have sufficient time and energy to allow them to increase their foraging effort considerably, while Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) and gannets (Morus bassanus) appear more constrained by time and energy respectively. My study suggests that during chick-rearing gannets are working at the highest metabolic level of all species considered and hence, have the least physiological capacity to increase foraging effort. This indicates that gannets could potentially be very sensitive to a reduction in sandeel abundance. My thesis emphasises the importance of taking into account seabird energetics as well as fine scale behavioural requirements, when trying to develop management schemes for fisheries that will allow the coexistence of both seabirds and human fishery in a sustainable way
Pelletier, Laure. "Individual and environmental drivers of the foraging behaviour in a long-lived coastal seabird." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01023688.
Full textTessier, Eugénie. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire et distribution des proies : le cas des oiseaux plongeurs à respiration aérienne en milieu océanique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS036.
Full textIn the pelagic environment, the resource is heterogeneously distributed. Therefore, prey are aggregated in patch. In 2014, the program MyctO-3D-Map collected information on both prey distribution and foraging behaviour of diving predators (penguins). The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the foraging strategies of diving predators breeding at Kerguelen Island according to prey distribution. At the dive scale, king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) and macaroni penguins (Eudyptes chrysolophus) adjusted their foraging behaviour depending on the foraging behaviour of the preceding dive. Our results suggested that when penguins encountered a favourable area, they decreased surface time and dived to the same depth as the previous dive. Penguins performed dives in discrete series called bouts, similarly to several other diving predators. In prey capture attempt bouts (PCA bouts), king and macaroni penguins modified their diving behaviour with the length of PCA bouts: longer PCA bouts were associated with higher foraging activity and shorter transit phases. Moreover, the density of PCA bouts was similarly to the density of fish patches. These results suggested that the functional foraging unit for king penguins was the PCA bout. At the scale of the entire prospected area, king penguins moved towards area less rich in biomass, but where prey patches are more accessible. This survey is one of the few that compares simultaneously acoustic data and foraging behaviour of penguins. The distribution of fish patch and their accessibility is one of the most important parameter influencing the foraging behaviour of diving predators
Michelot, Candice. "Le manchot Adélie, sentinelle de la glace de mer : étude du comportement de recherche alimentaire en réponse aux variations environnementales en période de reproduction." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS009.
Full textA central question in ecology is the understanding of the environmental change effects on organisms and on the ecosystem functioning. The Arctic and Antarctic warm faster than any other region on Earth, which has consequences on the sea-ice state and by extent on polar species which depend on it for their breeding and feeding activities. The main objective of my PhD was to determine the behavioural responses of a bio-indicator species, the Adélie penguin, during its foraging activity facing variable sea-ice conditions, at different species levels : individual, population, inter-population. We use a foraging activity dataset (GPS data, diet) on Adélie penguins obtained collected each year since 2010 in Terre Adélie (East Antarctica), at each breeding season in several colonies. We highlight foraging behavioural variations in that species related to sea-ice conditions and dynamics, but similar responses between individuals and between colonies facing comparable environmental conditions. Our results highlight the importance of specific habitats and sea-ice conditions for an optimal foraging activity. We discuss about intrinsic and extrinsic factors at the origin of the observed variations, and of the implication of such variations on the reproductive behaviour of Adélie penguins. Those PhD results are replaced in a context of ecosystem conservation for the implementation of efficient protection measures based on the ecology of sentinel species
Bon, Cécile. "Stratégies de recherche alimentaire d'un prédateur plongeur en période de reproduction : le Gorfou Macaroni des îles Crozet et Kerguelen." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS004/document.
Full textThe Austral Ocean still hosts a great population of marine predators (i.e. penguins, albatross, and seals). Despite well studied, the functional approach investigating the relationship between prey and predators in the marine ecosystem is still poorly known. Knowledge on habitat selection and use of marine species is essential to better understand their ecology and behaviour. The knowledge about the ecology of key species is essential to characterise and identify the areas to protect and to predict the future of populations that may be affected by global changes. This is particularly true in an area where the natural ecosystems are more and more perturbed by anthropogenic activities (i.e. over-fishing, pollution, and climate change). The Macaroni penguin is the most abundant penguin species in the Austral Ocean (> 6 millions pairs). It is also the biggest consumer of secondary resources, in terms of biomass, in the world. Over the past 30 years the Macaroni penguin populations situated in South Georgia and Marion Island suffered of 30% population decline. At the moment, Kerguelen and Crozet Islands (French Southern Territories) still host more than 50% of their global population, however the foraging behaviour of this species is still poorly known. The objective of this research is to study the different foraging behaviour strategies of a pelagic seabird : the Macaroni penguin Eudyptes chrysoplophus during its whole breeding cycle (incubation, brood, crèche). The populations’object of study breed in different oceanographic conditions : the Kerguelen and Crozet archipelagos. The variation in foraging behaviour driven by energetic constraints, which is associated to the reproduction and to the biological production, has been studied in details. Telemetry data (i e. trajectories and diving behaviour) combined with environmental data obtained by remote sensing allowed determining that : 1) Foraging strategies of Macaroni penguin breeding in two different locations differ in terms of movement, foraging effort and foraging niche during their breeding cycle in response to reproduction constraints. In incubation, both sexes carried out long journeys and targeted large oceanographic structures such as fronts, eddy and transport fronts. During the brooding phase, the females foraged closer to the colony adjusting their foraging behaviour based on their offspring needs, targeting the shelf and the slope. When crèche started, males targeted large scale structures whereas females still foraged on the slope. At this time, a shift in the diet composition was observed. 2) The comparative approach between Kerguelen and Crozet allowed to highlighting differences in foraging strategies, in response to local environmental conditions. However, greater than expected variations in foraging areas were observed inter-site and inter-sex. These results have pointed out an unexpected phenotypic flexibility for a pelagic marine predator. This research investigated the entire breeding cycle of a penguin, a fact still rare in ecology. The observed degree of behavioural variability reiterates the imperative to take into account an entire cycle to better understand and define the foraging strategies of a species
Meyer, Xavier. "Does complexity in behavioral organization allow seabirds to adapt to changes in their environment?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ039/document.
Full textDue to ongoing climate change, it is necessary to understand how ecosystems will react and more particularly, how species may cope with the challenges of living in unstable systems. Seabirds’ behavior provides a way to monitor changes occurring in the marine environment, but identifying how the temporal structure and complexity of behavior depend on intrinsic and extrinsic parameters are underexplored topics in the field of animal behavior. My thesis aims to investigate if behavioral organization, through a gradient of stochasticity-determinism complexity, allows little and adélie penguins to buffer changes in the environment under a fractal analysis approach
Cristofari, Robin. "Structure and dynamics of the penguin synnomes : understanding seabird life history and response to climate change through population genomics." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ005/document.
Full textThe Southern Ocean plays a central role in the regulation of the Earth’s climate and ecosystems, and accounts for more than 20% of the world’s marine productivity. The complexity of its trohpic networks and its sheer inaccessibility make the use of bioindicator species more necessary there than anywhere else. Several penguin species (such as the King and the Emperor penguin) are therefore the focus of long-term monitoring programs.In this study, we use the information from population genomics (« RAD-sequencing » data covering the genome of hundreds of individuals from the two species’ full distribution) and from IPCC-CMIP5 numerical climate models to calibrate in the long time the more precise demographic analyses realised in the framework of field surveys, and understand penguin responses to cliamte change. Beyond its implications for the study of penguins as sentinels of the Southern Ocean, our work demonstrates the interest of a stronger integration of population genomics in demographic and behavioural investigation