Journal articles: 'Management option'

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Šoltés, Michal, and Monika Harčariková. "Gold price risk management through Nova 3 option strategy created by barrier options." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 1 (March 4, 2016): 49–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(1).2016.04.

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The paper is focused on selected aspects of the hedging using of Nova 3 option strategy created by barrier options, which are appropriate tools widely used for risk management of high risk underlying assets. Financial risk management using option strategies is an effective solution for limiting the loss from underlying asset’s price development. The Nova 3 option strategy is suitable for hedging against increase in price of the underlying asset in case of its purchase in future. In our approach, European up and knock-in call options together with standard put and barrier put options are used for investigation of hedging strategies in increasing markets. Theoretical models of suitable hedged profit functions in analytical expressions are analyzed also from their benefits and risks point of view. Created combinations of these hedging variants have to meet the requirements of zero-cost option strategy. Based on the own theoretical results, the hedged profit portfolio is applied to SPDR Gold Shares, where due to the lack of data on real barrier option premiums, these were calculated according to Haug model. Designed secured variants through Nova 3 option strategy were analyzed and compared to each other with the recommendations of the best possibilities for investors

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Efendi, Jap, Li-Chin Jennifer Ho, Jeffrey J. Tsay, and Yu Zhang. "Stock option expense management after SFAS 123R." Review of Accounting and Finance 13, no. 3 (August 5, 2014): 210–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-05-2012-0049.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine whether firms manage the total value of stock option grants downward after the implementation of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) 123R to reduce their reported option expenses. Design/methodology/approach – All Standard & Poor’s (S&P) 1500 firms with available stock option data in 2004 and 2006 are included in the analysis. The authors analyze if the total value of options granted, the per share fair value of options granted, the number of options granted as well as each individual input assumption have changed from the pre-SFAS 123R (i.e. 2004) to the post-SFAS 123R (i.e. 2006) period. We compare post-SFAS123R option pricing assumptions and per share fair value of options granted with their respective expected values to verify the results. We also analyze whether SFAS 123R has differential effects on firms which chose to disclose option expense only in footnotes (“disclosing firms”) versus firms which voluntarily recognized option expense (“recognizing firms”) prior to SFAS 123R. Findings – The results show that after SFAS 123R, the total fair value of stock options granted for disclosing firms declined significantly. The decrease appears to result from managerial discretion over volatility and dividend yield assumptions as well as the reduction in the number of options granted. The evidence suggests that firms engage in not only assumption-based manipulations but also real activities to lower reported stock option expenses. It was also found that disclosing firms lower the total fair value of stock options granted to a greater extent than recognizing firms. Originality/value – This study adds to prior literature that examines the opportunistic incentives for managers to use discretion in reporting stock option expenses. This study contributes to the earnings management literature by providing another example of manipulating earnings through real activities. Finally, our study should be of interest to regulators and investors.

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Rusnáková, M. "Commodity price risk management using option strategies." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 61, No. 4 (June 6, 2016): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/101/2014-agricecon.

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Trippner, Paweł. "Determinants of pension capital management in Poland." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, no. 4 (December 11, 2020): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.27.

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The pension system’s construction is an important element of the public finance system and the state budget policy. It is a relevant and important topic from the perspective of the level of cash benefits for future retirees after they finish their professional careers.The aim of the paper is to present and analyze the evolution of solutions in the construction of the pension system in Poland since its first reform in 1999. The paper analyzes various options of investing for future pensions allowed by law in Poland. Simulations of the levels of future pension benefits are based on different variations, including membership or non-membership in an Employee Capital Plan and membership or non-membership in an Individual Retirement Account after the liquidation of Open Pension Funds.According to the calculations, the future pensioner can count on the total payment from the commercial pillars, assuming the average life expectancy in Poland is reached: PLN 230,100 (Option I), PLN 346,698 (Option II), PLN 187,643 (Option III), and PLN 304,240 (Option IV), respectively.It is an emphasized fact that ensuring the living standard’s expected level after reaching retirement age is strictly dependent on voluntary investments for future benefits during professional activity.

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Hoare, Derek J., Grant D. Searchfield, Amr El Refaie, and James A. Henry. "Sound Therapy for Tinnitus Management: Practicable Options." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 25, no. 01 (January 2014): 062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3766/jaaa.25.1.5.

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Background: The authors reviewed practicable options of sound therapy for tinnitus, the evidence base for each option, and the implications of each option for the patient and for clinical practice. Purpose: To provide a general guide to selecting sound therapy options in clinical practice. Intervention: Practicable sound therapy options. Data Collection and Analysis: Where available, peer-reviewed empirical studies, conference proceedings, and review studies were examined. Material relevant to the purpose was summarized in a narrative. Results: The number of peer-reviewed publications pertaining to each sound therapy option reviewed varied significantly (from none to over 10). Overall there is currently insufficient evidence to support or refute the routine use of individual sound therapy options. It is likely, however, that sound therapy combined with education and counseling is generally helpful to patients. Conclusions: Clinicians need to be guided by the patient’s point of care, patient motivation and expectations of sound therapy, and the acceptability of the intervention both in terms of the sound stimuli they are to use and whether they are willing to use sound extensively or intermittently. Clinicians should also clarify to patients the role sound therapy is expected to play in the management plan.

