Academic literature on the topic 'Management policies and consumers’ disposal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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Onyara, Virginiah. "Just How Much Do We Know About Electronic Waste: Empirical Evidence from Nairobi, Kenya." International Journal of Current Aspects 4, no. 1 (June 19, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v4i1.107.
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This study aimed to find out if consumers of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) in Nairobi, Kenya know about e-waste and its harmful effects, the available disposable mechanisms in the country and the legal framework for managing EEE. It also explored if consumers would desire to have information on e-waste and participate or be involved in its management. Primary data was collected from 98 residents of Nairobi via the online platform - SurveyMonkey tool, because the study was done during the corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic spread and the country was enforcing social distancing measures by the World Health Organization. Data was descriptively analyzed. Results show that majority (84.2%) of the respondents understand what electronic waste is, 68.4% of the respondents know that e-waste has hazardous substances in them. 71% of respondents in the study however, indicated that they do not segregate it at source during disposal as is required by the e-waste guidelines. In the study, 73.7% of the respondents had no idea there existed any government efforts to guide or regulate its management. Most importantly, the city dwellers are willing to be involved in its management. This study, therefore, recommended that the government, through its regulatory bodies in environment, ICT and other relevant EEE regulators, to develop voluntary and mandatory legal, policies, guidelines and regulatory frameworks for managing EEE. The Government has to create proper disposal mechanisms, communicate effectively the challenges posed by inferior disposal methods and continuously engage the citizens in e-waste management activities. Proper disposal and its eventual management can be part of consumer’s daily activity.
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Hong, I.-Hsuan, Anthony S. F. Chiu, and Lukas Gandajaya. "Impact of subsidy policies on green products with consideration of consumer behaviors: Subsidy for firms or consumers?" Resources, Conservation and Recycling 173 (October 2021): 105669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105669.
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Cook, Sasikarn Chatvijit, and Jennifer Yurchisin. "Fast fashion environments: consumer’s heaven or retailer’s nightmare?" International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management 45, no. 2 (February 13, 2017): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijrdm-03-2016-0027.
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Purpose The current research explored both pre-purchase and post-purchase factors of consumer behaviour. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships that may exist among consumers’ perceptions of perishability, scarcity, low price, attitudes, impulse buying, post-purchase emotions, and product returns within the context of the fast fashion environments. Design/methodology/approach A total of 246 usable questionnaires completed by female undergraduate students, who made purchases and product returns at fast fashion retailers, were analysed in SPSS and AMOS 23.0. Structural equation modelling was employed to test the hypotheses. Findings Consumers who are attracted to scarcity due to limited supply and scarcity due to time, referred to as perceived perishability, have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers in which products are presented in scarce environments. Likewise, consumers have a positive attitude towards fast fashion retailers due to low priced merchandises they offer. Consequently, consumers who have a positive attitude towards the fast fashion retailers are likely to purchase products from them impulsively. Moreover, impulse buying behaviour positively influenced some negative post-purchase emotional responses, which in turn positively influenced product returns in the fast fashion environments. Research limitations/implications The results of the current study contribute to a greater understanding of apparel-related consumer behaviour in general. A theory formation of fast fashion consumer behaviour from acquisition to disposal can be drawn from the results of this study. Because some fast fashion retailers do sell clothing for both men and women, researchers could compare the responses of males and females to examine differences in consumer behaviour related to demographic characteristics. In the future, an examination of actual emotional responses and return behaviour would be beneficial for a more complete understanding of post-purchase consumer behaviour. Practical implications Fast fashion retailers could use this information to carefully design shopping environments that induce impulse buying behaviour because it may result in product returns. Fast fashion retailers need to understand the causes of the return behaviour, whether consumer related or product related, to better meet the needs of their target market. Return policies must be considered. Originality/value This research is the first to examine the impact of negative emotions following consumers’ impulse buying on product returns in the fast fashion retail environments.
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Wang, Wenhuan, Jianping Wei, and Dan Wu. "The Optimal Strategy of China’s Plastic Drinking Straws Ban Based on Consumer Heterogeneity and Retailer Competition." Sustainability 14, no. 2 (January 10, 2022): 745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14020745.
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The Chinese government has issued a new “Plastic Restriction Ban” requiring that, by the end of 2020, the food and beverage industry across the country bans the use of single-use, nondegradable plastic drinking straws. The governance of plastic drinking straws is a multi-dimensional and complex process. Therefore, based on the heterogeneity of consumers, this paper constructs a tripartite game model (the government, retailers, and consumers) for the governance of plastic drinking straws in China. Under this model, this research derives an optimal strategy in both monopoly and competitive markets, assuming the government has access to two policy tools, fines and subsidies. The research results suggest the following. (1) In monopoly markets, when (a) the fine or subsidy fee is high or (b) the fine or subsidy fee is low and the number of environment-conscious consumers is high, retailers are more inclined to provide biodegradable drinking straws. (2) Consumer heterogeneity has a certain impact on policy results; when there are enough environment-conscious consumers, policy costs can be reduced. (3) For high-quality products, the policy costs in competitive markets is lower than in monopoly markets; for low-quality products, the policy costs in competitive markets is higher than in monopoly markets. Based on the conclusions, this work suggests the government should focus on cultivating consumers’ environmental awareness and tighter control of products quality, in addition to the two policy tools, i.e., fines and subsidies, because these can reduce policy costs. Consumers should be aware of their own importance to China’s Plastic Drinking Straws Ban and adopt a refusal to accept plastic drinking straws and reduce the consumption of disposable plastics to support the policy. Retailers should also realize that proactively catering to consumer and government expectations can bring higher benefits to themselves; this can be achieved by providing high-quality biodegradable straws to support China’s Plastic Drinking Straws Ban. The model of this work could be applied to other corporate activities related to sustainability, such as plastic bags, plastic bottles, etc., and their connection to government policies.