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Song, Peihang. "Research on the Development of Implied Volatility in Option Pricing." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 17, no. 1 (September 13, 2023): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/17/20231048.

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Option, as an important financial derivative, has received more and more attention from investors in recent years. This paper includes three parts, the first part introduces the concept of options, including the birth and history of options, the trading of options, and different types of options. Then it discusses the history of option pricing and two typical and classic option pricing models and then introduces implied volatility. The second part of this paper introduces the specific development of the option pricing models, the correction process of option pricing models, and volatility models. Different types of volatility, and their comparisons are included. And this paper also discusses the two functions of implied volatility, one is predicting the future and the other is for risk management and portfolio management. The third part concludes the first two-part and discusses the recent progress of option pricing and its volatility.

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Butler, Janet. "The Management Service Provider Option." Information Systems Management 17, no. 4 (September 2000): 4–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/1078/43193.17.4.20000901/31246.2.

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Trainor, William, and Richard Gregory. "Leveraged ETF option strategies." Managerial Finance 42, no. 5 (May 9, 2016): 438–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mf-12-2014-0305.

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Purpose – Leveraged exchange traded funds (ETFs) have become increasingly popular since their introduction in 2006. In recent years, options on leveraged ETFs have been promoted as a means of enhancing returns and reducing risk. The purpose of this paper is to examine the interchangeability of S & P 500 ETF options with leveraged S & P 500 ETF options and to what extent these options allow investors to manage their risk exposure. Design/methodology/approach – With increasing liquidity for these fund’s options, simple option strategies such as covered calls and protective puts can be implemented. This study derives call-call and put-put parity between options on the underlying index and the associated leveraged ETFs. The paper examines comparative measures of return and risk on the underlying indices, along with covered call and protective put positions. Findings – Using the formulations derived, this study shows options on non-leveraged ETFs or on the underlying index can be substituted for leveraged ETF options. Empirical results suggest substituting options on leveraged ETFs with options on the underlying index or index ETF give comparable results, but can differ as the realized leverage ratio over time differs from projected values. Originality/value – This study is the first to the authors’ knowledge that investigates option strategies on leveraged and inverse ETFs of equity indices. It is also the first to derive call-call and put-put parity relations between options on ETFs and related leveraged and inverse ETFs. The results contribute to securities issuance, investment strategies, and option parity relations.

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Alshehri, Mohammed Abdullah H., Youguang Guo, and Gang Lei. "Energy Management Strategies of Grid-Connected Microgrids under Different Reliability Conditions." Energies 16, no. 9 (May 8, 2023): 3951. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093951.

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The demand for a reliable, cheap and environmentally friendly source of energy makes the integration of renewable energy into power networks a global challenge. Furthermore, reliability, as one of the core elements of efficient and cost-effective energy management options, is still among the dominant factors/techniques that receive more attention for realistic penetrations of renewable energy into the electricity grid. This paper proposes an efficient way of energy management for a grid-connected microgrid. The grid-connected microgrid used in the analysis consists of solar photovoltaic (P.V.) and battery. In this microgrid configuration, oftentimes, the output power might not be equal to the system demand; in this regard, it is expected that the mismatch between these output powers is not zero. However, to reduce the mismatch between demand and supply to be close to zero, this paper proposes strategies of increasing the rated power of solar, battery and grid separately and combining them with a view of finding the cheapest option among these strategies. The results have shown that the cost increment for different options is USD 280.792, 84.48 and 48.204 for storage, P.V. and grid, respectively. These have shown that the storage option is the most expansive option for improving P.V. grid-connected microgrids. This is followed immediately by the P.V. option, which is weather dependent. On the other hand, the grid option is the cheapest option for system reliability improvement. This paper is expected to be useful to both new researchers and experts who are working in energy management with an emphasis on the reliability aspect.

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Wu, Yuxuan. "Allowance-based Carbon Options Pricing Strategy and Asset Management Research Progress." Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 63, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/63/20231442.

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Under the issue of global warming and environmental protection, low-carbon development has become an unshakable responsibility for governments worldwide. In China, the national carbon emission trading market established in 2021, which promotes the economic development of carbon derivatives. In order to facilitate the trading system, carbon options pricing theory has become a centerpiece of academic attention. This paper reviews the study progress in detail in the area of allowance-based carbon options pricing strategy carbon internationally, and makes an analysis of the application and management in international carbon markets. The mainstream pricing models include the Black-Scholes and the Monte Carlo option pricing models. On this basis, the carbon option prices estimated using the GARCH model and fractal Brownian motion have a higher degree of fitted value. In addition, this paper analyzes the application and management of carbon options in the carbon market. The carbon option helps reduce the carbon trading risk and the spendings on emission reduction for enterprises. This research intends to give a reference for the subsequent theoretical exploration of carbon options and promote the growth of the derivatives market.

11

Essid, Wafa. "Executive stock options and earnings management: is there an option level dependence?" Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society 12, no. 1 (February 17, 2012): 54–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14720701211191337.

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Mall, Sonia P., Christine A. Kiire, and N. Victor Chong. "Current Ophthalmic Management for Retinal Vein Occlusion." European Ophthalmic Review 07, no. 02 (2013): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17925/eor.2013.07.02.87.

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Retinal vein occlusion is associated with ocular morbidity and blindness as a result of macular oedema, macular ischaemia and neovascular glaucoma. New treatment options have become available, particularly for the management of the associated macula oedema; however, there is no consensus as to the best therapeutic option. Ongoing trials will provide further evidence to aid decision-making as to the most cost-effective treatment option with the best visual outcome. We present a synopsis of the most recent trial data for the management of retinal vein occlusion. At present it is recommended that treatment choices are tailored to individual patient needs.

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Callaghan, Sandra Renfro, Chandra Subramaniam, and Stuart Youngblood. "Option repricing and executive retention – revisited." Review of Accounting and Finance 15, no. 4 (November 14, 2016): 499–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/raf-01-2016-0011.

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Purpose This paper aims to directly test the assertion by proponents of executive stock option repricing that repricing leads to increased management retention. Previous studies find either no effect or decreased retention following stock price repricing. This paper uses a more precise research design to re-examine the relationship between stock option retention and management retention. Design/methodology/approach The authors use an empirical methodology and construct a sample of 158 firms and 201 repricing events, and a control sample of 201 non-repricing firms. They then examine executive turnover in the four years following the stock option repricing event. Findings It was found that, consistent with agency theory, stock option repricing actually results in greater executive retention. Specifically, CEO retention is significantly greater for repricing firms relative to non-repricing firms for up to three years following the repricing date, and non-CEO executive retention is significantly greater for two years. Research limitations/implications Firms continue to restructure management through stock option repricing. However, recent option repricing has been undertaken during a period when the economy is in decline, making it is difficult to disentangle effects of option repricing on management retention. Hence, this paper uses repricing data from an earlier period, from 1992-1997, when the economy was good. Originality/value Many firms argue that when stock options are out-of-the-money and managerial talent is in demand, repricing executive stock options is necessary to retain managers. Previous studies find contradictory or no support for this view. Using a much more precise methodology, this paper shows that firms do retain managers when they reprice their options compared to when they do not.

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Yang, Siyuan. "Analysis on Hedging and Risk Management of Options and Futures." Highlights in Business, Economics and Management 15 (June 28, 2023): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hbem.v15i.9456.

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Options play an irreplaceable role in today's financial markets This article begins with an introduction to the meaning and rules of use of options, where a party who owns an option has the right, but not the obligation, to buy or try to sell an asset at a particular price on or before a specific date. As the price of the underlying changes, the option price changes along with it, providing an opportunity to hedge risk and speculate. In the face of different market conditions, this article proposes different options strategies that enable investors to choose the right combination of options to mitigate risk and get more returns under different circumstances. Maximize gains or minimize losses by taking advantage of the different properties of call and put options and the effects of the combination. Finally, this article draws conclusions on the characteristics of futures in risk management and the implications for investors or companies.

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Ebara, Gen, Yuji Takeuchi, Mari Nakagawa, Tomoko Fukushima, Mizuki Takeuchi, Daichi Noda, Taisuke Otani, and Ryota Matsuo. "Conservative Management may be an Option:." Kitakanto Medical Journal 69, no. 2 (May 1, 2019): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2974/kmj.69.153.

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Singhal, Surinder K., Ramandeep S. Virk, Arjun Dass, and Bimaljit Singh Sandhu. "Tracheoesophageal fistula: New option in management." Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 58, no. 3 (July 2006): 300–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03050850.

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Capel, Jeannette. "Economic Exposure Management and Option Theory." Financial Management 21, no. 1 (1992): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3665671.

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Lee, Hsiu Ying, Woody M. Liao, Yi Mien Lin, and Chao Kai Hsu. "Option repricing, management turnover and restatement." International Journal of Economics and Business Research 5, no. 4 (2013): 453. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijebr.2013.054258.

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Rice, Wilma. "Option Plans." Nursing Management (Springhouse) 18, no. 6 (June 1987): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006247-198706000-00004.

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Chen, Han-Sheng, and Sanjiv Sabherwal. "The Effects of Option Trading Behavior on Option Prices." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 16, no. 7 (July 16, 2023): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm16070337.