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Sabbaghi, Mostafa, and Sara Behdad. "Consumer decisions to repair mobile phones and manufacturer pricing policies: The concept of value leakage." Resources, Conservation and Recycling 133 (June 2018): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.01.015.
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Liu, Chen, and Trung Thang Nguyen. "Evaluation of Household Food Waste Generation in Hanoi and Policy Implications towards SDGs Target 12.3." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 13, 2020): 6565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166565.
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The issue of food waste, especially in developing economies, is a puzzle. Hanoi was selected as a case study to examine the current situation of food waste generated by consumers through daily habits/practices and to evaluate options for preventing and reducing food waste at the policy level through a literature/policy review and interview-style survey. An analysis of responses found that the self-reported food waste generation rate in Hanoi averaged 1192 g/day/household in urban areas and 1694 g/day/household in rural areas; cooking waste generated during meal processing/preparation accounts for more than 70% of the total; less than 20% of respondents separated out kitchen waste for reuse/recycling before disposal; expiration dates and deteriorating quality were cited as primary reasons for food waste at home in contrast with larger portions and over-ordering outside the home; leftover food is used indirectly as animal feed in urban areas and directly in rural areas; and most respondents indicate a willingness to reduce, reuse, and recycle food waste. To achieve SDG target 12.3, policymakers and practitioners must develop comprehensive food waste policies and actions targeting the entire supply chain, implement practical food waste management systems, and promote sufficiency strategies for saving food, reducing food waste, and maintaining health and well-being.
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Agesa, Winny, Beatrice Kamau, and Alex Kivuva. "Waste Management Practices Influence on Operating Cost among Selected Classified Hotels in Nakuru County, Kenya." Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 5, no. 1 (October 24, 2022): 93–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.53819/81018102t6037.
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The world is currently battling the challenge of environmental degradation which is rising at an alarming rate. The situation is greatly attributed to poor waste management. The hospitality industry being a major consumer of resources contributes a lot towards waste generation. Regardless of the high level of waste generation, a lot of hotels continue to use improper waste management practices. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of waste management practices on operating cost of classified hotels in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study sought to determine the effect of waste reduction strategies, waste composting, and waste collection and disposal on operating cost of classified hotels in Nakuru County, Kenya. The study also ascertained the moderating effect of stakeholder cooperation on the relationship between waste management practices and operating cost of classified hotels. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. The study population comprised of 61 classified hotels in Nakuru County. Structured questionnaires and semi-structured interview guides were used to gather data. Quantitative analysis employed descriptive and inferential statistics. The research revealed that waste management practices affect operating cost of hotels (R2 = 0.467, p = 0.000). Waste reduction was found to have a negative and statistically significant effect on operating cost (β = -0.167, p = 0.021). Waste composting was found to have a negative and statistically significant effect on operating cost of classified hotels (β = -.161, p = 0.030). Waste collection and disposal was found to have a positive and statistically significant effect on operating cost of hotels (β = 0.299, p = 0.001). Lastly, stakeholder cooperation was found to have a statistically significant moderating effect on the relationship between waste management practices and operating cost of hotels (R2 = 0.532, p = 0.019). Therefore, the study recommend that hotels should prioritize effective waste management practices ascertained to be waste reduction, recycling and waste composting in order to curb the challenge of increasing operating cost. The research also recommended that national waste management policy makers should enact policies that facilitate implementation of effective waste management practices recommended by the study. Keywords: Waste management practices, waste reduction, waste composting, waste collection and disposal, stakeholder cooperation, operating cost
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Oliveira, José Diego, Vanice Selva, Rejane Pimentel, and Simone Machado Santos. "Resíduos Eletroeletrônicos: Geração, Impactos Ambientais e Gerenciamento (Electronic Waste: Generation, Environmental Impacts and Management)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 10, no. 5 (August 23, 2017): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v10.5.p1655-1667.
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Resíduos eletroeletrônicos (REEs), conhecidos como electronic waste (e-waste), correspondem a aparelhos elétricos e eletrônicos que são descartados como lixo. Sua quantidade e toxicidade representam um desafio para o gerenciamento destes resíduos em ambientes urbanos. Este estudo é uma revisão de literatura, que objetiva a caracterização da trajetória, obsolescência e descarte de produtos eletroeletrônicos, com ênfase nos problemas legais, ambientais e de saúde pública, decorrentes do seu mau gerenciamento. As informações foram obtidas através de consulta nas bases Science Direct, ResearchGate e Google Scholar, publicados, majoritariamente, a partir de 2000. Considerando o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a geração de resíduos eletroeletrônicos, a partir da digitalização de produtos tradicionalmente elétricos e da adoção de um estilo de vida consumista, por parte da sociedade, significativas quantidades de REEs foram sendo geradas a partir da década de 1970. A composição dos resíduos eletroeletrônicos é bastante variada, a depender do tipo de produto que o gerou, sendo prevalentes os metais, aumentando os impactos ambientais. A reciclagem clandestina de REEs, crescente em países em desenvolvimento, devido à mão de obra barata e ausência ou baixo controle legal da atividade, tem causado graves problemas de poluição ambiental e para a saúde humana. Muitos países desenvolvidos utilizam dispositivos legais para o gerenciamento dos REEs, geralmente baseados na responsabilidade do produtor. A gestão de resíduos sólidos tem um marco legal importante no gerenciamento desses materiais através da criação de políticas públicas. Acordos firmados entre governos, empresas, cooperativas e consumidores, relacionados ao gerenciamento de REEs, permitem a aplicação de processos adequados de logística reversa. A B S T R A C TElectronic waste (REE or e-waste), corresponds to electrical and electronic devices that are disposed of as waste. Their quantity and toxicity present a challenge for the management of this waste in urban environments. This study is a literature review that aims to characterize the trajectory, obsolescence, and disposal of electronic products, emphasizing on legal, environmental and public health problems due to poor management. The information was obtained by consulting Science Direct, ResearchGate and Google Scholar databases, published mainly after 2000. Considering the technological development and the generation of electrical and electronic waste, from the digitalization of traditional electrical products and the adoption of a consumer lifestyle, significant quantities of REEs were generated from the 1970s onwards. The e-waste is quite varied, depending on the type of product that generated it, being metals prevalent, increasing the environmental impacts. Clandestine recycling of REEs, rising in developing countries due to cheap labor and absence or poor legal control of the activity, has provoked serious problems of environmental pollution and to human health. Many developed countries use legal devices for the management of REEs, usually based on producer responsibility. Solid waste management has an essential legal framework for the management of these materials through the creation of public policies. Agreements signed between governments, companies, cooperatives and consumers, related to the management of REEs, allow the application of appropriate reverse logistics processes.Keywords: e-waste, toxicity, illegal recycling, reverse logistic.