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This paper investigates the relationship between option trading behavior and option pricing patterns. We argue that greater active trading in the options market due to investor overconfidence leads to higher volatility and larger discrepancies in option pricing, which may be captured by implied volatility spread and implied volatility skewness. Using two different measures of excess option trading, we find that trading activities are correlated in different ways with volatility, volatility spread, and volatility skewness. We also find that these relationships exist both over time and cross-sectionally. We suggest that options investors tend to chase “hot” stocks, as we find evidence of a positive relationship between option trading activities and past underlying equity returns. Heavier trading in the options market also tends to make out-of-the-money call options more (less) expensive than the at-the-money counterparts over time (cross-sectionally). Because trading activities do not predict future equity returns, investor overconfidence, and not informed trading, seems to be a more plausible explanation for our findings.

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Scherpereel, Christopher M. "The option-creating institution: a real options perspective on economic organization." Strategic Management Journal 29, no. 5 (2008): 455–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.671.

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McAnally, Mary Lea, Anup Srivastava, and Connie D. Weaver. "Executive Stock Options, Missed Earnings Targets, and Earnings Management." Accounting Review 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 185–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/accr.2008.83.1.185.

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This paper examines whether stock-option grants explain missed earnings targets, including reported losses, earnings declines, and missed analysts' forecasts. Anecdotal evidence and surveys suggest that managers believe that missing an earnings target can cause stock-price drops (Graham et al. 2006). Empirical studies corroborate this notion (Skinner and Sloan 2002; Lopez and Rees 2002). Thus, a missed target could benefit an executive via lower strike price on subsequent option grants. Prior option grant studies explore only general downward earnings management (Balsam et al. 2003; Baker et al. 2003), but our study is the first to explore whether option grants encourage missed earnings targets. Indeed, if missed targets drive the prior results, then the literature has failed to document an important negative outcome of stock-option incentives. We use quarterly and annual data for fixed-date options granted after firms announce they have missed earnings targets. We find that firms that miss earnings targets have larger and more valuable subsequent grants. Further, we find that the likelihood of missing earnings targets for firms that manage earnings downward increases with stock-option grants. To control for the possibility that firms miss earnings targets for operational reasons, we only include firms that likely managed earnings downward (Dechow et al. 1995; Phillips et al. 2003). Backdating or opportunistic timing of grants cannot explain our results because we include only fixed-date grants. While many studies explicitly consider whether and why managers meet or beat earnings targets, ours is the first study to find that some managers may seek to miss earnings targets (Burgstahler and Dichev 1997).

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Martinkutė-Kaulienė, Raimonda. "EXOTIC OPTIONS: A CHOOSER OPTION AND ITS PRICING." Business, Management and Education 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2012): 289–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bme.2012.20.

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Financial instruments traded in the markets and investors’ situation in such markets are getting more and more complex. This leads to more complex derivative structures used for hedging that are harder to analyze and which risk is harder managed. Because of the complexity of these instruments, the basic characteristics of many exotic options may sometimes be not clearly understood. Most scientific studies have been focused on developing models for pricing various types of exotic options, but it is important to study their unique characteristics and to understand them correctly in order to use them in proper market situations. The paper examines main aspects of options, emphasizing the variety of exotic options and their place in financial markets and risk management process. As the exact valuation of exotic options is quite difficult, the article deals with the theoretical and practical aspects of pricing of chooser options that suggest a broad range of usage and application in different market conditions. The calculations made in the article showed that the price of the chooser is closely correlated with the choice time and low correlated with its strike price. So the first mentioned factor should be taken into consideration when making appropriate hedging and investing decisions.

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Hoskins, Wayne, Darren Webb, Roger Bingham, Marinis Pirpiris, and Xavier L. Griffin. "Evidence Based Management of Intracapsular Neck of Femur Fractures." HIP International 27, no. 5 (September 2017): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5301/hipint.5000519.

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Neck of femur fractures are occurring at an increased incidence. Functionally independent patients without cognitive impairment can expect reasonable life expectancy. This indicates the need for a durable surgical option that optimises the chance to return to pre-injury functional status, with minimal risk of complications and reoperation. Most fractures are displaced. Surgical options include internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty or total hip arthroplasty (THA). Evidence is conclusive that arthroplasty options outperform internal fixation in terms of function, quality of life and reoperation rates. In anyone other than young patients where head preserving surgery is required, arthroplasty is the standard of care. Hemiarthroplasty is the heavily favoured arthroplasty option for surgeons. However, in patients other than the extreme elderly, medically infirm, neurologically impaired, or with little or no ambulatory capacity, the evidence to support hemiarthroplasty is lacking. In functionally independent patients without cognitive impairment, THA should be considered the gold standard, producing better functional and quality of life outcomes, lower reoperation rates and better cost effectiveness, with no difference in complications or mortality. An increased risk of dislocation does exist. This may be reduced with modern surgical technique and implant options. Low amounts of research have been afforded to undisplaced fractures. For this fracture type, surgery is the standard of care. Despite a higher risk of reoperation, internal fixation is the preferred option for all age groups. Further study is required to identify the difference between internal fixation and THA, in particular, for unstable fracture patterns in elderly patients.

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Mitra, Sovan. "Multifactor option pricing: pricing bounds and option relations." International Journal of Applied Decision Sciences 3, no. 1 (2010): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijads.2010.032238.

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Marsh, John S., William J. Wales, Rachel Graefe-Anderson, and Marshall W. Pattie. "Cashing-in: understanding post-acquisition CEO stock option exercise." Management Decision 53, no. 9 (October 19, 2015): 1953–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-03-2015-0091.

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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore post-acquisition compensation management and examine how the two most commonly used theories to explain CEO stock option exercise, agency theory and CEO overconfidence, expect CEOs to manage their stock options following an acquisition. Design/methodology/approach – Using logistic regression analysis, the authors investigate whether CEOs are more or less likely to exercise options following an acquisition, and the effect which CEO tenure and acquisition history may have on option exercise. Findings – The results suggest that CEOs are more likely to exercise options following an acquisition. The authors also find that CEO tenure and acquisition experience are both linked to an increase in option exercise. Research limitations/implications – The findings suggest that future research should expect agency effects to outweigh overconfidence effects when considering CEO stock option exercise behavior within the post-acquisition firm context. Practical implications – This paper advises directors and shareholders about whether agency concerns or overconfidence are of greater concern and how CEO tenure and past acquisition history may influence post-acquisition CEO stock option exercise behavior, offering information valuable in designing effective corporate governance. Originality/value – This paper is among the first to explore how CEOs manage their options following an acquisition and finds that CEOs are more likely to exercise stock options following an acquisition. Post-acquisition compensation management is an important, though overlooked, consideration in improving acquisition performance.

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Kodali, Sudha, Akshay Shetty, Soumya Shekhar, David W. Victor, and Rafik M. Ghobrial. "Management of Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma." Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 11 (May 27, 2021): 2368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112368.

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Cholangiocarcinoma is a tumor that arises as a result of differentiation of the cholangiocytes and can develop from anywhere in the biliary tree. Subtypes of cholangiocarcinoma are differentiated based on their location in the biliary tree. If diagnosed early these can be resected, but most cases of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma present late in the disease course where surgical resection is not an option. In these patients who are poor candidates for resection, a combination of chemotherapy, locoregional therapies like ablation, transarterial chemo and radioembolization, and in very advanced and metastatic disease, external radiation are the available options. These modalities can improve overall disease-free and progression-free survival chances. In this review, we will discuss the risk factors and clinical presentation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, diagnosis, available therapeutic options, and future directions for management options.

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Jensen, Bjarne Astrup, and Jørgen Aase Nielsen. "OPTION PRICING BOUNDS AND THE PRICING OF BOND OPTIONS." Journal of Business Finance & Accounting 23, no. 4 (June 1996): 535–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5957.1996.tb01025.x.

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Vahdatmanesh, Mohammad, and Afshin Firouzi. "Construction material supply risk management using Asian option contracts: the case of a pipeline project." Engineering, Construction and Architectural Management 27, no. 10 (July 9, 2020): 3395–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ecam-02-2019-0102.

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PurposeSteel price uncertainty exposes pipeline projects that are inherently capital intensive to the risk of cost overruns. The current study proposes a hedging methodology for tackling steel pipeline price risk by deploying Asian option contracts that address the shortcomings of current risk mitigation strategies.Design/methodology/approachA stepwise methodology is introduced, which uses a closed-form formula as an Asian option valuation method for calculating this total expenditure. The scenario analysis of three price trends examines whether or not the approach is beneficial to users. The sensitivity analysis then has been conducted using the financial option Greeks to assess the effects of changes in volatility in the total price of the option contracts. The total price of the Asian options was then compared with those of the European and American options.FindingsThe results demonstrate that the Asian option expenditure was about 1.87% of the total cost of the case study project. The scenario analysis revealed that, except for when the price followed a continuous downward pattern, the use of this type of financial instrument is a practical approach for steel pipeline price risk management.Practical implicationsThis approach is founded on a well-established financial options theory and elucidates how pipeline project participants can deploy Asian option contracts to safeguard against steel price fluctuations in practice.Originality/valueAlthough the literature exists about the theory and application of financial derivative instruments for risk management in other sectors, their application to the construction industry is infrequent. In the proposed methodology, all participants involved in fixed price pipeline projects readily surmount the risk of exposure to material price fluctuations.

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Latip, Normah Abdul, and Mohd Umzarulazijo Umar . "Forest Management in Lower Kinabatangan Sabah, East Malaysia: Cost-Benefit Analysis." Journal of Social and Development Sciences 4, no. 8 (August 30, 2013): 376–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jsds.v4i8.775.