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Triantafillopoulos, Nick, and Alexander A. Koukoulas. "The future of single-use paper coffee cups: Current progress and outlook." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 25, 2020): 7260–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.triantafillopoulos.
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The expanded use of environmentally friendly and sustainable foodservice packaging continues to be a prime focus of stakeholders across the foodservice value chain. Paper-based coffee cups is one product segment where effective recycling of waste cups remains elusive. As a result, material substitutes for polyethylene liners are emerging to solve the problem of waste cups. In this paper, current and emerging commercial material technologies used in the production of paper-based coffee cups that are readily recyclable with other paper grades are reviewed. Many of these material solutions are also compostable. Special attention is paid to the rapidly evolving, alternative large-scale production of bioplastics. Multiple efforts to effectively develop a more environmentally friendly paper cup are also examined. It is clear that broad adoption of proposed solutions will require an integrated commitment and approach to circular economics. Specifically, this includes: changes in consumer behavior; brand owner initiatives to meet sustainability goals; governmental policies that limit or forbid use of fossil-based cups; and easily accessible infrastructures at the consumer level for the collection, separation, and processing of biodegradable cups.
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Zhang, Zhenying, Yuxiang Zhang, and Dazhi Wu. "Hybrid model for the prediction of municipal solid waste generation in Hangzhou, China." Waste Management & Research 37, no. 8 (July 2, 2019): 781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19855434.
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Accurate prediction of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is necessary for choosing appropriate waste treatment methods and for planning the distribution of disposal facilities. In this study, a hybrid model was established to forecast MSW generation through the combination of the ridge regression and GM(1,N) models. The hybrid model is multivariate and involves total urban population, total retail sales of social consumer goods, per capita consumption expenditure of urban areas, tourism, and college graduation. Compared with the constituent models alone, the hybrid model yields higher accuracy, with a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of only 2.59%. Through weight allocation and optimal treatment of residuals, the hybrid model also balances the growth trends of the individual models, making the prediction curve smoother. The model coefficients and correlation analysis show that population, economics, and educational factors are influential for waste generation. MSW output in Hangzhou will gradually increase in the future, and is expected to reach 5.12 million tons in 2021. Results can help decision makers to develop the measures and policies of waste management in the future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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Capurso, Isabella. "E-waste management policies and consumers disposal : A comparative case-study between Milan and Paris." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0034/document.
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L'objectif général de cette thèse est de tirer des enseignements sur les facteurs qui impactent l'acte de tri des DEEE des consommateurs à l'échelle urbaine. Enquêter sur le geste de tri à l'échelle urbaine signifie contribuer au débat scientifique concernant la gouvernance de déchets en ville, qui est un thème très important du fait du rôle que les espaces urbains jouent aujourd'hui en tant qu'acteurs clés de la transition vers un développement durable. En particulier, en adoptant une approche multi-échelle et transdisciplinaire, la thèse est construite comme une étude de cas comparative entre Milan et Paris, où la mise en oeuvre de la filière des DEEE est analysée et les comportements de tri des consommateurs sont interprétés. L'objectif global de l'étude n'est pas seulement de mettre l'accent sur les liens entre la dimension macro des politiques de gestion et celle des comportements individuels et sociaux, mais aussi de comprendre quelle est la configuration prise par les différents acteurs impliqués dans la gestion des DEEE et quelles sont les points faibles et forts de la chaîne. Cette réflexion devait fournir des clés de lecture utiles pour nous permettre de suggérer des méthodes alternatives de gestion des DEEE en ville ainsi que des pistes de réflexion pour encourager le bon tri des DEEE par les citoyens-consommateursThe overall objective of this thesis is to draw insights about the factors that impacts the act of WEEE disposal by consumers at urban scale. Investigate such issue at the urban scale means contributing to the scientific debate concerning the governance of waste in the cities, which is a very important topic because of the role that urban areas now play as key actors in the transition to sustainable development goals. In particular, by adopting a multi-scalar and cross-disciplinary approach, the analyzed and the related consumer disposal behaviour is interpreted. The overall objective of the study is not to focus on the links between the macro dimension of management policies and those of individual and social behaviours, but alsi to understand what is the configuration taken by the different actors involved in the management of WEEE and what are the strengths and weaknesses of the chain. The discussion should provide useful key-readings to frame alternative methods of management of WEEE on urban scale as well as useful insights to foster citizens consumers' proper disposal
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CAPURSO, ISABELLA. "E-waste management policies and consumers’ disposal: a comparative case-study between Milan and Paris." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/54451.
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The general research aim of this doctoral thesis is to draw insights about the implementation of the
WEEE directive on urban scale. In particular, the local transposition of the Directive is analysed in Milan
and Paris, and the related disposal behaviour of consumers is interpreted. The overall objective of
the study is emphasising the connections between the macro dimension of policies and the micro
sphere of social behaviours, with a strongly policy-oriented and multidisciplinary purpose. In doing so,
the research borrows theoretical tools from studies on e-waste policies, inverse management supply
chains (IMSC) and environmental sociology.
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Sidique, Shaufique Fahmi. "Analysis of recycling behavior, recycling demand, and effectiveness of policies promoting recycling." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2008.
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Qhayi-Shweni, Nokuzola. "A Review of policies for sustainable solid waste management service in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/3001.
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Waste is not only harmful to the environment alone but it is also a threat to human health and as such its proper management becomes critical. This study which adopted a qualitative approach focused on the review of policies for sustainable solid waste management service in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in an effort to seek what the municipality’s Solid Waste Department should consider in ensuring that all the communities live in a litter free, clean and healthy environment, and ensure that such a service is received by all communities within its jurisdiction. The most sustainable solid waste management strategy would be to adopt the solid waste hierarchy of promoting waste minimisation, re-use, recycling, waste treatment and disposal as the last resort.
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Maseko, Qondile. "Critical evaluation of medical waste management policies, processes and practices in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013107.
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This thesis critically evaluates the policies, processes and practices of medical waste management in selected rural hospitals in the Eastern Cape. Medical Waste Management is a growing public health and environmental issue worldwide. Research shows large scale incapacity in dealing with medical waste in an efficient and sustainable fashion globally, which demonstrates that it is not merely a developing world problem alone. This study is conducted against the backdrop of an increasing medical waste crisis in South Africa. Although there are an abundance of studies on solid waste management, there is a lack of data and research particularly on medical waste management in rural hospitals. The crisis of medical waste management in South Africa is closely intertwined with the collapsing health care system and an overburdened natural environment. It is an undisputable fact that South Africa’s generation of medical waste far exceeds its capacity to handle it effectively. This thesis argues that the neglect of medical waste as an environmental-health issue and the absence of an integrated national medical waste management plan aggravate the medical waste problem in the country. In explaining the medical waste crisis, this thesis adopts a Marxist perspective which is based on the premise that industrial capitalist societies place economic growth and production at high priority at the expense of the natural environment; creating a society that is engulfed by high health risk due to the generation of hazardous and toxic waste. Industrial societies view themselves as superior and separate from the natural environment, whereas one cannot separate nature from society as they are interlinked. As society attempts to adopt a sustainable environmental approach towards environmental management, science and technology are enforced as a solution to environmental problems in order to continue developing countries’ economies whilst sustainably managing and protecting the environment, which is contradictory. This thesis emphasises that medical waste management is a socio-political problem as much as it is an environmental problem, hence the need to focus on power relations and issues of environmental and social justice. The results of the study identified gaps in policy framework nationally and institutionally on medical waste management. In addition, there were poor waste management practices due to poor training, inadequate infrastructure and resources as well as poor budget support.
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Tembon, Mbamuku-Nduku Fayez. "An evaluation of the gaps and barriers that exist between the national waste management policy and its implementation in formal and informal urban areas in the Ekurhuleni Municipality, South Africa." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8110.
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Waste management is a global challenge due to high waste generation resulting from high industrialization, urbanization and challenges relating to the efficient implementation of waste management policies acts and standards. Although South Africa has established a number of good waste management policies and related acts and standards, most municipalities still find it challenging to efficiently implement waste management strategies. Ekurhuleni Municipality is facing challenges with the implementation of effective waste management strategies and compliance to the National Environmental Management Waste Act (2008), (NEMWA) (Act No 59 of 2008). An evaluation of the gaps that exist between NEMWA and the local implementation in the formal and informal parts of the Ekurhuleni Municipality was undertaken in this study. Data on the waste management scenario as collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations revealed that differences relating to the poor establishment of an integrated approach to waste management exist between NEMWA and the local implementation of the act. This was realized through the fact that there is limited community education on waste management, no waste recycling facilities in some residences, irregular and insufficient collection of waste and non compliance with tariff payments for most informal residents and some formal residents. Differences also exist in the waste management strategies between the formal and informal areas of the municipality primarily due to the fact that the informal settlements are mostly unplanned and considered illegal. According to this study, informal residents are not billed for waste management services and as such most of them do not pay for waste management services. To that end, waste is not efficiently managed due to municipal financial constraints. Waste management challenges in Ekurhuleni Municipality are also attributed to lack of or insufficient knowledge regarding sustainable waste management practices and its benefits amongst the waste generators and some waste management employees.Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Environmental Management)
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Tembon, Mbamuku-Nduku Fayez. "An evaluation of the gaps and barriers in implementing the national waste management policy and its implementation in formal and informal urban areas in Ekurhuleni Municipality, South Africa." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/8110.
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Waste management is a global challenge due to high waste generation resulting from high industrialization, urbanization and challenges relating to the efficient implementation of waste management policies acts and standards. Although South Africa has established a number of good waste management policies and related acts and standards, most municipalities still find it challenging to efficiently implement waste management strategies. Ekurhuleni Municipality is facing challenges with the implementation of effective waste management strategies and compliance to the National Environmental Management Waste Act (2008), (NEMWA) (Act No 59 of 2008). An evaluation of the gaps that exist between NEMWA and the local implementation in the formal and informal parts of the Ekurhuleni Municipality was undertaken in this study. Data on the waste management scenario as collected through questionnaires, interviews and observations revealed that differences relating to the poor establishment of an integrated approach to waste management exist between NEMWA and the local implementation of the act. This was realized through the fact that there is limited community education on waste management, no waste recycling facilities in some residences, irregular and insufficient collection of waste and non compliance with tariff payments for most informal residents and some formal residents. Differences also exist in the waste management strategies between the formal and informal areas of the municipality primarily due to the fact that the informal settlements are mostly unplanned and considered illegal. According to this study, informal residents are not billed for waste management services and as such most of them do not pay for waste management services. To that end, waste is not efficiently managed due to municipal financial constraints. Waste management challenges in Ekurhuleni Municipality are also attributed to lack of or insufficient knowledge regarding sustainable waste management practices and its benefits amongst the waste generators and some waste management employees.Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Environmental Management)
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Chen, Chih-Chien. "What revenue-optimizing firms can do about their deal-seeking consumers : the role of price patterns, timing and cancellation policies in travelers' advanced booking decisions /." 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3362748.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: A, page: . Adviser: Zvi Schwartz. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-73) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Mokebe, Thabo. "Implementation of waste management policy in the City of Tshwane." Diss., 2018. http://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/25647.