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Sabah is known in the world with its nature and biodiversity. In fact, one of the contributions of tourism sector in Sabah is the uniqueness of the nature and wildlife. Unfortunately, the developments of agriculture, particularly for oil palm cultivation cause so many negative impacts to environmental imbalance, especially in fragile areas such as Lower Kinabatangan. Because of that, Lower Kinabatangan need for a balanced approach to reduce the negative effects due to the clearing of forests. In this study, Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) model with three option namely, Option1: Status Quo, Option 2: Compromise and Conservation and Option 3: Translocation is used to provide alternative solution to local residents in Lower Kinabatangan which faced with problems due to insufficient of forest management. A total of 234 respondents were randomly selected from four villages with high conflict because of the of oil palm cultivation namey Kg, Kg Bilit, Kg Sukau and Kg Batu Putih. Study results found that Option 2, which recorded the highest NPV is the best option selected by the local people in solving their problems. This study thus shows that there is awareness among the local community on the importance of balancing development and environmental conservation to ensure sustainable forest management can be achieved in Lower Kinabatangan, Sabah.

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Soon, Jason, Adrian C. Traeger, Adam G. Elshaug, Erin Cvejic, Chris G. Maher, Jenny A. Doust, Stephanie Mathieson, Kirsten McCaffery, and Carissa Bonner. "Effect of two behavioural ‘nudging’ interventions on management decisions for low back pain: a randomised vignette-based study in general practitioners." BMJ Quality & Safety 28, no. 7 (November 19, 2018): 547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs-2018-008659.

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Objective‘Nudges’ are subtle cognitive cues thought to influence behaviour. We investigated whether embedding nudges in a general practitioner (GP) clinical decision support display can reduce low-value management decisions .MethodsAustralian GPs completed four clinical vignettes of patients with low back pain. Participants chose from three guideline-concordant and three guideline-discordant (low-value) management options for each vignette, on a computer screen. A 2×2 factorial design randomised participants to two possible nudge interventions: ‘partition display’ nudge (low-value options presented horizontally, high-value options listed vertically) or ‘default option’ nudge (high-value options presented as the default, low-value options presented only after clicking for more). The primary outcome was the proportion of scenarios where practitioners chose at least one of the low-value care options.Results120 GPs (72% male, 28% female) completed the trial (n=480 vignettes). Participants using a conventional menu display without nudges chose at least one low-value care option in 42% of scenarios. Participants exposed to the default option nudge were 44% less likely to choose at least one low-value care option (OR 0.56, 95%CI 0.37 to 0.85; p=0.006) compared with those not exposed. The partition display nudge had no effect on choice of low-value care (OR 1.08, 95%CI 0.72 to 1.64; p=0.7). There was no interaction between the nudges (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.15; p=0.89).InterpretationA default option nudge reduced the odds of choosing low-value options for low back pain in clinical vignettes. Embedding high value options as defaults in clinical decision support tools could improve quality of care. More research is needed into how nudges impact clinical decision-making in different contexts.

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Mynhardt, Ronald H. "The bond and bond option market: The case of South Africa 1984–2014." Corporate Ownership and Control 13, no. 1 (2015): 1309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv13i1c11p4.

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Bond option transactions from a hedging perspective are currently almost non-existent in the South African bond and bond option market. As a result of comments and suggestions made by academics and independent observers a study was conducted in the South African bond options market amongst former and current bond option traders. The goals of the present study was to establish if bond options can be an effective hedging tool in the South African bond market, to conduct empirical tests on the basic option hedging strategies to ascertain these particular strategies’ suitability as hedges against investment risk by using actual market movements in the South African bond market, and to formulate recommendations that could be implemented to re-establish bond options as a viable hedging instruments in South Africa and also introduce it to Africa.

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Gorriceta, June Hayrelle, Amy Lopez Otbo, Genta Uehara, and Maria Aurora Posadas Salas. "BK viral infection: A review of management and treatment." World Journal of Transplantation 13, no. 6 (December 18, 2023): 309–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5500/wjt.v13.i6.309.

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BK viral infection remains to be a challenging post-transplant infection, which can result in kidney dysfunction. The mainstay approach to BK infection is reduction of immunosuppression. Alterations in immunosuppressive regimen with minimization of calcineurin inhibitors, use of mechanistic target of rapamycin inhibitors, and leflunomide have been attempted with variable outcomes. Over the past few years, investigators have explored potential therapeutic options for BK infection. Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis and treatment was found to have no benefit in kidney transplant recipients. The utility of cidofovir is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Intravenous immunoglobulin is becoming a popular option for treatment and prophylaxis for BK infection, as it increases the neutralizing antibody titers against the most common BK virus serotypes. Virus-specific T cell therapy is an emerging treatment option for BK viremia. In this review, we will explore management and therapeutic options for BK infection and recent evidence available in literature.