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The City of Tshwane is the capital city of South Africa and the administrative seat of government. The status of the city as a capital creates high expectations on the level of basic service delivery on municipal services like waste management, water, electricity and health. The city is currently facing challenges in relation to the delivery and implementation of waste management services. In an attempt to find solutions to the waste management challenges of the city a study on the implementation of waste management services is undertaken by the researcher. The study identifies and then analyses the underlying reasons for the challenges faced by the City of Tshwane in the implementation of waste management services.
This aim of this study was to investigate and to analyse the implementation of waste management services in the City of Tshwane’s historically disadvantaged areas with particular focus on Region 01, 02, 05 and 07. In order to investigate these factors, a descriptive research design and qualitative methodology was used which related to convenient and purposive sampling of officials and data collected from fifteen (15) respondents using semi structured interviews and observations. The study also utilised document analysis to interpret the challenges and solutions related to the research topic.
It emerged from the study that a lack of capacity and resources to perform efficient waste management services underpinned many of the challenges experience by the city. The failure of the city to ensure community participation and involvement is another reason for the challenges the city faces in waste management. Furthermore, the lack of policy implementation and enforcement is an element that the city needs to deeply consider. When policy is crafted with input of residents and when there is a social contract as to the roles and responsibilities of each party, it becomes easier to enforce.
Some of the challenges that the city faces with regards to waste management can also be attributed to political interference and institutional deficiencies. Beyond issues like capacity, institutions and others, the city will continue to face challenges if it does not seriously invest in innovation and new technologies that address its generic and specific conditions in relation to the management of waste.
The marginalisation and selective enforcement of by-laws on the informal recyclers and reclaimers are some of the findings of the study that demonstrate the inability of the city to find specific solutions to specifics regions on waste management .These challenges resulted in the peri urban regions like region 01, 02, 05 and 07 not receiving quality and consistent waste management services.
The study recommends some interventions to address the waste management problems identified in the highlighted regions and entire City of Tshwane. Some of the recommended interventions include, assessing the unique characteristics of the communities and regions with a view of identifying waste management solutions that will be relevant for the circumstances and profile of such regions, ensure that proper and adequate resources, infrastructure and capacity is deployed to such areas to improve the waste services in those areas. Furthermore aggressive education and awareness campaigns conducted in partnership with communities will be critical to change people’s attitude towards waste management and a clean environment. This can be achieved through a consultative process led by the City of Tshwane in partnership with its communities and enforced through a progressive and incentive driven by-law system.Public Administration and Management
M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration)
Books on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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Standa-Gunda, Wavell, Association sénégalaise pour la défense de l'environment et des consommateurs., Uganda Consumer Protection Association, and Consumers International (Foundation). Regional Office for Africa., eds. Keeping our cities clean: Challenges for consumers : a survey of waste management in African cities. Avondale, Harare, Zimbabwe: Consumers International, Office for Africa, 2002.
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P, Nicolopoulou-Stamati, Hens Luc 1951-, and Howard Vyvyan, eds. Health impacts of waste management policies: Proceedings of the seminar 'Health Impacts of Waste Management Policies', Hippocrates Foundation, Kos, Greece, 12-14 November, 1998. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000.
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Analysis of waste management policies in Palestine: Domestic solid waste and wastewater. Bethlehem: Applied Research Institute, ARIJ, 2005.
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American Council for Capital Formation. Center for Policy Research., ed. U.S. waste management policies: Impact on economic growth and investment strategies. Washington, D.C: American Council for Capital Formation, Center for Policy Research, 1992.
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The National Environmental Management Waste Act, Act No. 59 of 2008: Policies, standards & regulations. Pretoria: Dept. of Environmental Affairs, 2012.
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Business, United States Congress House Committee on Small. The impact of solid waste flow control on small businesses and consumers: Hearing before the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, Washington, DC, September 13, 1995. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1996.
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Office, Maine State Planning. Review of state solid waste management policies: Recommendations for moving Maine beyond 50% recycling : a report of the Maine State Planning Office to the Joint Standing Committee on Natural Resources, 122nd Maine Legislature, 2nd Regular Session. Augusta, Me: State Planning Office, 2006.
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IT procurement and disposal: Application of the federal government's green policies in the life cycle management of IT assets : hearing before the Subcommittee on Government Management, Organization, and Procurement of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform, House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, October 27, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2010.
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Office, General Accounting. Drinking water: Inadequate regulation of home treatment units leaves consumers at risk : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, Committee on Energy and Commerce, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1991.
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Office, General Accounting. Drinking water: Consumers often not well-informed of potentially serious violations : report to the chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Ocean, and Water Protection, Committee on Environment and Public Works, U.S. Senate. Washington, D.C: GAO, 1992.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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Chueamuangphan, K., P. Kashyap, and C. Visvanathan. "Packaging Waste from E-Commerce: Consumers’ Awareness and Concern." In Sustainable Waste Management: Policies and Case Studies, 27–41. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7071-7_3.
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De Yanes, G. Staats, and C. V. Howard. "Impacts of Inadequate or Negligent Waste Disposal on Wildlife and Domestic Animals: Relevance for Human Health." In Health Impacts of Waste Management Policies, 251–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9550-6_17.
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van Sinderen, Nick. "Document Development, Implementation, Review, Archive, and Disposal." In Quality Management and Accreditation in Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, 17–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64492-5_3.
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AbstractThe challenges in setting up a document management system are both technical and organizational. Both need to be addressed to achieve success. Time is required to make a thorough inventory of system requirements, whether electronic or paper-based, and to organize the team that will maintain the system. It is crucial that key stakeholders are involved from the beginning and that they see the value of the quality system in improving clinical care. Routine use by all staff will prevent it from being seen as a burdensome additional imposition due to the need for JACIE accreditation. When fully implemented, the documents and policies become a readily accessible, clinically relevant, educational resource that improves patient care.
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Ng, Nadine Ka-Yan, Pui-Sze Chow, and Tsan-Ming Choi. "Impacts of Social Media Mediated Electronic Words of Mouth on Young Consumers’ Disposal of Fashion Apparel: A Review and Proposed Model." In Sustainable Fashion Supply Chain Management, 47–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12703-3_3.
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Kumar, Vineet, Pankaj Chowdhary, and Maulin P. Shah. "Rules, Policies, and Laws Made by Government of India for Recycling, Reuse, and Safe Disposal of Distillery Waste into the Environment." In Recent Advances in Distillery Waste Management for Environmental Safety, 147–56. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003029885-13.
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Sabat, Kalicharan. "Government's Role in Setting Optimal Policies for Green Supply Chain." In Waste Management, 1372–78. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch062.
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In the last two decades lot of research was done in the area of Green design and Green supply chain management. But very few researchers have really tried to study the government's role in the implementation of Green designs and Green supply chain in any nation. In this paper simple general equilibrium model is used to analyze the benefits from taxes, and subsidies by government for green disposal efforts such as waste reduction, waste recycle, remanufacturing, and disposal on both the manufacturers and household consumers.
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Sabat, Kalicharan. "Government's Role in Setting Optimal Policies for Green Supply Chain." In Innovative Solutions for Implementing Global Supply Chains in Emerging Markets, 152–58. IGI Global, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-9795-9.ch010.
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In the last two decades lot of research was done in the area of Green design and Green supply chain management. But very few researchers have really tried to study the government's role in the implementation of Green designs and Green supply chain in any nation. In this paper simple general equilibrium model is used to analyze the benefits from taxes, and subsidies by government for green disposal efforts such as waste reduction, waste recycle, remanufacturing, and disposal on both the manufacturers and household consumers.
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Sabat, Kalicharan. "Government's Role in Setting Optimal Policies for Green Supply Chain." In Sustainable Infrastructure, 477–83. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0948-7.ch021.
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In the last two decades lot of research was done in the area of Green design and Green supply chain management. But very few researchers have really tried to study the government's role in the implementation of Green designs and Green supply chain in any nation. In this paper simple general equilibrium model is used to analyze the benefits from taxes, and subsidies by government for green disposal efforts such as waste reduction, waste recycle, remanufacturing, and disposal on both the manufacturers and household consumers.
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Storey, Veda C., Gerald C. Kane, and Kathy Stewart Schwaig. "The Quality of Online Privacy Policies." In Information Resources Management, 2046–65. IGI Global, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-61520-965-1.ch711.
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Privacy concerns and practices, especially those dealing with the acquisition and use of consumer personal information by corporations, are at the forefront of business and social issues associated with the information age. This research examines the privacy policies of large U.S. companies to assess the substance and quality of their stated information practices. Six factors are identified that indicate the extent to which a firm is dependent upon consumer personal information, and therefore more likely to develop high quality privacy statements. The study’s findings provide practical and theoretical implications for information privacy issues, particularly for consumers who need to determine whether or not to disclose their personal identifying information to firms. The results illustrate the complexity involved in managing personal private information.
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Nestor, Deborah Vaughn, and Michael J. Podolsky*. "Assessing Incentive-Based Environmental Policies for Reducing Household Waste Disposal." In The Economics of Residential Solid Waste Management, 351–61. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315240091-23.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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SONNENBERG, NADINE CYNTHIA, JOHANNA MARIA MAGDALENA MARX-PIENAAR, and MARIA JACOBA STOLS. "FEMALE CONSUMERS’ APPAREL DISPOSAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN EMERGING MARKET CONTEXT." In WASTE MANAGEMENT 2018. Southampton UK: WIT Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wm180261.
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McCombie, Charles, and Neil Chapman. "Progress With Multinational Storage and Disposal Concepts." In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4681.
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The growing importance of finding shared solutions for countries with small arisings of long-lived wastes from nuclear power generation has been increasingly recognised over the last few years. In this paper, we take a systematic look at recent developments focusing in turn on: • international initiatives (IAEA); • regional initiatives the European Union (EU); • national positions for in 3 categories of countries: • those participating in the Arius association that was founded explicitly to promote the multinational concept; • those with specific interests in shared solutions; • those that might consider hosting a repository; • those with laws or policies requiring national disposal. Multinational concepts continue to face challenges that are more difficult than for national programmes. Nevertheless, progress to date indicates that the nuclear communities of the world may well be on the way to optimising radioactive waste management on a global scale.
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Anderson, Keith D. "Analysis of Management and Disposal Alternatives for Low Activity Radioactive Waste." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16192.
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Government and commercial decommissioning and remediation activities at nuclear sites and facilities often generate in large volumes and mass radioactive waste that is of low activity. In large part, the low activity radioactive waste generated from decommissioning and remediation activities are below regulatory limits for low level radioactive waste, while not meeting site specific dose and risk-based cleanup criteria. Policies and strategies for the remediation, management, and disposal of low activity radioactive waste in these circumstances often explore alternative options to fully licensed disposal. Primary goals in exploring alternative disposal options are protection of the public and the environment, while achieve a cost-effective solution. Vague regulations and arbitrary interpretation by federal and state regulators may enhance alternative disposal options or quash efforts by those conducting the remediation and decommissioning. Fundamental to the issues is the overriding concern of a lack of clarity and increased liability in the regulatory structure of the grey area that is low activity radioactive wastes. This paper explores the current efforts by the United States of America and International regulatory community to better define low activity radioactive waste and to provide effective and protective waste management and disposal policies and strategies.