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Ryan, Peter J. "Progressive option bounds from the sequence of concurrently expiring options." European Journal of Operational Research 151, no. 1 (November 2003): 193–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-2217(02)00598-2.

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Berber, Hakan, Ruedi Frey, Viktoria Voronova, and Arina Koroljova. "A feasibility study of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash utilisation in Estonia." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 9 (May 24, 2017): 904–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17707574.

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The purpose of this paper is to discuss the alternative environmental management options for the utilisation of municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration fly ash (FA), which is generated at Iru Power Plant where MSW is incinerated in Estonia. To determine sustainable and economically feasible environmental management options for MSW incineration FA in Estonia, CO2 sequestration with a further carbonation process was examined. A partial Cost & Benefit Analysis has been conducted to compare the carbonation process to the current situation. Two carbonation options were developed. Option 1 is to use carbonated FA in any other processes based on the waste-to-product principle. Option 2 is to send carbonated FA to the non-hazardous landfill in Tallinn, Estonia. Important parameters, such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit–Cost Ratio (BCR) and Break Even Point (BEP), have been calculated for carbonation options and the current case. In addition, a sensitivity analysis has been conducted to examine its robustness. The results showed that the best option is carbonation Option 1 with NPV of 9,209,662 EUR, IRR of 43%, BCR of 2.63 and BEP between 2018 and 2019. Both Options 1 and 2 constitute more sustainable and environmentally friendly management options compared to the current situation. It can be concluded that this preliminary feasibility study showed that running a carbonation plant may be profitable and sustainable for Estonia. Currently, there is no treatment technology for MSW incineration FA in Estonia and FA is sent to a neighbouring country for further utilisation. This is the first study to demonstrate FA management options with economic and environmental benefits.

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Cucchiella, Federica, and Massimo Gastaldi. "Real Option Approach for the Management of a New Product Development in the Pharmaceutical Sector." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 551–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.551.

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The main scope of this paper is to perform a real options analysis that is often recommended as an emerging valuation technique for high-risk investment projects. The pharmaceutical sector is a sector where the real option can be positively applied to incorporate the flexibility and the risks of the new product development. In this paper the real option theory is applied to a pharmaceutical company that is developing a particular new product. Due to the uncertain nature of the new product development, it can be strategic to evaluate the real option benefits for the investment under analysis.

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Dhar, Satyajit, and Subhabrata De. "Stock option compensation." International Journal of Commerce and Management 21, no. 2 (June 28, 2011): 122–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/10569211111144337.

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Park, C. Whan, Sung Youl Jun, and Deborah J. Macinnis. "Choosing What I Want versus Rejecting What I Do Not Want: An Application of Decision Framing to Product Option Choice Decisions." Journal of Marketing Research 37, no. 2 (May 2000): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkr.37.2.187.18731.

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The authors examine the effects of using a subtractive versus an additive option-framing method on consumers' option choice decisions in three studies. The former option-framing method presents consumers with a fully loaded product and asks them to delete options they do not want. The latter presents them with a base model and asks them to add the options they do want. Combined, the studies support the managerial attractiveness of the subtractive versus the additive option-framing method. Consumers tend to choose more options with a higher total option price when they use subtractive versus additive option framing. This effect holds across different option price levels (Study 1) and product categories of varying price (Study 2). Moreover, this effect is magnified when subjects are asked to anticipate regret from their option choice decisions (Study 2). However, option framing has a different effect on the purchase likelihood of the product category itself, depending on the subject's initial interest in buying within the category. Although subtractive option framing offers strong advantages to managers when product commitment is high, it appears to demotivate category purchase when product commitment is low (Study 3). In addition, the three studies reveal several other findings about the attractiveness of subtractive versus additive option framing from the standpoint of consumers and managers. These findings, in turn, offer interesting public policy and future research implications.

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Miller, Kent D., and Andaç T. Arikan. "Technology search investments: evolutionary, option reasoning, and option pricing approaches." Strategic Management Journal 25, no. 5 (May 2004): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.392.

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Bethune, M., O. A. Gyles, and Q. J. Wang. "Options for management of saline groundwater in an irrigated farming system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02179.

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Groundwater pumping is used to control salinity problems in many irrigation regions of Australia. Options for managing the pumped groundwater are required to be consistent with achieving high farm production levels and minimising salt export from irrigation regions. In this study, pasture production and economic aspects of 6 options for managing pumped groundwater are compared. The 6 options include (i) complete farm reuse of pumped groundwater for irrigation; (ii) complete export to river system; (iii) complete disposal to evaporation basin; (iv) partial farm reuse with reduced salt export; (v) partial farm reuse with reduced disposal to evaporation basin; and (vi) partial farm reuse with disposal to a salt tolerant forage crop. The comparison between the 6 options is made for a hypothetical 100 ha dairy farm that has a perennial pasture based production system. Complete farm reuse was the most economic option in areas where groundwater salinity is low (<5 dS/m). Partial farm reuse with disposal of surplus groundwater to a salt tolerant forage species was the most economical option for managing higher salinity groundwater.