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Tsuchi, H., K. Ishiguro, A. Deguchi, Y. Takahashi, and K. Kaku. "Overview of NUMO’s Policy for Implementing Safe Geological Disposal and Developing Supporting Technologies." In ASME 2010 13th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2010-40097.
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Based on the Act on Final Disposal of Specified Radioactive Waste, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization of Japan (NUMO) was established in October 2000 as the implementing organization for geological disposal of the radioactive waste. Since its establishment NUMO has been developing the technologies required for implementation of the project and initiated the solicitation of the disposal site by volunteering from the municipalities. However, no effective application has been received as yet to initiate the site investigation. Thus NUMO decided to prepare the NUMO 2010 Technical Report as a tool for improving the general understanding of the geological disposal project. The report will present the safety policy that describes how NUMO aims to achieve safe geological disposal through the ca.100-year-long project and will document the progress made with developing the technologies that support the safety concept. Three policies for ensuring safety are described namely a) staged and flexible project implementation and decision making based on iterative confirmation of safety, b) project implementation based on reliable technologies and c) technical activities for building confidence in NUMO’s safety concept. The report also summarizes the technological development for implementation of the geological disposal project in Japan.
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Zhang, Qingyu, Jieshan Mai, Bohong Gao, and Tongxin Pan. "Effect of Consumers’ Green Preferences and Governmental Subsidy Policies on New Energy Vehicle Manufacturers: A Game-Theoretical Analysis." In ICEME 2021: The 2021 12th International Conference on E-business, Management and Economics. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3481127.3481248.
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Verhoef, Ewoud, Hans Code´e, Vladan Sˇtefula, and Charles McCombie. "European Concepts for Shared Storage and Disposal Facilities for Radioactive Wastes?" In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7108.
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Geological disposal is an essential component of the long-term management of spent fuel and high-level radioactive waste. Implementation of a suitable deep repository may, however, be difficult or impossible in some (especially small) countries because of challenging geological conditions or restricted siting options, or because of the high costs involved. For these countries, shared regional or international storage and disposal facilities are a necessity. The European Parliament and the EC have both expressed support for concepts that could lead to regional shared facilities being implemented in the EU. The EC, therefore, funded two projects that form the first two steps of a staged process towards the implementation of shared regional or international storage and disposal facilities. In the period 2003 to 2005, the EC funded SAPIERR I, a project devoted to pilot studies on the feasibility of shared regional storage facilities and geological repositories, for use by European countries. The studies showed that shared regional repositories are feasible, but also that, if they are to be implemented, even some decades ahead, efforts must already be increased now. The first step would be to establish a structured framework for the work on regional repositories. This is the goal of SAPIERR II (2006–2008): to develop possible practical implementation strategies and organisational structures. These will enable a formalised, structured European Development Organisation (EDO) to be established in 2008 or afterwards for working on shared EU radioactive waste storage and disposal activities. The EDO can work in parallel with national waste programmes. Participating EU Member States will be able to use the structures developed as, when and if needed for the furtherance of their individual national policies.
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Vettori, Barbara, and Boban Misoski. "DATABASES TO SUPPORT ASSET MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL REUSE: THE CASE STUDY OF THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA." In EU 2021 – The future of the EU in and after the pandemic. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18306.
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Over the past decades, many EU and non EU countries have amended their legislative and institutional framework on proceeds of crime confiscation to deprive criminals of their assets more effectively and to better manage and dispose of them. There are still, however, some under-researched issues that could greatly enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of confiscation policies. A first topic is the contribution that databases can give to asset management and disposal; the second one deals with a particular asset disposal option which involves giving criminal proceeds back to the communities affected by crime and promoting their use in line with communal needs: social reuse. This article responds to this question: what is the current situation regarding these two key issues in the Republic of North Macedonia?
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McCombie, Charles. "New Nuclear Programmes Must Not Neglect Waste Management." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59077.
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Many established nuclear power programmes have learned to their dismay that waste management and disposal are not tasks that can be postponed at will if public and political acceptance is a prerequisite for progress. In fact, some programmes that recognised this back in the 1970s and 1980s moved into leading positions in repository development. This happened, for example, in Sweden and Switzerland where already in the 1970s Laws were passed specifying that safe disposal must be demonstarted before new nuclear plants could opersate. In recent years, it has become recognised that, in order to ensure that the radioactive wastes in any country are managed safely, it is necessary to have an established legislative and regulatory framework and also to create the necessary organizations for implementation and for oversight of waste management operations and facility development. Guidance on these issues is given in the Joint Convention and a number of other IAEA documents. The IAEA, and also the EC, have in addition published key overarching advisory documents for new nuclear programmes. These are useful for strategic planning but, when it comes to actual implementation projects, the advice tends to imply that all nuclear programmes, however large or small, should be pressing ahead urgently towards early operation of geological repositories. In practice, however, in small programmes there are neither economic nor technical drivers for early implementation of deep geological repositories. Constructing simpler facilities for the disposal of the larger volume of low-level wstes has higher priority. Nevertheless, in all countries political decisions have to be taken and policies set in place to ensure that geological disposal will implemented without unjustified delay. This paper distils out a set of key messages for new programmes. Amongst the most critical are the following. Even if disposal is far off, planning and organization should begin at the initiation of the programme; this can help with technical and economic optimization and (importantly) also with public and political acceptance. Important lessons can be learned from advanced programmes — but these must be adapted to allow for the different boundary conditions of new and small programmes. The key differences relate to the timescales involved, and the resources available. There is a range of waste management and waste disposal options open to new programmes. It is not necessary to choose definitive solutions at the outset; options can be kept open, but a minimum level of engagement is required for all open options.
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Sipior, Janice, and Burke Ward. "A Framework for Information Security Management Based on Guiding Standards: A United States Perspective." In InSITE 2008: Informing Science + IT Education Conference. Informing Science Institute, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3188.
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Despite government oversight, consumers continue to be concerned about the security of personal information used by corporations. Consumer concerns give rise to the necessity for corporations to manage information security. Navigating the multitude of existing security standards, including dedicated standards for information security and frameworks for controlling the implementation of information technology, presents a challenge to organizations. In response, we propose our ISM framework which considers global, national, organizational, and employee standards to guide ISM. We contend that a strategic approach to ISM will enable a focus on managing information as a key resource in global competition. This framework is intended to promote a cohesive approach which considers a process view of information within the context of the entire organizational operational environment. This framework can be used by international, national, and regional corporations to formulate, implement, enforce, and audit information security policies and practices.
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Raihanian Mashhadi, Ardeshir, and Sara Behdad. "Scheduling of Electronic Waste Collection Events." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59325.
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Despite recent efforts to alleviate the electronic waste (e-waste) problem, the product recovery management programs have not reached their full potential. The incompetency of the current e-waste recovery system mostly originates from the collection phase, where the consumers often have the tendency to keep their used electronics in storage rather than returning them. This may be due to lack of awareness about e-waste collection sites or the inconvenience of current e-waste collection infrastructure. To facilitate the collection of unwanted products, ‘e-waste collection’ events have been introduced for convenient and on-time disposal of electronic devices. However, factors such as consumer awareness, the volume of available e-waste for recovery, the resulting economic, environmental and social outcomes of those events, convenience of the location, laws and restrictions on the disposal of certain electronics, and the cost of holding such events make the scheduling a complicated decision, particularly for the remanufacturing industry. The purpose of this study is to characterize the e-waste collection scheduling problem and help decision makers determine the best schedule and characteristics of the e-waste event. An optimization framework has been developed to maximize the amount of collected e-waste.
Reports on the topic "Management policies and consumers’ disposal"
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Melanie, Haupt, and Hellweg Stefanie. Synthesis of the NRP 70 joint project “Waste management to support the energy turnaround (wastEturn)”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.2.en.
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A great deal of energy can be sourced both directly and indirectly from waste. For example, municipal waste with an energy content of around 60 petajoules is incinerated in Switzerland every year. The energy recovered directly from this waste covers around 4 % of the Swiss energy demand. However, the greatest potential offered by waste management lies in the recovery of secondary raw materials during the recycling process, thus indirectly avoiding the energy-intensive production of primary raw materials. In order to optimise the contribution to the energy turnaround made by waste management, as a first step, improvements need to be made with respect to the transparent documentation of material and cash flows, in particular. On the basis of this, prioritisation according to the energy efficiency of various recycling and disposal channels is required. Paper and cardboard as well as plastic have been identified as the waste fractions with the greatest potential for improvement. In the case of paper and cardboard, the large quantities involved result in considerable impact. With the exception of PET drinks bottles, plastic waste is often not separately collected and therefore offers substantial improvement potential. Significant optimisation potential has also been identified with regard to the energy efficiency of incineration plants. To allow municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plants to use the heat they generate more effectively, however, consumers of the recovered steam and heat need to be located close by. A decisive success factor when transitioning towards an energy-efficient waste management system will be the cooperation between the many stakeholders of the federally organised sector. On the one hand, the sector needs to be increasingly organised along the value chains. On the other hand, however, there is also a need to utilise the freedom that comes with federal diversity in order to test different solutions.
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Salavisa, Isabel, Mark Soares, and Sofia Bizarro. A Critical Assessment of Organic Agriculture in Portugal: A reflection on the agro-food system transition. DINÂMIA'CET-Iscte, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15847/dinamiacet-iul.wp.2021.05.
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Over the last few decades, the organic agriculture sector has experienced sustained growth. Globally, as well as in the European Union and Portugal, organic production accounts for just under 10% of total Utilised Agricultural Area (UAA) (FiBL, 2019; Eurostat, 2019; DGADR, 2019; INE, 2019; GPP, 2019). This growth has been seen in terms of production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports and exports. This article attempts to build on the multi-level perspective (MLP) of the socio-technical (ST) transitions theory by employing a whole systems analysis (Geels, 2018) of organic agriculture in Portugal, which defends an integrated vision of the systems, where multiple interactions occur within and among the niche, the regime and the landscape levels. This approach has been employed in order to develop a critical analysis of the current state of the Portuguese organic agriculture sector, stressing the multiplicity of elements that are contributing to the agro-food system´s transformation into a more sustainable one. In fact, the agro-food system is related with climate change but also has connections with other domains such as public health, water management, land use and biodiversity. Therefore, it is affected by shifts in these areas. This analysis considers developments in increasing domestic organic production, number of producers, amount of retail sales, imports, exports, market innovations, and the sector´s reconfiguration. The organic sector´s increase has been attributed to European regulation, institutionalization, standardization, farmer certification, external (government) subsidy support programs, incremental market improvements (visibility and product access), the emergence of new retailers, the rise of supporting consumers and a shift away from conventional agriculture (Truninger, 2010; DGADR, 2019; Pe´er et al, 2019). However, together with positive incentives, this sector also faces numerous barriers that are hindering a faster transformation. Difficulties for the sector to date have included: product placement; a disconnect between production, distribution and marketing systems; high transport costs; competition from imports; European subsidies focused on extensive crops (pastures, olive groves, and arable crops), entailing a substantial growth in the area of pasture to the detriment of other crops; the fact that the products that are in demand (fresh vegetables and fruit) are being neglected by Portuguese producers; expensive certification procedures; lack of adequate support and market expertise for national producers; the hybrid configuration of the sector; and price. Organic agriculture as a niche-innovation is still not greatly contributing to overall agricultural production. The low supply of organic products, despite its ever-increasing demand, suggests that a transition to increased organic production requires a deeper and faster food system reconfiguration, where an array of distinct policies are mobilized and a diversity of actions take place at different levels (Geels, 2018; Pe´er et al, 2019). This paper will attempt to contribute an overall critical assessment of the organic sector´s features and evolution and will identify some of the main obstacles to be overcome, in order to boost the sustainability transition of the agro-food system in Portugal.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.