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Egan, Andrew F. "Forestry Education and Employment: Views from Alumni of a Southern Forestry School." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 21, no. 3 (August 1, 1997): 139–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/21.3.139.

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Abstract Forestry alumni of the School of Forest Resources at Mississippi State University were surveyed to elicit their views on curriculum improvements and employment success in their fields of study. The Forestry major consists of two options: Forest Management and Wildlife Management. Results indicated a need for curricular improvements in communications and personnel management in both options. Forest Management Option graduates suggested a more practical orientation to the curriculum, particularly in the area of timber procurement. About two thirds (68%) of Forest Management alumni worked in private forest industry. Interestingly, more Wildlife Management Option graduates were employed in a forestry-related (50%) enterprise than in a wildlife-related enterprise (about 38%). Almost one-third (31%) of the forestry jobs held by wildlife graduates were in timber procurement. South. J. Appl. For. 21(3):139-142.

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Jana, Tapas Kumar. "Variety of double knock out barrier option for sustainable financial management." AIMS Environmental Science 9, no. 5 (2022): 708–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/environsci.2022040.

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<abstract><p>Options are financial contracts that are based on an underlying security and are useful for both hedging and speculating on future market trends. New financial tools are constantly being developed for sustainable financial management. In order to define new financial instruments, the BS Hamiltonian, in conjunction with a potential function, is particularly important for modelling path-dependent options. It is demonstrated here how supersymmetry provides a natural framework for generating various options, particularly using higher order supersymmetry to find and examine numerous isospectral partners of the double knock out barrier option.</p></abstract>

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Hari Rajah, Kumar. "Complicated Appendicitis in Children: Current Management. Review Article." European Journal of Medical and Health Research 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2024): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejmhr.2024.2(2).14.

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Complicated appendicitis in children is a challenging condition to treat and the treatment options that are available include conservative treatment followed by interval appendectomy and immediate appendectomy. Both these treatment options are effective but as there is no consensus on the management of complicated appendicitis, the treatment option is often decided by the treating surgeon. We have conducted this review article to look at the treatment options that are available, from conservative treatment to immediate appendectomy. We have also looked at the role of percutaneous drainage of appendicular abscess and the role of interval appendectomy.

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Van Steenwyk, R. A., C. F. Fouche, C. A. Ingels, and R. B. Elkins. "CODLING MOTH: A CULTURAL CONTROL MANAGEMENT OPTION." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1094 (September 2015): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1094.51.

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Chilmi, Mohammad Zaim, and Ismail Hadisoebroto Dilogo. "Definitive Management Option of Pelvic Ring Injury." Hip and Knee Journal 2, no. 2 (August 25, 2021): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.46355/hipknee.v2i2.112.

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Pelvic ring injury is a rare condition with the incidence of hip fracture about 3% to 8% of all fractures. However, the majority of pelvic fracture patients have a high morbidity rate that could threaten their survival. The majority cause of hip fracture is high energy blunt trauma and is related to polytrauma incident. The main goals of management for pelvic ring injury are to restore the form and stability of the pelvic. The main goal is to prevent nonunion and malunion, which lead to chronic pain and disability. This review is focused on the strengths and weaknesses of the management option, approach and complication for pelvic ring fracture surgery. Complications of pelvic ring fracture surgery are bleeding, nerve damage, DVT, pulmonary embolism, soft tissue injury, sepsis, and malunion of the pelvis and nonunion. Management for pelvic ring fracture surgery is used based on the location and configuration of the fracture, implant availability, surgeon’s preference, and experience.

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Cook, William, James Welp, Scott Fronek, Mike Macaulay, Katherine Heflin, Matt Strickland, and Dave Quast. "Incineration: A Sustainable Option for Biosolids Management." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 13 (January 1, 2015): 1106–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819540982.

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Benaroch, M. "Option-based management of technology investment risk." IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management 48, no. 4 (2001): 428–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/17.969422.

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Guglielmo, Riccardo, Giovanni Martinotti, Massimo Di Giannantonio, and Luigi Janiri. "A Possible New Option for Migraine Management." Clinical Neuropharmacology 36, no. 2 (2013): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnf.0b013e3182800271.

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Nakaoka, Hidetaka. "Management decision making and real option thinking." Communications of the Japan Association of Real Options and Strategy 10, no. 3 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12949/cjaros.10.3_1.

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Mullard, Anna P., Jill M. Bishop, and Mahdi Jibani. "Intractable Malignant Ascites: An Alternative Management Option." Journal of Palliative Medicine 14, no. 2 (February 2011): 251–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jpm.2010.0196.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Management option'

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